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Author: Ang, Siew Ching

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1.	Ang, Siew Ching
1.	Flynn Effect Within Demographic Subgroups and Within Items: Moving from the General to the Specific Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, 2008. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Demography; Flynn Effect; I.Q.; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation explores issues regarding the legitimacy of the Flynn effect by using the National-Longitudinal-Survey-of-Youth Children (NLSYC) data, in which there are scores from a mathematics subscale of an achievement test, the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (the PIAT). Study I explores the Flynn effect within population subgroups by demographic characteristics: gender, race/ethnicity, maternal education, household income, and urbanization within the PIAT Mathematic (PIAT-M) subscale. Study II explores the Flynn effect at the item level of the PIAT-M and identifies possible causes of the Flynn Effect using expert ratings of item contents. Results indicated interaction effects for mothers' education or household incomes, specifically, children with older college educated mothers or children born to higher income households had seen an accelerated Flynn effect in their PIAT-M scores than their peers with older lower educated mother or lower income households. At the item level, reasoning domain most consistently predicted the Flynn effect for the children with average IQ. Recall, computation, reasoning and algebra were predictive of the Flynn effect when children in both extreme ends of the IQ scale were included in the analysis. These results add to the literature in understanding the operation of the Flynn effect that had not been carefully studied in the past.
	Bibliography Citation Ang, Siew Ching. Flynn Effect Within Demographic Subgroups and Within Items: Moving from the General to the Specific. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, 2008..

2.	Ang, Siew Ching Rodgers, Joseph Lee Wänström, Linda
2.	The Flynn Effect Within Subgroups in the U.S.: Gender, Race, Income, Education, and Urbanization Differences in the NLSY-Children Data Intelligence 38,4 (July-August 2010): 367-384. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289610000504 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Ethnic Studies; Flynn Effect; Gender; Household Income; I.Q.; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Studies; Urbanization/Urban Living Although the Flynn Effect has been studied widely across cultural, geographic, and intellectual domains, and many explanatory theories have been proposed, little past research attention has been paid to subgroup differences. Rodgers and Wanstrom (2007) identified an aggregate-level Flynn Effect (FE) at each age between 5 and 13 in the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSYC) PIAT-Math data. FE patterns were not obtained for Reading Recognition, Reading Comprehension, or Digit Span, consistent with past FE research suggesting a closer relationship to fluid intelligence measures of problem solving and analytic reasoning than to crystallized measures of verbal comprehension and memory. These prior findings suggest that the NLSYC data can be used as a natural laboratory to study more subtle FE patterns within various demographic subgroups. We test for subgroup Flynn Effect differences by gender, race/ethnicity, maternal education, household income, and urbanization. No subgroups differences emerged for three demographic categories. However, children with more educated (especially college educated) mothers and/or children born into higher income households had an accelerated Flynn Effect in their PIAT-M scores compared to cohort peers with lower educated mothers or lower income households. We interpret both the positive and the null findings in relation to previous theoretical explanations. [Copyright Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Ang, Siew Ching, Joseph Lee Rodgers and Linda Wänström. "The Flynn Effect Within Subgroups in the U.S.: Gender, Race, Income, Education, and Urbanization Differences in the NLSY-Children Data." Intelligence 38,4 (July-August 2010): 367-384.

3.	Rodgers, Joseph Lee Ang, Siew Ching Beaujean, A. Alexander Cooper-Twamley, Susan
3.	Further Examination of the NLSY PIAT-Math and PPVT-R Items that Exhibit the Flynn Effect Presented: Madrid, Spain, International Society for Intelligence Research 10th Annual Conference, December 17-19, 2009 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: International Society for Intelligence Research Keyword(s): Flynn Effect; I.Q.; Intelligence Tests; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The corpus of Flynn Effect (FE) research has examined differences in aggregated IQ and IQ-equivalent scores over time, paying little attention to the items that comprise these scores. In doing so, they assume that all the items act very similarly, which may not be the case. Consequently, by not using item-level data, such studies do not analyze all the information available from a test administration. In the current paper we evaluate the Flynn Effect at the item level in PIAT-Math and PPVT-R from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Extending the work previously done by Rodgers and Ang (2008), this study compares the PIAT-Math items that Rodgers and Ang found to exhibit non-invariance over time using item-level unstandardized regression slopes with the PIAT-Math items Beaujean and Osterlind (2008) found to exhibit non-invariance over time using item response theory. Second, again following Rodgers and Ang, this study examines the item content of the PPVT-R items that Beaujean and Osterlind found to exhibit non-invariance over time. Preliminary analysis shows that many of the PPVT-R items that exhibited noninvariance were in the interpersonal domain, with a less strong relationship being found with items in the home (e.g., furniture, appliances) and environment (foliage, terrain) domains.
	Bibliography Citation Rodgers, Joseph Lee, Siew Ching Ang, A. Alexander Beaujean and Susan Cooper-Twamley. "Further Examination of the NLSY PIAT-Math and PPVT-R Items that Exhibit the Flynn Effect." Presented: Madrid, Spain, International Society for Intelligence Research 10th Annual Conference, December 17-19, 2009.

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