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Author: Belsky, Jay

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1.	Belsky, Jay
1.	Emanuel Miller Lecture - Developmental Risks (Still) Associated with Early Child Care Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 42,7 (October 2001): 845-859. Also: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1469-7610.00782 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Child Care; Maternal Employment; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Temperament In the mid to late 1980s a major controversy erupted when Belsky's (1986, 1988, 1990) analysis of research produced the conclusion that early and extensive nonmaternal care carried risks in terms of increasing the probability of insecure infant-parent attachment relationships and promoting aggression and noncompliance during the toddler, preschool, and early primary school years. Widespread critiques of Belsky's analysis called attention to problems associated with the Strange Situation procedure for measuring attachment security in the case of day-care reared children and to the failure of much of the cited research to take into consideration child-care quality and control for background factors likely to make children with varying child-care experiences developmentally different in the first place. In this lecture, research concerning the, developmental effects of child care and maternal employment initiated in the first year of life that has emerged since the controversy broke is reviewed. Evidence indicating that early, extensive, and continuous nonmaternal care is associated with less harmonious parent-child relations and elevated levels of aggression and noncompliance suggests that concerns raised about early and extensive child care 15 years ago remain valid and that alternative explanations of Belsky's originally controversial conclusion do not account for seemingly adverse effects of routine nonmaternal care that continue to be reported in the literature. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Belsky, Jay. "Emanuel Miller Lecture - Developmental Risks (Still) Associated with Early Child Care." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 42,7 (October 2001): 845-859.

2.	Belsky, Jay Eggebeen, David J.
2.	Early and Extensive Maternal Employment and Young Children's Socioemotional Development: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1083-1098. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353011 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Temperament Using information pertaining to maternal employment, child care and the socioemotional development of four-to-six-year-old children whose mothers were studied as part of the NLSY, the effects of early and extensive maternal employment/child care were assessed. Families and children were compared as a function of mother's employment across the child's first three years of life. After controlling for differences which existed between families at the time of children's births, it was found that children whose mothers were employed full- time beginning in their first or second year of life (and extensively thereafter) scored more poorly on a composite measure of adjustment (behavior problems + insecurity-compliance) than children whose mothers were not (or only minimally) employed during their first three years. Follow-up analyses revealed that this effect was restricted to the compliance component of the composite adjustment measure, and that children with early and extensive maternal employment/child care experience were significantly more noncompliant than age mates without such early experience. These results are discussed in terms of the current infant day care/early maternal employment controversy.
	Bibliography Citation Belsky, Jay and David J. Eggebeen. "Early and Extensive Maternal Employment and Young Children's Socioemotional Development: Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1083-1098.

3.	Belsky, Jay Eggebeen, David J.
3.	Early and Extensive Maternal Employment/Child Care and 4-6 Year Olds' Socioemotional Development: Children of the NLSY Working Paper, Department of Individual and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 1990 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Penn State University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; Child Development; Children, Behavioral Development; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.
	Bibliography Citation Belsky, Jay and David J. Eggebeen. "Early and Extensive Maternal Employment/Child Care and 4-6 Year Olds' Socioemotional Development: Children of the NLSY." Working Paper, Department of Individual and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 1990.

4.	Belsky, Jay Eggebeen, David J.
4.	Scientific Criticism and the Study of Early and Extensive Maternal Employment Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1107-1110. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353015 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Council on Family Relations Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Care; General Assessment; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Methods/Methodology; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Temperament; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) An exchange on Maternal Employment and Young Children's Adjustment. Belsky and Eggebeen begin their rejoinder to the commentaries on the Belsky and Eggebeen report in this issue with a thought experiment--in fact three thought experiments. They implore the critics to "imagine first that the Belsky and Eggebeen report was not an investigation of the association between early and extensive maternal employment and young children's adjustment, controlling for background factors, but rather a study of the effects of teenage parenthood, child abuse, maternal depression, or poverty--and the results were exactly the same: that children of teenage, depressed, or impoverished parents scored lower on adjustment and were less compliant. Or imagine instead that our investigation was carried out exactly as described, but the results were just the opposite; that is, early and extensive employment was related to higher adjustment and greater cooperation with adults. Or, as a final consideration, imagine that the analyses carried out had been exactly the same as reported, only an index of quality of child care had been available for inclusion in the study; when it was added to the regression model, the statistical effect of early and extensive maternal employment was significantly attenuated, and children who experienced higher-quality care scored higher on adjustment and lower on compliance than those who experienced lower-quality care." After imaging these three scenarios, they pose this simple question: "Would the commentaries to these studies have been different from those concerning the current Belsky and Eggebeen report?"
	Bibliography Citation Belsky, Jay and David J. Eggebeen. "Scientific Criticism and the Study of Early and Extensive Maternal Employment." Journal of Marriage and Family 53,4 (November 1991): 1107-1110.

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