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Author: Cole, Nancy

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1.	Cole, Nancy Currie, Janet
1.	Reported Income in the NLSY: Consistency Checks and Methods for Cleaning the Data NBER Technical Working Paper No. 160, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1994. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/t0160 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; Employment, Youth; Family Income; Income; Poverty The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth collects information about over 20 separate components of respondent income. These disaggregated income components provide many opportunities to verify the consistency of the data. This note outlines procedures we have used to identify and "clean" measurement error in the disaggregated income variables. After cleaning the income data at the disaggregated level, we reconstruct the measure of "family income" and re-evaluate poverty status. While people may not agree with all of our methods, we hope that they will be of some use to other researchers. A second purpose of this note is to highlight the value of the disaggregated data, since without it, it would be impossible to improve on the reported totals. Finally, we hope that with the advent of computerized interviewing technology, checks on the internal consistency of the data of the kind that we propose may eventually be built into interviewing software, thereby improving the quality of the data collected. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/T0160
	Bibliography Citation Cole, Nancy and Janet Currie. "Reported Income in the NLSY: Consistency Checks and Methods for Cleaning the Data." NBER Technical Working Paper No. 160, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1994.

2.	Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy
2.	Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight? NBER Working Paper No. 3832, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1991. Also: Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 1991. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Transfers, Public A primary goal of transfer programs to the non-aged, non-disabled poor in the United States is to improve the well-being of children in poor families. Thus it is surprising that most of the considerable research which has been devoted to the study of transfer programs focuses on the incentive effects of the programs for parents rather than on the question of whether parental participation in such programs measurably benefits children. This paper begins to fill this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between a mother's participation during pregnancy in Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the Food Stamp Program, or housing assistance, and one of the least controversial measures of child welfare: the birth weight. The authors do not find any statistically significant relationship between a mother's participation in these programs during pregnancy and the birth weight of her child. However, it should be kept in mind that birth weight is only one me asure of child welfare and that these entitlement programs may well have positive impacts on the health and development of children once they are born.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight?" NBER Working Paper No. 3832, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1991.

3.	Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy
3.	Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight? Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birthweight; Breastfeeding; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Transfers, Public; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Does Participation in Transfer Programs During Pregnancy Improve Birth Weight?" Presented: Denver, CO, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1992.

4.	Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy
4.	Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight American Economic Review 83,4 (September 1993): 971-985. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117589 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Fertility; Household Composition; Income; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Program Participation/Evaluation; Siblings; Substance Use; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The stated goal of the Aid for Families with Dependent Children program is to improve the well-being of children in poor families. The program has come under considerable attack in recent years from critics who argue that participation in AFDC is associated with maternal behaviors that are bad for children. We investigate this question using birth weight as a measure of child health. While AFDC mothers are indeed more likely to have children at younger ages, to delay obtaining prenatal care, to smoke, and to drink during pregnancy, we find no support for the view that AFDC participation induces these behaviors. Rather, our results suggest that some women are predisposed both to participate in AFDC and to these behaviors. These women ultimately have babies of lower birth weight. We show that when observable and unobservable characteristics of the mother are controlled for, there is actually a positive association between participation in AFDC and the birth weights of children of white women from poor families. We find no association between birth weight and maternal participation in AFDC among black children.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight." American Economic Review 83,4 (September 1993): 971-985.

5.	Currie, Janet Cole, Nancy
5.	Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight Working Paper No. 92-9, Cambridge MA: MIT, Department of Economics, May 1992 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Fertility; Household Composition; Income; Mothers, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Siblings; Substance Use; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The stated goal of the Aid for Families with Dependent Children program is to improve the well-being of children in poor families. The program has come under considerable attack in recent years from critics who argue that participation in AFDC is associated with maternal behaviors that are bad for children. We investigate this question using birth weight as a measure of child health. While AFDC mothers are indeed more likely to have children at younger ages, to delay obtaining prenatal care, to smoke, and to drink during pregnancy, we find no support for the view that AFDC participation induces these behaviors. Rather, our results suggest that some women are predisposed both to participate in AFDC and to these behaviors. These women ultimately have babies of lower birth weight. We show that when observable and unobservable characteristics of the mother are controlled for, there is actually a positive association between participation in AFDC and the birth weights of children of white women from poor families. We find no association between birth weight and maternal participation in AFDC among black children. (Now published: American Economic Review 83,4 (September 1993): 971-985 [NLS#490])
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Nancy Cole. "Welfare and Child Health: The Link Between AFDC Participation and Birth Weight." Working Paper No. 92-9, Cambridge MA: MIT, Department of Economics, May 1992.

6.	Currie, Janet Nixon, Lucia A. Cole, Nancy
6.	Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Birth Weight and Pregnancy Resolution Journal of Human Resources 31,1 (Winter 1996): 159-188. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146046 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Abortion; Birthweight; Endogeneity; Modeling; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Underreporting Previous research suggests that restricting the availability of abortion reduces average birth weight. In this paper we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to reexamine this question. Most previous studies have estimated the probability that a pregnancy is carried to term, and then used these estimates to calculate "selection corrections" that are included in models of birth weight. We focus instead on reduced form models of birth weight that are not affected by under reporting of abortion, and that do not involve strong identifying restrictions. We also explore the potential endogeneity of abortion laws by comparing jurisdictions with abortion restrictions to jurisdictions where restrictive laws have been passed but are enjoined by the courts. Our results provide little support for the hypothesis that restrictions reduce average birth weight. We also find some evidence that abortion restrictions are endogenous, and that estimated effects on birth weight may reflect unobserved characteristics of states. (Copyright Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System 1996)
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet, Lucia A. Nixon and Nancy Cole. "Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Birth Weight and Pregnancy Resolution." Journal of Human Resources 31,1 (Winter 1996): 159-188.

7.	Currie, Janet Nixon, Lucia A. Cole, Nancy
7.	Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Pregnancy Resolutions and Birthweight NBER Working Paper No. 4432, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1993. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4432 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Abortion; Birthweight; Economics, Demographic; Endogeneity; Health Care; Health Reform; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Morbidity; Mortality; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Previous research suggests that restricting the availability of abortion reduces average birth weight by increasing the number of unhealthy fetuses that are carried to term. This paper uses NLSY data to ask whether restrictions on Medicaid funding of abortion have this effect. An attempt is made to account for the potential endogeneity of abortion laws by comparing the effects of liberal statues to those of court injunctions ordering states to fund abortions. Results suggest that restrictions do increase the probability that African-American and low-income women carry a pregnancy to term, but that they have no direct effect on birth weight. In comparison, community-level measures of the availability of abortion, contraception, and prenatal care do affect birth weight among African-Americans but not among whites.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet, Lucia A. Nixon and Nancy Cole. "Restrictions on Medicaid Funding of Abortion: Effects on Pregnancy Resolutions and Birthweight." NBER Working Paper No. 4432, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1993.

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