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Author: Cougle, Jesse R.

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1.	Coleman, Priscilla K. Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R.
1.	Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using the NLSY Data Presented: Berlin, Germany, 1st World Congress on Women's Mental Health, March 2001 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Abortion; Birth Outcomes; Child Care; Fertility; Health, Mental/Psychological; Parenting Skills/Styles Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. For the abstract, see, COLEMAN, P.K.; REARDON, D.C.; COUGLE, J.R. "The Quality of the Caregiving Environment and Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using NLSY Data".
	Bibliography Citation Coleman, Priscilla K., David C. Reardon and Jesse R. Cougle. "Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using the NLSY Data." Presented: Berlin, Germany, 1st World Congress on Women's Mental Health, March 2001.

2.	Coleman, Priscilla K. Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R.
2.	The Quality of the Caregiving Environment and Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using NLSY Data Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 43,6 (September 2002): 743-757. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-7610.00095/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Outcomes; CESD (Depression Scale); Child Development; Fertility; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) Background: Studies suggest that experiencing a perinatal loss may leave women vulnerable to mental health problems and may compromise parenting. Unfortunately, compared to miscarriages and stillbirths, very little research has examined the potential for grief and feelings of loss associated with elective abortion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the quality of the childcare environment and children's development among children of mothers with a history of abortion prior to childbirth (n = 672) and children of non post-abortive women (n = 4,172). Method: Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), with comparisons based on two assessments of the caregiving environment and scores on four child outcome variables. The sample was divided into three child age categories: 1-4 years (n = 1,502), 5-9 years (n = 2,121), and 10-13 years (n = 1,524). Results: After controlling for numerous potentially confounding socio-demographic variables, lower scores were observed for the post-abortion group relative to the level of emotional support in the home among first-born children in the youngest age category. Further, among 5-9-year-olds, more behavior problems were revealed for the children of women with a history of abortion. Finally, no main effects were detected between the abortion history groups relative to the level of cognitive stimulation in the home. Conclusion: Although it is widely recognized that at least 10% of post-abortive women experience negative psychological consequences, the potential effects of negative subjective experiences on parenting need more systematic attention. (Copyright 2000 Blackwell Publishers.)
	Bibliography Citation Coleman, Priscilla K., David C. Reardon and Jesse R. Cougle. "The Quality of the Caregiving Environment and Child Developmental Outcomes Associated with Maternal History of Abortion Using NLSY Data." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 43,6 (September 2002): 743-757.

3.	Cougle, Jesse R. Reardon, David C. Coleman, Priscilla K.
3.	Depression Associated with Abortion and Childbirth: A Long-term Analysis of the NLSY Cohort Medical Science Monitor 9,4 (April 2003): CR105-112. Also: http://www.medscimonit.com/pub/vol_9/no_4/3074.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Medical Science International Ltd. Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research pertaining to emotional reactions to abortion is limited by (a) short follow up periods, (b) the absence of information on prior psychological state, and (c) lack of nationally representative samples. Therefore the purpose of this study was to compare women with a history of abortion vs. delivery relative to depression using a nationally representative longitudinal design, which enabled inclusion of a control for prior psychological state. Material/Methods: The current study employed data for all women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who experienced their first pregnancy event (abortion or childbirth) between 1980 and 1992 (n=1,884). Depression scores in 1992, an average of 8 years after the subjects' first pregnancy events, were compared after controlling for age, race, marital status, divorce history, education, income, and external locus of control scores. The latter was used to control for pre-pregnancy psychological state. Results were also examined separately for groups based on race, marital status, and divorce history.
	Bibliography Citation Cougle, Jesse R., David C. Reardon and Priscilla K. Coleman. "Depression Associated with Abortion and Childbirth: A Long-term Analysis of the NLSY Cohort." Medical Science Monitor 9,4 (April 2003): CR105-112.

4.	Kahn, Robert S. Goddik, Steen Billings, Deborah L. Blanchard, Dallas A. Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R.
4.	Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women: Comments & Letters British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Methods/Methodology; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Comments on the D. C. Reardon and J. R. Cougle examination of depression and unintended pregnancy in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Billings discusses two methodological flaws in the analysis that undermine the conclusions stated. It is concluded that more rigorous analysis of the data is needed before any conclusions can be drawn about the link between depression and unintended pregnancy and marital status. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2002 APA, all rights reserved)
	Bibliography Citation Kahn, Robert S., Steen Goddik, Deborah L. Billings, Dallas A. Blanchard, David C. Reardon and Jesse R. Cougle. "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in Young Women: Comments & Letters." British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097.

5.	Reardon, David C. Coleman, Priscilla K. Cougle, Jesse R.
5.	Substance Use Associated With Unintended Pregnancy Outcomes in the National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 30,2 (2004): 369-383. Also: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/ADA-120037383 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Marcel Dekker Keyword(s): Abortion; Alcohol Use; Birth Outcomes; Childbearing; Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; Income Level; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Marital Status; Modeling; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Self-Esteem; Self-Reporting; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Abortion is known to be associated with higher rates of substance abuse, but no studies have compared substance use rates associated with abortion compared to delivery of an unintended pregnancy. This study examines data for women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose first pregnancy was unintended. Women with no pregnancies were also used as a control group. Use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and behaviors suggestive of alcohol abuse were examined an average of four years after the target pregnancy among women with prior histories of delivering an unintended pregnancy (n = 535), abortion (n = 213), or those who reported no pregnancies (n = 1144). Controls were instituted for age, race, marital status, income, education, and prepregnancy self-esteem and locus of control. Compared to women who carried an unintended first pregnancy to term, those who aborted were significantly more likely to report use of marijuana (odds ratio: 2.0), with the difference in these two groups approaching significance relative to the use of cocaine (odds ratio: 2.49). Women with a history of abortion also reported more frequent drinking than those with a history of unintended birth. With the exception of less frequent drinking, the unintended birth group was not significantly different from the no pregnancy group. Resolution of an unintended pregnancy by abortion was associated with significantly higher rates of subsequent substance use compared to delivering an unintended pregnancy. A history of abortion may be a useful marker for identifying women in need of counseling for substance use.
	Bibliography Citation Reardon, David C., Priscilla K. Coleman and Jesse R. Cougle. "Substance Use Associated With Unintended Pregnancy Outcomes in the National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 30,2 (2004): 369-383.

6.	Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R.
6.	Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study British Medical Journal 324,7330 (January 2002): 151-152. Also: http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7330/151 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Psychological Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Psychological maladjustments after abortion are significantly associated with a history of depression. It has been suggested that prior psychological state is equally predictive of subsequent depression among women with unintended pregnancies regardless of whether they abort or carry to term. To examine this hypothesis we examined the National Longitudinal Study of Youth begun in 1979 with a nationwide cohort of 12,686 American youths aged 14-21.
	Bibliography Citation Reardon, David C. and Jesse R. Cougle. "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study." British Medical Journal 324,7330 (January 2002): 151-152.

7.	Reardon, David C. Cougle, Jesse R.
7.	Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study: Reply British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097-1098. Also: http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7345/1097.full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group Keyword(s): Abortion; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Responds to comments by R. S. Kahn (NLS bibliography entry #4104), S. Goddik (NLS bibliography entry #4102), and D. L. Billings (NLS bibliography entry #4103)on the D. C. Reardon and J. R. Cougle examination of depression and unintended pregnancy in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Reardon and Cougle state that their findings are at least sufficient to cast doubt on the prevailing hypotheses that unintended deliveries are more harmful to emotional health than abortion and that any subsequent differences associated with outcome of pregnancy can be explained entirely by prior mental state. (PsycINFO Database Record copyright: 2002 APA, all rights reserved)
	Bibliography Citation Reardon, David C. and Jesse R. Cougle. "Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study: Reply." British Medical Journal 324,7345 (May 2002): 1097-1098.

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