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Author: Cromartie, John B.

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1.	Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. Cromartie, John B.
1.	Migration During the Relatively Stationary Mid-Life Years: Migration Among Mid-Lifers By County Context Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003. Also: http://paa2003.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.asp?submissionId=61893 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Cycle Research; Migration; Migration Patterns; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Initial migration among 18-25 year olds, when overall mobility levels are highest, is largely driven by widely shared life-cycle activities such as seeking education or exploring employment. Less is known about forces shaping (a) the migration decision or (b) the destination choices of 25-34 year old migrants, an age when income increases and family-building proliferates. For example, in rural areas the immigration of 25-34 year olds is more geographically concentrated than the outmigration of younger adults. As a result, many counties gain population among 25-34 year olds while areas with high net migration losses are distinguished more by low immigration than high outmigration. To examine this process, migration is examined, using the NLSY79 geocode data, to identify factors that trigger migration during the relatively stationary age 25-34 life phase. Individual variables include presence of children; marriage/divorce; employment; and migration history. Contextual variables including metro-nonmetro; retirement; or amenity county-types are examined.
	Bibliography Citation Berry, Eddy Helen, Michael B. Toney and John B. Cromartie. "Migration During the Relatively Stationary Mid-Life Years: Migration Among Mid-Lifers By County Context." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.

2.	Cromartie, John B.
2.	Leaving the Countryside: Young Adults Follow Complex Migration Patterns Rural Development Perspectives 8,2 (February 1993): 22-27 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Income; Migration; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences A longitudinal survey, conducted 1979-88, indicates that young adults leaving nonmetro areas followed complex migration patterns normally involving multiple moves, including 15% who returned from cities to counties of origin. Rural outmigration rates and patterns differed by race and ethnicity, income, and geographic proximity to urban areas. (Author/SV)
	Bibliography Citation Cromartie, John B. "Leaving the Countryside: Young Adults Follow Complex Migration Patterns." Rural Development Perspectives 8,2 (February 1993): 22-27.

3.	Toney, Michael B. Berry, Eddy Helen Cromartie, John B.
3.	Primary and Repeat Migration: Comparisons of Hispanics, Black and non-Hispanic White Migration in the United States Presented: Salt Lake City, UT, Western Social Science Association Annual Meeting, April 2004. Also: http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ir-main&CISOPTR=1009 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Social Science Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Demography; Ethnic Differences; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences; Residence; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Repetitive behavior is widespread in human life. This applies in areas of behaviors that are typically infrequent as well as normative daily routines. Yet, some individual never engage in some behaviors and individuals who initiate particular behaviors differ in the extent to which the behavior is repeated. In demography, one of the areas in which this general principle applies is between prior migration and subsequent migration with prior migrants being much more likely to migrate again than individual who have never migrated are to make a first migration. A major classification that emerged from this research was between primary migration and repeat migration with length of residence as a key consideration for prior migrants. Although a rich body of research emerged on this relationship (Goldstein 1954; DaVanzo and Morrison 1981) little recent research has built on this important area of migration research. Also, while there is an extensive body of research on Hispanic immigrants in the United States there is little research that compares the internal migration of Hispanics with non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. A common note in the early research on primary and repeat migration was the need to examine the extent to which the relationship held across socioeconomic groups and settings. The main purpose of this research is to examine the extent to which Hispanic, Black and White primary and repeat migration rates differ once other migration related variables are controlled. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that began in 1979 are used in the analysis. During the study period the respondents transit the ages during which families and careers are typically launched and when migration rates are high.
	Bibliography Citation Toney, Michael B., Eddy Helen Berry and John B. Cromartie. "Primary and Repeat Migration: Comparisons of Hispanics, Black and non-Hispanic White Migration in the United States." Presented: Salt Lake City, UT, Western Social Science Association Annual Meeting, April 2004.

4.	Wilson, Beth A. Berry, Eddy Helen Toney, Michael B. Kim, Young-Taek Cromartie, John B.
4.	A Panel Based Analysis of the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Other Individual Level Characteristics at Leaving on Returning Population Research and Policy Review 28,4 (August 2009): 405-428. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/8r38phn7g765jj0q/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Education; Employment; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Gender Differences; Migration; Migration Patterns Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Individual level differentials between migrants and nonmigrants are examined to ascertain the likelihood of return migration to a prior residence based on characteristics at the time of departure from place of origin. Analysis focuses on comparisons of Hispanics, blacks and whites, examining the odds of return migration by education, employment status, marital status, home ownership, length of residence, gender, age, and migration interval. The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) is utilized to identify 13,798 preliminary migrations that may be followed by at least one return migration. Findings indicate a sharp decline in propensity to return migrate as length of absence from origin increases. Regardless of length of time since the preliminary migration, both blacks and Hispanics are more likely to return migrate than are whites. Individuals who resided at place of origin for longer periods before leaving had strikingly higher odds for return migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Bibliography Citation Wilson, Beth A., Eddy Helen Berry, Michael B. Toney, Young-Taek Kim and John B. Cromartie. "A Panel Based Analysis of the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Other Individual Level Characteristics at Leaving on Returning." Population Research and Policy Review 28,4 (August 2009): 405-428.

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