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Author: Elliott, Marta E.

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1.	Elliott, Marta E.
1.	Impact of Work, Family, and Welfare Receipt on Women's Self-Esteem in Young Adulthood Social Psychology Quarterly 59,1 (March 1996): 80-95. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2787120 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Employment; Family Influences; Marital Status; Marriage; Motherhood; Self-Esteem; Welfare; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Analyzed the impact of work, family, and welfare on change in 3,076 White women's self-esteem from 1980, when the Ss were aged 15-23 yrs to 1987 when they were aged 22-30 yrs. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data are used to test the effects of work, family, and welfare roles, conditions, and length of role occupancy on change in self-esteem during the transition to adulthood. Results show that marriage tends to improve self- esteem, whereas motherhood and welfare receipt depress it. The effect of being employed interacts with age and motherhood: the positive effect of being employed on change in self-esteem is strongest for younger mothers; the effect is slightly negative for older, childless Ss. Several conditions of work and family mediate the effects of role occupancy on change in self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
	Bibliography Citation Elliott, Marta E. "Impact of Work, Family, and Welfare Receipt on Women's Self-Esteem in Young Adulthood." Social Psychology Quarterly 59,1 (March 1996): 80-95.

2.	Elliott, Marta E.
2.	Work, Family and Self-Esteem During the Transition to Adulthood Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1995 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Studies; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Parenthood; Self-Esteem; Transfers, Financial; Transition Rates, Activity to Work; Welfare; Women's Studies; Work Attitudes This study assesses the impact of women's work and family roles on change in their self-esteem as they make the transition to adulthood. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), supplemented with information from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) are used to study the determinants of change in self-esteem between 1980 and 1987 among a sample of white women aged 22-29 in 1987. They show that self-esteem changes modestly as women make the transitions to work, marriage and parenthood in their twenties. Self-esteem drifted upward by about one-third of a standard deviation unit between 1980 and 1987. The strongest predictor of positive change in self-esteem was for the woman to be employed in 1987. Among employed women, those earning higher wages enjoyed greater gains in self-esteem, while those working more hours and/or doing relatively repetitive work experienced losses. Time out of the labor force depressed self-esteem, but only temporarily since self-esteem rebounded when women returned to work. Married women had higher self-esteem, on average, than non-married women, regardless of a history of divorce, separation or widowhood. Being a mother, however, led to loss of self-esteem over the 7 year period. This effect increased in strength the longer a woman had children. Among women who were employed, however, the negative impact of motherhood was much weaker, suggesting that the employee role protects mothers from social isolation and financial strains. Receipt of government transfer payments had a continuous and accumulating toll on self-esteem, in that the longer a woman received unemployment compensation or food stamps, the lower her self-esteem became. These effects, unlike that of being out of the labor force, did not disappear when women stopped receiving government assistance, indicating that being a welfare recipient has a lasting negative impact on self-image. The results of this study have implications for how women may combine work and family to optimize their overall psychological well-being. Furthermore, the findings underscore the importance for society of improving opportunities for all women to participate in the paid labor force.
	Bibliography Citation Elliott, Marta E. Work, Family and Self-Esteem During the Transition to Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1995.

3.	Elliott, Marta E. Parcel, Toby L.
3.	Career Disruption Effects on Early Wages: A Comparison of Mothers and Women Without Children Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Dual Economic Theory; Earnings; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market, Secondary; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Occupational Segregation; Occupations; Wages, Women This paper examines differences between mothers and non-mothers in the relative disruption of careers and the process of earnings attainment. Combining human capital and dual labor market theories, the author hypothesizes that: (1) mothers' and non-mothers' careers diverge both with respect to accumulated human capital, and to the occupational labor market characteristics of their jobs; and (2) these variations are reflected in differential patterns of earnings attainment between the two groups. These hypotheses are tested on a sample of 5,314 women drawn from the NLSY who worked at any time between 1984 and 1987 (85% of the sample). Descriptive results reveal that mothers' careers are substantially more disrupted than the careers of non-mothers, and are characterized by lower wage jobs entailing less substantively complex work in occupational labor markets more heavily dominated by women and minorities. OLS analyses of earnings run separately for mothers and non-mothers indicates that while human capital accumulation plays the most important role in determining non-mothers' wages, occupational content and labor market composition outweigh human capital as determinants of mothers' wages. The disappearance of the negative effect of number of children on mothers' wages when indicators of career disruption are controlled suggests that motherhood is detrimental to women's earnings primarily because of its effects on labor force participation patterns.
	Bibliography Citation Elliott, Marta E. and Toby L. Parcel. "Career Disruption Effects on Early Wages: A Comparison of Mothers and Women Without Children." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991.

4.	Elliott, Marta E. Parcel, Toby L.
4.	The Determinants of Young Women's Wages: Comparing the Effects of Individual and Occupational Labor Market Characteristics Social Science Research 25,3 (September 1996): 240-259. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X96900113 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Human Capital; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages; Women A study was conducted to investigate the effects of individual resources and occupational labor market characteristics on the wages of young women. Findings indicated that both individual- and occupational-level factors have significant effects on the wage attainment process, with young women's wages being determined partly by their own human capital but also by characteristics of their occupations. Mothers tend to be paid less than non-mothers, but the negative effect on wages of being a mother holds for non-black women only. These results are employed to inform theory concerning the effects of market relative to human capital characteristics on wages and to comprehend how young, non-black mothers are at a particular disadvantage in the wage attainment process.
	Bibliography Citation Elliott, Marta E. and Toby L. Parcel. "The Determinants of Young Women's Wages: Comparing the Effects of Individual and Occupational Labor Market Characteristics." Social Science Research 25,3 (September 1996): 240-259.

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