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Author: Fisher, Benjamin W.
Resulting in 3 citations.
1. Fisher, Benjamin W.
Widdowson, Alex O.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of School Suspension for Arrest
Criminology 61 3 (11 August 2023): 622-653.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12344
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Arrests; Black Studies; Critical Race Theory; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Hispanic Studies; Labeled Students; Labeling Theory; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies; School Suspension/Expulsion; Schooling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that when schools suspend students, the suspension acts not as a deterrent but as an amplifier of future punishment. Labeling theory has emerged as the predominant explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting that the symbolic label conferred along with a suspension shapes how other people perceive and respond to labeled students. Few studies, however, have attended to racial/ethnic differences in this process even though critical race theory suggests the consequences of suspension likely differ across racial/ethnic groups due to prevailing racial/ethnic stereotypes. This study uses six waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (N = 8,634) to examine how the relationship between suspension and subsequent arrest differs for White, Black, and Hispanic students. Using a series of within-person analyses that control for time-stable personal characteristics, this study finds that suspension amplifies Black and Hispanic students' risk of arrest relative to that of White students. White students' risk of arrest was not amplified by suspension and, in some models, was diminished. This study's findings underscore the importance of understanding the labeling process as different by race/ethnicity and indicate that suspension is particularly harmful for Black and Hispanic relative to White students.
Bibliography Citation
Fisher, Benjamin W. and Alex O. Widdowson. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of School Suspension for Arrest." Criminology 61 3 (11 August 2023): 622-653.
2. Widdowson, Alex O.
Fisher, Benjamin W.
Mass Incarceration and Subsequent Preventive Health Care: Mechanisms and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
American Journal of Public Health 110,S1 (January 2020): S145-S151.
Also: https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305448
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Arrests; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives. To examine the associations and mechanisms between 2 indicators of mass incarceration and preventive health care use and whether these associations are moderated by race/ethnicity.

Methods. We used 1997 to 2015-2016 data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (n = 7740) to examine the associations between arrest and incarceration at ages 18 to 27 years and cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure screenings at age 29 years. Explanatory mechanisms included blocked access (health care coverage and medical checkup) and economic (education, employment, and income) factors. We used logistic regression to model main effects.

Results. Arrest was associated with lower odds of getting blood cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure tests; incarceration was associated with lower odds of getting cholesterol and blood sugar tests; blocked access and economic factors mediated 42% to 125% of these associations. These associations were mostly consistent across race/ethnicity.

Conclusions. Mass incarceration contributes to decreases in preventive health care use, which are explained in part by blocked access and economic factors.

Bibliography Citation
Widdowson, Alex O. and Benjamin W. Fisher. "Mass Incarceration and Subsequent Preventive Health Care: Mechanisms and Racial/Ethnic Disparities." American Journal of Public Health 110,S1 (January 2020): S145-S151.
3. Widdowson, Alex O.
Garduno, L. Sergio
Fisher, Benjamin W.
The School-to-Gang Pipeline: Examining the Impact of School Suspension on Joining a Gang for the First Time
Crime and Delinquency published online (17 December 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0011128720981835.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128720981835
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; School Suspension/Expulsion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study draws on labeling and routine activity theory to examine whether being suspended from school is associated with subsequent gang membership onset. With data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we estimated discrete time models that predict gang membership onset from ages 12 to 19. The results revealed that being suspended from school at one wave was associated with an increased hazard on gang membership onset at the next wave. The results also revealed that although being suspended from school during one wave increased the hazard of gang membership onset, youth who are suspended during multiple waves tended to have an even higher hazard of gang membership onset.
Bibliography Citation
Widdowson, Alex O., L. Sergio Garduno and Benjamin W. Fisher. "The School-to-Gang Pipeline: Examining the Impact of School Suspension on Joining a Gang for the First Time." Crime and Delinquency published online (17 December 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0011128720981835.