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Author: Florian, Sandra M.
Resulting in 7 citations.
1. Florian, Sandra M.
Diverging Fertility Patterns? Racial and Educational Differences in Fertility Behaviors and their Implications for Socioeconomic Mobility
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, 2016.
Also: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll40/id/229012/rec/17
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Southern California
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Fertility; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this dissertation I analyze the trends and patterns in fertility behaviors in the U.S. from 1973 until 2013, including age at first birth, fertility rates, and levels of childlessness. I identify the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with these trends and evaluate how they vary by race/ethnicity and social class. Then, I investigate the effects of fertility on women’s opportunities for social mobility. The analyses were performed using two nationally representative datasets: (i) the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), from 1973 until 2010–2013, and (ii) the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, (NLSY79) 1979–2012.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. Diverging Fertility Patterns? Racial and Educational Differences in Fertility Behaviors and their Implications for Socioeconomic Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, 2016..
2. Florian, Sandra M.
Intersectionality at Work: Racial Variation in Women's Employment after First Birth
Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A vast literature has shown that having children reduces women's employment. Yet, less attention has been paid to the racial disparities in employment transitions following the entrance into motherhood. Moreover, although it has been well-documented that disadvantaged minority groups begin childbearing at earlier stages of the life course than Whites, little research has investigated how the disparities in the onset of childbearing shape the racial differences in female employment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2012, this study draws from the life course and intersectionality perspectives to assess the racial variation in women's employment status following the first birth among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks, and investigate the factors associated with probability of transitioning from non-employment to full-time and part-time employment. Preliminary findings indicate that Hispanic and, particularly, African American women are less likely than Whites to be employed following their first birth mostly because they become mothers at younger ages and are less likely to be employed before the onset of childbearing. Surprisingly, the results reveal that Black women who were full-time employed before having children are less likely to exit full-time employment after their first birth than Latinas and Whites. This study provides evidence of the multiple dimensions of intersectionality shaping racial differences in female employment across stages of the life course.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Intersectionality at Work: Racial Variation in Women's Employment after First Birth." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017.
3. Florian, Sandra M.
Intersectionality at Work: The Effect of Fertility on the Employment Trajectories of White, Latina, and Black Women
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research has shown that having children reduces women's employment; yet, how this effect differs for racial minorities has received less attention. Using random effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 4,526), this study investigates the association between motherhood and employment among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks over women's entire reproductive span. Results indicate that having children reduces labor force participation primarily by deterring full-time employment. This effect is stronger and lasts longer among Whites, smaller and shorter among Hispanics, and brief among Blacks. Motherhood reduces part-time employment for young mothers, but increases it for older mothers. Early childbearing partly explains Blacks' and Hispanics' low employment rates at young ages. Surprisingly, the evidence indicates that Blacks' and Hispanics' employment prospects would benefit the most from delaying childbearing. This study highlights the relevance of intersectionality and the life course perspective for investigating inequality in the labor market.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Intersectionality at Work: The Effect of Fertility on the Employment Trajectories of White, Latina, and Black Women." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
4. Florian, Sandra M.
Motherhood and Employment Among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks: A Life Course Approach
Journal of Marriage and Family 80,1 (February 2018): 134-149.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12448/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Ethnic Differences; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Random Effects; Motherhood; Racial Differences

Research has shown that having children reduces women's employment; yet how this effect differs for racial minorities has received less attention. Using random effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 4,526), this study investigates the association between motherhood and employment among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks over women's entire reproductive span. Results indicate that having children reduces labor force participation primarily by deterring full-time employment. This effect is stronger and lasts longer among Whites, smaller and shorter among Hispanics, and brief among Blacks. Motherhood reduces part-time employment for young mothers, but temporarily increases it for older mothers. Early childbearing partly explains Black and Hispanic women's low employment rates at young ages; interestingly, the evidence indicates that their employment prospects would benefit the most from delaying childbearing. This study highlights the relevance of intersectionality and the life course perspective for investigating inequality in the labor market.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Motherhood and Employment Among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks: A Life Course Approach." Journal of Marriage and Family 80,1 (February 2018): 134-149.
5. Florian, Sandra M.
Racial Variation in the Effect of Motherhood on Women's Employment: Temporary or Enduring Effect?
Social Science Research 73 (July 2018): 80-91.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17305938
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Experience

Part of the motherhood wage penalty results from mothers' loss of work experience, yet little research has investigated whether this loss is temporary or accumulates over time. Using growth curve models and data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1979), I examine the extent to which motherhood reduces work experience over the life course among White, Black, and Hispanic women. Results indicate that motherhood slows the accretion of experience in full-time work for all racial-ethnic groups, having an enduring effect on women's employment. The effect is stronger among Whites and mothers with two or more children, remaining sizeable as women approach retirement age. By age 50, White and Hispanic mothers with two or more children exhibit between two to seven fewer years of experience in full-time employment. Among Blacks, only mothers with three or more children experience a significant reduction, averaging five fewer years of experience in full-time work.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Racial Variation in the Effect of Motherhood on Women's Employment: Temporary or Enduring Effect?" Social Science Research 73 (July 2018): 80-91.
6. Florian, Sandra M.
Racial Variations in the Effect of Fertility on Women's Employment: Declining or Enduring Effects?
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using fixed effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, NLSY 1979–2012, this study assesses the effect of fertility on women's labor force participation and cumulative years of work experience by race. The analyses reveal declining effects of children on labor force participation over time, but enduring effects on cumulative years of full-time work experience. Children discourage full-time employment during the 20s and 30s, but encourage employment by the early 50s. These effects are stronger among Whites than Latinas, however, motherhood does not deter employment among Blacks. Children reduce years of full-time work experience regardless of race; these effects become evident by the 30s, being more pronounced for Whites, Latinas, and women with two or more children. White mothers' advantage in work experience results from gains in part-time work. Findings reveal that aggregating these effects over time and across racial groups obscures these significant variations.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Racial Variations in the Effect of Fertility on Women's Employment: Declining or Enduring Effects?" Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
7. Florian, Sandra M.
Casper, Lynne M.
The Impact of Fertility on Women's Work Experience: Evaluating the Motherhood Penalty among Mature Women
Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Since the 1970s women's labor force participation significantly increased driven by the rise in the number of mothers who remained employed. The entrance of mothers to the labor market helped reduced the gender gap in labor force participation and occupational outcomes. However, since the 1990s this progress has stalled. Women still experience a series of obstacles to combine work and family life once they become mothers. In this paper, I evaluate the extent to which fertility reduces women's work experience using fixed effects models and recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, NLSY 1979-2012. The results indicate that, on average, having children decreases women's work experience by nearly one year per child. However, this effect varies by parity and over the life course, increasing through ages 45-49, then it slightly decreasing but only for parities 2 and lower. The effect of parity continues increasing for higher parity orders. The results suggest that women who have 2 or fewer children are able to make up some of their lost work experience when children grow up. By ages 50-55, having 1 child is associated with 8 fewer months of work experience, and having two children with 1.1 fewer years of work experience. By contrast having 3 or more children is associated with 3.4 fewer years of work experience. Contrary to the specialization theory, being married is instead associated with increased women's work experience.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. and Lynne M. Casper. "The Impact of Fertility on Women's Work Experience: Evaluating the Motherhood Penalty among Mature Women." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015.