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Author: Garfinkel, Irwin

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1.	Garfinkel, Irwin McLanahan, Sara S.
1.	Effects of Child Support Reform on Child Well-Being In: Escape from Poverty: What Make a Difference for Children? P.L .Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995: pp. 38-59 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Keyword(s): Child Support; Children, Well-Being; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Fathers, Absence; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The child support provisions are part of a broad trend that began during the mid-1970s and has strong bipartisan support, whereas attitudes toward requiring welfare mothers to work have shifted many times in the history of public assistance and are highly controversial at this time (see Chase-Lansdale & Vinovskis, this volume). We believe that the increasing number of married mothers working outside the home lends considerable force to the new set of work provisions. Yet there continues to be widespread resistance from both the left and right to requiring welfare mothers to work (McLanahan & Booth, 1989). Finally, whereas the work provisions allow for considerable local discretion in implementing work requirements' child support reform appears to be moving toward more universal principles. While one cannot be sure that this pattern will continue, the progress thus far has been impressive.
	Bibliography Citation Garfinkel, Irwin and Sara S. McLanahan. "Effects of Child Support Reform on Child Well-Being" In: Escape from Poverty: What Make a Difference for Children? P.L .Chase-Lansdale and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995: pp. 38-59

2.	Garfinkel, Irwin McLanahan, Sara S.
2.	The Effects of the Child Support Provisions of the Family Support Act of 1988 on Child Well-Being Population Research and Policy Review 9,3 (September 1990): 205-234. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v26552545p2445v2/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Keyword(s): Child Support; Children; Children, Well-Being; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A review of the history of the child support system in the US, the role of the Family Support Act of 1988, and empirical research on children from disrupted families and children born out of wedlock. Potential consequences of the 1988 law--eg, increases in child support payments, in father-child contact, and in parent-parent contact with possible conflict--are discussed. A model for evaluating child support reform is developed, and it is emphasized that a critical problem will be to identify, over time, other variables that may affect the seven outcome variables identified. Advantages of utilizing and supplementing existing nationally representative data sets such as the Child Support Supplements to the March Current Populations Survey, the National Survey of Families and Households, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, are explicated. 1 Figure, 65 References. (Copyright 1991, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
	Bibliography Citation Garfinkel, Irwin and Sara S. McLanahan. "The Effects of the Child Support Provisions of the Family Support Act of 1988 on Child Well-Being." Population Research and Policy Review 9,3 (September 1990): 205-234.

3.	McLanahan, Sara S. Garfinkel, Irwin
3.	Single Mothers, the Underclass, and Social Policy Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 501 (January 1989): 92-104. Also: http://ann.sagepub.com/content/501/1/92.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Allowance, Pocket Money; Child Support; Fathers, Absence; Household Composition; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Mothers; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Transfers, Parental; Underclass; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper focuses on the question of whether mother-only families are part of an emerging urban underclass, defined as a population exhibiting weak labor force attachment and residential isolation in neighborhoods with high concentrations of poverty and unemployment. Analysis of national longitudinal survey data (NLSY, PSID) indicates that only a small minority of single mothers fit the description of an underclass--less than 5 percent--but a small and growing minority of black, never-married mothers meet all three criteria. It is argued that welfare programs are necessary, but that too heavy a reliance on welfare can facilitate the growth of an underclass. In contrast, universal programs such as child support assurance, child care, health care, children's allowances, and full employment would discourage such a trend and promote economic independence among single mothers. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
	Bibliography Citation McLanahan, Sara S. and Irwin Garfinkel. "Single Mothers, the Underclass, and Social Policy." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 501 (January 1989): 92-104.

4.	McLanahan, Sara S. Garfinkel, Irwin Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Zhao, Hongxin Johnson, Waldo Rich, Lauren M. Turner, Mark Waller, Maureen Wilson, Melvin
4.	Unwed Fathers and Fragile Families Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Family Studies; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; Parental Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we utilize mothers' reports in the NLSY to examine the level and stability of children's involvement with unwed fathers during the first few years after birth. We find surprisingly high levels of involvement and stability of fathers' involvement among these children. Our findings raise a whole host of questions about the characteristics and capabilities of the unwed fathers and the nature of the relationships between the unwed parents that cannot be addressed with the NLSY data. In the second part of the paper we describe a new longitudinal study of unwed parents - Fragile Families - and present a brief description of some of the findings from two pilot studies in Philadelphia and Chicago and from initial data collection in Oakland.
	Bibliography Citation McLanahan, Sara S., Irwin Garfinkel, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Hongxin Zhao, Waldo Johnson, Lauren M. Rich, Mark Turner, Maureen Waller and Melvin Wilson. "Unwed Fathers and Fragile Families." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 1998.

5.	McLanahan, Sara S. Garfinkel, Irwin Mincy, Ronald B.
5.	Fragile Families, Welfare Reform, and Marriage Web Brief #10, The Brookings Institute, Washington DC, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Marital Stability; Marriage; Welfare Marriage will be an important issue in the upcoming debate over the reauthorization of welfare reform. According to recent studies, both children and adults benefit from marriage. Still, one of three children in the U.S. is born to unmarried parents. At the time of birth, most unmarried parents are committed to each other and to their child and have high hopes of marriage and a future together. But these parents face numerous barriers to creating and maintaining a stable family life, including low education and job skills, lack of jobs, and poor relationship skills. Helping these parents achieve their goal of stability will require new ideas and new policies such as providing services that start at birth; treating the parents as a couple rather than as individuals; offering services that promote communication and increase employability; reducing marriage penalties; and making child support enforcement more reasonable for low-income fathers. While some of these ideas have been tried in the past, others have never been fully implemented, and none has been offered as a single, comprehensive package. Because Congress is unlikely to enact a full package of services, the federal government should consider funding state-run demonstrations to ascertain the benefits and costs of the proposed reforms. NLSY 79 data is used to establish that about half of unmarried parents who are cohabiting at birth are still living together after six years.
	Bibliography Citation McLanahan, Sara S., Irwin Garfinkel and Ronald B. Mincy. "Fragile Families, Welfare Reform, and Marriage." Web Brief #10, The Brookings Institute, Washington DC, 2001.

6.	Plotnick, Robert D. Garfinkel, Irwin Gaylin, Daniel S. McLanahan, Sara S. Ku, Inhoe
6.	Better Child Support Enforcement: Can it Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing? Working Paper #99-01, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, 1999. Also: http://crcw.princeton.edu/workingpapers/WP99-01-Plotnick.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Office of Population Research, Princeton University Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Child Support; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Stricter child support enforcement may reduce unwed childbearing by raising the costs of fatherhood. We investigate this hypothesis using a sample of young women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to which we add information on state child support enforcement. Models of the probability of a teenage premarital birth and of teenage premarital pregnancy and pregnancy resolution provide tentative evidence that, during the early 1980s, teens living in states with higher rates of paternity establishment were less likely to become unwed mothers. This relationship is stronger for non-Hispanic whites than for non-Hispanic blacks. The findings suggest that policies that shift more costs of premarital childbearing to men may reduce this behavior, at least among non-Hispanic whites.
	Bibliography Citation Plotnick, Robert D., Irwin Garfinkel, Daniel S. Gaylin, Sara S. McLanahan and Inhoe Ku. "Better Child Support Enforcement: Can it Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing?" Working Paper #99-01, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, 1999.

7.	Plotnick, Robert D. Garfinkel, Irwin McLanahan, Sara S. Ku, Inhoe
7.	Better Child Support Enforcement: Can It Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing? Journal of Family Issues 25,5 (July 2004): 634-658. Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=13470389&db=aph Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Child Support; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Ethnic Differences; Fatherhood; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Sexual Behavior; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Stricter child support enforcement may reduce unwed childbearing by raising the costs of fatherhood. The authors investigate this hypothesis using a sample of young women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, to which they add information on state child support enforcement. Models of the probability of a teenage premarital birth and of teenage premarital pregnancy and pregnancy resolution provide tentative evidence that during the early 1980s, teens living in states with higher rates of paternity establishment were less likely to become unwed mothers. This relationship is stronger for non-Hispanic Whites than for non-Hispanic Blacks. The findings suggest that policies that shift more costs of premarital childbearing to men may reduce this behavior, at least among non-Hispanic Whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
	Bibliography Citation Plotnick, Robert D., Irwin Garfinkel, Sara S. McLanahan and Inhoe Ku. "Better Child Support Enforcement: Can It Reduce Teenage Premarital Childbearing?" Journal of Family Issues 25,5 (July 2004): 634-658.

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