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Author: Garrison, S. Mason

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1.	Garrison, S. Mason Rodgers, Joseph Lee
1.	Casting Doubt on the Causal Link between Intelligence and Age at First Intercourse: A Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY Intelligence 59 (November-December 2016): 139-156. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616300162 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Intelligence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings In this study, we use an intergenerational sibling comparison design to investigate the causal link between intelligence and AFI, using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the NLSY-Children/Young Adult data. We measured maternal IQ using the AFQT, child IQ using PPVT, PIAT, and Digit Span, and AFI, using respondent self-report. Our analytic method used Kenny's (2001) reciprocal standard dyad model. This model supported analyses treating the data as only between-family data (as in most past studies), and also allowed us to include both between- and within-family comparisons. These analyses included two forms, first a comparison of offspring of mothers in relation to maternal IQ, then a comparison of offspring themselves in relation to offspring IQ. When we evaluated the relationship between maternal/child intelligence and AFI, using a between-family design, we replicated earlier results; smart teens do appear to delay sex. In the within-family analyses, the relationship between intelligence and AFI vanishes for both maternal intelligence and child intelligence. The finding is robust across gender and age. These results suggest that the cause of the intelligence-AFI link is not intelligence per se, but rather differences between families (parental education, SES, etc.) that correlate with family-level (but not individual-level) intelligence.
	Bibliography Citation Garrison, S. Mason and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Casting Doubt on the Causal Link between Intelligence and Age at First Intercourse: A Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY." Intelligence 59 (November-December 2016): 139-156.

2.	Garrison, S. Mason Rodgers, Joseph Lee
2.	Decomposing the Causes of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Gradient with Biometrical Modeling Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116,6 (2019): 1030-1047. Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2018-56705-001.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA) Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Kinship; Socioeconomic Status (SES) The consistent relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health has been widely covered in the media and scientific journals, which typically argue that physical-health inequalities are caused by material disadvantage directly or indirectly (e.g., chronic environmental-stress, health care resources, etc.). Such explanations do not explain the finely stratified health differences across the entire range of SES. Recent theories have helped address such limitations, but implicate multiple different explanatory pathways. For example, differential epidemiology articles have argued that individual differences are the "fundamental cause" of the gradient (Gottfredson, 2004). Alternatively, variants of allostatic load theory (McEwen & Stellar, 1993), such as the Risky Families model (Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002) implicate the early home-environment. These theory-driven pathways align with interpretations associated with biometrical models; yet, little research has applied biometrical modeling to understanding the sources of the gradient. Our study presents several innovations and new research findings. First, we use kinship information from a large national family dataset, the NLSY79, whose respondents are approximately representative of United States adolescents in 1979. Second, we present the first biometrical analysis of the relationships between SES and health that uses an overall SES measure. Third, we separate physical and mental health, using excellent measurement of each construct. Fourth, we use a bivariate biometrical model to study overlap between health and SES. Results suggest divergent findings for physical and mental health. Biometrical models indicate a primarily genetic etiology for the link between SES and physical health, and a primarily environmental etiology for the link between SES and mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
	Bibliography Citation Garrison, S. Mason and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Decomposing the Causes of the Socioeconomic Status-Health Gradient with Biometrical Modeling." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116,6 (2019): 1030-1047.

3.	Hunter, Michael D. Garrison, S. Mason Burt, S. Alexandra Rodgers, Joseph Lee
3.	The Analytic Identification of Variance Component Models Common to Behavior Genetics Behavior Genetics 51 (July 2021): 425-437. Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10519-021-10055-x Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Family Environment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Research Methodology; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Many behavior genetics models follow the same general structure. We describe this general structure and analytically derive simple criteria for its identification. In particular, we find that variance components can be uniquely estimated whenever the relatedness matrices that define the components are linearly independent (i.e., not confounded). Thus, we emphasize determining which variance components can be identified given a set of genetic and environmental relationships, rather than the estimation procedures. We validate the identification criteria with several well-known models, and further apply them to several less common models. The first model distinguishes child-rearing environment from extended family environment. The second model adds a gene-by-common-environment interaction term in sets of twins reared apart and together. The third model separates measured-genomic relatedness from the scanner site variation in a hypothetical functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The computationally easy analytic identification criteria allow researchers to quickly address model identification issues and define novel variance components, facilitating the development of new research questions.
	Bibliography Citation Hunter, Michael D., S. Mason Garrison, S. Alexandra Burt and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "The Analytic Identification of Variance Component Models Common to Behavior Genetics." Behavior Genetics 51 (July 2021): 425-437.

4.	Later, Kennon Trattner, Jonathan Santos, Carlos Garrison, S. Mason
4.	Examining the Causal Link between Divorce and Mental Health of their Offspring Using the Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Model Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 2020 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Mental Health; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Kinship; School Performance Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Children of divorce have increased depression, anxiety, and perform worse in school. These consequences affect subsequent generations (Amato and Cheadle 2005), suggesting a heritable 'divorce-induced' epigenetic modification or a genetic mediation as a result of neuroticism and extraversion (Jocklin et al. 1996). Therefore, we aim to understand whether divorce actually affects an individual's wellbeing or reflects those same genetic components. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examined the cross-generational impact of divorce on mental health (according to the Behavior Problems and Child Depression Report), following individuals of different ages. We compared maternal cousins using the discordant kinship model (Garrison and Rogers 2016). Controlling for genetic confounds, results suggest that divorce does not impact children's mental health by itself, however, the timing of a divorce might be a factor.
	Bibliography Citation Later, Kennon, Jonathan Trattner, Carlos Santos and S. Mason Garrison. "Examining the Causal Link between Divorce and Mental Health of their Offspring Using the Cross-generational Sibling Comparison Model." Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 2020.

5.	Rodgers, Joseph Lee Garrison, S. Mason O'Keefe, Patrick Bard, David E. Hunter, Michael D. Beasley, William H. van den Oord, Edwin J. C. G.
5.	Responding to a 100-Year-Old Challenge from Fisher: A Biometrical Analysis of Adult Height in the NLSY Data Using Only Cousin Pairs Behavior Genetics 49,5 (September 2019): 444-454. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-019-09967-6 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Family, Extended; Height; Kinship Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In 1918, Fisher suggested that his research team had consistently found inflated cousin correlations. He also commented that because a cousin sample with minimal selection bias was not available the cause of the inflation could not be addressed, leaving this inflation as a challenge still to be solved. In the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (the NLSY79, the NLSY97, and the NLSY-Children/Young Adult datasets), there are thousands of available cousin pairs. Those in the NLSYC/YA are obtained approximately without selection. In this paper, we address Fisher's challenge using these data. Further, we also evaluate the possibility of fitting ACE models using only cousin pairs, including full cousins, half-cousins, and quarter-cousins. To have any chance at success in such a restricted kinship domain requires an available and highly-reliable phenotype; we use adult height in our analysis. Results provide a possible answer to Fisher's challenge, and demonstrate the potential for using cousin pairs in a stand-alone analysis (as well as in combination with other biometrical designs).
	Bibliography Citation Rodgers, Joseph Lee, S. Mason Garrison, Patrick O'Keefe, David E. Bard, Michael D. Hunter, William H. Beasley and Edwin J. C. G. van den Oord. "Responding to a 100-Year-Old Challenge from Fisher: A Biometrical Analysis of Adult Height in the NLSY Data Using Only Cousin Pairs." Behavior Genetics 49,5 (September 2019): 444-454. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-019-09967-6.

6.	Sims, Emma E. Trattner, Jonathan D. Garrison, S. Mason
6.	Does Depression Lead to Criminal Behavior? A Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 29, 2021 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association Keyword(s): Crime; Depression (see also CESD); Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Relative to the general population, adolescents with psychiatric disorders such as major depression disorder are incarcerated (and reincarcerated) at higher rates (McDougall et al., 2013). Current research is mixed whether this association is a cause, consequence, or familial confound. For example, correctional facility time leads to more depressive symptoms (Fazel et al., 2008), yet depression is associated with antisocial behaviors (e.g., delinquency; Ozkan et al., 2019). Moreover, most studies have failed to incorporate genetic and environmental confounding. Therefore, we employed the discordant kinship model to see whether compared siblings. We examined the direction and timing of the relationship between criminal behavior and depression, using sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979--a nationally representative study. This allowed us to control for within- and between-family variance, reducing plausible confounds in analyzing the causal relationship between depression and delinquency. After controlling for familial confounds, we failed to find a causal link between depression and delinquency.
	Bibliography Citation Sims, Emma E., Jonathan D. Trattner and S. Mason Garrison. "Does Depression Lead to Criminal Behavior? A Sibling Comparison Design Using the NLSY." Presented: Online, Behavior Genetics Association Annual Meeting, June 29, 2021.

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