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Author: Gasper, Joseph Michael

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1.	Gasper, Joseph Michael
1.	Do Delinquency and Drug Use Lead to Dropping Out of High School? Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2009 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Arrests; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; High School Dropouts; Modeling, Random Effects; School Suspension/Expulsion; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Numerous studies have found that high school dropouts are more involved in delinquency and drug use than high school graduates. The fact that delinquency and drug use appear to go hand-in-hand with high school dropout has led some researchers to claim that delinquency and drug use lead to dropping out of school. However, this claim is not fully supported by prior studies that have examined this issue. Although some studies suggest that delinquency and drug use do lead to dropout, other studies find that delinquency and drug use are unrelated to dropout once other predictors of dropout are taken into consideration. This study addresses three shortcomings of prior studies that may account for these divergent findings. This study (1) takes seriously the possibility that, rather than causing dropout, delinquency and drug use are symptoms of underlying problems which also contribute to dropout; (2) examines whether social sanctions--specifically, school suspension and arrest--condition the effects of delinquency and drug use on dropout; (3) explores whether the effects of delinquency and drug use on dropout vary by social class. I use seven waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). "Hybrid" random effects models, which control for both observed and unobserved differences between youth, are used to examine the possibility that youth self-select into delinquency, drug use, and dropout. Results indicate that overall, drug use, but not delinquency, leads to dropping out, although the effects are small. When the effects of delinquency and drug use are examined separately for lower-class and middle-class youth, delinquency only leads to dropout for middle-class youth who are arrested. Drug use leads to dropout regardless of a youth's social class or whether they are suspended or arrested. These findings suggest that while the relationships among delinquency, drug use, and dropout are complicated, problem behaviors are not the primary reason why youth leave school. Implications for future research and dropout prevention are discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Gasper, Joseph Michael. Do Delinquency and Drug Use Lead to Dropping Out of High School? Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 2009.

2.	Gasper, Joseph Michael
2.	What is the Effect of Dropping Out of High School on Delinquency? Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 11-14, 2006 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Education; Heterogeneity; High School Dropouts; Modeling, Fixed Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Previous research on the relationship between dropping out of high school and subsequent involvement in delinquency has yielded ambiguous results. This study seeks to improve upon prior studies in three ways: (1) by controlling for possible selection effects, (2) by examining how other factors may serve to condition the effects of dropping out on delinquency, including postschool factors, and (3) by exploring differences between temporary and permanent dropouts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), I examine the causal effect of dropping out on delinquency. I conduct two types of analyses. In the first analysis, ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression models address selection effects by controlling for observed differences between dropouts and youths in school. Results largely replicate those of recent research. In the second analysis, fixed effects models control for unobserved heterogeneity. Results indicate that although dropping out for school reasons and for other, unspecified reasons are associated with higher levels of involvement in delinquency, dropping out does not cause an increase in offending. The observed relationships are spurious due to preexisting differences between dropouts and youth in school. Dropping out contributes little to the explanation of changes in delinquency across time. Dropping out for economic reasons is associated with a decrease in offending only after controls for between-person variation are included, suggesting a protective effect of dropping out to work. I conclude with implications and suggestions for future research.
	Bibliography Citation Gasper, Joseph Michael. "What is the Effect of Dropping Out of High School on Delinquency?" Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 11-14, 2006.

3.	Gasper, Joseph Michael Deluca, Stefanie Estacion, Angela
3.	Coming and Going: Explaining the Effects of Residential and School Mobility on Adolescent Delinquency Social Science Research 39,3 (May 2010): 459-476. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X09001033 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Family Influences; Mobility, Residential; Mobility, Schools; Modeling, Random Effects; Substance Use Over the past half century, a large body of theoretical and empirical work in sociology and other social sciences has emphasized the negative consequences of mobility for human development in general, and youth outcomes in particular. In criminology, decades of research have documented a link between residential mobility and crime at both the macro and micro levels. At the micro level, mobility is associated with delinquency, substance use, and other deviant behaviors among adolescents. However, it is possible that the relationship between mobility and delinquency may be due to selection on pre-existing differences between mobile and non-mobile youth in their propensity for delinquency, and prior studies have not adequately addressed this issue. Specifically, the families that are most likely to move are also the most disadvantaged and may be characterized by dynamics and processes that are conducive to the development of delinquency and problem behavior in their children. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to assess the impact of residential and school mobility between the ages of 12 and 17 on delinquency and substance use. Random effects models control for selection on both observed and unobserved differences. Results show that mobility and delinquency are indeed spuriously related. Implications for future research on mobility and outcomes are discussed. [Copyright c Elsevier] Copyright of Social Science Research is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
	Bibliography Citation Gasper, Joseph Michael, Stefanie Deluca and Angela Estacion. "Coming and Going: Explaining the Effects of Residential and School Mobility on Adolescent Delinquency." Social Science Research 39,3 (May 2010): 459-476.

4.	Gasper, Joseph Michael Deluca, Stefanie Estacion, Angela
4.	Switching High Schools: Cause of Dropping Out or Symptom of Disengagement? Presented: Denver, CO, American Educational Research Association, May 3, 2010. Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Educational Outcomes; High School; High School Dropouts; Propensity Scores Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Numerous studies demonstrate that youth who switch schools for reasons other than grade promotion are more likely to demonstrate a wide array of negative behavioral and educational outcomes, including dropping out of high school. However, whether switching schools puts youth at risk for dropping out of high school is uncertain, since youth who switch schools are similar to high school dropouts in terms of their levels of prior school achievement and engagement, which suggests that switching schools may be caused by the same long-term developmental process of disengagement that leads to dropping out. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), this study uses propensity score matching techniques to pair youth who switched high schools with similar youth who stayed in the same high school. We find that while over half the association between switching high schools on dropout can be explained by observed characteristics prior to 9th grade, switching high schools still has an effect on dropout. Moreover, this effect seems to vary, depending on a youth's propensity for switching high schools. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Gasper, Joseph Michael, Stefanie Deluca and Angela Estacion. "Switching High Schools: Cause of Dropping Out or Symptom of Disengagement?" Presented: Denver, CO, American Educational Research Association, May 3, 2010.

5.	Gasper, Joseph Michael Deluca, Stefanie Estacion, Angela
5.	Switching Schools: Revisiting the Relationship Between School Mobility and High School Dropout American Educational Research Journal 49,3 (June 2012): 487-519. Also: http://aer.sagepub.com/content/49/3/487 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Educational Research Association Keyword(s): Dropouts; Education; Mobility, Schools; Propensity Scores; School Dropouts; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Youth who switch schools are more likely to demonstrate a wide array of negative behavioral and educational outcomes, including dropping out of high school. However, whether switching schools actually puts youth at risk for dropout is uncertain, since youth who switch schools are similar to dropouts in their levels of prior school achievement and engagement, which suggests that switching schools may be part of the same long-term developmental process of disengagement that leads to dropping out. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study uses propensity score matching to pair youth who switched high schools with similar youth who stayed in the same school. We find that while over half the association between switching schools and dropout is explained by observed characteristics prior to ninth grade, switching schools is still associated with dropout. Moreover, the relationship between switching schools and dropout varies depending on a youth’s propensity for switching schools.
	Bibliography Citation Gasper, Joseph Michael, Stefanie Deluca and Angela Estacion. "Switching Schools: Revisiting the Relationship Between School Mobility and High School Dropout." American Educational Research Journal 49,3 (June 2012): 487-519.

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