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Author: Glantz, Stanton A.

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1.	Apollonio, Dorie E. Dutra, Lauren M. Glantz, Stanton A.
1.	Associations between Smoking Trajectories, Smoke-free Laws and Cigarette Taxes in a Longitudinal Sample of Youth and Young Adults PLOS ONE published online (11 February 2021): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246321. Also: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246321 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: PLOS Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Legislation; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Cigarette smoking patterns vary within the population, with some individuals remaining never smokers, some remaining occasional users, and others progressing to daily use or quitting. There is little research on how population-level tobacco control policy interventions affect individuals within different smoking trajectories. We identified associations between tobacco control policy interventions and changes across different smoking trajectories among adolescents and young adults. Using 15 annual waves of data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we applied a group-based trajectory model to identify associations between days smoked per month, comprehensive smoke-free laws, cigarette tax rates, and known socio-demographic risk factors for membership in different smoking trajectories. Comprehensive smoke-free laws were associated with reduced risk of initiation and reductions in days smoked per month for all trajectories other than occasional users. Higher tax rates were associated with reduced risk of initiation and days smoked for all trajectories other than established users. Overall, population-based tobacco control policies, particularly comprehensive smoke-free laws, were associated with reduced smoking. Tobacco taxes primarily reduced risk of initiation and use among never smokers, experimenters, and quitters, consistent with previous research suggesting that tobacco manufacturers lower prices after tax increases to reduce the cost of continued smoking for established users. These results provide support for expanding smoke-free laws and establishing a minimum tobacco floor price, which could improve public health by reducing the risk of initiation as well as use among occasional and established smokers.
	Bibliography Citation Apollonio, Dorie E., Lauren M. Dutra and Stanton A. Glantz. "Associations between Smoking Trajectories, Smoke-free Laws and Cigarette Taxes in a Longitudinal Sample of Youth and Young Adults." PLOS ONE published online (11 February 2021): DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246321.

2.	Dutra, Lauren M. Glantz, Stanton A.
2.	Thirty-day Smoking in Adolescence is a Strong Predictor of Smoking in Young Adulthood Preventive Medicine 109 (April 2018): 17-21. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009174351830015X Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Transition, Adulthood Thirty-day smoking, although a widely used measure of adolescent smoking (age 12-16), has been questioned as an accurate measure of young adult (age 26-30) smoking behavior, particularly when critiquing studies linking use of e-cigarettes with subsequent cigarette smoking. We used logistic regression to test two measures of 30-day adolescent smoking as predictors of young adult smoking in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Adjusting for psychosocial covariates, compared to those who smoked zero days in the past 30 days in adolescence, odds of any past-30-day smoking in young adulthood ranged from 2.85 (95% CI: 1.85-4.37) for those who smoked 1 day to 4.81 (3.50-6.59) for those who smoked daily as adolescents, and adjusted odds of daily smoking in young adulthood ranged from 1.99 (1.24-3.18) to 4.69 (3.42-6.43). Compared with adolescent never smokers, adjusted odds of any past-30-day smoking in young adulthood among adolescent former smokers was 2.11 (1.77-2.53), and among adolescent current smokers, ranged from 3.03 (2.22-4.14) for those who smoked 1-5 cigarettes per month to 8.19 (5.80-11.55) for those who smoked daily. Adjusted odds of daily smoking in young adulthood were 2.49 (2.12-2.91) for adolescent former smokers and, among adolescent current smokers, ranged from 2.54 (1.92-3.37) for those who smoked 1-5 cigarettes per month to 8.65 (6.06-12.35) for those who smoked daily. There is a strong dose-response relationship between 30-day smoking in adolescence--even a single day in the month--and 30-day and daily smoking in young adulthood.
	Bibliography Citation Dutra, Lauren M. and Stanton A. Glantz. "Thirty-day Smoking in Adolescence is a Strong Predictor of Smoking in Young Adulthood." Preventive Medicine 109 (April 2018): 17-21.

3.	Dutra, Lauren M. Glantz, Stanton A. Lisha, Nadra E. Song, Anna V.
3.	Beyond Experimentation: Five Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking in a Longitudinal Sample of Youth PLOS ONE published online (9 February 2017): 10.1371/journal.pone.0171808. Also: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0171808 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: PLOS Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first goal of this study was to identify the most appropriate measure of cigarette smoking for identifying unique smoking trajectories among adolescents; the second goal was to describe the resulting trajectories and their characteristics. Using 15 annual waves of smoking data in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we conducted an exploratory latent class growth analysis to determine the best of four outcome variables for yearly smoking (cigarettes per day on days smoked, days smoked per month, mean cigarettes per day, and total cigarettes per month) among individuals aged 12 to 30 (n = 8,791). Days smoked per month was the best outcome variable for identifying unique longitudinal trajectories of smoking and characteristics of these trajectories that could be used to target different types of smokers for prevention and cessation. Objective statistics were used to identify four trajectories in addition to never smokers (34.1%): experimenters (13.6%), quitters (8.1%), early established smokers (39.0%), and late escalators (5.2%). We identified a quitter and late escalator class not identified in the only other comparable latent class growth analysis. Logistic regressions were used to identify the characteristics of individuals in each trajectory. Compared with never smokers, all trajectories except late escalators were less likely to be black; experimenters were more likely to be out of school and unemployed and drink alcohol in adolescence; quitters were more likely to have a mother with a high school degree/GED or higher (versus none) and to use substances in adolescence and less likely to have ever married as a young adult; early established smokers were more likely to have a mother with a high school diploma or GED, be out of school and unemployed, not live with both parents, have used substances, be depressed, and have peers who smoked in adolescence and to have children as young adults and less likely to be Hispanic and to have ever married as young adults; and late escalators were more likely to be Hispanic, drink alcohol, and break rules in adolescence and less likely to have ever married as young adults. Because of the number of waves of data analyzed, this analysis provided a clearer temporal depiction of smoking behavior and more easily distinguishable smoking trajectories than previous analyses. Tobacco control interventions need to move beyond youth-focused approaches to reach all smokers.
	Bibliography Citation Dutra, Lauren M., Stanton A. Glantz, Nadra E. Lisha and Anna V. Song. "Beyond Experimentation: Five Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking in a Longitudinal Sample of Youth." PLOS ONE published online (9 February 2017): 10.1371/journal.pone.0171808.

4.	Song, Anna V. Dutra, Lauren M. Neilands, Torsten B. Glantz, Stanton A.
4.	Association of Smoke-Free Laws With Lower Percentages of New and Current Smokers Among Adolescents and Young Adults: An 11-Year Longitudinal Study JAMA Pediatrics 169,9 (September 2015): . Also: http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2430959 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Medical Association Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Geocoded Data; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: To quantify the effect of 100% smoke-free laws on the smoking behavior of adolescents and young adults in a longitudinal analysis.
	Bibliography Citation Song, Anna V., Lauren M. Dutra, Torsten B. Neilands and Stanton A. Glantz. "Association of Smoke-Free Laws With Lower Percentages of New and Current Smokers Among Adolescents and Young Adults: An 11-Year Longitudinal Study." JAMA Pediatrics 169,9 (September 2015): .

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