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Author: Gruber, Jonathan

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1.	Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan
1.	Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Changes in the Medicaid Eligibility of Pregnant Women Journal of Political Economy 104,6 (December 1996): 1263-1296. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138939 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; Family Income; Health Care; Health Reform; Infants; Medicaid/Medicare; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Welfare A key question for health care reform in the United States is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. We address this question in the context of the dramatic changes in Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place between 1979 and 1992. We build a detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during this era and use this model to estimate (1) the effect of changes in the rules on the fraction of women eligible for Medicaid coverage in the event of pregnancy and (2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate Vital Statistics data. We have three main findings. First, the changes did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but did so at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the changes lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birth weight; we estimate that the 30-percentage-point increase in eligibility among 15-44- year-old women was associated with a decrease in infant mortality of 8.5 percent. Third, earlier, targeted changes in Medicaid eligibility, which were restricted to specific low-income groups, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to women with higher income levels. We suggest that the source of this difference is the much lower take-up of Medicaid coverage by individuals who became eligible under the broader eligibility changes. Even the targeted changes cost the Medicaid program $840,000 per infant life saved, however, raising important issues of cost effectiveness.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Changes in the Medicaid Eligibility of Pregnant Women." Journal of Political Economy 104,6 (December 1996): 1263-1296.

2.	Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan
2.	Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansion of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w4644 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education; Family Income; Health Care; Health Reform; Infants; Medicaid/Medicare; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Welfare A key question for health care reform in the U.S. is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. We address this question in the context of dramatic expansions in the Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place during the 1980s. We build a detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during the 1979-1990 period, and use this model to estimate 1) the effect of changes in the rules on the eligibility of pregnant women for Medicaid, and 2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate Vital Statistics data. We have three main findings. First, the expansions did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but did so at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the expansions lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birthweight; we estimate that the 20 percentage point increase in eligibility among 15-44 year old women was associated with a decrease in infant mortality of 7%. Third, earlier, targeted changes in Medicaid eligibility, such as through relaxations of the family structure requirements from the AFDC program, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to all women with somewhat higher income levels. We suggest that the source of this difference was the much lower takeup of Medicaid coverage by individuals who became eligible under the broader expansions. We find that the targeted expansions, which raised Medicaid expenditures by $1.7 million per infant life saved, were in line with conventional [...] Now Published: Published: Journal of Political Economy 104,6 (December 1996): 1263-1296 [NLS Bibliography entry # 2699]
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansion of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

3.	Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan
3.	Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1994. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4644 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Family Structure; Health Reform; Income; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes This is a revised edition of an ealier working paper, Los Angeles CA: UCLA, December 1993. A key question for health care reform in the U.S. is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. This question is addressed in the context of dramatic expansions in the Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place during the 1980s. A detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during the 1979-1990 period is built, and this model is used to estimate 1) the effect of changes in the rules on the eligibility of pregnant women for Medicaid, and 2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate Vital Statistics data. There are three main findings. First, the expansions did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the expansions lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birth weight. Third, changes in Medicaid eligibility, such as relaxations of family structure requirements from the AFDC program, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to all women with somewhat higher income levels.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." NBER Working Paper No. 4644, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1994.

4.	Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan
4.	Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women Working Paper 94-11, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 1993 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Benefits, Insurance; Birthweight; Education; Health Reform; Mortality; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A key question for health care reform in the U.S. is whether expanded health insurance eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. We address this question in the context of dramatic expansions in the Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took place during the 1980's. We build a detailed simulation model of each state's Medicaid policy during the 1979-1990 period, and use this model to estimate 1) the effect of changes in the rules on the eligibility of pregnant women for Medicaid, and 2) the effect of Medicaid eligibility changes on birth outcomes in aggregate Vital Statistics data. We have three main findings. First, the expansions did dramatically increase the Medicaid eligibility of pregnant women, but did so at quite differential rates across the states. Second, the expansions lowered the incidence of infant mortality and low birthweight; we estimate that the 20 percentage point increase in eligibility among 15-44 year old women was associated with a decrease in infant mortality of 7%. Third, earlier, targeted changes in Medicaid eligibility, such as through relaxations of the family structure requirements from the AFDC program, had much larger effects on birth outcomes than broader expansions of eligibility to all women with somewhat higher income levels. We suggest that the source of this difference was the much lower takeup of Medicaid coverage by individuals who became eligible under the broader expansions. We find that the targeted expansions, which raised Medicaid expenditures by $1.7 million per infant life saved, were fairly cost effective compared to conventional estimates of the value of a life. We conclude that insurance expansions can improve health, but that translating eligibility to coverage may be the key link in making insurance policy effective. This record is part of the Abstracts of Working Papers in Economics (AWPE) Database, copyright (c) 1995 Cambridge University Press
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." Working Paper 94-11, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, December 1993.

5.	Currie, Janet Gruber, Jonathan
5.	Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women Working Paper, University of California - Los Angeles, December 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Education; Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.
	Bibliography Citation Currie, Janet and Jonathan Gruber. "Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Expansions of Medicaid Eligibility for Pregnant Women." Working Paper, University of California - Los Angeles, December 1993.

6.	Gruber, Jonathan
6.	Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Contraception; Crime; Drug Use; Sexual Activity The papers in this volume were presented at a conference at the South Seas Plantation in December 1999. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Introduction : Jonathan Gruber. 1. Risky Behavior among Youths: Some Issues from Behavioral Economics : Ted O'Donoghue and Matthew Rabin. 2. Youth Smoking in the United States: Evidence and Implications : Jonathan Gruber and Jonathan Zinman. 3. Teens and Traffic Safety : Thomas S. Dee and William N. Evans. 4. The Sexual Activity and Birth Control Use of American Teenagers : Phillip B. Levine. 5. Explaining the Rise in Youth Suicide : David M. Cutler, Edward L. Glaeser and Karen E. Norberg. 6. Marijuana and Youth : Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Michael Grossman, Frank J. Chaloupka, Patrick M. O'Malley, Lloyd D. Johnston, and Matthew C. Farrelly. 7. The Determinants of Juvenile Crime : Steven D. Levitt and Lance Lochner. 8. Environment and Persistence in Youthful Drinking Patterns : Philip J. Cook and Michael J. Moore. 9. Dropout and Enrollment Trends in the Postwar Period: What Went Wrong in the 1970s? : David Card and Thomas Lemieux. 10. Youths at Nutritional Risk: Malnourished or Misnourished? : Jay Bhattacharya and Janet Currie.
	Bibliography Citation Gruber, Jonathan. Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001.

7.	Gruber, Jonathan Hungerman, Daniel M.
7.	The Church versus the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition? Quarterly Journal of Economics 123,2 (May 2008): 831-862. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/123/2/831.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Legislation; Religion; Religious Influences; State-Level Data/Policy Recently economists have begun to consider the causes and consequences of religious participation. An unanswered question in this literature is the effect upon individuals of changes in the opportunity cost of religious participation. In this paper, we identify a policy-driven change in the opportunity cost of religious participation based on state laws that prohibit retail activity on Sunday, known as "blue laws." Many states have repealed these laws in recent years, raising the opportunity cost of religious participation. We use a variety of data sets to show that when a state repeals its blue laws religious attendance falls and that church donations and spending fall as well. These results do not seem to be driven by declines in religiosity prior to the law change, nor do we see comparable declines in membership in or giving to nonreligious organizations after a state repeals its laws. We then assess the effects of changes in these laws on drinking and drug use behavior in the NLSY. We find that repealing blue laws leads to an increase in drinking and drug use and that this increase is found only among the initially religious individuals who were affected by the blue laws. The effect is economically significant; for example, the gap in heavy drinking between religious and nonreligious individuals falls by about half after the laws are repealed.
	Bibliography Citation Gruber, Jonathan and Daniel M. Hungerman. "The Church versus the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 123,2 (May 2008): 831-862.

8.	Gruber, Jonathan Hungerman, Daniel M.
8.	The Church vs the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition? NBER Working Paper No. 12410, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2006. Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12410.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Drug Use; Legislation; Religious Influences; State-Level Data/Policy Recently economists have begun to consider the causes and consequences of religious participation. An unanswered question in this literature is the effect upon individuals of changes in the opportunity cost of religious participation. In this paper we identify a policy-driven change in the opportunity cost of religious participation based on state laws that prohibit retail activity on Sunday, known as "blue laws." Many states have repealed these laws in recent years, raising the opportunity cost of religious participation. We construct a model which predicts, under fairly general conditions, that allowing retail activity on Sundays will lower attendance levels but may increase or decrease religious donations. We then use a variety of datasets to show that when a state repeals its blue laws religious attendance falls, and that church donations and spending fall as well. These results do not seem to be driven by declines in religiosity prior to the law change, nor do we see comparable declines in membership or giving to nonreligious organizations after a state repeals its laws. We then assess the effects of changes in these laws on drinking and drug use behavior in the NLSY. We find that repealing blue laws leads to an increase in drinking and drug use, and that this increase is found only among the initially religious individuals who were affected by the blue laws. The effect is economically significant; for example, the gap in heavy drinking between religious and non religious individuals falls by about half after the laws are repealed.
	Bibliography Citation Gruber, Jonathan and Daniel M. Hungerman. "The Church vs the Mall: What Happens When Religion Faces Increased Secular Competition?" NBER Working Paper No. 12410, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2006.

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