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Author: Haveman, Robert H.
Resulting in 8 citations.
| 1. |
Cancian, Maria Haveman, Robert H. Kaplan, Thomas Meyer, Daniel R. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
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Work, Earnings and Well-Being After Welfare In: Economic Conditions and Welfare Reform. S. Danziger, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1999. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Earnings; Labor Market Outcomes; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In Chapter 6, Maria Cancian and her colleagues review evidence from several data sources about the post-welfare work effort and the economic well-being of former recipients. Although most former recipients can find some work, most cannot get and keep full-time, year-round work. In their analysis of pre-TANF data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, in each of the five years after exit, about two-thirds worked. However, in any of these years, only about one-sixth to about one-quarter worked full-time, full-year. The samewas true in the post-TANF Wisconsin administrative data they analyze; during the first year after leaving the rolls, about two-thirds of leavers worked. They also found that most former recipients (at least in the first few years) will earn relatively low wages, between $6.50 and $7.50 per hour. This is not surprising, given that welfare recipients have low skills and that the real wages of less-skilled workers have fallen dramatically over the past quarter century and have not increased much during the current economic boom. This finding about the wage prospects of less-skilled workers is not new. It was the motivation for the proposal of the first Clinton administration "to make work pay and end welfare as we know it." This suggests that former welfare recipients will continue to need government income supplements if they are to support their family at incomes above the poverty line. The expanded Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has a very important role here, as does post-welfare access to subsidized child care, health care, and food stamps. As the Cancian et al. chapter cautions, "Even consistent work may not suffice for self-support if wages are low . . . The relatively modest growth in wages for this sample is inconsistent with the suggestion that even if former welfare recipients start in low-paying jobs, they will soon move on to jobs that pay wages that can support a family above the poverty line." The good new s in Wisconsin for the sample of families that had left the welfare rolls is that twice as many of them were above the poverty line relative to those remaining on the rolls. Yet, only 27 percent of those who left cash assistance and did not return escaped poverty, and only about one-third of all leavers obtained the income level they received just before they left welfare. An additional caveat is in order. The first wave of data from a panel study of welfare recipients being conducted at the University of Michigan 2 shows that women remaining on welfare have characteristics, not evaluated in most studies of recipients, that make their labor market prospects more problematic than those of all single mothers and even those of recipients who have already left the rolls. The study examined 14 potential barriers to employment, including major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, maternal health, child health, labor market skills, perceived experiences of discrimination, and several standard human capital measures. It found that about 75 percent of single mothers who received cash welfare in February 1997 and had zero or one of these barriers were working in Fall 1997, whereas only about 40 percent of those with four or more barriers were working. As welfare caseloads continue to decline, this suggests that the recipients who remain will be the least employable. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria, Robert H. Haveman, Thomas Kaplan, Daniel R. Meyer and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Work, Earnings and Well-Being After Welfare" In: Economic Conditions and Welfare Reform. S. Danziger, ed. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1999.
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| 2. |
Cancian, Maria Haveman, Robert H. Kaplan, Thomas Meyer, Daniel R. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
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Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know? JCPR Working Paper 73, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, February 1999. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wop/jopovw/73.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Data Quality/Consistency; Economic Well-Being; Parents, Single; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper was prepared for the "Welfare Reform and the Macro-Economy" conference in Washington DC, November 19-20, 1998. The rapid reduction in Aid to Families with Dependent Children caseloads during its last two years, and the continued decline of participation following its replacement by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, raise the question of how families who no longer receive cash assistance are faring. What are their economic circumstances? Are they better off after leaving the program than they were as recipients? How many of the mothers are working, and how much do they earn? Do they and their families continue to rely on other, in-kind assistance programs? If so, which ones? In this paper, we present evidence on the economic fate of single mothers who have left the welfare rolls. We summarize the results of earlier studies and then present findings from three approaches to this topic, one using national survey data, another using administrative data, and a few recent studies that use geographically targeted surveys. We conclude that reliance on administrative data provides the best option for evaluating the impacts of reform in the near future. We also recognize the limitations of these data and the need for survey data to supplement their findings. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria, Robert H. Haveman, Thomas Kaplan, Daniel R. Meyer and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know?" JCPR Working Paper 73, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, February 1999. |
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Cancian, Maria Haveman, Robert H. Kaplan, Thomas Meyer, Daniel R. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
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Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know? Focus 20,2 (Spring 1999): 22-25. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/focus.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Employment History; Family Income; State Welfare; Welfare; Well-Being; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Researchers who wish to examine the economic well-being of those who have left welfare need accurate data on women's circumstances while on welfare and measures of individual and family well-being over an extended period afterward. The most likely sources of this information are state administrative records, national longitudinal survey data, and targeted surveys. None provides a fully satisfactory solution. IRP researchers have conducted two studies of the economic well-being and employment histories of women who have left welfare. In one, they used the NLSY, and in the other, Wisconsin state administrative data. In this article, we briefly report the findings from these studies, illustrate the problems inherent in each approach, and compare their findings with studies of postwelfare experiences in other states. |
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Bibliography Citation
Cancian, Maria, Robert H. Haveman, Thomas Kaplan, Daniel R. Meyer and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Work, Earnings, and Well-Being after Welfare: What Do We Know?" Focus 20,2 (Spring 1999): 22-25.
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Haveman, Robert H. Knight, Brian |
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Effect of Labor Market Changes from the Early 1970s to the Late 1980s on Youth Wage, Earnings, and Household Economic Position Discussion Paper No. 1174-98, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, September 1998. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/dp117498.pdf Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Resources; Family Size; Family Structure; Labor Market Demographics; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The trend in national policy over the past two decades has emphasized self-reliance and a reduced role of government in society. Given this ideological shift, the official poverty measure, which is based on the premise that all families should have sufficient income from either their own efforts or government support to boost them above a family-size-specific threshold, appears now to have less policy relevance than in prior years. In this paper we present a new concept of poverty, the inability to be self-reliant, which is based on the ability of a family, using its own resources, to support a level of consumption in excess of needs. This concept closely parallels the "capability poverty" measure that has been proposed by Amartya Sen. We use this measure to examine the size and composition of the poor population from 1975 to 1995. We find that poverty in terms of self-reliance increased more rapidly over the 1975-95 period than did official poverty. We find that families commonly thought to be the most impoverished-those headed by minorities, single women with children, and individuals with low levels of education-have the highest levels of self-reliance poverty. However, these groups have also experienced the smallest increases in this poverty measure. Families largely thought to be economically secure, specifically those headed by whites, men, married couples, and highly educated individuals, while having the lowest levels of self-reliance poverty, have also experienced the largest increases in that measure. We speculate that the trends in self-reliance poverty stem largely from underlying trends in the U.S. economy, in particular the relative decline of wage rates among whites and men, and the rapidly expanding college-educated group. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Brian Knight. "Effect of Labor Market Changes from the Early 1970s to the Late 1980s on Youth Wage, Earnings, and Household Economic Position." Discussion Paper No. 1174-98, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, September 1998. |
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Haveman, Robert H. Knight, Brian |
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Effects of Labor Market Changes on Young Adult Employment, Labor Market Mobility, Living Arrangements, and Economic Independence: A Cohort Analysis Presented: Blithewood Annandale-on-the-Hudson, NY, Levy Economics Institute Conference, "Economic Mobility in America and Other Advanced Countries", October 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Levy Economics Institute Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Earnings; Economic Independence; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Mobility, Economic; Skills; Wage Growth; Wages, Young Men; Wages, Young Women; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Brian Knight. "Effects of Labor Market Changes on Young Adult Employment, Labor Market Mobility, Living Arrangements, and Economic Independence: A Cohort Analysis." Presented: Blithewood Annandale-on-the-Hudson, NY, Levy Economics Institute Conference, "Economic Mobility in America and Other Advanced Countries", October 2002. |
| 6. |
Haveman, Robert H. Knight, Brian |
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Youth Living Arrangements, Economic Independence, and the Role of Labor Market Changes: A Cohort Analysis from the Early 1970s to the Late 1980s Discussion Paper No. 1201-99, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp120199.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Economic Independence; Educational Attainment; Household Composition; Skilled Workers; Wages, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Between the late 1960s and early 1990s, young workers experienced declining average real wages and increasing labor market inequality. High-skilled youths--those with a college degree--fare better in this new economy relative to youths with few skills and little formal education. This paper studies two separate, but related, indirect effects of this labor market deterioration: changes in living arrangements and changes in economic independence, the ability to financially support oneself and dependents. We find that over this period, youths tended to shift away from living arrangements with significant financial responsibility, such as living with a spouse and children, and toward arrangements with less responsibility, such as remaining at home with one's parents or living alone. This shift is especially pronounced for low-skilled youths, those most adversely affected by the labor market deterioration. These changes in living arrangements tended to increase the economic independence of youths relative to their loss in economic independence were they unable to alter these living arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Brian Knight. "Youth Living Arrangements, Economic Independence, and the Role of Labor Market Changes: A Cohort Analysis from the Early 1970s to the Late 1980s." Discussion Paper No. 1201-99, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999. |
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Haveman, Robert H. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
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The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation: Comment Journal of Political Economy 92,3 (January 1984): 532-541. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1837232 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Social Security; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Public; Unemployment; Welfare This article comments on Donald O. Parsons' "The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation" which concludes that the recent decline in labor force participation can be largely explained by the increased generosity of social welfare transfers, particularly Social Security disability payments. The magnitude of Parsons' estimate and its impact on the public debate over disability transfer policy require careful scrutiny of its basis. The authors describe Parsons' econometric model and construction of variables and test the robustness of Parsons' elasticity estimate by presenting alternative estimates based on corrections and extensions of his basic model. They conclude that Parsons' simulation says little about the causal relationships among these similar time-series patterns. Because of changes in the age composition of the labor force, labor market opportunities for older workers, the incidence of work-related impairments, the level of employment and earnings of spouses, the application of eligibility standards, and the coverage of private pensions, none of which are reflected in Parsons' simulation, his conclusion is unwarranted. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Barbara L. Wolfe. "The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation: Comment." Journal of Political Economy 92,3 (January 1984): 532-541.
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Haveman, Robert H. Wolfe, Barbara L. |
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The Determinants of Children's Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings Journal of Economic Literature 33,4 (December 1995): 1829-1878. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2729315 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Demography; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Family Studies; Fertility; General Assessment; Marital Status; Neighborhood Effects; Overview, Child Assessment Data; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The empirical research on the links between investments in children and children's attainments is reviewed and critiqued. The studies included emphasized the potential effects on children of family choices and neighborhood characteristics, the latter taken to reflect social choices. While the focus is on economic literature, relevant studies from other social sciences are included. The primary theoretical perspective that have guided research on the determinants of children's attainments are summarized. A more general and comprehensive economic perspective on the issue is also presented. The children's outcomes that are emphasized include: 1. educational attainment, 2. fertility choices (especially non marital births during teenage years), and 3. work- related outcomes such as earnings and welfare recipiency. Copyright ABI Inform. |
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Bibliography Citation
Haveman, Robert H. and Barbara L. Wolfe. "The Determinants of Children's Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings." Journal of Economic Literature 33,4 (December 1995): 1829-1878.
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