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Author: Hjalmarsson, Randi

Resulting in 5 citations.

1.	Hjalmarsson, Randi
1.	Crime and Expected Punishment: Changes in Perceptions at the Age of Criminal Majority American Law and Economics Review 11,1 (Spring 2009): 209-248. Also: http://aler.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/1/209.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Geocoded Data; Income; Punishment, Criminal; Self-Reporting Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper assesses whether perceived punishment severity changes discontinuously when an individual becomes an adult in the eyes of the courts. I find that the perceived chance of jail increases by 5.2 percentage points at the age of criminal majority, which is over and above the general effect of aging. The magnitude of this subjective change in the chance of jail at the age of majority appears to be substantially smaller than that found in objective data. Finally, a reduced-form analysis of whether self-reported criminal behavior changes discontinuously at the age of criminal majority finds little consistent evidence of deterrence. ... The analysis in this paper is based on the sample of males in the geocoded version of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). An individual's perception of punishment severity is measured by the following survey question. "Suppose you were arrested for stealing a car, what is the percent chance that you would serve time in jail?" This question is asked in the first five survey rounds; during this time period, more than 80 percent of the sample reaches the age of criminal majority.
	Bibliography Citation Hjalmarsson, Randi. "Crime and Expected Punishment: Changes in Perceptions at the Age of Criminal Majority." American Law and Economics Review 11,1 (Spring 2009): 209-248.

2.	Hjalmarsson, Randi
2.	Crime and Expected Punishment: Changes in Perceptions at the Age of Criminal Majority Presented: New York, NY, New York University, Conference on Empirical Legal Studies 2nd Annual, November 9-10, 2007. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1002390 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Society for Empirical Legal Studies (SELS) Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Incarceration/Jail; Punishment, Criminal; Sex Education Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper utilizes an inherent 'policy' change that exists in the U.S. justice system to assess whether changes in subjective expectations correspond to changes in objective measures. Specifically, I assess whether perceived punishment severity changes discontinuously when an individual becomes an adult in the eyes of the courts. At this age, I find that the perceived chance of jail increases by 4.5 to 6.0 percentage points, over and above the general effect of ageing. Relative to objective measures, individuals greatly overestimate the chance of jail but underestimate the change in the chance of jail at the age of majority.
	Bibliography Citation Hjalmarsson, Randi. "Crime and Expected Punishment: Changes in Perceptions at the Age of Criminal Majority." Presented: New York, NY, New York University, Conference on Empirical Legal Studies 2nd Annual, November 9-10, 2007.

3.	Hjalmarsson, Randi
3.	Criminal Justice Involvement and High School Completion Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=7104 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Arrests; Education; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Incarceration/Jail Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes the relationships between juvenile justice system interactions and high school graduation. When controlling for a large set of observables as well as state- and household-level unobservables, arrested and incarcerated individuals are about 10 and 25 percentage points, respectively, less likely to graduate high school than non-arrested individuals. The effect of arrest, however, disappears when there is minimal selection on unobservables; in contrast, the incarceration effect is less sensitive to such selection and can be more readily interpreted as causal. An exploration of the mechanisms underlying the incarceration effect points most consistently toward an education-impeding stigma.
	Bibliography Citation Hjalmarsson, Randi. "Criminal Justice Involvement and High School Completion." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.

4.	Hjalmarsson, Randi
4.	Criminal Justice Involvement and High School Completion Journal of Urban Economics 63,2 (March 2008): 613-630. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119007000642 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Arrests; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Human Capital; Incarceration/Jail This paper analyzes the relationships between juvenile justice system interactions and high school graduation. When controlling for a large set of observable and unobservable characteristics, arrested and incarcerated individuals are about 11 and 26 percentage points, respectively, less likely to graduate high school than non-arrested individuals. However, the effect of arrest is not robust to there being relatively little selection on unobservable characteristics. In contrast, the incarceration effect is less sensitive to such selection and therefore more likely to at least partially represent a real effect. The remainder of the paper explores the mechanisms underlying this incarceration effect, including hypotheses of an education impeding stigma and disruptions in human capital accumulation. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
	Bibliography Citation Hjalmarsson, Randi. "Criminal Justice Involvement and High School Completion ." Journal of Urban Economics 63,2 (March 2008): 613-630.

5.	Hjalmarsson, Randi Lopez, Mark
5.	The Voting Behavior of Young Disenfranchised Felons: Would They Vote if They Could? American Law and Economics Review 12,2 (2010):265-279. Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Oxford University Press Keyword(s): Crime; Incarceration/Jail; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Underclass; Voting Behavior Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper utilizes two nationally representative surveys to study the voting behavior of young adult criminals. We find significant differences in voter turnout and registration rates of criminals and noncriminals. According to the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, just 26% of ever incarcerated individuals voted in the 2004 Presidential election; these individuals were thirty-one percentage points less likely to vote than nonincarcerated individuals. Regressions of voting on arrest and incarceration and a large set of observable characteristics indicate that analyses based on data sets excluding measures of criminal history will overestimate voter turnout rates by six to nineteen percentage points.
	Bibliography Citation Hjalmarsson, Randi and Mark Lopez. "The Voting Behavior of Young Disenfranchised Felons: Would They Vote if They Could?" American Law and Economics Review 12,2 (2010):265-279.

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