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Author: Hoffman, Emily P.

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1.	Hoffman, Emily P.
1.	Comparative Labor Supply of Black and White Women Review of Black Political Economy 11,4 (Summer 1982): 429-439. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/a7jv5qr4542248j3/ Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: National Economic Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Employment; Marital Dissolution; Marital Status; Widows; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper reports on determinants of annual hours employed and labor force participation using the NLS of Mature Women. Labor force participation rates are considerably lower for women with young children. Labor supply is predicted for white and black women, married spouse present and widowed, divorced, and separated, for 1969, 1971, and 1974. Black and white women are found to have inelastic labor supply, but with increasing elasticity from 1969 to 1974. White married women decrease their annual hours of work in response to an increase in husband's earnings to a greater extent than black married women.
	Bibliography Citation Hoffman, Emily P. "Comparative Labor Supply of Black and White Women." Review of Black Political Economy 11,4 (Summer 1982): 429-439.

2.	Hoffman, Emily P.
2.	Determinants of Youths' Educational and Occupational Goals: Sex and Race Differences Economics of Education Review 6,1 (Winter 1987): 41-48. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027277578790032X Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Gender Differences; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Status; Racial Differences This study explores whether there are differences between black and white, and male and female youth in their educational and occupational goals, and whether these differences changed between 1966-1968 and 1979. Both reduced form and structural equations were estimated, using the NLS of Young Men, Young Women, and NLSY data sets. Occupational prestige goal and educational goal were found to be simultaneously related to each other. Sex and race differences in determinants of educational and occupational goals were found to exist, and to have changed over time, for both the 1966-1968 and the 1979 cohorts.
	Bibliography Citation Hoffman, Emily P. "Determinants of Youths' Educational and Occupational Goals: Sex and Race Differences." Economics of Education Review 6,1 (Winter 1987): 41-48.

3.	Hoffman, Emily P.
3.	Economic Progress of Black Women Economics Letters 6,2 (1980): 191-195. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165176580900798 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Household Income; Racial Differences; Sex Roles; Well-Being This study uses data for the NLS Young and Mature Women. While black women are much closer to earnings parity with white women than is true for black relative to white men, such a comparison is misleading since it ignores maximization of utility (including leisure) by households (not individuals) and sex discrimination. Earnings are closer to parity than are hourly wage rates because black women supply more labor than white women. It is utility parity for households, not earnings parity for individuals, which gives a clear measure of well-being for blacks relative to whites.
	Bibliography Citation Hoffman, Emily P. "Economic Progress of Black Women." Economics Letters 6,2 (1980): 191-195.

4.	Hoffman, Emily P.
4.	Family Labor Supply, Non-Market Work, and Fertility Presented: Denver, CO, Econometric Society, 1980 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Divorce; Employment; Fertility; Husbands; Marital Dissolution; Marital Status; Non-Market Work; Widows; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates determinants of labor supply for husbands and wives, and hours of non-market work and fertility for wives. In addition, labor supply, hours of non-market work, and fertility are predicted for widowed, divorced, and separated women. The data are the NLS of Young Women for 1972 when the women were ages 18 to 28 and the NLS of Mature Women for 1967 (ages 30 to 44). Labor supply and fertility elasticities are shown to vary by age, marital status, and race for women, while labor supply elasticity is found to differ by race for husbands.
	Bibliography Citation Hoffman, Emily P. "Family Labor Supply, Non-Market Work, and Fertility." Presented: Denver, CO, Econometric Society, 1980.

5.	Hoffman, Emily P.
5.	Fertility and Female Employment Quarterly Review of Economics and Business 25,1 (Spring 1985): 85-96 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Illinois, see Elsevier Science Keyword(s): Children; Employment; Family Resources; Fertility; Husbands, Income; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study investigates the relationship between fertility and female employment for black and white wives, using the NLS of Mature Women. Findings are that fertility is a negative significant determinant of employment, annual hours employed is not a significant determinant of fertility, and labor force participation is a negative significant determinant of pre-school children (ages 0 to 5). Black and white women differed significantly in determinants of fertility and in determinants of labor force participation but not in determinants of annual hours employed. For black wives, husband's income negatively affects fertility, while for white wives, husband's income has no effect on fertility.
	Bibliography Citation Hoffman, Emily P. "Fertility and Female Employment." Quarterly Review of Economics and Business 25,1 (Spring 1985): 85-96.

6.	Hoffman, Emily P.
6.	Racial Differences in Family Labor Supply Presented: Boston, MA, Eastern Economics Association, 1983 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Eastern Economic Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Family Resources; Husbands, Income; Racial Differences; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study estimates the family labor supply model: annual labor supply for each spouse is a function of one's own and one's spouse's earned and unearned income. Labor supply is predicted for black and white wives and their husbands using tobit and OLS for the wives and OLS for the husbands. The labor supply model is fitted using data for l967 from the NLS of Mature Women. Wives reduced their labor supply in response to an increase in husband's wage for white but not black wives. Own earned income was more strongly positively related to labor supply for black than for white husbands.
	Bibliography Citation Hoffman, Emily P. "Racial Differences in Family Labor Supply." Presented: Boston, MA, Eastern Economics Association, 1983.

7.	Hoffman, Emily P.
7.	Supply Side Discrimination Presented: Washington, DC, Econometric Society, 1981 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Econometric Society Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Age; Discrimination, Sex; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Endogeneity; Occupational Aspirations; Sex Roles; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study explores whether black and white male and female youth differ in their education goal and planned occupation. A simultaneous equations model is fitted using two stage least squares, in which education goal and planned occupation (measured by occupational prestige) at age 30 for males and 35 for females are the endogenous variables. Youth evidently are better able to plan their educational goal than their occupation goal. Evidence of supply side discrimination exists in that race affects desired occupation, while sex, race, and sex and race interacted affect desired education.
	Bibliography Citation Hoffman, Emily P. "Supply Side Discrimination." Presented: Washington, DC, Econometric Society, 1981.

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