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Author: Inkpen, Christopher

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1.	Inkpen, Christopher
1.	Assimilation and the Timing of College Enrollment, Graduation, and Disruptive Events Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Background and Culture; Geocoded Data; High School Dropouts; Immigrants; Incarceration/Jail; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation examines upward or downward assimilation by ethno-generation, a classification that considers a respondent's race or ethnicity as well as their generational status. In particular, I consider ethno-generational differences in college enrollment and completion in addition to the disruptive "turning point" events of high school dropout, early childbirth, arrest, and incarceration. This study focuses on distinctions between first and second-generation Mexicans and non-Hispanic whites and blacks. In addition, these analyses contrast first and second-generation Mexicans to third-generation Mexicans. This investigation also includes generational measures for Hispanics of "other" origin. This study analyzes these outcomes while applying tests for a number of theories of assimilation. I consider straight-line assimilation theory, neo-assimilation theory, segmented assimilation theory, and second-generation immigrant optimism theory as potential theoretical frameworks that explain postsecondary success and disruptive life course events. This analysis employs the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children aged 12-17 in 1997 throughout life documenting life course events and their experiences in school and the labor market. In addition to ethno-generational designations, I include measures for individual and family characteristics as well as time-varying life course measures.
	Bibliography Citation Inkpen, Christopher. Assimilation and the Timing of College Enrollment, Graduation, and Disruptive Events. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, 2017.

2.	Inkpen, Christopher
2.	Differences in Time to Reported First Arrest by Race, National Origin, and Immigrant Generation: A Test of Assimilation Theories Crime and Delinquency published online (1 February 2024). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231225125 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Arrests; Assimilation; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines immigrant assimilation theories by focusing on arrest during adolescence and adult life using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children from adolescence through adulthood. The analysis compares outcomes for the first and second-generation of Mexican origin and other parts of Latin America to third- and fourth-plus generation (1) non-Hispanic white, (2) non-Hispanic black, and (3) Hispanic respondents. This investigation employs survival analyses to account for the timing of arrest and other events (e.g., graduation, childbirth, and employment). Results indicate the first generation, both of Mexican and Other Hispanic origin, are less likely to experience arrest than their higher-generation counterparts, regardless of race/ethnicity of the comparison group.
	Bibliography Citation Inkpen, Christopher. "Differences in Time to Reported First Arrest by Race, National Origin, and Immigrant Generation: A Test of Assimilation Theories." Crime and Delinquency published online (1 February 2024).

3.	Inkpen, Christopher
3.	Downward Assimilation for Immigrants and their Children: Arrest, Incarceration, High School Dropout, and Early Childbirth Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Society of Criminology Keyword(s): Arrests; Ethnic Differences; High School Dropouts; Immigrants; Incarceration/Jail; Pregnancy, Adolescent Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Demographic projections estimate that by 2065 nearly one third of the American population will be comprised of immigrants and their children. Assessing how these groups are assimilating into mainstream society is integral to understanding patterns of ethno-racial stratification. This study examines assimilation by focusing on the disruptive "turning point" events of arrest, incarceration, high school dropout, and adolescent pregnancy. This investigation tests assimilation theories using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children from adolescence through adulthood. In particular, I compare outcomes for first and second-generation Mexicans and other Hispanics to those of non-Hispanic white and black respondents whose parents were born in the United States. This study employs survival analyses and generalized linear models to capture the elements of timing and sequence in experiencing these disruptive events as well as the probability of experiencing different types of events. In addition to testing for ethno-generational differences, I control for individual and family characteristics as well as the timing of certain life course events. Results indicate that members of the first and second generation are less likely to experience arrest or incarceration than their higher-generation counterparts.
	Bibliography Citation Inkpen, Christopher. "Downward Assimilation for Immigrants and their Children: Arrest, Incarceration, High School Dropout, and Early Childbirth." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017.

4.	Inkpen, Christopher
4.	Immigrant Generation, Race, and College: Testing Assimilation Theory with the NLSY97 Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Immigrants; Parental Investments; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The "American Dream" is intrinsically tied to immigration and the purposeful search for opportunity in the United States. For immigrants, the "American Dream" frequently involves creating a better life for their children. This study tests three theories of immigrant assimilation as they relate to enrolling in post-secondary educational institutions. Using event history analysis of the 1997 National Longitudinal Study of Youth, this investigation seeks to answer two questions; (1) How does first enrollment in post-secondary education vary by ethno-racial category and immigrant generation? (2) What can an event history analysis of post-secondary enrollment tell us about how different immigrant groups are assimilating in the United States? Analyses find that 2nd generation immigrants have a higher risk of attending post-secondary institutes net of ethno-racial differences. However, this relationship is a gendered one, as 2nd generation females have lower risk of attending post-secondary schooling.
	Bibliography Citation Inkpen, Christopher. "Immigrant Generation, Race, and College: Testing Assimilation Theory with the NLSY97." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.

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