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Author: Kerr, Sari Pekkala
Resulting in 2 citations.
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Goldin, Claudia Kerr, Sari Pekkala Olivetti, Claudia |
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When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle NBER Working Paper No. 30323, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2022. Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w30323 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Fathers; Gender Differences; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we estimate three earning gaps: the "motherhood penalty," the "price of being female," and the "fatherhood premium." When added together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We estimate earnings gaps for two education groups (college graduates and high school graduates who did not complete college) using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 that tracks respondents from their twenties to their fifties. As the children grow up and as women work more hours, the motherhood penalty is greatly reduced, especially for the less-educated group. But fathers manage to expand their relative gains, particularly among college graduates. The parental gender gap in earnings remains substantial for both education groups. |
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Bibliography Citation
Goldin, Claudia, Sari Pekkala Kerr and Claudia Olivetti. "When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle." NBER Working Paper No. 30323, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2022. |
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Kerr, Sari Pekkala |
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Parental Leave Legislation and Women's Work: A Story of Unequal Opportunities Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 35,1 (Winter 2016): 117-144. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.21875/full Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Family Income; Geocoded Data; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Legislation; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. U.S. federal and state family leave legislation requires employers to provide job-protected parental leave for new mothers covered under the legislation. In most cases the leave is unpaid, and rarely longer than 12 weeks in duration. This study evaluates disparities in parental leave eligibility, access, and usage across the family income distribution in the United States. It also describes the links between leave-taking and women's labor market careers. The focus is especially on low-income families, as their leave coverage and ability to afford taking unpaid leave is particularly poor. This study shows that the introduction of both state and federal legislation increased overall leave coverage, leave provision, and leave-taking. For example, the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) leads to an increased probability of leave-taking by nearly 20 percentage points and increased average leave length by almost five weeks across all states. The new policies did not, however, reduce gaps between low- and high-income families' eligibility, leave-taking, or leave length. In addition, the FMLA effects on leave-taking were very similar across states with and without prior leave legislation, and the FMLA did not disproportionately increase leave-taking for women who worked in firms and jobs covered by the new legislation, as these women were already relatively well covered by other parental leave arrangements. |
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Bibliography Citation
Kerr, Sari Pekkala. "Parental Leave Legislation and Women's Work: A Story of Unequal Opportunities." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 35,1 (Winter 2016): 117-144.
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