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Author: Kim, Sookon

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1.	Kim, Sookon
1.	Cross-Substitution Between Husband and Wife as One of the Factors Determining the Number of Hours of Labor Supplied by Married Women Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Income; Husbands; Unemployment Rate; Wages; Wives This paper investigates the determinants of variations in number of hours of labor supplied by married women during the survey week. The supply of labor is found to be positively related to a woman's hourly wage rate, her health, permissive attitude toward propriety of women working on the part of herself and her husband, and to the demand for female labor in the local labor market where the respondent resided. On the other hand, the supply of labor is negatively related to the amount of income available to the family without her own working, her "home wage" (a measure of child care burden), and to the husband's annual earning capacity relative to the wife's (cross substitution effect).
	Bibliography Citation Kim, Sookon. "Cross-Substitution Between Husband and Wife as One of the Factors Determining the Number of Hours of Labor Supplied by Married Women." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972.

2.	Kim, Sookon
2.	Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Married Women 30 to 44 Years of Age Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Occupations, Female This report examines the factors determining labor force participation during the survey week in mid-1967 and the number of weeks in the labor force during the preceding 12-month period for married women. Both measures of labor supply are found to be positively related to a woman's wage rate, health condition, her own attitude toward the employment of mothers, and her husband's attitudes toward her working. Total family income less respondent's earnings and "home wage" are found to be negatively associated with both types of labor supply measures where the home wage reflects the number and age structure of children living at home. It is also found that irrespective of color women under the poverty level are much less sensitive to market wage variation in their labor force responses compared with the non-poor, which in part helps explain the fact that the black women's participation rate has been increasing at a slower rate than that of the white women in recent decades if considered in conjunction with the negative income effect.
	Bibliography Citation Kim, Sookon. "Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Married Women 30 to 44 Years of Age." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972.

3.	Kim, Sookon
3.	Factors Determining the Number of Hours Supplied by Married Women Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, 1972 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings; Family Resources; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors causing variations in number of hours of labor supplied by married women. Both black and white women were studied. The variations in hours supplied are regressed upon nine independent variables: actual or estimated wage rate, other family income, husband's earning capacity relative to that of wife's capacity, home wage as a proxy for child-care burden, respondent's attitude toward propriety of women working, husband's attitude toward wife's working, respondent's health limitation, unemployment rate in the local labor market, and index of demand for female labor in the local area. Except for the unemployment rate, the effects of all of the variables were found to be statistically significant. Relative to the cross-substitution effect of earnings capacity of the husband and wife, it is argued that the higher the relative earning capacity of the husband over that of the wife, the fewer hours of labor will be supplied by the wife. The home-wage scale was found to be the most powerful explanatory variable. It accounted for about 6 percent of the variance in the dependent variable, whereas all the variables combined explained 19 percent, for both color groups. An important intercolor difference was found in that the black women were less sensitive to market wage rates but more sensitive to variations in demand for female labor than their white counterparts.
	Bibliography Citation Kim, Sookon. "Factors Determining the Number of Hours Supplied by Married Women." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, 1972.

4.	Kim, Sookon Roderick, Roger D. Shea, John R.
4.	Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience of Women Manpower Research Monograph 21, Volume 2. Washington DC: US GPO, 1973. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED068713.pdf Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Children; Family Influences; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Mobility, Interfirm; Work Attitudes The main purpose of this document is to describe the magnitude and patterns of change in labor market behavior that occurred during the two-year period between the 1967 and 1969 interviews. As pointed out in the initial report, ". . . it is during this age span [30 to 44 years of age] that many married women return to the labor force after their children are in school." Therefore, one would expect not only an increase in labor force participation rates over the two-year period but also improvements in occupational assignment, accumulation of seniority rights, and an increase in earnings, all of which are positively associated with length of employment experience. While varying types of homemaking activities, especially when there are young children in the home, play a significant role in the decisions of most women to participate in the labor market, changes in marital status, attitudes, health condition, employment opportunities, and many other factors are also expected to influence a woman's labor force and employment behavior.
	Bibliography Citation Kim, Sookon, Roger D. Roderick and John R. Shea. Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience of Women. Manpower Research Monograph 21, Volume 2. Washington DC: US GPO, 1973..

5.	Roderick, Roger D. Shea, John R. Kim, Sookon
5.	Unemployment Experiences of Nonstudents In: Years for Decision, Volume 1, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1971 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Marital Status; Minimum Wage; Occupational Status; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Wage Rates Unemployment of young female nonstudents is examined in order to ascertain how much influence demand conditions have on unemployment and to describe some personal correlates of unemployed out-of-school young women. Marital status, age, race, and educational attainment are all shown to be related to the employment rate. Occupation, attitude, and rate of pay all appear to be related as well. The federal minimum wage affects this last factor, however, and an analysis of this has not been done.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D., John R. Shea and Sookon Kim. "Unemployment Experiences of Nonstudents" In: Years for Decision, Volume 1, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1971

6.	Shea, John R. Kim, Sookon Roderick, Roger D.
6.	Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of the Labor Market Experience of Women Washington DC: US GPO, 1973 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Family Influences; Health Factors; Job Satisfaction; Marital Status; Sex Roles; Wages; Wives Data from the first three stages of the study of 5,083 women who were 30 to 44 in 1967 are used to determine the labor market experience of women. How marital status, the number and ages of children present in the home, health attitudes and physical condition influence women's employment is discussed. Differences in job status are then examined through changes from 1967 to 1969 in rate of pay, job satisfaction, and employer. Correlates of interfirm movement are also investigated, as well as some consequences of job changing. Changing employers, as a rule, appears to be associated with a higher rate of pay and a higher degree of job satisfaction, and, among white women, a change in marital status.
	Bibliography Citation Shea, John R., Sookon Kim and Roger D. Roderick. Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of the Labor Market Experience of Women. Washington DC: US GPO, 1973.

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