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Author: Kimmel, Jean
Resulting in 5 citations.
1. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
Kimmel, Jean
Do College Educated Women Reduce Their Motherhood Wage Penalty by Delaying Childbearing?
Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Earnings; Fertility; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

One of the stylized facts from the past thirty years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Martin 2000). What are some of the factors behind womens decision to postpone their childbearing? We hypothesize that the wage gap often observed between like-educated mothers and non-mothers (Waldfogel 1998) may be mitigated by postponing fertility. We use individual-level data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate a wage equation model that is later on expanded to address fundamental econometric issues and the education/fertility issue at hand. We find that half of the motherhood wage gap of college-educated women can be eliminated by postponing fertility until their thirties, helping us understand the postponement of maternity among educated women and the overall decline in fertility.
Bibliography Citation
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and Jean Kimmel. "Do College Educated Women Reduce Their Motherhood Wage Penalty by Delaying Childbearing?" Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.
2. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
Kimmel, Jean
Moonlighting Behavior over the Business Cycle
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1671, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Bonn, Germany, 2005.
Also: http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp%5Fid=1671
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): Economic Changes/Recession; Economics, Demographic; Gender Differences; Sample Selection

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we examine the cyclicality by sex of moonlighting and moonlighting hours. We find that, once we account for the sample selection into employment, both men and women exhibit procyclical moonlighting probabilities. Likewise, moonlighting hours for male multiple job holders are procyclical. These findings contradict the frequent claim that moonlighting increases during economic downturns due to economic hardship. Instead, moonlighting appears responsive to growing employment opportunities during economic expansions. At any rate, the systematic variation of moonlighting over the business cycle may have implications for the procyclical nature of real wages. --Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit web site.
Bibliography Citation
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and Jean Kimmel. "Moonlighting Behavior over the Business Cycle." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1671, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Bonn, Germany, 2005.
3. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
Kimmel, Jean
Moonlighting Over the Business Cycle.
Economic Inquiry 47,4 (October 2009): 754-765.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00140.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Western Economic Association International
Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Economic Changes/Recession; Economics of Gender; Gender; Gender Differences; Work, Atypical

Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we examine the cyclicality of moonlighting by gender. We estimate a random-effects Tobit model of moonlighting among working men and women and find that while male moonlighting behavior does not fluctuate significantly with the business cycle, female moonlighting does. The cyclicality of female moonlighting has, nonetheless, varied over the course of the past 35 yr. Female moonlighting seemed to behave countercyclically during much of the 1980s and early 1990s, confirming the popular media belief that moonlighting is more likely to occur during periods of economic distress. Yet, this countercyclical behavior disappears during the 1993-1999 period to become procyclical by the early twentieth century. The recent procyclicality of female moonlighting supports the idea that female workers respond to a need for "just-in-time" employment following the economic upturn of the mid- to late 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and Jean Kimmel. "Moonlighting Over the Business Cycle." Economic Inquiry 47,4 (October 2009): 754-765.
4. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
Kimmel, Jean
The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay
Review of Economics of the Household 3,1 (March 2005): 17-48.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/u371kgl72303k370/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Childbearing; College Graduates; Fertility; First Birth; Heterogeneity; Mothers, Income; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

One of the stylized facts from the past 30 years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Steven P. Martin, Demography, 37(4), 523–533, 2000). What are some of the factors behind womens decision to postpone their childbearing? We hypothesize that the wage difference often observed between like-educated mothers and non-mothers (Jane Waldfogel, Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 505–545, 1998a; Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1) 137–156, 1998b) may be affected by the postponement of childbearing until after careers are fully established. Hence, we focus on college-educated women because they are typically more career-oriented than their non-college educated counterparts and also the group most often observed postponing maternity. We use individual-level data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in order to control for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity as well as human capital characteristics, such as actual work experience, in our empirical analysis. We estimate wage equations, first producing base-line results to compare to the existing literature. Then, we expand the basic wage equation model to address fundamental econometric issues and the education/fertility issue at hand. Our empirical findings are two-fold. First, we find that college-educated mothers do not experience a motherhood wage penalty at all. In fact, they enjoy a wage boost when compared to college-educated childless women. Second, fertility delay enhances this wage boost even further. Our results provide an explanation for the observed postponement of maternity for educated women. We argue that the wage boost experienced by college-educated mothers may be the result of their search for family–friendly work environments, which, in turn, yields job matches with more female-friendly firms offering greater opportunities for advancement.
Bibliography Citation
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and Jean Kimmel. "The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay." Review of Economics of the Household 3,1 (March 2005): 17-48.
5. Kimmel, Jean
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
Effects of Family Leave on Wages, Employment, and the Family Wage Gap: Distributional Implications
Journal of Law and Policy 15 (2004): 115-142.
Also: http://law.wustl.edu/Journal/15/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Washington University - St. Louis, School of Law
Keyword(s): Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); Labor Force Participation; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Motherhood; Wage Gap; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

SUMMARY:... During this time period, overall female labor force participation increased from 33.9% in 1950 to 60.1% in 2001; while during the same time, male labor force participation actually fell from 86.4% to 74.4%. ... Despite the proliferation of research and publications in recent years on the topic of the FMLA, little has been published to date presenting a broad overview of the economic impact of mandated family leave, particularly regarding its distributional effects for women and their children. ... It is interesting to note that the enactment of a family and medical leave law in the state appears to have a negative impact on female employment. ... Looking at the coefficient for the motherhood dummy variable in model (1) in Table 5, we can see that, on average, mothers in our sample experienced a motherhood wage gap of approximately eleven percent. ...

We use data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth n11 to estimate the impact of state leave policies on employment and wage outcomes for women, both mothers and non-mothers, thereby producing estimates of such leave policies on the family earnings gap. Finally, we discuss distributional implications of the current FMLA policy and suggest policy revisions. Copyright (c) 2004 Washington University

Bibliography Citation
Kimmel, Jean and Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes. "Effects of Family Leave on Wages, Employment, and the Family Wage Gap: Distributional Implications." Journal of Law and Policy 15 (2004): 115-142.