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Author: Kumazawa, Risa

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1.	Kumazawa, Risa
1.	Educational Attainment: The Effects of Socioeconomic Differences Honors Project Paper 49, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1994. Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/49 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Studies; Poverty; Racial Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Undergraduate Research Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Educational attainment is a topic that has been discussed in both economics and sociology. Economic research has focused on the importance of socioeconomic factors, mainly race/ ethnic origins and poverty status (Wolfe, 1973; Hoffman, 1987; Krein & Beller, 1988; Kominski, 1990; Courtless, 1991). Research in sociology has also dealt with other important factors such as attitudes and influences of significant others (Sewell, 1971; Featherman, 1972; Hauser, 1973; Featherman, 1980; Velez, 1986). Little has been done to incorporate both types of research.While sociological research took important factors into account such as attitudes, many of the initial models were constructed for studying whites. My research will predict educational attainment more accurately by integrating the models from both areas. It also tests to determine if the model predicts differently for four prominent population groups--whites, blacks, Hispanics and Asians.
	Bibliography Citation Kumazawa, Risa. "Educational Attainment: The Effects of Socioeconomic Differences." Honors Project Paper 49, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1994.

2.	Kumazawa, Risa
2.	Effects of Heterogeneity in Marital Status on Welfare Participation Working Paper, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, April 2003 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Geocoded Data; Heterogeneity; Marital Status; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, Probit; Racial Studies; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the heterogeneity of unmarried mothers who participate on welfare, which is predicted to be correlated with the welfare generosity of the states of residence. Two econometric methods for dealing with heterogeneity are introduced. The first uses observed marital status variables while the second uses predicted hazard rates of marriage from the Cox proportional hazard model constructed from marital histories of the women. The pooled probit welfare participation regressions use these measures of heterogeneity in marital status to control for unobservable differences among women in the sample. The results suggest that predicted hazard rates of marriage are highly correlated with race and ethnicity variables, making minority women no different from white women in their welfare proneness once their arriageability is controlled for. In addition, divorced women with higher marriage prospects are more likely to participate on welfare, suggesting that they consider marriage and welfare to be substitutes.... The data used for this study is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) with supplementary geocode data that indicate where the respondent lived each year.
	Bibliography Citation Kumazawa, Risa. "Effects of Heterogeneity in Marital Status on Welfare Participation." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, April 2003.

3.	Kumazawa, Risa
3.	Essays on Behavioral Responses to Welfare Generosity Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Marital Disruption; Migration; State Welfare; Welfare; Women; Women's Studies This research investigates the effects of women's behavioral responses to welfare generosity in the United States during the years prior to the welfare reform. While policy makers argued that welfare-induced migration and marital breakups were likely to promote subsequent dependence on welfare in more generous states, the literature continued to show insignificant behavioral responses to differential state benefit levels. Despite such results, the welfare reform of 1996 was designed to reduce the disincentive effects of the welfare system. Chapter 1 introduces an alternative measure of welfare generosity that sheds light on the insignificant results of previous literature. The "replacement ratio" measures how much of each state's welfare benefit levels can be replaced by typical wages of a homogenous group of workers. This measure is an improvement over the conventional measure that only indexes benefits to the Consumer Price Index as there are significant cost-of-living differences across states and over time. In subsequent chapters, the replacement ratio is used as an alternative measure of welfare generosity to show greater behavioral responses due to its greater interstate and inter-temporal dispersion. Chapter 2 investigates whether women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who have a higher propensity to migrate to a more generous state are at-risk of becoming welfare dependent over the long term. Unlike the previous studies that did not link the two behavioral responses, this paper finds that there is a direct link between welfare migration propensities and welfare duration, if a sample of welfare eligible women are considered. The results support the action of policy makers to introduced time limits, despite a lack of strong empirical evidence that linked welfare dependence to welfare migration propensities. Chapter 3 studies how heterogeneity of marital status affects welfare participation. While years since divorce does not matter, the predicted hazard rates of first and second marriages are correlated with the race/ethnicity variables and affect welfare participation by reducing the significance of these observable differences across women.
	Bibliography Citation Kumazawa, Risa. Essays on Behavioral Responses to Welfare Generosity. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2002.

4.	Seeborg, Michael C. Kumazawa, Risa
4.	Effect of Marriage, Divorce, Separation and Children on the Relative Standard of Living of Young Men and Women Presented: Seattle, WA, Western Economic Association International Conference, 2002 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Family Income; Marital Status; Poverty Seeborg and Kumazawa explore the effects of changes in marital status on the standard of living, as measured by the ratio of family income to the poverty level, of young men and women in the NLSY.
	Bibliography Citation Seeborg, Michael C. and Risa Kumazawa. "Effect of Marriage, Divorce, Separation and Children on the Relative Standard of Living of Young Men and Women." Presented: Seattle, WA, Western Economic Association International Conference, 2002.

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