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Author: Levy, Brian L.

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1.	Levy, Brian L.
1.	Do Neighborhoods Affect Income? Yes and No: Race, Class, and Gender Heterogeneity in Neighborhood Effects Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Income; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 Cohort to analyze how exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage from adolescence to middle adulthood affects income growth from ages 25 to 50. I estimate a counterfactual model with individual fixed effects to provide potentially-causal estimates. Unconstrainted quantile regression models explore heterogeneity in neighborhood effects across the income distribution. Neighborhood disadvantage has important, but highly variable, effects on income. Neighborhood conditions are modestly related to income in emerging adulthood. As individuals mature into young and middle adulthood, cumulative neighborhood disadvantage exacts a sizable toll. Neighborhood effects are strongest at the top of the income distribution, and within the group of high-earners, neighborhood (dis)advantage only affects the wages of white males. Neighborhood effects on other demographic groups are negligible. Note: A similar paper was presented at Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
	Bibliography Citation Levy, Brian L. "Do Neighborhoods Affect Income? Yes and No: Race, Class, and Gender Heterogeneity in Neighborhood Effects." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.

2.	Levy, Brian L.
2.	Neighborhood Disadvantage and Wellbeing across the Life Course Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Course; Neighborhood Effects; Wealth; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This dissertation investigates neighborhood effects on educational, behavioral, and economic outcomes from childhood to middle adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, I combine several recent methodological developments to estimate neighborhood effects that have a firmer basis for causal conclusions than past research. The first study finds that long-term residence in (dis)advantaged neighborhoods has a strong impact on wealth accumulation and is a key driver of the racial wealth gap. The second study observes that neighborhood exposures have important consequences for income at middle adulthood, especially at the top of the income distribution. Social capital in the form of job contacts is a potentially important mechanism for neighborhood effects. The third study concludes the neighborhood disadvantage has negative effects on academic achievement and educational attainment, whereas neighborhood collective efficacy reduces behavioral problems. In addition to providing stronger justification for causal conclusions and shedding new light on neighborhood effects on under-studied outcomes (e.g., wealth and college graduation), this dissertation makes several other important contributions to the sociological literature on neighborhoods. Integrating a life course perspective, I analyze neighborhood effects in adulthood, which is an under-studied period, and explore pathways for effects. I also investigate theoretically-relevant mechanisms for neighborhood effects, as well as effect heterogeneity by salient demographic characteristics.
	Bibliography Citation Levy, Brian L. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Wellbeing across the Life Course. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2017.

3.	Levy, Brian L.
3.	Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap Demography 59,1 (February 2022): 293-320. Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/59/1/293/293845/Wealth-Race-and-Place-How-Neighborhood-Dis Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Home Ownership; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Do neighborhood conditions affect wealth accumulation? This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and a counterfactual estimation strategy to analyze the effect of prolonged exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage from emerging adulthood through middle adulthood. Neighborhoods have sizable, plausibly causal effects on wealth, but these effects vary significantly by race/ethnicity and homeownership. White homeowners receive the largest payoff to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Black adults, regardless of homeownership, are doubly disadvantaged in the neighborhood-wealth relationship. They live in more-disadvantaged neighborhoods and receive little return to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Findings indicate that disparities in neighborhood (dis)advantage figure prominently in wealth inequality and the racial wealth gap.
	Bibliography Citation Levy, Brian L. "Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap." Demography 59,1 (February 2022): 293-320.

4.	Levy, Brian L.
4.	Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood Disadvantage From Adolescence to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap at Age 50 Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Modeling, Structural Equation; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. How does living in a disadvantaged neighborhood affect wealth accumulation, and what role do neighborhoods have in the racial wealth gap? Previous research finds that neighborhoods are related to educational attainment, employment, and income, but no research analyzes whether or how neighborhoods affect wealth. This study fills that gap. Using a sample of 7,300 individuals from the restricted-use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 Cohort and a counterfactual estimation strategy designed to yield causal conclusions, I analyze the effect of prolonged exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods from adolescence through middle adulthood. Neighborhoods have a dramatic effect on wealth, and racial disparities in neighborhood disadvantage explain the majority of the racial wealth gap. A structural equation model confirms that personal home values mediate neighborhood effects on wealth. Early and middle adulthood are the sensitive periods for neighborhood effects. These findings highlight neighborhoods as a key driver of wealth inequality in the United States. [A similar paper was presented at Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017]
	Bibliography Citation Levy, Brian L. "Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood Disadvantage From Adolescence to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap at Age 50." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.

5.	Levy, Brian L. Sullivan, Esther
5.	Do Mobile Homes Affect Wealth? Analysis of a Cohort Entering Adulthood During the Mobile Home Boom Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Wealth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the past few decades, mobile homes have emerged as a key source of housing in the United States. Yet, social science offers little evidence on the impacts of long-term residency in mobile homes. This research analyzes how living in a mobile home affects a key measure of social stratification: wealth. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 Cohort and a counterfactual research design to study how mobile home residency from adolescence through emerging adulthood affects wealth accumulation by age 30. We also consider racial heterogenetiy and life course pathways in mobile home effects. Results indicate that living in a mobile home has a sizable, negative relationship with wealth that is strongest for whites. Growth models of wealth suggest that this impact of long-term mobile home residency is likely causal. As a result, mobile homes appear to be an increasingly-salient contributor to inequality in America.
	Bibliography Citation Levy, Brian L. and Esther Sullivan. "Do Mobile Homes Affect Wealth? Analysis of a Cohort Entering Adulthood During the Mobile Home Boom." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.

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