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Author: Looze, Jessica
Resulting in 4 citations.
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Looze, Jessica |
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Job Changes, Employment Exits, and the Motherhood Wage Penalty Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Exits; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Although previous research has found that much of the motherhood wage penalty can be explained by differences between mothers and childless women in human capital acquisition, job experience, work hours, and unobserved characteristics, these reasons do not fully explain the penalty. The portion of the penalty that remains unexplained is often attributed to some combination of lower work effort among mothers and discrimination by employers. In this paper I examine another possible mechanism: job mobility, or changing from one job to another. I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) and fixed effects models. I find that different patterns of family and non-family voluntary job changes and exits account for roughly one third of the remaining penalty. Moreover, job mobility patterns vary markedly depending upon motherhood timing, which may help explain why women who bear children in early adulthood face the largest penalties for motherhood. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. "Job Changes, Employment Exits, and the Motherhood Wage Penalty." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015. |
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Looze, Jessica |
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The Effects of Children, Job Changes, and Employment Interruptions on Women's Wages Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2015 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Exits; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. I found motherhood reduces the hazard that women will make the types of non-family voluntary job changes that often result in wage gains. I also found that different patterns of changing jobs and exiting the labor market contributes to roughly twenty percent of the unexplained motherhood wage penalty, and moreover, these differences help to explain why the wage penalty is largest for women who bear children early in adulthood. Finally, in examining the different reasons women spend time in non-employment, I found family-related interruptions are associated with larger short-term wage penalties compared to interruptions following a layoff, but the penalties for family-related interruptions persist over the long-term only among highly educated women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. The Effects of Children, Job Changes, and Employment Interruptions on Women's Wages. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2015. |
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Looze, Jessica |
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Why Do(n't) They Leave?: Motherhood and Women's Job Mobility Social Science Research 65 (July 2017): 47-59. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X15300119 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Exits; Labor Force Participation; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Wage Growth Although the relationship between motherhood and women's labor market exits has received a great deal of popular and empirical attention in recent years, far less is known about the relationship between motherhood and women's job changes. In this paper, I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (NLSY79) and Cox regression models to examine how motherhood influences the types of job changes and employment exits women make and how this varies by racial-ethnic group. I find preschool-age children are largely immobilizing for white women, as they discourage these women from making the types of voluntary job changes that are often associated with wage growth. No such effects were found for Black or Hispanic women. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. "Why Do(n't) They Leave?: Motherhood and Women's Job Mobility." Social Science Research 65 (July 2017): 47-59.
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Looze, Jessica |
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Young Women's Job Mobility: The Influence of Motherhood Status and Education Journal of Marriage and Family 76,4 (August 2014): 693-709. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12122/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages Previous research has found that women who become mothers in their 20s face larger wage penalties compared to women who delay childbearing until their 30s. Explanations for this have focused on the consequences of employment breaks early in one's career and reduced opportunities in the workplace following the birth of a child. In this article, the author uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 4,566) to examine another possible explanation: differences in patterns of and wage returns to job mobility. She found that young mothers, relative to childless women, make fewer wage-enhancing voluntary job separations and often receive lower wage returns for these separations. Educational attainment exacerbates these patterns, largely to the disadvantage of women with less education. |
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Bibliography Citation
Looze, Jessica. "Young Women's Job Mobility: The Influence of Motherhood Status and Education." Journal of Marriage and Family 76,4 (August 2014): 693-709.
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