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Author: Low, Stuart A.

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1.	Kahn, Lawrence M. Low, Stuart A.
1.	An Empirical Model of Employed Search, Unemployed Search, and Nonsearch Journal of Human Resources 19,1 (Winter 1983): 104-117. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145419 Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Employment; Job Search; Public Sector; Unemployment; Wages The 1969-1971 NLS of Young Men were used to study the employed worker's choice among employed search, unemployed search, and not searching for a new job. It was assumed that an unobserved variable, search intensity, governs this choice such that unemployed search involves a greater intensity than employed search, which, of course, is associated with greater intensity than nonsearch. The principal results are that current wages, seniority, collective bargaining coverage, employment outside construction, and employment by government are each, ceteris paribus, negatively associated with search intensity. Further, each of these variables lowers the probability of not searching and raises the probabilities of employed and unemployed job search.
	Bibliography Citation Kahn, Lawrence M. and Stuart A. Low. "An Empirical Model of Employed Search, Unemployed Search, and Nonsearch." Journal of Human Resources 19,1 (Winter 1983): 104-117.

2.	Kahn, Lawrence M. Low, Stuart A.
2.	The Demand for Labor Market Information Southern Economic Journal 56,4 (April 1990): 1044-1058. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1059890 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Job Search; Unemployment Insurance; Wages A model of the job seeker's demand for the labor market information provided by intermediaries is developed and tested. The value of using such indirect search methods is that one can increase knowledge about particular firms' potential offers. The model predicts that several factors raise the likelihood of using indirect search methods: (1) a lower stock of firm-specific information; (2) a lower discount rate; (3) greater unemployment insurance (UI) coverage; and (4) higher variance of one's wage offer distribution. These predictions are tested on the 1981 wave of the NLSY cohort aged 14-21 in 1979. Empirical support is found for the impact of information stock, UI coverage, and wage offer variance. The results for UI illustrate that UI affects job search behavior, in addition to its macroeconomic role. The effects of offer variance and information stock suggest some mechanisms that limit the amount of wage inequality unexplained by productivity differences. [ABI/INFORM]
	Bibliography Citation Kahn, Lawrence M. and Stuart A. Low. "The Demand for Labor Market Information." Southern Economic Journal 56,4 (April 1990): 1044-1058.

3.	Kahn, Lawrence M. Low, Stuart A.
3.	The Relative Effects of Employed and Unemployed Job Search Review of Economics and Statistics 64,2 (May 1982): 234-241. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v64y1982i2p234-41.html Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Endogeneity; Job Search; Job Tenure; Quits; Unemployment; Unions; Wages; Wages, Reservation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses the NLS of Young Men to estimate the relative wage effects of employed and unemployed job search. Unemployed search in principle allows one to contact more firms per unit of time than employed search; however, unemployed search also implies foregone wages. Because search mode (i.e., employed vs. unemployed) results from a worker choice process, the endogeneity of search mode must be taken into account in estimating the relative wage effects of the two search modes. Using selectivity-bias correction techniques, it is found that unemployed search yields about a 10 percent higher expected wage offer than employed search.
	Bibliography Citation Kahn, Lawrence M. and Stuart A. Low. "The Relative Effects of Employed and Unemployed Job Search." Review of Economics and Statistics 64,2 (May 1982): 234-241.

4.	Kahn, Lawrence M. Low, Stuart A.
4.	The Wage Impacts of Job Search Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 21,1 (January 1982): 53-61. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1982.tb00214.x/abstract Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Job Search; Quits; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research, unlike studies of the return to quitting, accounts for search that does and search that does not lead to job change. More importantly, unlike all previous studies of the return to quitting (except Blau and Kahn, 1981), and unlike Black (1980), this study controls for the endogeneity of the search decision in estimating its wage effects. It is found that when the endogeneity of the search decision is taken into account, search does yield a greater expected wage offer than would have been obtained in the absence of search. The importance of controlling for selectivity bias (between searchers and nonsearchers) is underscored by the negative estimated effect of search using single equation methods. In addition, several of the single equation quit studies (Bartel and Borjas, 1977; Cooke, 1979, 1980; Black, 1980) found negative returns to quitting (and Black's results for the wage effects of search also sometimes indicated a negative return). Although there may also be nonpecuniary or long run wage returns to searching, selectivity bias corrected results suggest that there is an immediate wage payoff to search activity.
	Bibliography Citation Kahn, Lawrence M. and Stuart A. Low. "The Wage Impacts of Job Search." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 21,1 (January 1982): 53-61.

5.	Low, Stuart A. Ormiston, Michael B.
5.	Stochastic Earnings Functions, Risk, and the Rate of Return to Schooling Southern Economic Journal 57,4 (April 1991): 1124-1132. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1060339 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Schooling A simple Mincer-type model is used to investigate the relation between human capital investment and the riskiness of the wage distribution and to determine the rate of return to education when risk considerations are taken into account. Data are taken from the National Longitudinal Surveys Young Male and Female cohorts for 1981. The analysis shows that general human capital is risk increasing while specific human capital is risk reducing. It also shows that both risk and risk aversion are significant factors working to reduce the rate of return to schooling. For males, the generalized stochastic earnings function yields estimates of the rate of return to schooling that are 6.5% (risk neutral) to 89% (strongly risk averse) lower than those obtained using the standard, Mincer-type earnings function. For females, the results are equally dramatic, with the generalized estimates yielding estimates that are 4.5% to 90% lower than the standard earnings function. [ABI/INFORM]
	Bibliography Citation Low, Stuart A. and Michael B. Ormiston. "Stochastic Earnings Functions, Risk, and the Rate of Return to Schooling." Southern Economic Journal 57,4 (April 1991): 1124-1132.

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