Search Results

Author: Marini, Margaret Mooney
Resulting in 6 citations.
1. Fan, Pi-Ling
Marini, Margaret Mooney
Change in the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry
Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Family Structure; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Income; Job Aspirations; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Work Attachment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Measures the amount of change in the gender gap in earnings at career entry between the birth cohorts of 1944-1954 & 1957-1965. Career entry is defined as entry into the first full-time civilian job held after first leaving full-time education in order to exclude short-term & partial attachments to the labor force during the schooling process. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience indicate that the gender gap in earnings at career entry delined [sic] from 74.8% to 85.1% among whites & from 82.9% to 85.2% among blacks over the period studied. The relative importance of alternative explanatory mechanisms in accounting for change in the gender gap in earnings for each racial group is examined. Also considered are the effects of change in gender differences in worker characteristics, including human capital, family structure, & occupational aspirations, & change in the external influences of employing organizations & social networks on the gender difference in occupational & industrial placement. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Pi-Ling and Margaret Mooney Marini. "Change in the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995.
2. Fan, Pi-Ling
Marini, Margaret Mooney
Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry: Racial and Ethnic Variation
Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Ethnic Differences; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines gender differences in the process of wage attainment at entry into the U.S. labor force across racial and ethnic groups. We define career entry as entry into the first full-time civilian job held after first leaving full-time education in order to exclude short-term and partial attachments to the labor force during the schooling process. We examine the gender gap in earnings at career entry and evaluate alternative explanations of the wage gap at that point. In addition to traditional measures of human capital, we consider the effects of work and family aspirations, family structure, and access to job-relevant information. We also consider the extent to which occupational and industrial placement is not attributable to the measured characteristics of individuals and may therefore represent the effect of differential treatment by employers. The analysis is carried out using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We analyze data collected from 1979 to 1991 for the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population of youth. For individuals, we merge characteristics of occupations and industries from other sources. Our findings show that gender differences in human capital, occupational aspirations, and occupational and industrial placement all play an important role in explanation of the gender gap in earnings. However, the relative importance of alternative explanatory mechanisms varies for racial and ethnic groups.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Pi-Ling and Margaret Mooney Marini. "Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry: Racial and Ethnic Variation." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995.
3. Fan, Pi-Ling
Marini, Margaret Mooney
Influences on Gender-Role Attitudes during the Transition to Adulthood
Social Science Research 29,2 (June 2000): 258-283.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X99906695
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Transition, Adulthood

We use longitudinal data for a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth to study intergenerational and intragenerational influences on the gender-role attitudes of young women and men. We find that during the period between 1979 and 1987 young women had more egalitarian attitudes than young men but that the gender-role attitudes of both sexes were similarly influenced by family background. Although there was considerable stability in gender-role attitudes during the transition to adulthood, both sexes experienced change in an egalitarian direction with age. Young men experienced more change than young women, making their attitudes more similar to those of young women over time. Gender-role attitudes were also influenced by particular experiences and role changes during the transition to adulthood, including the continuation of education, movement into and out of the labor force, entry into marriage, and becoming a parent.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Pi-Ling and Margaret Mooney Marini. "Influences on Gender-Role Attitudes during the Transition to Adulthood." Social Science Research 29,2 (June 2000): 258-283.
4. Marini, Margaret Mooney
Fan, Pi-Ling
Education and the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry
Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; High School; Higher Education; Income; Job Aspirations; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Segregation; Social Environment; Unions; Wage Gap; Wage Rates

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Analyzes the gender wage gap at career entry for 2 groups of workers, those with only vs [sic] more than a high school education, using a new approach that identifies several alternative explanatory mechanisms that account for the sorting of women & men into different types of jobs that offer different levels of reward. Because labor market rewards derive from the occupancy of labor market positions, matching processes operating at the microlevel that sort individual workers into existing slots, or openings, in a given microlevel structure of jobs & associated wages are examined. It is argued that the gender difference in wages at career entry results from several types of influences that affect the sorting of workers into jobs with different levels of reward: (1) gender differences in job-related skills & credentials, (2) gender differences in adult family roles, (3) gender differences in work & family aspirations, (4) gender discrimination by employers, & (5) gender differences in the availability & use of information & influence via social networks. Based on analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth collected 1979-1991, it is shown that the gender gap in wages at career entry is larger for those with only high school education (20%) than for those with more than high school education (13%). The difference in the size of the wage gap for the 2 education groups arises because there is greater occupational segregation by gender for occupations requiring only high school education than for those requiring more than high school education. The findings on the microlevel processes that match individuals to jobs indicate that gender segregation & the association between the gender type & wage rate of jobs within the organizational structure of the labor market are perpetuated to some degree by microlevel processes that produce gender differences in the aspirations & qualifications with which workers enter the labor market but at least as much & probably more by microlevel processes that operate at the point of career entry to channel women & men with the same aspirations & qualifications into different (gender-typed) jobs. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Marini, Margaret Mooney and Pi-Ling Fan. "Education and the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996.
5. Marini, Margaret Mooney
Fan, Pi-Ling
The Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry
American Sociological Review 62,4 (August 1997): 588-604.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657428
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We propose a new approach to analyzing gender differences in wages. This approach identifies several alternative explanatory mechanisms to account for the sorting of women and men into different types of jobs that offer different levels of reward. Because labor market rewards derive from labor market positions, we study matching processes operating at the micro level that sort workers into existing slots in a given macro-level structure of jobs and associated wages. We focus on the explanation of gender differences in wages at career entry. Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth collected between 1979 and 1991, we fend that at career entry women earn 84 cents for every dollar men earn. Gender differences in worker characteristics account for only about 30 percent of this wage gap: Gender differences in occupational aspirations have the most important effect, accounting for 16 percent of the wage gap, and gender differences in job-related skills and cred entials account for about 14 percent of the wage gap. Gender differences in adult family roles have little direct effect. Our analysis further suggests that the external influences of employing organizations and network processes on gender differences in occupational and industrial placement at career entry account for another 42 percent of the wage gap.
Bibliography Citation
Marini, Margaret Mooney and Pi-Ling Fan. "The Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry." American Sociological Review 62,4 (August 1997): 588-604.
6. Shu, Xiaoling
Marini, Margaret Mooney
Change in the Occupational Aspirations of Youth
Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996
Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Gender Differences; Job Aspirations; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Prestige; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background; Women's Roles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience on 2 cohorts of adolescents & young adults are used to examine cohort change on 3 dimensions of occupational aspirations: prestige, earning potential, & sex type. Both the extent of change & the determinants of change on each of these 3 occupational dimensions are explored by gender & race. Results indicate a substantial change in young women's occupational ambitions, which is reflected in the sex-type & earning potential of the occupations to which they aspired. Women in more recent birth cohorts were less likely to aspire to female-dominated occupations, & more so to occupations with higher earning potential, than women in earlier cohorts. Despite the major change in women's occupational aspirations, there was no significant change in men's aspirations. Socioeconomic background became a more important determinant of both the prestige & earning levels & the sex type of occupational aspirationsamong women, suggesting that change in aspirations occurred disproportionately among those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Shu, Xiaoling and Margaret Mooney Marini. "Change in the Occupational Aspirations of Youth." Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1996.