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Author: Nonnemaker, James M.

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1.	McLeod, Jane D. Nonnemaker, James M.
1.	Poverty and Child Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Processes and Effects Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41,2 (June 2000): 137-161. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676302 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Differences; Marital Status; Mothers, Behavior; Poverty; Psychological Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Well-Being Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using a sample of four to nine year-old children from the 1992 wave of the Children of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data set, we evaluated racial and ethnic differences in the effects of current poverty and the persistence of poverty on child emotional and behavioral problems, and in the variables responsible for those effects. We considered three sets of variables in the latter analysis--mother's early characteristics and behaviors; correlated sociodemographic characteristics; and mediators (neighborhood problems, mother's psychological resources, and characteristics of the home environment)--and evaluated their relevance across three racial/ethnic subgroups (blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites). Consistent with our expectations, we observed a significantly stronger effect of the persistence of poverty on child problems for whites than for blacks, an effect that is attributable to the relatively strong association between poverty and mother\'s prior history of delinquency and current marital status among whites. The effect of poverty on child problems was substantially explained for blacks by mother's early self-esteem, whereas mediating processes took on greater relevance for Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Our results support the conclusion that there are racial/ethnic differences in the selection processes and proximal conditions that are responsible for the diminished psychological well-being of poor children.
	Bibliography Citation McLeod, Jane D. and James M. Nonnemaker. "Poverty and Child Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Processes and Effects." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41,2 (June 2000): 137-161.

2.	Nonnemaker, James M. Farrelly, Matthew C.
2.	Smoking Initiation Among Youth: The Role of Cigarette Excise Taxes and Prices by Race/Ethnicity and Gender. Journal of Health Economics 30,3 (May 2011): 560-567. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611000294 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Association for Health Education Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing evidence for the role of cigarette excise taxes and prices as significant determinants of youth smoking initiation is mixed. A few studies have considered the possibility that the impact of cigarette taxes and prices might differ by gender or race/ethnicity. In this paper, we address the role of cigarette taxes and prices on youth smoking initiation using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort and discrete-time survival methods. We present results overall and by gender, race/ethnicity, and gender by race/ethnicity. We examine initiation over the age range during which youth are most at risk of initiation and over a period in which substantial changes have occurred in tax and price. The result for cigarette excise taxes is small and mixed across alternative specifications, with the effect strongest for black youth. Cigarette prices are more consistently a significant determinant of youth smoking initiation, especially for black youth. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
	Bibliography Citation Nonnemaker, James M. and Matthew C. Farrelly. "Smoking Initiation Among Youth: The Role of Cigarette Excise Taxes and Prices by Race/Ethnicity and Gender." Journal of Health Economics 30,3 (May 2011): 560-567.

3.	Nonnemaker, James M. Morgan-Lopez, Antonio A. Pais, Joanne M. Finkelstein, Eric A.
3.	Youth BMI Trajectories: Evidence from the NLSY97 Obesity 17,6 (June 2009):1274-1280. Also: http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v17/n6/full/oby20095a.html Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examined heterogeneity in BMI trajectory classes among youth and variables that may be associated with trajectory class membership. We used data from seven rounds (1997–2003) of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of people born between 1980 and 1984 who were living in the United States in 1997. The analyses were based on an accelerated longitudinal design. General growth mixture modeling implemented in Mplus (version 4.1) was used to identify subtypes of youth BMI growth trajectories over time. Four distinct youth BMI trajectories were identified. Class 1 includes youth at high risk for becoming obese by young adulthood (at age 12 and 23, ~67 and 90%, respectively, are classified as obese, and almost 72% will have had a BMI 40 at some time during this developmental period). Class 2 includes youth at moderate-to-high risk (at age 12 and 23, ~55 and 68%, respectively, are classified as obese). Class 3 includes youth at low-to-moderate risk (i.e., at age 12 and 23, ~8 and 27%, respectively, are classified as obese). Class 4 includes youth at low risk (few of these youth are obese at any age during this developmental period). These results highlight the importance of considering heterogeneity in BMI growth among youth and early interventions among those most at risk of the adverse health consequences of excess weight.
	Bibliography Citation Nonnemaker, James M., Antonio A. Morgan-Lopez, Joanne M. Pais and Eric A. Finkelstein. "Youth BMI Trajectories: Evidence from the NLSY97." Obesity 17,6 (June 2009):1274-1280.

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