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Author: Oettinger, Gerald S.

Resulting in 8 citations.

1.	Bronars, Stephen G. Oettinger, Gerald S.
1.	Estimates of the Return to Schooling and Ability: Evidence From Sibling Data Labour Economics 13,1 (February 2006): 19-34. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537104000983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Aptitude; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupational Choice; Schooling; Siblings; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels; Wages Abstract: We use sibling data on wages, schooling, and aptitude test scores from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to obtain OLS, family fixed effects, and fixed effects instrumental variable estimates of the return to schooling for a large sample of non-twin siblings. Following recent studies that use identical twin samples, we use sibling-reported schooling as an instrument for self-reported schooling. Controlling for aptitude test scores has a substantial impact on estimated returns to schooling even within families, and there is a large return to test scores that is comparable in size within and between families. We also find that the return to schooling is higher for older brothers than for younger brothers and for women than men. Finally, because the NLSY79 contains multiple sibling reports of education for the same individual, we are able to test and reject the overidentifying restrictions for the validity of sibling-reported schooling as an instrumental variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Bronars, Stephen G. and Gerald S. Oettinger. "Estimates of the Return to Schooling and Ability: Evidence From Sibling Data." Labour Economics 13,1 (February 2006): 19-34.

2.	Oettinger, Gerald S.
2.	Does High School Employment Affect High School Academic Performance? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53,1 (October 1999): 136-151. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696166 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; Racial Differences; School Performance This paper analyzes how school year employment affected high school academic performance among a sample of young people surveyed between 1979 and 1983. Regular employment at modest weekly hours was associated with higher grades within each grade level, but between grade transitions into and out of employment were accompanied by very slight performance declines and gains, respectively. While the average effect of school year employment was quite small, extensive school year employment had a large, statistically significant negative impact on the academic performance of racial minorities. Summer employment did not affect grades, suggesting that school year employment affected grades by "crowding out" study time.
	Bibliography Citation Oettinger, Gerald S. "Does High School Employment Affect High School Academic Performance?" Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53,1 (October 1999): 136-151.

3.	Oettinger, Gerald S.
3.	Does the Sibling Correlation in Economic Status Vary Across Families and Sibling Pairs? Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, April 25, 1999. Also: http://www.nber.org/~confer/99/lssi99/oetti.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Family Environment; Pairs (also see Siblings); Siblings; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate sibling correlations in educational attainment and cognitive ability and to investigate whether these correlations vary systematically with family or sibling pair characteristics. Similar to previous authors, I estimate raw sibling correlations of .46-.57 for educational attainment and .62-.67 for cognitive ability and I find that observable differences in family background between families can account for less than half of these correlations. An analysis of the residual sibling correlations in status shows that the degree of sibling resemblance varies systematically with characteristics of the family and the sibling pair. In particular, sibling correlations in status appears to be U-shaped in father's education (a proxy for family permanent income), implying that siblings from middle income families have less similar outcomes than siblings from both rich and poor families. There is also some evidence that the sibling correlation in status is smaller for siblings far apart in age, which suggests that time-varying components of family environment have a non-trivial impact on eventual socioeconomic status.
	Bibliography Citation Oettinger, Gerald S. "Does the Sibling Correlation in Economic Status Vary Across Families and Sibling Pairs?" Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Texas at Austin, April 25, 1999.

4.	Oettinger, Gerald S.
4.	Learning in Labor Markets: Models of Discrimination and School Enrollment and Empirical Tests Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Continuing Education; Employment, In-School; Learning Hypothesis; Life Cycle Research; Transition, School to Work; Wage Differentials This thesis develops and tests a variety of models of symmetric learning in the labor market. Each model is motivated by a different empirical regularity in labor market data--the wage gap between observationally equivalent blacks and whites re-enrollment in school after extended interruption in attendance and transitions from part-time to full-time enrollment in college--for which existing theory offers no accepted explanation. Auxiliary predictions are derived for each of the learning models and are tested using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The first essay develops and tests a simple dynamic model of statistical discrimination in the labor market. The present model has a number of empirical implications. The second essay presents evidence from the NLSY that contrary to the prediction of a basic life cycle model of earnings the transition from school to work is frequently characterized by extended interruptions in attendance and subsequent re-enrollment. The third essay presents evidence from the NLSY that part-time enrollment in college and simultaneous enrollment and employment among college students are quite common. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries Rm. 14-0551 Cambridge MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
	Bibliography Citation Oettinger, Gerald S. Learning in Labor Markets: Models of Discrimination and School Enrollment and Empirical Tests. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993.

5.	Oettinger, Gerald S.
5.	Seasonal and Sectoral Patterns in Youth Employment Monthly Labor Review 123,4 (April 2000): 6-12. Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/04/art2full.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Education; Education Indicators; Educational Attainment; Statistical Analysis; Unemployment, Youth The seasonal and sectoral patterns in youth unemployment are examined using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLYS79). The panel structure and detailed educational data in the NLSY79 allow youths to be reliably distinguished by educational attainment and current enrollment status. Copyright: Copyright Superintendent of Documents Apr 2000.
	Bibliography Citation Oettinger, Gerald S. "Seasonal and Sectoral Patterns in Youth Employment." Monthly Labor Review 123,4 (April 2000): 6-12.

6.	Oettinger, Gerald S.
6.	Sibling Similarity in High School Graduation Outcomes: Causal Interdependency or Unobserved Heterogeneity? Southern Economic Journal 66,3 (2000): 631-648. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061429 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Southern Economic Association Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Family Background and Culture; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; Siblings; Simultaneity This paper uses data on age-adjacent sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test for causal interdependencies between the high school graduation outcomes of older and younger siblings. Even after controlling for observable background characteristics, the graduation probability of an individual whose sibling graduated from high school exceeds the graduation probability of an individual whose sibling did not graduate by a large amount. However, this difference does not measure the causal effect of sibling graduation because of unobserved family factors and genuine simultaneity in the determination of all siblings' graduation outcomes. To measure the causal effect of sibling achievement on own achievement, I specify models in which sibling achievement is endogenous and estimate these models by two-stage methods using sibling-specific background characteristics as instruments. The evidence indicates that older sibling achievement has a positive causal effect on younger sibling achievement but that younger sibling achievement has no significant influence on older sibling achievement. These results are consistent with a model of intrafamily allocation in which parents learn about child endowments sequentially.
	Bibliography Citation Oettinger, Gerald S. "Sibling Similarity in High School Graduation Outcomes: Causal Interdependency or Unobserved Heterogeneity?" Southern Economic Journal 66,3 (2000): 631-648.

7.	Oettinger, Gerald S.
7.	Statistical Discrimination and the Early Career Evolution of the Black-White Wage Gap Journal of Labor Economics 14,1 (January 1996): 52-78. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535324 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Discrimination; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Labor Economics; Modeling; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap A simple dynamic model of statistical discrimination is developed and tested. The model improves on earlier static models both by allowing ex ante uncertainty about worker productivity to be resolved as on-the-job performance is observed and by generating several testable empirical implications. These predictions are tested using a sample of young men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, producing mixed evidence for the model. The main empirical result is that no black- white wage gap exists at labor force entry but that one develops as experience accumulates, mainly because blacks reap smaller gains from job mobility. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM 13362.00
	Bibliography Citation Oettinger, Gerald S. "Statistical Discrimination and the Early Career Evolution of the Black-White Wage Gap." Journal of Labor Economics 14,1 (January 1996): 52-78.

8.	Oettinger, Gerald S.
8.	The Effects of Sex Education on Teen Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy Journal of Political Economy 107,3 (June 1999): 606-644. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250073 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sex Education; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Siblings; Teenagers This paper empirically examines the relationship between enrollment in sex education and subsequent sexual behavior for U.S. teenagers during the 1970s. The estimates indicate that enrollment in sex education was associated with earlier sexual activity for females in this cohort. Sex education also was associated with earlier pregnancy for some groups of females, but these effects are smaller and not always statistically significant. For both types of transitions, the effect of sex education appears to have been larger for women with fewer alternative sources of sexual information. In contrast, sex education had much less impact on male transitions into sexual activity. Within-family analyses using sibling data reveal qualitatively similar patterns. Overall, the evidence suggests that sex education in the 1970s had some causal impact on teen sexual behavior, probably in significant part by providing information that enabled teens to alter the risks of sexual activity.
	Bibliography Citation Oettinger, Gerald S. "The Effects of Sex Education on Teen Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy." Journal of Political Economy 107,3 (June 1999): 606-644.

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