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Author: Pan, Jessica

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1.	Bertrand, Marianne Pan, Jessica
1.	The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior NBER Working Paper 17541 (October 2011) Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Discipline; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Educational Outcomes; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Noncognitive Skills; Parent-Child Interaction; Parenting Skills/Styles; Punishment, Corporal; School Suspension/Expulsion This paper explores the importance of the home and school environments in explaining the gender gap in disruptive behavior. We document large differences in the gender gap across key features of the home environment – boys do especially poorly in broken families. In contrast, we find little impact of the early school environment on non-cognitive gaps. Differences in endowments explain a small part of boys’ non-cognitive deficit in single-mother families. More importantly, non-cognitive returns to parental inputs differ markedly by gender. Broken families are associated with worse parental inputs and boys’ non-cognitive development, unlike girls’, appears extremely responsive to such inputs.
	Bibliography Citation Bertrand, Marianne and Jessica Pan. "The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior." NBER Working Paper 17541 (October 2011).

2.	Kuziemko, Ilyana Pan, Jessica Shen, Jenny Washington, Ebonya
2.	The Mommy Effect: Do Women Anticipate the Employment Effects of Motherhood? NBER Working Paper No. 24740, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. Also: http://nber.org/papers/w24740 Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wage Penalty/Career Penalty After decades of convergence, the gender gap in employment outcomes has recently plateaued in many rich countries, despite the fact that women have increased their investment in human capital over this period. We propose a hypothesis to reconcile these two trends: that when they are making key human capital decisions, women in modern cohorts underestimate the impact of motherhood on their future labor supply. Using an event-study framework, we show substantial and persistent employment effects of motherhood in U.K. and U.S. data. We then provide evidence that women do not anticipate these effects. Upon becoming parents, women (and especially more educated women) adopt more negative views toward female employment (e.g., they are more likely to say that women working hurts family life), suggesting that motherhood serves as an information shock to their beliefs. Women on average (and, again, more educated women in particular) report that parenthood is harder than they expected. We then look at longer horizons--are young women's expectations about future labor supply correct when they make their key educational decisions? In fact, female high school seniors are increasingly and substantially overestimating the likelihood they will be in the labor market in their thirties, a sharp reversal from previous cohorts who substantially underestimated their future labor supply. Finally, we specify a model of women's choice of educational investment in the face of uncertain employment costs of motherhood, which demonstrates that our results can be reconciled only if these costs increased unexpectedly across generations. We end by documenting a collage of empirical evidence consistent with such a trend.
	Bibliography Citation Kuziemko, Ilyana, Jessica Pan, Jenny Shen and Ebonya Washington. "The Mommy Effect: Do Women Anticipate the Employment Effects of Motherhood?" NBER Working Paper No. 24740, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018.

3.	McGee, Andrew Dunstan McGee, Peter Pan, Jessica
3.	Performance Pay, Competitiveness, and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from the United States Economics Letters 128 (March 2015): 35-38. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176515000142 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Performance pay; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap We show that women in the NLSY79 and NLSY97 are less likely than men to receive competitive compensation. The portion of the gender wage gap explained by compensation schemes is small in the NLSY79 but somewhat larger in the NLSY97.
	Bibliography Citation McGee, Andrew Dunstan, Peter McGee and Jessica Pan. "Performance Pay, Competitiveness, and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from the United States." Economics Letters 128 (March 2015): 35-38.

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