Search Results

Author: Ratledge, Edward C.
Resulting in 7 citations.
1. Link, Charles R.
Ratledge, Edward C.
Proxies for Observations on Individuals Sampled from a Population: A Reply
Journal of Human Resources 11,3 (Summer 1976): 413-419.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145280
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Educational Costs; Educational Returns

One of the purposes of our earlier paper was to replicate research conducted by George Johnson and Frank Stafford. We contended that our district-wide measure of expenditures is more likely to measure the expenditure received by an individual than the statewide measure used by those authors. John Akin and Thomas Kniesner speak to this assumption in their comment. They correctly state that "the actual statistical problem is to choose the best aggregation level from which to take an average as a proxy for individuals sampled from a population." They are also correct in noting the difficulty of showing rigorously whether the deviation of the ith student from a statewide average is greater than or less than the deviation from a district-wide measure. The issue is indeed empirical. We make the assumption on a series of empirical and theoretical arguments. In the discussion that follows, evidence, some of which is admittedly impressionistic, is given suggesting that the school district expenditure is likely to be a superior measure, at least for whites.
Bibliography Citation
Link, Charles R. and Edward C. Ratledge. "Proxies for Observations on Individuals Sampled from a Population: A Reply." Journal of Human Resources 11,3 (Summer 1976): 413-419.
2. Link, Charles R.
Ratledge, Edward C.
Social Returns to Quantity and Quality of Education: A Further Statement
Journal of Human Resources 10,1 (Winter 1975): 78-89.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145120
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Costs; Educational Returns; Schooling

Data from a large sample of young black and white males (out of school) are utilized to analyze the impact of the quantity and quality of education (district-wide annual expenditures per student) on earnings. Large but diminishing returns to incremental expenditures are observed. The findings also suggest that education's role in the large relative gains in black earnings during the 1960s worked through quality instead of quantity aspects. Finally, the returns to education are sensitive to the specification of the potential labor market experience variable.
Bibliography Citation
Link, Charles R. and Edward C. Ratledge. "Social Returns to Quantity and Quality of Education: A Further Statement." Journal of Human Resources 10,1 (Winter 1975): 78-89.
3. Link, Charles R.
Ratledge, Edward C.
The Influence of the Quantity and Quality of Education on Black-White Earnings Differentials: Some New Evidence
Review of Economics and Statistics 57,3 (August 1975): 346-350.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1923919
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Keyword(s): Earnings; Education, Secondary; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Fathers, Influence; High School; Racial Differences; Work Knowledge

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The main thrust of the article has been to estimate the effects on earnings of the quantity and quality of education. The quality of education, measured by expenditures per pupil in the district where the respondent attended secondary school, exerts an important impact on the annual earnings for both races. For the sample of young males examined, these findings suggest that expenditures may be more important to blacks than whites. This result holds even in the full model which includes ability. Increasing the quality of schools in predominantly black areas may have a long-run effect on black earnings. Also, the rate of return associated with extra expenditures on blacks is 7.82%. The latter finding implies that additional expenditures on blacks may be economically efficient as well as equitable.
Bibliography Citation
Link, Charles R. and Edward C. Ratledge. "The Influence of the Quantity and Quality of Education on Black-White Earnings Differentials: Some New Evidence." Review of Economics and Statistics 57,3 (August 1975): 346-350.
4. Link, Charles R.
Ratledge, Edward C.
Useful Interactions in Economic Models: The Case of Black/White Earnings Differentials
Applied Economics 9,1 (March 1977): 83-91.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036847700000009
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Chapman & Hall
Keyword(s): Earnings; I.Q.; Research Methodology; Schooling; Wage Differentials; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, the usefulness of AID (automatic interaction detector) in developing sensible interaction terms in econometric models involving complex relationships is demonstrated. The major goal of the paper is to estimate the impact of a multitude of factors on the labor market success of young black and white males. In summary, used with caution the AID procedure can serve as a useful tool to the econometrician.
Bibliography Citation
Link, Charles R. and Edward C. Ratledge. "Useful Interactions in Economic Models: The Case of Black/White Earnings Differentials." Applied Economics 9,1 (March 1977): 83-91.
5. Link, Charles R.
Ratledge, Edward C.
Lewis, Kenneth
Black-White Differences in Returns to Schooling: Some New Evidence
American Economic Review 66,1 (March 1976): 221-223.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1804965
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Costs; Educational Returns; Racial Differences; Schooling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The findings show that improved quality of education, as opposed to differential vintage effects, is responsible for blacks' relative income gains. For blacks, the interaction between years of schooling and expenditures may partially explain other researchers' pessimistic findings that education has little impact on black earnings. This note on Welch's l973 article in the American Economic Review supports the hypothesis that improved quality of black education is responsible for blacks' relative income gains.
Bibliography Citation
Link, Charles R., Edward C. Ratledge and Kenneth Lewis. "Black-White Differences in Returns to Schooling: Some New Evidence." American Economic Review 66,1 (March 1976): 221-223.
6. Link, Charles R.
Ratledge, Edward C.
Lewis, Kenneth
Male-Female and Black-White Discrimination in the Labor Market
Presented: San Francisco, CA, Econometric Society Meeting, 1974
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Econometric Society
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Employment; Job Training; Occupational Status; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the present paper, some light is shed on the causes of male-female and black-white wage differentials. One of the important contributions of the present research is to compare the results for a more recent cohort of young people with earlier studies which examined older cohorts of persons over age twenty-five. In this paper we employ the measure of discrimination proposed by Alan Blinder, which involves decomposing characteristics into differences arising from endowments (differences in mean values) and differences in coefficients (market rewards for given levels of endowments).
Bibliography Citation
Link, Charles R., Edward C. Ratledge and Kenneth Lewis. "Male-Female and Black-White Discrimination in the Labor Market." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Econometric Society Meeting, 1974.
7. Link, Charles R.
Ratledge, Edward C.
Lewis, Kenneth
The Quality of Education and Cohort Variation in Black-White Earnings Differentials: Reply
American Economic Review 70,1 (March 1980): 196-203.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1814750
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Educational Returns; Racial Differences; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines two data sets in order to further examine Welch's contention that: (1) blacks for the past several years have begun to receive monetary benefits from education commensurate with those of whites; and (2) that the gap has narrowed because of a relative upgrading of educational quality for blacks. Counter to Akin and Garfinkel and in support of Welch, it was found that the gap in percentage returns to schooling has narrowed for blacks in younger cohorts. Contrary to Akin and Garfinkel and in support of Welch, we find percentage returns to schooling and to quality for the younger black cohorts were found to be commensurate with those for whites. In fact, it was found that percentage returns to schooling and to quality to be somewhat more favorable for younger blacks than for whites. Akin and Garfinkel are quick to point out, however, that even if percentage returns are comparable, absolute wage rate differences still favor whites. Thus they warn that equal percentage returns to blacks and whites are not necessarily an indication of equal earnings for equally competent workers. While Akin and Garfinkel compute implied wages to be greater for young whites than blacks, these results are not as disheartening and are mixed, depending upon which model specification is adopted. Consistent with Welch, however, a narrowing in the implied black white hourly wage gap for younger cohorts was found.
Bibliography Citation
Link, Charles R., Edward C. Ratledge and Kenneth Lewis. "The Quality of Education and Cohort Variation in Black-White Earnings Differentials: Reply." American Economic Review 70,1 (March 1980): 196-203.