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Author: Reid, Lori Lynn
Resulting in 11 citations.
1. England, Paula A.
Herbert, Melissa S.
Kilbourne, Barbara Stanek
Reid, Lori Lynn
Megdal, Lori McCreary
The Gendered Valuation of Occupations and Skills: Earnings in 1980 Census Occupations
Social Forces 73,1 (September 1994): 65-100.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579918
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): Comparable Worth; Discrimination, Sex; Gender; Gender Differences; Occupational Prestige; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Sex Roles; Skills; Wage Gap; Wages, Men; Wages, Women; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The percent female of an occupation lowers the pay it offers to both men and women, net of skill demands, nonpecuniary amenities and disamenities, and industrial and organizational characteristics. Net of these variables, including percent female, occupations involving nurturance offer lower wages to both men and women. We interpret these net wage penalties for working in a more female occupation, and for doing nurturant work, as sex discrimination in wage setting; occupations and types of skill are devalued because they are typically done by women. We suggest a thesis of the gendered valuation of roles and skills. The sex gap in pay would be reduced by policies mandating comparable worth in setting occupations' pay levels. Other factors contributing to the sex gap in pay include men's higher representation in jobs with authority and in occupations typically located in higher paying industries. Some nonpecuniary amenities and disamenities affect pay consistent with the theory of compensating differentials, but these make no contribution to the sex gap in pay.
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Melissa S. Herbert, Barbara Stanek Kilbourne, Lori Lynn Reid and Lori McCreary Megdal. "The Gendered Valuation of Occupations and Skills: Earnings in 1980 Census Occupations." Social Forces 73,1 (September 1994): 65-100.
2. England, Paula A.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Kilbourne, Barbara Stanek
The Effect of the Sex Composition of Jobs on Starting Wages in an Organization: Findings from the NLSY
Demography 33,4 (November 1996): 511-521.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/24423kln0q8x0658/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Benefits; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Wage Theory

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is shown that individuals in a job with a higher percentage of males earn lower starting wages with an employing organization. This holds true with controls for individuals' human capital, job demands for skill or difficult working conditions, and detailed industry. A measure of sex composition is used that applies to detailed jobs: cells in a 3-digit census occupation by 3-digit census industry matrix. Pooled panel data from the 1979-1987 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used. The unit of analysis is the spell--the time in which a person worked for one organization. The dependent variable is the first wage in the spell. Models with fixed-effects are used to control for unmeasured, unchanging individual characteristics. In addition, results from OLS and weighted models are shown for comparison. The negative effect on wages of the percentage female in one's job is robust across procedures for black women, white women, and white men. For black men, the sign is always negative, but the coefficient is often nonsignificant. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Lori Lynn Reid and Barbara Stanek Kilbourne. "The Effect of the Sex Composition of Jobs on Starting Wages in an Organization: Findings from the NLSY." Demography 33,4 (November 1996): 511-521.
3. England, Paula A.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Kilbourne, Barbara Stanek
Farkas, George
Devaluation of Female Jobs: Findings from the NLSY
Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Comparable Worth; Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Analysis; Job Requirements; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Sexual Division of Labor; Skills; Wage Determination; Wage Levels; Wages, Women; Women's Studies; Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research on comparable worth suggests that employers do not set the wage band for a job according to job content alone, but rather that the sex or race composition of job incumbents biases this assessment. Here, tested is the hypothesis that, net of individuals' human capital, and net of job demands (for skill or difficult working conditions), jobs with a higher proportion of women offer lower wages to all workers in the job. The analysis uses measures of sex composition that pertain to more detailed job categories than used in prior research. Estimated are the net effects of the % female in these categories, using pooled panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1987. It is concluded that jobs are devalued when they contain more females; employers offer lower wages in such jobs than in more heavily male jobs with comparable characteristics. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Lori Lynn Reid, Barbara Stanek Kilbourne and George Farkas. "Devaluation of Female Jobs: Findings from the NLSY." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995.
4. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Children's Achievement and Behavior
Working Paper, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, September 1999.
Also: http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Publications/bibliography/BrowseKeywordsQ.aspx?ID=5
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purpose of this paper...is to examine changes in the consequences of teenage childbearing for children over birth cohorts of young women and historical periods. Are there differences in the effects of timing of childbearing on children's achievements, by whether the first birth occurred in the 1970s, 1980s, or 1990s? Are there differences in the effects of timing of childbearing on the schooling of young women who had a first birth in the late 1970s compared with those who bore a child in the late 1980s? This analysis focuses on examining period differences in the consequences of teen childbearig using two data sets, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY has been used extensively to document the consequences of teen childbearing for young women. It, therefore, represents the "gold standard." However, it represents a single birth cohort of young women. The PSID has also been used to look at teen childbearing (Astone & Upchurch, 1994; Hoffman, Foster & Furstenberg, 1993). While it represents a large number of birth cohorts of women, a smaller number of women compromise each cohort. To the extent that these two data sets provide similar pictures of the same cohort, the PSID can then be used to depict period trends in the effects of teen childbearing on children. Thus, the first goal is to compare the effects of a teen birth on children using both data sets. The second goal is to show the trends over time in the effects of teen childbearing on children's achievement. This will be done by examining the effect on children's achievement and behavior of interacting teen childbearing with period, using the PSID.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Lori Lynn Reid. "A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Children's Achievement and Behavior." Working Paper, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, September 1999.
5. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement and Behavior Over Time
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,1 (January-February 2002): 41-49.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11990638
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

CONTEXT: Compared with children of older women, children of women who had their first birth during their teens have long been believed to be at higher risk for a host of poor health, social and economic outcomes. Recent studies have failed to confirm this belief, but none have taken into account whether children's outcomes or the effects of early childbearing on those outcomes have changed over time. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to separate the influence of changes from the 1960s through the 1990s in children's experiences from the effect of mother's age at first birth. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses controlling for social and demographic characteristics show that among children born to women from a particular birth cohort, those whose mothers first gave birth in their teens have significantly lower scores on a set of four achievement tests and significantly higher scores on a behavior-problem index than do children whose mothers delayed childbearing. However, when changes over time in children's outcomes and in the effect of early childbearing on those outcomes were taken into account, children born to women who began childbearing early score significantly worse than those whose mothers delayed their first birth on the behavior-problem index, but on only one achievement test. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons by age at first birth among women born in the same period may misestimate the effects of early motherhood. Whether early childbearing's effects on children are overestimated or underestimated depends on whether test scores are rising or falling. Policymakers should be cautious in making decisions based on studies that do not take tune trends in to account.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Lori Lynn Reid. "Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement and Behavior Over Time." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,1 (January-February 2002): 41-49.
6. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Mott, Frank L.
A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Schooling, using the NLSY and the PSID
Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Fertility; Marital Status; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper compares estimates from the NLSY and the PSID of the effects of early childbearing on the schooling of different cohorts of young women and in different historical periods. The purpose is, first, to see whether estimates of early childbearing are similar across the two data sets and, second, to see whether the effects of early childbearing on schooling have changed over cohorts or birth periods. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results show, first, that the results are similar for the two data sets. Second, the effects of early childbearing on schooling have declined somewhat in recent historical periods. However, the effects still disadvantage young women, most specifically, because such young women do not attend college.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Lori Lynn Reid and Frank L. Mott. "A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Schooling, using the NLSY and the PSID." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999.
7. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Mott, Frank L.
The Effects of Early Childbearing on Schooling Over Time
Family Planning Perspectives 33, 6 (November-December, 2001): 259-627.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3030193
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Family Structure; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Context: In recent studies, the effects of teenage childbearing on the schooling of young women have been smaller than those in earlier research. The discrepancy has been attributed to the use in the later studies of controls for unmeasured differences between young women who start childbearing early and those who do not, but could instead reflect changes in the effect of early childbearing over time. Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to identify the reasons for this difference. Logistic regression, ordinary least-squares regressions and fixed-effects models examine the impact of early childbearing on rates of high school graduation and college attendance, and number of years of schooling completed through age 29. Results: The two data sets show a significant negative impact of a teenage birth on rates and years of completed schooling. For example, teenage mothers completed 1.9-2.2 fewer years of education than do women who delay their first birth until age 30 or older. Moreover, compared with women who give birth at age 30 or older, teenage mothers have odds of high school completion 10-12% as high and odds of postsecondary schooling 14-29% as high. Unobserved differences between young mothers and their childless peers reduce, but do not eliminate, the effects of early births. Effects on high school completion declined in recent periods because more young women completed high school, regardless of the timing of their first birth. However, the gap between early and later childbearers in postsecondary school attendance widened from 27 to 44 percentage point between the early 1960s and the early 1990s. Conclusions: Given the current importance of a college education, teenage childbearers today are at least as disadvantaged as those of past generations.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Lori Lynn Reid and Frank L. Mott. "The Effects of Early Childbearing on Schooling Over Time." Family Planning Perspectives 33, 6 (November-December, 2001): 259-627.
8. Reid, Lori Lynn
Devaluing Women and Minorities: The Effects of Race/Ethnic and Sex Composition of Occupations on Wage Levels
Work and Occupations 25,4 (November 1998): 511-536.
Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/25/4/511.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Comparable Worth; Ethnic Differences; Industrial Classification; Minorities; Occupations; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wage Levels; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Are comparable worth policies an appropriate remedy for both race/ethnic and sex discrimination? The author's findings question whether similar processes of devaluation arc driving the sex and race/ethnic pay gap. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to assess the effects of both the sex and race/ethnic composition of occupations (defined by cross-classification of occupation and industry) on wage levels. The results indicate that the percentage of White women in an occupation has a negative effect of the wage levels of most groups. The percentage of Black women, Latina women, Black men, and Latino men do not have consistently negative effects on wage levels, even when testing for more geographically localized effects. It is concluded that occupational devaluation does not contribute to the race/ethnic gap in pay in a manner analogous to that found from occupations dominated by females. Thus, comparable worth policies are not likely to help reduce the race/ethnic gap in pay. COPYRIGHT 1998 Sage Publications Inc. Full-text available though OCLC to institutional members of OCLC. Your library may be a member of OCLC: http://www.oclc.org/oclc/menu/eco.htm.
Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn. "Devaluing Women and Minorities: The Effects of Race/Ethnic and Sex Composition of Occupations on Wage Levels." Work and Occupations 25,4 (November 1998): 511-536.
9. Reid, Lori Lynn
Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood: Black Women's Higher Exit Rates from Full-time Employment
Gender and Society 16,5 (October 2002): 728-747.
Also: http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/5/728
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Employment; Event History; Exits; Family Characteristics; Human Capital; Layoffs; Modeling; Motherhood; Occupational Segregation; Quits; Racial Differences; Racial Studies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article examines the reasons that young Black and white women leave fulltime employment. I focus on full-time employment because I am interested in the reasons that young Black and white women have differential access to work as a labor market resource, and full-time employment typically offers greater payoffs in terms of income and benefits than part-time employment. I also focus on explaining young Black women's higher exit rates from full-time employment. As the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data indicate, young Black women are no less likely to enter full-time employment than young white women. However, they exit full-time employment at higher rates. Black women's rate of exiting full-time employment is 38 percent higher than that of white women (a risk ratio of 1.38, significant at a p value of less than .001).

Based on data from the NLSY, I use event history analysis to estimate the rate at which young women exit full-time employment for seven reasons: layoffs, plant closings, temporary/seasonal work, firings, the completion of a job program, quitting for pregnancy/family reasons, and quitting for other reasons. My analyses indicate whether Black women are at a significantly higher risk of exiting full-time employment than are white women for each of these reasons. A variety of factors drawn from different theoretical models are tested to determine whether they explain racial differences in exit rates for each reason. Below, I review the literature on labor market inequalities to suggest factors that affect employment after individuals are hired. The literature suggests that structural features, discrimination, individual characteristics, and family characteristics are important factors that may affect employment exits.

Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn. "Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood: Black Women's Higher Exit Rates from Full-time Employment." Gender and Society 16,5 (October 2002): 728-747.
10. Reid, Lori Lynn
Race, Gender, and the Labor Market: Black and White Women's Employment
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Arizona, 1997
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Employment, Youth; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Welfare

Historically, black women's employment levels have exceeded those for white women. However, looking only at young cohorts of women, the employment levels of black and white women were equal by 1969, and by 1991 white women's employment greatly exceeded black women's employment. If this continues to be true for successive new cohorts, it suggests that, overall, white women will soon be working at significantly higher rates than black women for the first time in history. Identifying the determinants of women's employment today becomes an important issue not only for explaining the factors that affect labor market outcomes but also for explaining the prospects for black and white women in the labor market. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I use event history methods to analyze the determinants of black and white women's employment in the contemporary U.S., and explain any race gaps in employment that emerge. My findings suggest that a race gap in the hazard of part-time employment exists among women in which the rate of part-time employment is lower for black than white women. This gap is explained by race differences in human capital and past welfare receipt. A race gap in the hazard of full-time employment exists among unmarried women in which the rate of full-time employment is lower for black than white women. This gap is explained by race differences in age, human capital, and past welfare receipt. I find that opportunities and constraints provided by the local economic environment, human capital, family structure, and past welfare receipt are an important influence on black and white women's employment.
Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn. Race, Gender, and the Labor Market: Black and White Women's Employment. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University Of Arizona, 1997.
11. Reid, Lori Lynn
Padavic, Irene
Employment Exits and the Race Gap in Young Women's Employment
Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005): 1242-1260.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00344.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Employment; Event History; Exits; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Women

Objective. A race gap in employment that disadvantages young African-American women has emerged for the first time in U.S. history. This article addresses the extent to which race differences in employment entry, exits, or both are responsible for the gap. Methods. The article relies on event-history analysis using NLSY data. Results. Analyses show that differences in rates of exit, not entry, explain the race gap. Factors encouraging higher exit rates among African-American than white women include lower AFQT scores and greater numbers of children. Conclusion. These findings raise questions about the utility of focusing on employment processes at the point of employment entry, at least for processes involving young women. The importance of exits in understanding race differences in women's employment calls attention to processes within firms that present barriers to African-American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Reid, Lori Lynn and Irene Padavic. "Employment Exits and the Race Gap in Young Women's Employment." Social Science Quarterly 86, Supplement s1 (December 2005): 1242-1260.