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Author: Robinson, James C.

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1.	Robinson, James C.
1.	Hazard Pay in Unsafe Jobs: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications Milbank Quarterly 64,4 (1986): 650-677 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Job Hazards; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Quality of Employment Survey (QES); Working Conditions This paper analyzes the relation between wages and hazardous working conditions and tests the hypothesis that wages are higher in hazardous rather than safe jobs. Three different measures of workplace hazards are utilized: (1) an occupational risk injury ratio; (2) an industry-level rate of injury work loss measure; and (3) an exposure level to hazardous working conditions measure. Data from the NLS of Young Women and Young Men along with that from the Current Population Surveys, Quality of Employment Survey, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are employed. Results confirm that: (1) controlling for skill, status, and occupational stratification, workers in hazardous jobs earn somewhat higher wages than comparable workers in safe jobs; and (2) hazardous occupations are usually bad jobs in terms of wages, employment security, skill, status, as well as working conditions.
	Bibliography Citation Robinson, James C. "Hazard Pay in Unsafe Jobs: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications." Milbank Quarterly 64,4 (1986): 650-677.

2.	Robinson, James C.
2.	Hazardous Occupations Within the Job Hierarchy Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 27,2 (March 1988): 241-250. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1988.tb01004.x/abstract Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley Keyword(s): Health Factors; Job Hazards; Job Rewards; Job Status; Labor Market, Secondary; Wage Levels Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Businesses that utilize hazardous technologies have the tendency to assign these occupations to undesirable job ladders or to subcontract them to secondary labor market firms in order to minimize the level of compensating wage and nonwage differentials they must pay. The outcome of this process in terms of the location of hazardous jobs within the overall structure of jobs is examined for the years 1974-1982. In addition to health and safety factors, four types of job attributes are considered. These are: (1) job content and worker autonomy; (2) possibilities for training and promotion; (3) job security; and (4) earnings. Four independent sources of statistical data are used to measure the relation between health and safety hazards and the other job characteristics. The results show that hazardous jobs offer significantly less worker autonomy, less on-the-job training, poorer promotion possibilities, greater risk of temporary and permanent layoff, and lower wage levels than safe occupations. [ABI/INFORM]
	Bibliography Citation Robinson, James C. "Hazardous Occupations Within the Job Hierarchy." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 27,2 (March 1988): 241-250.

3.	Robinson, James C.
3.	Toil and Toxics: Workplace Struggles and Political Strategies for Occupational Health Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: University of California Press Keyword(s): Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Hazards; Quality of Employment Survey (QES); Working Conditions Society must struggle to come to terms with the health risks of substances that are central to many production processes in the economy. The wide variation in injury and illness rates across occupations is striking. In seeking to understand worker responses to safety and health risks and to examine the extent that workers perceive their jobs as hazardous, data from three national surveys conducted over the past two decades have queried workers concerning their exposure to health and safety hazards on the job. The 1977 Quality of Employment Survey (QES) asked 1,515 workers a large number of questions concerning the characteristics of their jobs, including thirteen questions on exposure to different types of health and safety hazards. The 1978 and 1980 National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), asked two questions relating to health and safety hazards and can be combined to provide a relatively balanced portrait of the U.S. work force. The 1984 Louis Harris survey (AFL) asked one question concerning exposure to health and safety hazards. The responses to the specific questions of the three surveys are tabulated throughout the work and cross tabbed with various categories of workers.
	Bibliography Citation Robinson, James C. Toil and Toxics: Workplace Struggles and Political Strategies for Occupational Health. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.

4.	Robinson, James C.
4.	Worker Responses to Occupational Risk of Cancer Review of Economics and Statistics 72,3 (August 1990): 536-541. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109365 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Health Factors; Job Hazards; Working Conditions Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Toxicological data from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances and worker exposure data from the National Occupational Health Survey are used to construct an occupational cancer risk index. This objective cancer risk measure is strongly correlated with subjective worker-assessed measures of exposure to health hazards in the 1978-80 NLS of Young Men and Young Women. A total of 1,837 NLS respondents were employed in the occupations for which cancer risk information is available. The NLS quit measure is constructed as a variable taking the value of one if the worker quit a job between 1978 and 1980 (men) or between 1980 and 1982 (women). Workers exposed to occupational health hazards, as measured by the objective risk index and the subjective risk perceptions, are more apt to quit their jobs than are otherwise comparable workers not exposed to hazards. They also pursue voice strategies, as measured by their willingness to vote in favor of union representation. [ABI/INFORM]
	Bibliography Citation Robinson, James C. "Worker Responses to Occupational Risk of Cancer." Review of Economics and Statistics 72,3 (August 1990): 536-541.

5.	Robinson, James C.
5.	Worker Responses to Workplace Hazards Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 12,4 (Winter 1987): 665-682 Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Duke University Press Keyword(s): Health Reform; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Hazards; Job Satisfaction; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Quality of Employment Survey (QES); Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper presents an analysis of individual and collective worker responses to job hazards in the United States, based on data from: the Quality of Employment Survey (1977), the NLS of Young Men (1978), the NLS of Young Women (1980), injury rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and quits and strike probabilities from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Results indicate that the levels of expressed dissatisfaction, discharges for cause, and strike frequencies are significantly higher in hazardous jobs than in safe jobs. Individual quit strategies, however, are not consistently associated with higher hazard levels. Implications for the design of future information-oriented health and safety policies are discussed. [Sociological Abstracts, Inc.]
	Bibliography Citation Robinson, James C. "Worker Responses to Workplace Hazards." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 12,4 (Winter 1987): 665-682.

6.	Robinson, James C.
6.	Workplace Hazards and Workers' Desires for Union Representation Journal of Labor Research 9,3 (September 1988): 237-249. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/7g06860617243056/ Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: John M. Olin Institute at George Mason University Keyword(s): Job Hazards; Unions; Work Attitudes Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Recent economic studies have interpreted labor unions as facilitating the expression of collective worker "voice" as a complement to individual voice and exit strategies that can be adopted by workers acting alone. The influence of job characteristics on worker desires for union representation is examined using 3 data sets that contain explicit information on preferences. Since several sample selection and variable measurement issues have plagued previous studies, this study uses the union and nonunion samples of the 1978 Young Men's National Longitudinal Survey, and the 1980 Young Women's National Longitudinal Survey. Consistent with the union voice hypothesis, results indicate that workers expressing pro-union sentiments are much more likely than anti-union workers to be employed in jobs with hazardous or otherwise disagreeable working conditions. Finally, Farber (1983) and Freeman (1986) find that the market for union jobs is constrained by management resistance to organizing campaigns. [ABI/INFORM]
	Bibliography Citation Robinson, James C. "Workplace Hazards and Workers' Desires for Union Representation." Journal of Labor Research 9,3 (September 1988): 237-249.

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