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Author: Roderick, Roger D.

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1.	Kim, Sookon Roderick, Roger D. Shea, John R.
1.	Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience of Women Manpower Research Monograph 21, Volume 2. Washington DC: US GPO, 1973. Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED068713.pdf Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Children; Family Influences; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Mobility, Interfirm; Work Attitudes The main purpose of this document is to describe the magnitude and patterns of change in labor market behavior that occurred during the two-year period between the 1967 and 1969 interviews. As pointed out in the initial report, ". . . it is during this age span [30 to 44 years of age] that many married women return to the labor force after their children are in school." Therefore, one would expect not only an increase in labor force participation rates over the two-year period but also improvements in occupational assignment, accumulation of seniority rights, and an increase in earnings, all of which are positively associated with length of employment experience. While varying types of homemaking activities, especially when there are young children in the home, play a significant role in the decisions of most women to participate in the labor market, changes in marital status, attitudes, health condition, employment opportunities, and many other factors are also expected to influence a woman's labor force and employment behavior.
	Bibliography Citation Kim, Sookon, Roger D. Roderick and John R. Shea. Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience of Women. Manpower Research Monograph 21, Volume 2. Washington DC: US GPO, 1973..

2.	Kohen, Andrew I. Roderick, Roger D.
2.	Causes of Differentials in Early Labor Market Success Among Young Women Proceedings, Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1972): 329-334 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Employment; Family Influences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; I.Q.; Schooling; Siblings; Wages This paper is part of a larger research effort to identify the causes of differentials in early labor market success among youth. Here, we are primarily interested in: (1) the effect of education, independent of ability, on early labor market success; and (2) white-black differentials in the determinants of early labor market success, where our measure of success is hourly earnings. Our results suggest that education is a more important influence on earnings among white women in typically female occupations than among those in atypically female occupations, for whom ability is a more important factor.
	Bibliography Citation Kohen, Andrew I. and Roger D. Roderick. "Causes of Differentials in Early Labor Market Success Among Young Women." Proceedings, Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1972): 329-334.

3.	Kohen, Andrew I. Roderick, Roger D.
3.	The Effects of Race and Sex Discrimination on Early-Career Earnings Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1975. Also: http://openlibrary.org/works/OL6784264W/The_effects_of_race_and_sex_discrimination_on_early-career_earnings Cohort(s): Young Men, Young Women Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Family Influences; I.Q.; Schooling This paper is concerned with the determinants of differentials in early-career earnings among young workers. This study uses regression analysis of a 3-equation model to demonstrate the existence of significant labor market discrimination according to both race and sex. Findings strongly indicate that sex discrimination is more virulent than racial discrimination.
	Bibliography Citation Kohen, Andrew I. and Roger D. Roderick. "The Effects of Race and Sex Discrimination on Early-Career Earnings." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1975.

4.	Nicholson, Edward A. Roderick, Roger D.
4.	A Multivariate Analysis of the Correlates of Job Satisfaction among Men Aged 45-59 Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Occupations; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wages; Work Attitudes The initial results of an attempt to identify and measure the strength of some of the personal, social- psychological, and economic factors associated with high levels of job satisfaction among men aged 45-59 show that an individual's hourly rate of pay, his occupation, his health, and the factors he considers most important about a job strongly influence his level of job satisfaction, even after adjustments are made for the effects of other variables.
	Bibliography Citation Nicholson, Edward A. and Roger D. Roderick. "A Multivariate Analysis of the Correlates of Job Satisfaction among Men Aged 45-59." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972.

5.	Nicholson, Edward A. Roderick, Roger D.
5.	Correlates of Job Attitudes Among Young Women Nebraska Journal of Economics and Business 12,4 (Autumn 1973): 77-89. Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/40472468 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: University of Nebraska Press Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Job Satisfaction; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Work Attitudes This report focuses on the quality of employment of young women by examining their self-reported job satisfaction. Nearly two-thirds of the whites and more than half of the blacks declared that they liked their jobs "very much," and indeed no more than four percent of either group said that they disliked their jobs "very much." That whites are more likely than blacks to have reported high satisfaction was anticipated in light of the intercolor variations in demographic characteristics, occupational assignment, and hourly rates of pay; and the explanatory model behaves largely as had been expected. Young women whose labor market achievements (occupation for both whites and blacks, and pay for blacks) compare most favorably to the achievements of others with equivalent amounts of education evidenced high job satisfaction more frequently than did those whose experiences compared less favorably to their educational reference groups. Some of the problems of one form of under-utilization are suggested by the fact that those with the highest education relative to others doing the same kind of work are least likely to report high satisfaction. Likewise, the smaller proportion of the relatively low paid blacks who report high satisfaction depicts a potential outcome of racial discrimination in the labor market.
	Bibliography Citation Nicholson, Edward A. and Roger D. Roderick. "Correlates of Job Attitudes Among Young Women." Nebraska Journal of Economics and Business 12,4 (Autumn 1973): 77-89.

6.	Roderick, Roger D.
6.	Changes in Job Status of Out-of-School Youth In: Years for Decision, Volume 2, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1974 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Job Patterns; Job Satisfaction; Marital Status; Migration; Mobility; Wages The chapter shows that the increase in rate of pay for young white women from 1968 to 1969 was almost twice that for young black women. The changes are shown to be related to occupation and education. The movement from one employer to another at that time is correlated with education, occupation, length of service in former job, rate of pay, job satisfaction, job attachment, marital status, and residence. Two noteworthy results of an employer change seem to be a higher rate of pay, and a greater perception of job satisfaction by the employees. Changes in geographic location are correlated with occupation, education, change in marital status, and prospective mobility in 1968. The consequences of changing one's geographical location seem to be a greater likelihood for change in job satisfaction and a much smaller increase in rate of pay for those who change locations than for those who did not move.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. "Changes in Job Status of Out-of-School Youth" In: Years for Decision, Volume 2, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1974

7.	Roderick, Roger D.
7.	Summary In: Years for Decision, Volume 2, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1977 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Mobility; Schooling; Wages; Work Knowledge; World of Work Test Most of the young women in the study who were enrolled in school in 1968 were also enrolled in 1969. Approximately 30 percent of those enrolled both years had revised their educational goals from 1968 to 1969. Wage changes from 1968 to 1969 were more favorable to whites (and/or those who changed employers) than blacks (and/or those who kept the same job). The consequences of geographic mobility remained unclear, and although those who moved were more likely to be employed, they were also more likely to report a lower increase in rate of pay. 'Knowledge of the world of work' shows a strong positive relationship to educational attainment and scores on mental ability tests, although the intercolor variation persists.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. "Summary" In: Years for Decision, Volume 2, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1977

8.	Roderick, Roger D. Davis, Joseph M.
8.	Correlates of Atypical Occupational Assignment Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Attitudes; Occupational Choice; Occupations, Female Controlling for race and education, the following variables were examined for their association with atypical assignment: marital status, current labor force status, hours usually worked on current or last job, residence at age 14, mother's education, whether or not mother worked when respondent was 14, "cultural exposure," attitude toward mothers working, plans for age 35, and motivation to work. Some evidence--however limited--of the effects of both formative influences and attitudes was found, thus the proposition that atypicality of assignment is entirely a random process, arising out of chance and discontinuous career patterns, was rejected. The effects of the variables appeared selectively across race and education groups. Atypical assignment was found not to be so severely constrained by either background or attitudinal set that entry to atypical occupations should be seriously restricted by those factors.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Joseph M. Davis. "Correlates of Atypical Occupational Assignment." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1972.

9.	Roderick, Roger D. Davis, Joseph M.
9.	Correlates of Atypicality of Occupational Assignment Among Young Women Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, 1972 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Employment; Occupations, Male; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the correlates of atypical occupational assignment. For both whites and blacks, women in atypical occupations are less educated and are from lower socioeconomic backgrounds as compared to those in typical occupations. Also, women in the atypical occupations are more likely to hold full-time jobs, to report stronger work attachment and to be extrinsically motivated in their labor market behavior. In addition, atypical workers usually attain higher rates of pay compared to atypicals.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Joseph M. Davis. "Correlates of Atypicality of Occupational Assignment Among Young Women." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, 1972.

10.	Roderick, Roger D. Davis, Joseph M.
10.	Knowledge of the World of Work In: Years for Decision, Volume 2, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1974 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Occupational Status; Tests and Testing; Unemployment; Wages; Work Knowledge; World of Work Test This article analyzes young women's 'knowledge of the world of work' in 1968 and 1969. Respondents were given a ten-question test to determine their familiarity with different occupations. The results were then compared with possible determinants, such as age, color, education, and other outside influences. Of these, color and education, as well as labor force experience, seem to have the greatest effect on the test scores. Some consequences of knowing the world of work appear to be higher pay, a lower rate of unemployment, and a white-collar job.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Joseph M. Davis. "Knowledge of the World of Work" In: Years for Decision, Volume 2, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1974

11.	Roderick, Roger D. Davis, Joseph M.
11.	Years for Decision, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Labor Market Experiences of Young Women Manpower Research Monograph 24, Volume 2. Washington DC: US GPO, 1974 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Behavior; Dropouts; Earnings; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Marital Status; Migration; Occupations, Female Data from both the first and second surveys of the NLS of Young Women are used to examine school enrollment and educational aspirations and their correlates. Findings show that as young women get older, they become more realistic in their aspirations. Also explored are changes in job status among out-of-school youth, such as change in rate of pay and interfirm and geographic movement. 'Knowledge of the world of work' appears to have a positive effect on rate of pay and unemployment. Some of young women's behavior patterns are compared with those of the young men, and differences are generally explained by the eighteen-month difference in first interview dates (Young Men-Oct. 1966; Young Women-Feb. 1968).
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Joseph M. Davis. Years for Decision, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Labor Market Experiences of Young Women. Manpower Research Monograph 24, Volume 2. Washington DC: US GPO, 1974.

12.	Roderick, Roger D. Kohen, Andrew I.
12.	Changes in Job Status of Employed Out-of-School Youth In: Years for Decision, Volume 3, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1976 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Marital Status; Mobility; Occupational Attainment; Residence; Training, Occupational; Wages; World of Work Test Almost half of the young women respondents who were employed and out of school changed employers from 1968 to 1970. Apparent correlates of interfirm movement include: education, occupation, length of service, prospective mobility, residence, and a change in marital status. Some consequences of changing employers are: change in rate of pay increases, a change in occupation, acquisition of occupational training, and a higher degree of job satisfaction.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Andrew I. Kohen. "Changes in Job Status of Employed Out-of-School Youth" In: Years for Decision, Volume 3, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1976

13.	Roderick, Roger D. Kohen, Andrew I.
13.	Stability and Change in Labor Force and Employment Status among Non-Students In: Years for Decision, Volume 3, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1976 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Employment; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Unemployment; Work Attachment Labor force participation of young women from 1968 to 1970 is examined using: (1) the mean number of weeks in the labor force during the 12- month period preceding the survey; (2) the percent of respondents spending 52 weeks in the labor force during the period; (3) the percent with any weeks of employment during the period; and (4) the mean number of weeks employed during the 12 months prior to a survey for those with any unemployment during the period. Just over 30 percent of the young women employed in 1968, who married between 1968 and 1970, had left the labor force by 1970. Unemployment seems to be more common and to occur for a longer time for high school dropouts than for those who completed high school. Education, however, appears to bear no regular relationship with change in unemployment experience.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Andrew I. Kohen. "Stability and Change in Labor Force and Employment Status among Non-Students" In: Years for Decision, Volume 3, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1976

14.	Roderick, Roger D. Kohen, Andrew I.
14.	Summary In: Years for Decision, Volume 3, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1976 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Educational Attainment; Job Satisfaction; Job Turnover; Marital Status; Mobility, Interfirm; Unemployment About two-fifths of the young women interviewed in 1968 had changed their plans for age 35 by the time of their interview in 1970. These revised plans are consistent with observed rates of labor force participation of women aged 35-44. Also, more young women are unemployed in 1970 than in 1968. Among non-married young women who were employed in 1968, 30 percent of those who married by 1970 withdrew from the labor force as opposed to only four percent of those who remained unmarried. Almost one-half of the nonstudent employed young women changed employers at least once between 1968 and 1970, with slightly fewer blacks having done so voluntarily. Other correlates of interfirm movement are a change in marital status, change in geographical location, change in occupation or rate of pay, acquisition of training, and a change in job satisfaction.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Andrew I. Kohen. "Summary" In: Years for Decision, Volume 3, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1976

15.	Roderick, Roger D. Kohen, Andrew I.
15.	Years for Decision, Volume 3: A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Labor Market Experience of Young Women Manpower Research Monograph 24, Volume 3. Washington DC: US GPO, 1976 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Children; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Employment; Fertility; Marital Status; Migration; Mobility, Interfirm; Occupational Aspirations Data from the first three interviews of Young Women aged 14-24 in January 1968 are used to study educational and labor market experience. School enrollment status and educational aspirations and their correlates from 1970 are examined and compared with the 1968 figures, as are the respondent's plans for age 35. Unemployment of nonstudents is explored and is found to be more common for high school dropouts than graduates. Education appears, however, to bear no regular relationship with change in unemployment experience. Correlates and consequences of interfirm movement are investigated, with almost half of the respondents who were employed and out of school changing employers from 1968 to 1970. Most consequences, such as rate of pay and degree of job satisfaction, appear to increase with interfirm movement.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and Andrew I. Kohen. Years for Decision, Volume 3: A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Labor Market Experience of Young Women. Manpower Research Monograph 24, Volume 3. Washington DC: US GPO, 1976.

16.	Roderick, Roger D. Shea, John R.
16.	Typing, Shorthand, and Occupational Assignments of Women: Some Black-White Differentials Report, Manpower Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1972 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Employment; High School Completion/Graduates; Racial Differences; Urbanization/Urban Living; Vocational Education The purpose of the paper is to examine some of the factors that may help explain aggregate black-white differences in having had typing and/or shorthand while in high school, and in having used such training in occupations ostensibly requiring typing and/or shorthand skills. Data are from the NLS of Young Women, with the subsets under consideration consisting of those who were full-time employees and had completed exactly 12 years of high school. While urban/non-urban variation in typing-shorthand training was slight, black youth from the urban South were less likely to have such training than were black youth from urban non-South. A positive relationship was found between mental ability and exposure to typing and shorthand. In terms of occupational assignment, typing and shorthand training was directly related to occupancy of clerical jobs in general, but a small proportion of those with such training (especially among blacks) were in jobs most likely to actually require typing and shorthand skills.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D. and John R. Shea. "Typing, Shorthand, and Occupational Assignments of Women: Some Black-White Differentials." Report, Manpower Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1972.

17.	Roderick, Roger D. Shea, John R. Kim, Sookon
17.	Unemployment Experiences of Nonstudents In: Years for Decision, Volume 1, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1971 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Marital Status; Minimum Wage; Occupational Status; Racial Differences; Unemployment; Wage Rates Unemployment of young female nonstudents is examined in order to ascertain how much influence demand conditions have on unemployment and to describe some personal correlates of unemployed out-of-school young women. Marital status, age, race, and educational attainment are all shown to be related to the employment rate. Occupation, attitude, and rate of pay all appear to be related as well. The federal minimum wage affects this last factor, however, and an analysis of this has not been done.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D., John R. Shea and Sookon Kim. "Unemployment Experiences of Nonstudents" In: Years for Decision, Volume 1, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1971

18.	Roderick, Roger D. Zeller, Frederick A. Davis, Joseph M.
18.	Employment Patterns In: Years for Decision, Volume 1, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1971 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Occupational Attainment; Wages This article examines the types of employment of young women and their relationship to race, marital and family status, education, and training, as well as labor market characteristics. Rate-of-pay is next examined, and is shown to correlate positively with educational attainment. Type of occupation appears to be related to rate of pay as well, although differently for whites than for blacks. Child care is also discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Roderick, Roger D., Frederick A. Zeller and Joseph M. Davis. "Employment Patterns" In: Years for Decision, Volume 1, Manpower Research Monograph 24. Washington DC: U.S. GPO, 1971

19.	Shea, John R. Kim, Sookon Roderick, Roger D.
19.	Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of the Labor Market Experience of Women Washington DC: US GPO, 1973 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Keyword(s): Family Influences; Health Factors; Job Satisfaction; Marital Status; Sex Roles; Wages; Wives Data from the first three stages of the study of 5,083 women who were 30 to 44 in 1967 are used to determine the labor market experience of women. How marital status, the number and ages of children present in the home, health attitudes and physical condition influence women's employment is discussed. Differences in job status are then examined through changes from 1967 to 1969 in rate of pay, job satisfaction, and employer. Correlates of interfirm movement are also investigated, as well as some consequences of job changing. Changing employers, as a rule, appears to be associated with a higher rate of pay and a higher degree of job satisfaction, and, among white women, a change in marital status.
	Bibliography Citation Shea, John R., Sookon Kim and Roger D. Roderick. Dual Careers, Volume 2: A Longitudinal Study of the Labor Market Experience of Women. Washington DC: US GPO, 1973.

20.	Shea, John R. Roderick, Roger D. Zeller, Frederick A. Kohen, Andrew I.
20.	Years for Decision, Volume 1: A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Labor market Experience of Young Women Manpower Research Monograph 24, Volume 1. Washington DC: US GPO, 1971 Cohort(s): Young Women Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Child Care; College Enrollment; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Background and Culture; High School; Job Training; Occupational Aspirations; Teenagers; Unemployment, Youth; Vocational Education Data from the initial survey of young women age 14-24 in 1968 are used to examine their labor market status, attitudes and previous training, education, and work experience. Plans for the future, not only for employment, but also for marriage, education and children are also examined including their impact on young women's labor market experiences. Unemployment, labor force participation, and occupational distribution of non-students, and the employment status of students are investigated, as are job attachment, rate of pay, child care arrangements, and family background. Due to the large variation in age, it was difficult to generalize for the entire sample, but subsequent surveys will lessen this discrepancy and permit a complete analysis of the group as a whole.
	Bibliography Citation Shea, John R., Roger D. Roderick, Frederick A. Zeller and Andrew I. Kohen. Years for Decision, Volume 1: A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Labor market Experience of Young Women. Manpower Research Monograph 24, Volume 1. Washington DC: US GPO, 1971.

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