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Author: Sandefur, Gary D.

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1.	Cook, Steven T. Delgado, Enilda Arbona Sandefur, Gary D.
1.	Coping with a Premaritally-Conceived Birth CDE Working Paper No. 98-18, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1998. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu:80/cde/cdewp/98-18ab.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center for Demography and Ecology Keyword(s): Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Economic Well-Being; Fertility; Marital Stability; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Race; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Residence Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Births that are conceived before a first marriage result in difficult decisions about where and with whom the mother should live, and how she should support herself and her child. These decisions are influenced by personal characteristics of the young mother and by her living arrangements and activities before the conception. We use data from the 1979-1992 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the distributions of living arrangements and the economic wellbeing of young women after a birth that results from a premarital pregnancy. Our findings show that approximately 37 percent of the young women who have such births live with their husbands in the year following the birth, while 1/3 live with their parents, 12 percent cohabit, and 18 percent are on their own and unmarried. Race, education, living arrangements prior to conception, and other characteristics of the mothers are associated with living arrangements and economic wellbeing after the birth has occurred. Available on-line only.
	Bibliography Citation Cook, Steven T., Enilda Arbona Delgado and Gary D. Sandefur. "Coping with a Premaritally-Conceived Birth." CDE Working Paper No. 98-18, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1998.

2.	Delgado, Enilda Arbona Sandefur, Gary D.
2.	Racial and Ethnic Differences in Legitimation Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies of racial and ethnic differences in the probability of legitimation tend to focus on the difference between African Americans and Whites, while omitting the legitimation rate of Latina women. During the 1975-78 period, "eight percent of premaritally conceived first births to black teenagers [were] being legitimated, whereas 58 percent of premaritally conceived first births to white teenagers were legitimated" (O'Connell and Moore, p23). Although, similar results were reported by Parnell et al., they also found the expectations of marital union formation to be important in determining racial differences in legitimation. Black women are less likely to anticipate an early marriage, but those that do are more likely to legitimate a premarital conception than white women with similar expectations. This paper explore differences in legitimation between blacks, Latinas, and whites. This is done by examining two key events: (1) a conception prior to marriage that is carried to term and (2) marriage subsequent to the conception of the child, either before or after the child is born. In addition, marriages that occur prior to birth are examined.
	Bibliography Citation Delgado, Enilda Arbona and Gary D. Sandefur. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Legitimation." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996.

3.	Hogan, Dennis P. Sandefur, Gary D. Shandra, Carrie L.
3.	Educational Attainment Process among Adolescents with Disabilities and Children of Parents with Disabilities Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007. Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70969 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Disability; Educational Attainment; Human Capital Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Educational attainment marks a vital step in the overall transition to adulthood, especially for members of at-risk populations. Some adolescents utilize education to substantially enhance their human capital while others make poor decisions or face circumstances that result in too little schooling. This paper expands on previous research by examining two groups of adolescents previously ignored in research on educational attainment — those with disabilities and those who are children of parents with disabilities. Our results examine the effect of disability on parental and youth college expectations in 1997 as well as youth high school completion and college enrollment in 2003. We find that parental and youth educational expectations strongly predict high school completion and college enrollment and that educational attainment is not equal for children with and without disabilities. Most interestingly, we find a large disparity between parental and youth educational expectations for children with disabilities net of educational performance.
	Bibliography Citation Hogan, Dennis P., Gary D. Sandefur and Carrie L. Shandra. "Educational Attainment Process among Adolescents with Disabilities and Children of Parents with Disabilities." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.

4.	Manski, Charles F. Sandefur, Gary D. McLanahan, Sara S. Powers, Daniel A.
4.	Alternative Estimates of the Effects of Family Structure During Childhood on High School Graduation Journal of the American Statistical Association 87,417 (March 1992): 25-37. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2290448 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Parental Influences; Racial Differences A good deal of research in the past few years has found significant relationships between family structure during childhood and various outcomes during the teen and early adult years. There may, however, be unmeasured variables which affect both family structure and teen or early adult outcomes. The apparent effects of family structure may be due to these unmeasured variables, which affect both the likelihood of maintaining an intact marriage and parenting effectiveness. The authors estimate a model that attempts to take this unmeasured heterogeneity into account. Another weakness of past studies is that they make very strong assumptions about the relationship between family structure and early outcomes. Relaxing these assumptions, estimate nonparametric bounds on the magnitude of the relationship between family structure and early outcomes are estimated.
	Bibliography Citation Manski, Charles F., Gary D. Sandefur, Sara S. McLanahan and Daniel A. Powers. "Alternative Estimates of the Effects of Family Structure During Childhood on High School Graduation." Journal of the American Statistical Association 87,417 (March 1992): 25-37.

5.	McLanahan, Sara S. Sandefur, Gary D.
5.	Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Childbearing; Children; Children, Home Environment; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Control; Economic Well-Being; Family Environment; Family Structure; High School Completion/Graduates; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Parents, Single; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. ...We base our conclusions on evidence taken from four nationally representative data sets, including three longitudinal surveys and a fourth survey with retrospective data on children's living arrangements growing up. (Each of these data sets, including the major variables, is described in detail in Appendix A.) We examine a wide variety of child outcomes, including high school grades and graduation, college attendance and graduation, early childbearing and marriage, and early labor force attachment. While this set of outcomes does not cover all aspects of well-being, we believe it is a good indicator of a child's chances of economic success in adulthood, defined as being able to support oneself at a standard of living above the poverty line and being able to maintain a steady income throughout the year and from one year to the next. While economic independence and security are not the only measures of success, in a market-oriented economy such as ours they are fundamental. Without some degree of economic independence, a person is unlikely to achieve high self-esteem or a sense of control over her life (psychological success). Nor is she likely to command the respect of her peers (social success). Financial dependence and insecurity also make it harder to achieve family stability and community cohesion, other indicators of social success...
	Bibliography Citation McLanahan, Sara S. and Gary D. Sandefur. Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.

6.	Park, Hyunjoon Sandefur, Gary D.
6.	Racial/Ethnic Differences in Voluntary and Involuntary Job Mobility Among Young Men Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 347-376. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X02000637 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Black Studies; Ethnic Differences; Hispanic Studies; Male Sample; Migration; Minorities Using the 1979-1994 waves of the NLSY-79 data, this study investigates racial/ethnic differences in the rates of voluntary and involuntary job mobility among young men. We find that there is no significant difference among racial/ethnic groups in the likelihood of voluntary job changing. However, blacks do suffer from job instability in that their likelihood of leaving jobs involuntarily is much higher than that of whites or Hispanics. Within the Hispanic population, Mexicans are more likely to experience involuntary job separation compared to whites, though they are not as likely to do so as are blacks. The results confirm the importance of separately analyzing the mechanisms and processes of voluntary and involuntary mobility in order to understand better the disadvantages of some groups in career development.
	Bibliography Citation Park, Hyunjoon and Gary D. Sandefur. "Racial/Ethnic Differences in Voluntary and Involuntary Job Mobility Among Young Men." Social Science Research 32,3 (September 2003): 347-376.

7.	Sandefur, Gary D. Cook, Steven T.
7.	Duration of Public Assistance Receipt: Is Welfare a Trap? Discussion Paper No. 1129-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, April 1997. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/dpabs97.htm#DP1129-97 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Family Characteristics; High School Diploma; Marital Status; Welfare; Work Experience Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to answer two questions about the effects of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program: (1) Does the length of time that one receives AFDC affect the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC? (2) What personal and family characteristics are associated with the long-term receipt of AFDC? The answer to the first question is that the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC decreases with the length of time that individuals receive benefits, after adjustments for other measured and unmeasured attributes of individuals and their families. The answer to the second question is that not having a high school diploma, never having married, having more than two children, and having little work experience are associated with long-term receipt. Many of the recipients who will reach the five-year limit imposed by the new federal legislation are in situations that make it difficult for them to support themselves and their families without public assistance. Abstract online.
	Bibliography Citation Sandefur, Gary D. and Steven T. Cook. "Duration of Public Assistance Receipt: Is Welfare a Trap?" Discussion Paper No. 1129-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, April 1997.

8.	Sandefur, Gary D. Cook, Steven T.
8.	Permanent Exits from Public Assistance: The Impact of Duration, Family, and Work Social Forces 77,2 (December 1998): 763-786. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3005546 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Exits; Marital Status; Welfare; Women's Studies Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to answer two questions raised in the recent debate over welfare reform: (1) Is the length of time that a woman receives Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) associated with the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC? (2) Are marital status, childbearing and qualifications for work associated with permanently leaving AFDC? We define a permanent exit as leaving the AFDC rolls and not returning within two years. The answer to the first question is that the likelihood of permanently leaving AFDC decreases with the length of time that women receive benefits after adjusting for other attributes of individuals and their families. This finding is robust across several, but not all, specifications of the model of permanent exits. The answer to the second question is that marital status, the number of children, and qualifications for work, as well as the availability of employment, are associated with the likelihood of leaving AFDC permanently. The effects of these characteristics are robust across all of the different specifications used in the analysis. Copyright: The University of North Carolina Press.
	Bibliography Citation Sandefur, Gary D. and Steven T. Cook. "Permanent Exits from Public Assistance: The Impact of Duration, Family, and Work." Social Forces 77,2 (December 1998): 763-786.

9.	Sandefur, Gary D. Cook, Steven T.
9.	Poverty and Welfare Duration Among Young Adults Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Education Indicators; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Fathers; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the poverty and welfare careers of young people during the period from late adolescence to young adulthood. During this period individuals are especially vulnerable to experiencing periods of poverty and to using public assistance programs. We describe differences in patterns of poverty and public assistance receipt for different racial and ethnic groups and for different social classes (as defined by parental education and fathers occupation. The study employs monthly data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to model welfare use for these age groups which are particularly vulnerable to becoming poor and/or using public assistance and to examine the appropriateness of different hazard models to describe the probability of exiting welfare programs. In addition parameters are included to capture the effects of unobserved heterogeneity on this probability.
	Bibliography Citation Sandefur, Gary D. and Steven T. Cook. "Poverty and Welfare Duration Among Young Adults." Presented: Miami, FL, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1994.

10.	Sandefur, Gary D. McLanahan, Sara S. Wojtkiewicz, Roger A.
10.	Race and Ethnicity, Family Structure, and High School Graduation Discussion Paper No. 893-89, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, August 1989 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Family Structure; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Minorities, Youth; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Using data from the 1979-1985 waves of the NLSY, this paper focuses on two questions: (1) Can racial and ethnic differences in family structure and single parenthood account for differences in high school graduation rates of white and minority youth? (2) What explains the relationship between family structure and school achievement? The authors find that parental education is more important than family structure in accounting for differences in schooling among whites, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Native Americans, and that family structure and parental education are equally important in accounting for differences between whites and blacks. Family income moderates some of the impact of family structure on children's graduation. Statistical controls for the endogeneity of family structure suggest that not all of the family structure effect on school graduation is due to unmeasured heterogeneity.
	Bibliography Citation Sandefur, Gary D., Sara S. McLanahan and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. "Race and Ethnicity, Family Structure, and High School Graduation." Discussion Paper No. 893-89, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, August 1989.

11.	Sandefur, Gary D. McLanahan, Sara S. Wojtkiewicz, Roger A.
11.	The Effects of Parental Marital Status During Adolescence on High School Graduation Social Forces 71,1 (September 1992): 103-121. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579968 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Structure; High School Completion/Graduates; Marital Status; Marriage; Parental Influences; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 1979-1985 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (total N = 5246 respondents ages 14-17 when first interviewed) are used to investigate the effects of family type on high school graduation. Analysis reveals that: (1) not living with both parents at age 14 has negative consequences for graduation regardless of whether the child lives with a single parent a parent and stepparent or neither parent; (2) changes in family structure between ages 14 and 17 have negative consequences; and (3) the effects of family structure and changes in it on graduation persist after controlling for income and some social psychological attributes of the adolescents; income accounts for approximately 15% of the single-parent effect. References. (Copyright Sociological Abstracts Inc. All rights reserved.)
	Bibliography Citation Sandefur, Gary D., Sara S. McLanahan and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. "The Effects of Parental Marital Status During Adolescence on High School Graduation." Social Forces 71,1 (September 1992): 103-121.

12.	Sandefur, Gary D. Wells, Thomas Eric
12.	Does Family Structure Really Influence Educational Attainment? Social Science Research 28,4 (December 1999): 331-357. Also: http://www.idealibrary.com/links/artid/ssre.1999.0648 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Academic Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Family Influences; Family Structure; Siblings This paper examines the effects of family structure on educational attainment after controlling for common family influences, observed and unobserved, using data from siblings. The use of sibling data permits us to examine whether the apparent effects of family structure are due to unmeasured characteristics of families that are common to siblings. The data come from pairs of siblings in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1992. The results suggest that taking into account the unmeasured family characteristics yields estimates of the effects of family structure on educational attainment that are smaller, but still statistically significant, than estimates based on analyses that do not take unmeasured family influences into account. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
	Bibliography Citation Sandefur, Gary D. and Thomas Eric Wells. "Does Family Structure Really Influence Educational Attainment?" Social Science Research 28,4 (December 1999): 331-357.

13.	Sandefur, Gary D. Wells, Thomas Eric
13.	Using Siblings to Investigate the Effects of Family Structure on Educational Attainment Discussion Paper No. 1144-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1997. Also: http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp114497.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Family Structure; Income; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the effects of family structure on educational attainment after controlling for common family influences, observed and unobserved, using data from siblings. The use of sibling data permits us to examine whether the apparent effects of family structure are due to unmeasured characteristics of families that are common to siblings. The data come from pairs of siblings in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1992. The results suggest that taking into account the unmeasured family characteristics yields estimates of the effects of family structure on educational attainment that are smaller, but still statistically significant, than estimates based on analyses that do not take unmeasured family influences into account.
	Bibliography Citation Sandefur, Gary D. and Thomas Eric Wells. "Using Siblings to Investigate the Effects of Family Structure on Educational Attainment." Discussion Paper No. 1144-97, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, September 1997.

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