Search Results

Author: Silver, Ian A.
Resulting in 10 citations.
1. Semenza, Daniel C.
Silver, Ian A.
Jackson, Dylan B.
Youth Incarceration in Adult Facilities and Mental Health in Early Adulthood
Journal of Adolescent Health (24 February 2024).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.008
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Incarceration/Jail; Young Adults

Purpose: To examine the relationship between youth incarceration in adult correctional facilities and mental health in early adulthood.

Methods: We analyzed nationally representative data from 1997 through 2019 (N = 8,961) using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. An ordinary least squares regression model using inverse probability weights was used to assess the influence of youth incarceration in an adult facility on average mental health scores from age 18 to 37.

Results: Respondents incarcerated in an adult facility as a youth had poorer average mental health than those not held in adult prisons or jails over the course of the study period. Those incarcerated for longer in adult facilities also exhibited more mental health symptoms.

Discussion: Young people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities experience poorer long-term mental health related to depression and anxiety in early adulthood.

Bibliography Citation
Semenza, Daniel C., Ian A. Silver and Dylan B. Jackson. "Youth Incarceration in Adult Facilities and Mental Health in Early Adulthood." Journal of Adolescent Health (24 February 2024).
2. Semenza, Daniel C.
Silver, Ian A.
Stansfield, Richard
Boen, Courtney
Concentrated Disadvantage and Functional Disability: A Longitudinal Neighbourhood Analysis in 100 US cities
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 77 (September 2023): 676-682.
Also: https://jech.bmj.com/content/77/10/676
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Keyword(s): Disability; Disadvantage, Neighborhood; Neighborhoods/Areas; Poverty; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Socioeconomic disadvantage related to poverty, unemployment and social disinvestment contributes to significant disparities in community health in the USA. Yet, there remains limited ecological research on the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and functional disability. Much of the work in this area has focused on elderly populations without attention to variation across age and sex groups.

Methods: Using a longitudinal dataset of almost 16,000 neighbourhoods, we examine the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and functional disability. Leveraging a series of cross-lagged panel models, we account for reciprocal dynamics and a range of pertinent covariates while assessing differences across age- and sex-specific groups.

Results: Accounting for reciprocal effects, we found that the association between concentrated disadvantage and functional disability varies across age and sex groups. Concentrated disadvantage is most consistently associated with increased functional disability among boys (5–17 years), young men (18–34 years) and middle-aged men (35–64 years). Similar associations are found among girls (5–17 years) and middle-aged women (35–64 years).

Conclusion: Local neighbourhood economic conditions are significantly associated with functional disability among relatively young populations of males and females. Exposure to neighbourhood disadvantage and deprivation may accelerate disablement processes and shift the age curve of disability risk. social disinvestment

Bibliography Citation
Semenza, Daniel C., Ian A. Silver, Richard Stansfield and Courtney Boen. "Concentrated Disadvantage and Functional Disability: A Longitudinal Neighbourhood Analysis in 100 US cities." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 77 (September 2023): 676-682.
3. Silver, Ian A.
Brookstein, Adrienne J.
D'Amato, Christopher
Juvenile Incarceration in an Adult Correctional Facility as a Risk Factor for Adolescent Childrearing?
Journal of Adolescence published online (5 October 2022): DOI: 10.1002/jad.12096.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jad.12096
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Incarceration/Jail; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Parenthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Methods: The current study examined the age-specific effects of time spent in adult correctional facilities from 13 to 34 years of age on childrearing between 14 and 35 years of age using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 (NLSY97). The NLSY97 is a nationally representative sample of Males (51%) and Females (49%) born in the United States. Respondents of the NLSY97 were interviewed about life events beginning at age 7 and continued to participate in the study as recently as 2021.

Results: The results of the lagged growth curve models suggest that the time spent incarcerated between 13 and 17 years of age heightens the risk of childrearing between 14 and 18 years of age, an effect that is not observed during adulthood.

Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A., Adrienne J. Brookstein and Christopher D'Amato. "Juvenile Incarceration in an Adult Correctional Facility as a Risk Factor for Adolescent Childrearing?" Journal of Adolescence published online (5 October 2022): DOI: 10.1002/jad.12096.
4. Silver, Ian A.
D'Amato, Christopher
The Within-individual Lagged Effects of Time Spent Incarcerated on Substance Use: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study from the United States
Journal of Substance Use published online (9 December 2021): DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.2006336.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14659891.2021.2006336
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Incarceration/Jail; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: The effects of incarceration on future substance use is well documented in the extant literature. Nevertheless, scholars have yet to examine the within-individual correspondence between the change in months incarcerated over time and the change in substance use over time.

Aim: Considering this gap in the literature, the purpose of the current study is to evaluate whether within-individual changes in months incarcerated is associated with subsequent within-individual changes in substance use.

Method: The current study examines the influence of the change in the number months incarcerated (2004-2009) on alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and hard drug use (2005-2010) using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). The within-individual effects were estimated using four lagged latent growth models.

Result: The results demonstrated that within-individual change in the months spent incarcerated influenced the change in the likelihood of substance use over time. Within-individual increases in the number of months an individual spent incarcerated over time (2004-2009) was associated with within-individual decreases in the frequency of cigarette and marijuana use, but within-individual increases in the likelihood of hard drug use from 2005 to 2010.

Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A. and Christopher D'Amato. "The Within-individual Lagged Effects of Time Spent Incarcerated on Substance Use: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study from the United States." Journal of Substance Use published online (9 December 2021): DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.2006336.
5. Silver, Ian A.
D'Amato, Christopher
Wooldredge, John
Exacerbating Inequality Over the Life-Course: Examining Race Differences in the Reciprocal Effects Between Incarceration and Income
Social Forces published online (12 September 2023).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad113
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Black Studies; Criminal Justice System; Earnings; Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Income; Racial Equality/Inequality

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Relative to Whites, Blacks face lower odds of gaining employment with notable wages while also facing longer terms of incarceration when sent to jail or prison for criminal offenses. Although a variety of factors contribute to these patterns, the time a Black individual spends incarcerated could decrease future earnings, whereas lower earnings could increase the time spent incarcerated. Nevertheless, prior research has yet to consider—or evaluate—the reciprocal association between income and incarceration, limiting our ability to discern how involvement in the criminal justice system contributes to the racial gap in income between Black and Whites. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the current study evaluated the influence of time spent incarcerated and income on future time spent incarcerated and income of Blacks and Whites. A lagged Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals was estimated to examine the between- and within-individual reciprocal effects of months incarcerated and income. The findings suggested that a 1 month increase in time spent incarcerated for Blacks resulted in a 300–600 dollar decrease in income during the subsequent measurement period, an effect that was not observed for Whites. It appears that time spent incarcerated reduces future earnings for justice-involved Blacks. Overall, findings suggest that the criminal justice system contributes to the income gap that exists more generally between Blacks and Whites in the United States.
Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A., Christopher D'Amato and John Wooldredge. "Exacerbating Inequality Over the Life-Course: Examining Race Differences in the Reciprocal Effects Between Incarceration and Income ." Social Forces published online (12 September 2023).
6. Silver, Ian A.
D'Amato, Christopher
Wooldredge, John
The Cycle of Reentry and Reincarceration: Examining the Influence on Employment over a Period of 18 Years
Journal of Criminal Justice 74 (May-June 2021): 101812.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235221000325
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Employment; Incarceration/Jail

Methods: Using the NLSY97 birth cohort, the current study evaluated the influence of time spent incarcerated (an approximation of the reentry-reincarceration cycle) on future employment outcomes over an 18-year period. Specifically, two cross-lagged panel models were estimated to examine the between-individual effects of the number of months incarcerated on employment and the number of weeks employed, while two lagged latent growth models were estimated to examine the within-individual effects.

Results: In addition to suggesting that the reentry-reincarceration cycle exists, the findings illustrated that the reentry-reincarceration cycle influences between-individual differences on employment outcomes and within-individual changes in employment outcomes over time.

Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A., Christopher D'Amato and John Wooldredge. "The Cycle of Reentry and Reincarceration: Examining the Influence on Employment over a Period of 18 Years." Journal of Criminal Justice 74 (May-June 2021): 101812.
7. Silver, Ian A.
Kelsay, James D.
Examining an Indirect Pathway from the Variety of Stressful Life Events to Violent Victimization through Acquired Psychological Symptoms
Justice Quarterly published online (17 May 2021): DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2021.1916062.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418825.2021.1916062
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
Keyword(s): Arrests; Bullying/Victimization; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Modeling, Structural Equation; Psychological Effects; Stress

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The effects of stressful life events on violent victimization have been well established. The existing literature, however, remains relatively limited in examining the indirect association between stressful life events and violent victimization through acquired psychological processes. The current study examines the mediating effects of the co-occurrence of negative psychological symptoms (adverse psychological effects) on the association between stressful life events and violent victimization. The results of two structural equation models, estimated using the NLSY 1997 cohort, demonstrate that a variety of stressful life events and violent victimization had a positive indirect effect on violent victimization through adverse psychological effects. The results were only slightly attenuated when self-reported number of arrests was introduced as a covariate of violent victimization in the SEM. The findings suggest that exposure to a variety of stressful life events and violent victimization can influence psychological symptoms and increase subsequent violent victimization.
Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A. and James D. Kelsay. "Examining an Indirect Pathway from the Variety of Stressful Life Events to Violent Victimization through Acquired Psychological Symptoms." Justice Quarterly published online (17 May 2021): DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2021.1916062.
8. Silver, Ian A.
Kelsay, James D.
Lonergan, Holly
Illegal Drug Use, Depressive Symptoms, and General Health: Exploring Co-occurrence across 11 Years in a National Sample
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs published online (23 March 2022): DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2053003.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2022.2053003
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The co-occurrence of illegal drug use, symptoms of depression, and a lower perception of general health among adolescents continues to be of substantive interest for researchers and the general public alike. Research on this topic, however, remains relatively stagnant, focusing on narrow developmental periods and each association independently, with limited consideration for the existence of a nexus between the three constructs as individuals age. Considering these limitations, the current study examines the longitudinal progression, from adolescence to early adulthood, of illegal drug use, symptoms of depression, and a lower perception of general health. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97; N = 8,984), measures over an eleven-year data collection period, and between-and within-individual analytical strategies were used to evaluate the nexus between the constructs. The findings suggested that illegal drug use, depressive symptoms, and general health at previous time periods directly and indirectly predicted illegal drug use, depressive symptoms, and general health at subsequent time periods. Moreover, the within-individual change in illegal drug use was associated with the change in depressive symptoms, and the change in depressive symptoms was associated with the change in general health. Practitioners should consider this co-occurrence when treating symptoms related to illegal drug use, symptoms of depression, and physical health.
Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A., James D. Kelsay and Holly Lonergan. "Illegal Drug Use, Depressive Symptoms, and General Health: Exploring Co-occurrence across 11 Years in a National Sample." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs published online (23 March 2022): DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2053003.
9. Silver, Ian A.
Semenza, Daniel C.
D'Amato, Christopher
Parental Incarceration and Within-Individual Changes in Criminal Justice Involvement Across Developmental Stages
Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 9,4 (December 2023): 590-616.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40865-023-00237-y
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Criminal Justice System; Incarcerated/Jailed Individuals; Incarceration/Jail; Incarceration/Jail, Parental; Life Course; Life Course Periods; Piecewise Latent Growth Model

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The current study examines the association between parental incarceration and the change in the number of arrests and number of months incarcerated across three life-course periods. Examining individuals’ involvement in the criminal justice system throughout the life-course is a well-documented area of research in criminology. However, limited research has examined how factors such as parental incarceration shape criminal justice involvement across different key life-course stages. To conduct the current study, we employed the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 (NLSY97) and used conditional piecewise latent growth models. The NLYS97 is a nationally representative dataset of individuals born in the United States between 1980 and 1984. We evaluated whether parental incarceration (before 16)—both paternal and maternal—influences within-individual changes in the number of arrests and months incarcerated between 17 and 25 years (late-adolescence), 26 and 30 years (early-adulthood), and 31 and 35 years (adulthood). The results show that parental incarceration differentially influences the change in the number of arrests and number of months incarcerated across the three life-course periods. Moreover, the magnitude and direction differ by the parent incarcerated and the race of the participant. The findings suggest that factors associated with parental incarceration might be associated with differential effects on criminal justice involvement across key life-course periods. To reduce the likelihood of CJS involvement as adolescents age into adulthood, interventions should be implemented to protect children from the social, economic, and health-related harms of having a parent go to prison.
Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A., Daniel C. Semenza and Christopher D'Amato. "Parental Incarceration and Within-Individual Changes in Criminal Justice Involvement Across Developmental Stages." Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 9,4 (December 2023): 590-616.
10. Silver, Ian A.
Semenza, Daniel C.
Nedelec, Joseph L.
Incarceration of Youths in an Adult Correctional Facility and Risk of Premature Death
JAMA Network Open published online (5 July 2023).
Also: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2806838
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Medical Association
Keyword(s): Death, Premature; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health, Physical; Incarceration/Jail; Mortality; Mortality, Early; Youth Incarceration; Youth Studies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Importance: Youths incarcerated in adult correctional facilities are exposed to a variety of adverse circumstances that could diminish psychological and physical health, potentially leading to early mortality.

Objective: To evaluate whether being incarcerated in an adult correctional facility as a youth was associated with mortality between 18 and 39 years of age.

Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study relied on longitudinal data collected from 1997 to 2019 as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997, a nationally representative sample of 8984 individuals born in the United States between January 1, 1980, and December 1, 1984. The data analyzed for the current study were derived from annual interviews between 1997 and 2011 and interviews every other year from 2013 to 2019 (19 interviews in total). Participants were limited to respondents aged 17 years or younger during the 1997 interview and alive during their 18th birthday (8951 individuals; >99% of the original sample). Statistical analysis was performed from November 2022 to May 2023.

Intervention: Incarceration in an adult correctional facility before the age of 18 years compared with being arrested before the age of 18 years or never arrested or incarcerated before the age of 18 years.

Main outcomes and measures: The main outcome for the study was age at mortality between 18 and 39 years of age.

Results: The sample of 8951 individuals included 4582 male participants (51%), 61 American Indian or Alaska Native participants (1%), 157 Asian participants (2%), 2438 Black participants (27%), 1895 Hispanic participants (21%), 1065 participants of other race (12%), and 5233 White participants (59%). A total of 225 participants (3%) died during the study period, with a mean (SD) age at death of 27.7 (5.9) years. Incarceration in an adult correctional facility before the age of 18 years was associated with an increased risk of earlier mortality between 1 8 and 39 years of age compared with individuals who were never arrested or incarcerated before the age of 18 years (time ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.95). Being arrested before the age of 18 years was associated with an increased risk of earlier mortality between 18 and 39 years of age when compared with individuals who were never arrested or incarcerated before the age of 18 years (time ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.73-0.93).

Conclusions and relevance: In this cohort study of 8951 youths, the survival model suggested that being incarcerated in an adult correctional facility may be associated with an increased risk of early mortality between 18 and 39 years of age.

Bibliography Citation
Silver, Ian A., Daniel C. Semenza and Joseph L. Nedelec. "Incarceration of Youths in an Adult Correctional Facility and Risk of Premature Death." JAMA Network Open published online (5 July 2023).