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Author: Stifel, David C.

Resulting in 4 citations.

1.	Averett, Susan L. Stifel, David C.
1.	Food for Thought: The Cognitive Effects of Childhood Malnutrition in the United States Working Paper, Department of Economics & Business, Lafayette College, June 2007. Also presented at the 2006 Annual Conference of the Population Association of America (PAA); 2006 Economics and Human Biology Annual Conference. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, Lafayette College Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Endogeneity; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Variables, Instrumental; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An earlier version was presented at the 2006 Population Association of America Annual Conference, the 2006 Eastern Economic Association Annual Conference, and the 2006 Economics and Human Biology Annual Conference. The U.S. faces two types of childhood malnutrition – the prevalence of overweight children has increased dramatically over the past two decades and the degree of underweight has been unacceptably high. Both forms of malnutrition create public health problems. Less is known about how childhood over- or underweight affects a child's cognitive functioning. We use data from the children of the NLSY79 to investigate the cognitive consequences of child malnutrition. We use several estimation methods to control for various forms of endogeneity. Our results suggest that malnourished children tend have lower cognitive abilities when compared to well-nourished children.
	Bibliography Citation Averett, Susan L. and David C. Stifel. "Food for Thought: The Cognitive Effects of Childhood Malnutrition in the United States." Working Paper, Department of Economics & Business, Lafayette College, June 2007. Also presented at the 2006 Annual Conference of the Population Association of America (PAA); 2006 Economics and Human Biology Annual Conference.

2.	Averett, Susan L. Stifel, David C.
2.	Race and Gender Differences in The Cognitive Effects of Childhood Overweight Applied Economics Letters 17,17 (March 2010): 1673-1679. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504850903251256 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998) Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Gender Differences; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences; Variables, Instrumental; Weight The increase in the prevalence of overweight children (ages 6-13 years) in the United States over the past two decades is likely to result in adverse public health consequences. We use data from the children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to investigate an additional consequence of childhood overweight - its effect on relative cognitive development. To control for unobserved heterogeneity, we estimate individual (child) fixed effect (FE) models and instrumental variable (IV) models. Although recent research suggests that there is a negligible effect of childhood overweight on cognitive ability, our results demonstrate that the effects are uncovered when examining the relationship separately by race. In particular, we find that overweight white boys have math and reading scores approximately an SD lower than the mean. Overweight white girls have lower math scores whereas overweight black boys and girls have lower reading scores. Our results suggest that in addition to well-documented health consequences, overweight children may also be at risk in terms of experiencing adverse education outcomes, which could lead to lower future wages. Also in: The Applied Economics of Weight and Obesity, Edited by Mark P. Taylor; Routledge, 2013; pp.68-74.
	Bibliography Citation Averett, Susan L. and David C. Stifel. "Race and Gender Differences in The Cognitive Effects of Childhood Overweight." Applied Economics Letters 17,17 (March 2010): 1673-1679.

3.	Averett, Susan L. Stifel, David C.
3.	The Economic Determinants and Cognitive Effects of Childhood Malnutrition in the United States Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); State-Level Data/Policy; Variables, Instrumental Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The U.S. is currently facing a two-pronged battle against child malnutrition -- the prevalence of overweight children has increased dramatically over the past two decades and the percentage of children who are underweight remains unacceptably high. Both forms of malnutrition create well-known public health problems. But, less is known about how childhood over- or underweight affect cognitive functioning, behavior or self-esteem. In this research, we use data from the NLSY to investigate the causes of childhood malnutrition using quantile regression methods. We then use these findings and instrumental variables methods to separately estimate the effects of child malnutrition on self-esteem, cognitive functioning and behavior problems. We use county and state level data on availability of fast food outlets and fast food prices, and school district level data on soda consumption and physical education requirements as instruments to identify the effect of malnutrition on these child outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Averett, Susan L. and David C. Stifel. "The Economic Determinants and Cognitive Effects of Childhood Malnutrition in the United States." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America (PAA) Annual Meetings, March-April 2006.

4.	Stifel, David C. Averett, Susan L.
4.	Childhood Overweight in the United States: A Quantile Regression Approach Economics and Human Biology 7,3 (December 2009): 387–397. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X09000446 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birth Order; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Gender Differences; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Weight The prevalence of overweight children in the United States has increased dramatically over the past two decades, and is creating well-known public health problems. Moreover, there is also evidence that children who are not overweight are becoming heavier. We use quantile regression models along with standard ordinary least squares (OLS) models to explore the correlates of childhood weight status and overweight as measured by the Body Mass Index (BMI). This approach allows the effects of covariates to vary depending on where in the BMI distribution a child is located. Our results indicate that OLS masks some of the important correlates of child BMI at the upper and lower tails of the weight distribution. For example, mother's education has no effect on black children, but is associated with improvements in BMI for overweight white boys and underweight white girls. Conversely, mother's cognitive aptitude has no effect on white boys, but is associated with BMI improvements for underweight black children and overweight white girls. Further, we find that underweight white children and black girls experience similar improvements in BMI as they get older, but that for black boys there is little if any association between age and BMI anywhere in the BMI distribution.
	Bibliography Citation Stifel, David C. and Susan L. Averett. "Childhood Overweight in the United States: A Quantile Regression Approach." Economics and Human Biology 7,3 (December 2009): 387–397. A.

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