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Author: Ward, Shannon

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1.	Ward, Shannon Williams, Jenny
1.	Does Juvenile Delinquency Reduce Educational Attainment? Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, July 2014. Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2469675 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. Keyword(s): College Graduates; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the effect of delinquency in youth on subsequent educational attainment. To do so, we focus on delinquent acts committed by age 16 and examine their impact on two measures of educational attainment: high school graduation and college graduation. Using information on males from the extremely rich National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we find plausible evidence that delinquency by age 16 reduces the likelihood of graduating from high school and college. This effect is driven by early initiators, those who offend intensely, and by those whose delinquent activities involve income generating acts. Importantly, the impact of delinquency on education is not confined to those who have interaction with the criminal justice system, or gang members. Further analysis suggests that a mechanism through which delinquency impacts on education is expected returns to crime, as reflected by subjective beliefs about the probability of arrest for a property crime. This effect is stronger for those of higher ability and is robust to accounting for attitude to risk.
	Bibliography Citation Ward, Shannon and Jenny Williams. "Does Juvenile Delinquency Reduce Educational Attainment?" Working Paper, Social Science Research Network, July 2014.

2.	Ward, Shannon Williams, Jenny
2.	Does Juvenile Delinquency Reduce Educational Attainment? Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 12,4 (December 2015): 716-756. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jels.12090/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): College Degree; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article investigates the effect of delinquency in youth on subsequent educational attainment. To do so, we focus on delinquent acts committed by age 16 and examine their impact on two measures of educational attainment: high school graduation and college graduation. Using information on males from the extremely rich National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we find plausible evidence that delinquency by age 16 reduces the likelihood of graduating from high school and college. This effect is driven by early initiators, those who offend intensely, and by those whose delinquent activities involve income-generating acts. Importantly, the impact of delinquency on education is not confined to those who have interaction with the criminal justice system, or gang members. Further analysis suggests that a channel through which delinquency impacts education is expected returns to crime, as reflected by subjective beliefs about the probability of arrest for a property crime.
	Bibliography Citation Ward, Shannon and Jenny Williams. "Does Juvenile Delinquency Reduce Educational Attainment?" Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 12,4 (December 2015): 716-756.

3.	Ward, Shannon Williams, Jenny van Ours, Jan C.
3.	Bad Behavior: Delinquency, Arrest and Early School Leaving IZA Discussion Paper No. 9248, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2015. Also: http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=9248 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Arrests; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Income; Male Sample; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; School Dropouts Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper we investigate the effects of delinquency and arrest on school leaving using information on males from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. We use a multivariate mixed proportional hazard framework in order to account for common unobserved confounders and reverse causality. Our key finding is that delinquency as well as arrest leads to early school leaving. Further investigation reveals that the effect of delinquency is largely driven by income generating crimes, and the effect of both income generating crime and arrest are greater when onset occurs at younger ages. These findings are consistent with a criminal capital accumulation mechanism. On the basis of our sample, we show that taking into account the proportion of young men affected by delinquency and arrest, that the overall reduction in education due to delinquency is at least as large as the reduction due to arrest. This highlights the need for crime prevention efforts to extend beyond youth who come into contact with the justice system.
	Bibliography Citation Ward, Shannon, Jenny Williams and Jan C. van Ours. "Bad Behavior: Delinquency, Arrest and Early School Leaving." IZA Discussion Paper No. 9248, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), August 2015.

4.	Ward, Shannon Williams, Jenny van Ours, Jan C.
4.	Delinquency, Arrest and Early School Leaving Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics published online (17 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/obes.12393. Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obes.12393 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; School Dropouts Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Boys typically initiate delinquent behaviour during their teenage years, and many go on to be arrested. We show that engaging in delinquency and being arrested in youth are each associated with early school leaving. The effect of delinquency on school leaving is largely driven by crimes that produce a monetary return, and the increase in school leaving is greater when onset of these types of crime, and arrest, occur at younger ages. The sizeable impact of delinquency on school leaving highlights the need for crime prevention efforts to extend beyond youth who come into contact with the justice system.
	Bibliography Citation Ward, Shannon, Jenny Williams and Jan C. van Ours. "Delinquency, Arrest and Early School Leaving." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics published online (17 July 2020): DOI: 10.1111/obes.12393.

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