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Author: Witteveen, Dirk

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1.	Witteveen, Dirk
1.	Early Career Trajectories: Precarity and Timing within Labor Market Entry Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Gender Differences; Job Characteristics; Labor Force Participation; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Research on job precarity and job stability have largely neglected the labor market trajectories in which these employment and non-employment situations are experienced. This study addresses the mechanisms of volatility and precarity in observed work histories of labor market entrants using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1997. Several ideal-typical post-education pathways are modeled for respondents entering the labor force between 1997 and 2010, with varying indicators and degrees of precarity. A series of predictive models indicate that women, racial-ethnic minorities, and lower social class labor market entrants are significantly more likely to be exposed to the most precarious early careers. Moreover, leaving the educational system with a completed associate's, bachelor's, or post-graduate degree is protective of experiencing the most unstable types of career pattern. While adjusting for these individual-level background and education variables, the findings also reveal a form of 'scarring' as regional unemployment level is a significant macro-economic predictor of experiencing a more hostile and turbulent early career. These pathways lead to considerable earnings penalties five years after labor market entry.
	Bibliography Citation Witteveen, Dirk. "Early Career Trajectories: Precarity and Timing within Labor Market Entry." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017.

2.	Witteveen, Dirk
2.	Encouraged or Discouraged? The Effect of Adverse Macroeconomic Conditions on School Leaving and Reentry Sociology of Education published online (24 September 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0038040720960718. Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0038040720960718 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); College Enrollment; Cross-national Analysis; Economic Changes/Recession; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Swedish Level of Living Survey Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Existing research generally confirms a countercyclical education enrollment, whereby youths seek shelter in the educational system to avoid hardships in the labor market: the "discouraged worker" thesis. Alternatively, the "encouraged worker" thesis predicts that economic downturns steer individuals away from education because of higher opportunity costs. This study provides a formal test of these opposing theories using data from the United States compared with similar sources from the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. I investigate whether macroeconomic stimuli--including recessions and youth unemployment fluctuations--matter for enrollment decisions. Analyses rely on 10 years of detailed individual-level panel data, consisting of birth cohorts across several decades. Across data sources, results show enrollment persistence in secondary education is stronger in response to economic downturns. These patterns differ sharply for tertiary-enrolled students and those who recently left higher education. Surprisingly, U.S. youths display an increased hazard of school leaving and a decreased hazard of educational reenrollment in response to adverse conditions. In contrast, European youths tend to make enrollment decisions supportive of discouraged-worker mechanisms or insensitivity to adverse conditions. The U.S.-specific encouraged-worker mechanism might be explained by the relative importance of market forces in one's early career and the high costs of university attendance, which induces risk aversion with regard to educational investment. The discussion addresses the consequences for educational inequality.
	Bibliography Citation Witteveen, Dirk. "Encouraged or Discouraged? The Effect of Adverse Macroeconomic Conditions on School Leaving and Reentry." Sociology of Education published online (24 September 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0038040720960718.

3.	Witteveen, Dirk
3.	Macro-economic Effects on Educational Reenrollment: Human Capital Catch-Up or Acquired Risk Aversion? Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Economic Changes/Recession Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Studies have found a range of individual-level effects on either higher or lower likelihoods of educational reenrollment, such as social origin, age, gender, race, and family formation. However, forces applicable to the early career phase have remained understudied in relation to reenrollment patterns. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, this study reveals the impact of the macro-economic climate upon labor market entry on educational reenrollment, adjusted for individual-level background factors. Confirming human capital theory, we find that high school graduates and college dropouts are more likely to reenroll if unemployment rises. Yet contrary to the idea of educational refreshing or updating, both lower- and higher-educated individuals are less likely to return to the educational system if they entered a recessionary labor market. This is explained by an (acquired) risk aversion mechanism.
	Bibliography Citation Witteveen, Dirk. "Macro-economic Effects on Educational Reenrollment: Human Capital Catch-Up or Acquired Risk Aversion?" Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.

4.	Witteveen, Dirk
4.	Premature Death Risk from Young Adulthood Incarceration The Sociological Quarterly published online (28 June 2021): DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Mortality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data, a comprehensive treatment model indicates a strong positive influence of incarceration on premature death risk. Models adjust for numerous covariates of mortality, including demographics, family background, and a range of health and behavioral indicators measured during childhood, as well as selection into incarceration (“treatment”). This study expands extant research by observing much longer panel data, closer to the mortality curve. The main treatment effect reveals risk of premature death by one’s mid-fifties being increased by 13.9 percentage-points. Results also indicate that young adulthood incarceration shortens lives equally for Blacks and non-Blacks.
	Bibliography Citation Witteveen, Dirk. "Premature Death Risk from Young Adulthood Incarceration." The Sociological Quarterly published online (28 June 2021): DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1923379.

5.	Witteveen, Dirk
5.	The Trajectory from School to Work. A Study of Life Chances of School Leavers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, City University of New York, 2018 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Swedish Level of Living Survey; Transition, School to Work Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The school-to-work transition is traditionally perceived as a one-time event; moving from education to one's first job. In response to the increased complexity within today’s relationship between education and work, the research in this dissertation takes a different approach to the study of inequality and stratification. It considers the life phase between these two institutions as a trajectory -- a pathway of several years wherein school careers and work careers overlap and interact. Given the longitudinal approach, this study starts with a comparison of patterns of school-to-work trajectories in four distinct welfare state regimes: the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. By aligning the individual pathways of individuals between age 16 (enrolled in high school) and age 25, social sequence analysis enabled us to reveal sharp differences in school leaving pace, school enrollment, and instability of early work careers. The analyses suggest that the variation in selection and sorting within youth careers can be largely explained by indicators of the different welfare state regimes. Based on comparisons of younger and older birth cohorts there is evidence supporting convergence theory of welfare states – early careers liberal states are becoming less volatile, while those in social-democratic states are becoming more insecure.
	Bibliography Citation Witteveen, Dirk. The Trajectory from School to Work. A Study of Life Chances of School Leavers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, City University of New York, 2018.

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