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Cohort: NLSY79
Resulting in 6691 citations.
1501. Damaske, Sarah
Frech, Adrianne
Wething, Hilary
The Life Course of Unemployment: The Timing and Relative Degree of Risk
Damaske, S., Frech, A., & Wething, H. (2023). The Life Course of Unemployment: The Timing and Relative Degree of Risk. Work and Occupations, 0(0).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884231162949
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Employment; Employment, History; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to identify group-based trajectories of unemployment risk as workers age in the United States. Our novel methodological approach reveals 73% of full-time workers spend much of their 20, 30, and 40 s with a relatively low risk of unemployment. The remaining sizable minority varies in the timing and relative degree of their unemployment risk. Eighteen percent experience early career unemployment risk into their early thirties, well after the transition to adulthood. Chronic unemployment characterizes the labor market experiences of the remaining 9%. When expanding the sample to all workers, we find two key differences: the overall prevalence of unemployment is greater each year for all groups and the distribution of respondents across groups differs, with fewer workers experiencing Lower unemployment and more workers experiencing Early Career or Higher unemployment. Unemployment risk is shaped by experiences of long-term unemployment in young adulthood and early labor market constraints. Moreover, while men and women appear equally at risk of Early career unemployment, men are particularly at risk of Higher unemployment. Black workers were significantly more likely to be at risk of Higher unemployment, but only slightly more likely to be at risk of Early career unemployment. Since Early career unemployment risk gives way to steadier work for most, this suggests that some men and some Black workers face disproportionately high levels of employment precarity. Our findings point to the importance of a life course approach for understanding the relationship between unemployment and labor market precarity.
Bibliography Citation
Damaske, Sarah, Adrianne Frech and Hilary Wething. "The Life Course of Unemployment: The Timing and Relative Degree of Risk." Damaske, S., Frech, A., & Wething, H. (2023). The Life Course of Unemployment: The Timing and Relative Degree of Risk. Work and Occupations, 0(0).
1502. Daniel, Kermit
Does Marriage Make Men More Productive?
Report No. 92-2, Chicago IL: Population Research Center, NORC, 1992
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC
Keyword(s): Behavior; Dual-Career Families; Family Size; Marital Disruption; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Wages; Wives, Work; Work Hours/Schedule

Married men receive higher wages than single men. It is well-documented that this difference remains even when one controls for a vast array of worker and job traits. The remaining marriage premium is as large as differences associated with race or union status, and it exhibits features suggesting that it reflects systematic differences in productivity between married and single men. In order to explore whether being married causes men to be more productive, the authors developed and tested a model of productivity augmentation within marriage. The model is based on the idea that whatever the exact mechanism, productivity augmentation is likely to require the input of the spouse's time. The model produces several testable implications, and preliminary empirical results from the NLSY support the model. It is consistent with differences in the marriage premium associated with sex and race, as well as with individual-level variation in the marriage premium and with its aggregate time-series behavior. Marriage may make men more productive.
Bibliography Citation
Daniel, Kermit. "Does Marriage Make Men More Productive?" Report No. 92-2, Chicago IL: Population Research Center, NORC, 1992.
1503. Daniel, Kermit
Black, Dan A.
Smith, Jeffrey A.
Racial Differences in the Effects of College Quality and Student Body Diversity on Wages
In: Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action. G. Orfield, ed. Cambridge MA: Harvard Education Publishing Group, 2001: pp. 221-231
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Harvard Eduation Publishing Group
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Models

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This chapter presents a study which used data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine racial differences in the effects of college quality and student diversity on wages. The study investigated whether the economic benefit of college quality might be higher for groups helped by diversity programs and whether a racially diverse student body would directly benefit all students. The NLSY provided data on student characteristics and demographics, student ability, college attended, and post-college wages. For each respondent who attended college, researchers collected data on college characteristics from the U.S. Department of Education's Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System and U.S. News and World Report's Directory of Colleges and Universities. There was a much larger effect of college quality on the later wages of blacks than non-blacks. Attending a college with moderate student diversity, as measured by the fraction of black students, raised earnings for both black and non-black men. For women, there was a weaker effect that applied only to black women. In regard to the effects of college quality on black and non-black students, there was an effect on black male students from three to four times as large as that for non-black male students. (SM) Copyright ERIC.
Bibliography Citation
Daniel, Kermit, Dan A. Black and Jeffrey A. Smith. "Racial Differences in the Effects of College Quality and Student Body Diversity on Wages" In: Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action. G. Orfield, ed. Cambridge MA: Harvard Education Publishing Group, 2001: pp. 221-231
1504. Danyal, Shah
Three Essays on Investment in Human Capital
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Middle Tennessee State University, May 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation deals with three interrelated essays on investment in human capital which are covered in chapters two, three, and four. In the purview of the human capital theory, prominent economists have addressed the role of new and better skills in creating job opportunities for workers, not only to find and hold on to jobs, but also to improve their living standards through higher earnings by upgrading their skills. Many researchers have also addressed the role of education on health and lifestyle choices with mixed findings.

In chapter two, we investigate the "Impact of Computer Skills on Wages" in the U.S. using NLSY79 panel data set, staggered every two years from 2000-2006 for a cross-section of 12,686 individuals. Specifically, the essay examines the controversy in the literature whether there is a wage premium due to the acquirement of computer skills by individuals confirming the skill biased technological change (SBTC) hypothesis. By defining computer skills as having a computer with Microsoft Windows or NT, at home and using the fixed- effects model and the instrumental variable technique, the study finds that individuals possessing computer skill do, indeed, earn a wage premium, confirming the SBTC hypothesis.

Chapter three titled "Effects of Education on Health: A Panel Data Study from NLSY" investigates the effect of educational attainment on the individual's health status as measured by the inability to work for health reasons. Based on the unique data set and the Arellano-Bond estimation methodology, the study finds that educational attainment has a positive effect on the quality of an individual's health status. The chapter also bridges the gap in the literature by using the robust fixed-effects model and Arellano-Bond to analyze the impact of education on the health status after controlling for the unobserved individual heterogeneity and the endogeneity problem arising from the interaction between education and the measur e of the health status.

The third essay, "Impact of Education on Lifestyle Choices: A Panel Data Study from NLSY79," examines the effect of education on different lifestyle variables using NLSY79 panels for 1992 1994 and 1998 in chapter 4. Using smoking, drinking, marijuana use, and cocaine use as lifestyle variables, the study addresses the joint determination of lifestyle variables within the framework of Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model. After controlling for the unobserved individuals heterogeneity by robust fixed-effects model extended to SUR model, the study finds that educational attainment does not necessarily have a significant effect on lifestyle choices. While future study with adequate data base and alternative methodology may find different results and explanations, perhaps, the finding of this essay suggests that it is the health knowledge that affects lifestyle choices (such as warning labels on cigarettes, alcohol products, and nutritional contents on processed foods) rather than the educational of individuals The marginal contribution of this essay to literature is the use of the robust fixed-effect model in context of SUR model to analyze the impact of the cross and within correlations of educational attainment on the lifestyle choices.

Bibliography Citation
Danyal, Shah. Three Essays on Investment in Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Middle Tennessee State University, May 2010.
1505. Danyal, Shah
Bichaka, Fayissa
Lee, Jong-Sung
Impact of Education on Lifestyles: What Do Longitudinal Data Show?
Working Paper, Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Middle Tennessee State University, April 2011.
Also: http://frank.mtsu.edu/~berc/working/WPSeries_April_20__2011_Impact_%20Education%20on%20Lifestyles.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics and Finance, Middle Tennessee State University
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Education; Educational Attainment; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This essay investigates the effect of education on different lifestyle variables using NLSY79 panels for 1992, 1994, and 1998. The lifestyle variables are smoking, drinking, marijuana use, and cocaine use. The analysis addresses the joint determination of lifestyle variables within the framework of the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model. Unobserved heterogeneity is controlled by the robust fixed-effects model extended to SUR model. It is found that educational attainment has no significant effect on the lifestyle choices of individuals.
Bibliography Citation
Danyal, Shah, Fayissa Bichaka and Jong-Sung Lee. "Impact of Education on Lifestyles: What Do Longitudinal Data Show?." Working Paper, Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Middle Tennessee State University, April 2011.
1506. Danyal, Shah
Maskara, Pankaj
Naqvi, Annaheeta
Impact of Computer Skills on Wages in USA
Applied Economics Letters 18,11 (July 2011): 1077-1081.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504851.2010.524607
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998)
Keyword(s): Computer Use/Internet Access; Skills; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages

Using US NLSY panel data set, staggered every 2 years from 2000 to 2006 for a cross section of 12,686 individuals, we investigate the effect of computer skills on wages. We use the definition of computer skills as having a personal computer with Microsoft Windows at home. Unlike most previous studies in the United States, which used instrumental variables for controlling the unobserved factors, we use fixed-effects estimation methodology. Based on the unique data set and the robust fixed-effects estimation, we find that individuals possessing computer skills earn a wage premium.

Copyright of Applied Economics Letters is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliography Citation
Danyal, Shah, Pankaj Maskara and Annaheeta Naqvi. "Impact of Computer Skills on Wages in USA." Applied Economics Letters 18,11 (July 2011): 1077-1081.
1507. Danziger, Sandra K.
Kaye, Kelleen
Koff, Elisa
Trends in Welfare Receipt and Nonmarital Births: Is There a Link?
Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Abortion; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing; Contraception; Family Studies; Fertility; Marital Status; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In 1993, the number of births to single mothers reached over 1 million, almost 33% of all births. Addressed here is whether welfare plays a role in rising births to single mothers. Information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to compare characteristics of mothers by marital status at the time of birth & 5 years later to assess how prone they are to welfare receipt. Also examined is the extent to which increases in single childbearing & the underlying trends in marriage rates, single birthrates, & married birthrates match trends in Aid to Families with Dependent Children caseload expansion. Finally, assessed is whether rates of welfare participation among never-married mothers by age & race have declined or increased during a period of increasing nonmarital fertility. Both program & population data are used, & policy implications are drawn for current proposals that hope to lower nonmarital births by restricting or reducing welfare. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Danziger, Sandra K., Kelleen Kaye and Elisa Koff. "Trends in Welfare Receipt and Nonmarital Births: Is There a Link?" Presented: New York, NY, American Sociological Association, August 1996.
1508. Daouli, Joan
Davillas, Apostolos
Demoussis, MIchael
Giannakopoulos, Nicholas
Exploring Gender Specific Wage Differentials Between Obese and Non-Obese Adults: Evidence from the NLSY
Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), January 29, 2010.
Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1544426
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc.
Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Obesity; Wage Differentials

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper we investigate obese/non-obese wage differentials using microdata for white individuals from the 2000 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Using longitudinal information we estimated transition probability indices and synthetic mobility measures for moving in-and-out of the obese group. The results clearly show that obesity is a rather permanent characteristic. Then, we apply typical Oaxaca-Blinder wage decompositions to identify the proportion of the observed gender-specific wage differential between obese and non-obese. Based on numerous specifications and alternative sub-samples the results provide strong evidence for the existence of wage differentials in favor of non-obese individuals, which can be mostly explained by differences in early human capital investments and especially schooling investments.
Bibliography Citation
Daouli, Joan, Apostolos Davillas, MIchael Demoussis and Nicholas Giannakopoulos. "Exploring Gender Specific Wage Differentials Between Obese and Non-Obese Adults: Evidence from the NLSY." Working Paper, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), January 29, 2010.
1509. Daouli, Joan
Davillas, Apostolos
Demoussis, MIchael
Giannakopoulos, Nicholas
Obesity Persistence and Duration Dependence: Evidence From a Cohort of US Adults (1985-2010)
Economics and Human Biology 12 (January 2014): 30-44.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X13000865
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; Heterogeneity; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Obesity; Wage Differentials; Weight

This study investigates dynamic patterns of obesity persistence and identifies the determinants of obesity-spell exits and re-entries. We utilize longitudinal data from the NLSY79 covering the period 1985-2010. Non-parametric techniques are applied to investigate the relationship between exit from obesity and spell duration. Multivariate discrete hazard models are also estimated, taking into account duration dependence and observed and time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity. In all cases, the probability of exiting obesity is inversely related to the duration of the obesity spell. Without controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, the probability of exit after one wave in obesity is 31.5 per cent; it is reduced to 3.8 per cent after seven or more waves. When time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account, the estimated probabilities are slightly larger and broadly similar (36.8 and 10.3, respectively), which suggests that the identified negative duration dependence is not primarily due to composition effects. The obtained results indicate that public health interventions targeting the newly obese may be particularly effective at reducing incidence of long durations of obesity.
Bibliography Citation
Daouli, Joan, Apostolos Davillas, MIchael Demoussis and Nicholas Giannakopoulos. "Obesity Persistence and Duration Dependence: Evidence From a Cohort of US Adults (1985-2010)." Economics and Human Biology 12 (January 2014): 30-44.
1510. Dar, Amit
The Dynamic Behavior of Job Mobility: A Specific Human Capital Approach
Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1993
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Mobility, Job; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth; Work History

Individual inter-firm mobility has recently become a topic of growing interest. Different strands of the literature have attempted to explain the underlying causes of mobility. Here we focus on the relationship between human capital accumulation, wage growth and mobility and attempt to address some previously unanswered questions. This study investigates the effect of contemporaneous and future wage differentials on mobility and how these relate to the competitiveness of the labor markets. We also study the effect of human capital accumulation and individual socio-economic characteristics on individual mobility decisions. The behavior of mobility over time is also examined. A structural dynamic model of job mobility is constructed and estimated. Individuals maximize their utility while deciding whether to stay on the contemporary job or to move to an alternative occupation. Individual mobility decisions are shown to be guided not only by the current utility levels, but also by the effect of current decisions on future choices. The model is estimated on a subsample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set. The NLSY contains detailed information on individual socio-economic as well as workhistory characteristics. Due to the panel nature of the data, unobservable, time invariant, individual specific effects are introduced in the form of random effects. The reduced form parameters of the model are estimated using dynamic programming maximum likelihood techniques in conjunction with a Gaussian quadrature procedure to integrate out the individual effects. The structural estimates are recovered by a minimum distance estimation method which involves using reduced form parameters along with the estimates of the wage equations. The results show that wages on the current and alternative wages have a significant impact on mobility. No evidence is found to support the existence of racial or gender barriers to mobility. These results suggest that t he U.S. labor markets are competitive. Accumulation of specific capital is shown to lead to a decline in mobility. The data shows that, over time, mobility does not follow any trend and this is predicted quite well by the model.
Bibliography Citation
Dar, Amit. The Dynamic Behavior of Job Mobility: A Specific Human Capital Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University, 1993.
1511. Darabi, Katherine
Ortiz, Vilma
Childbearing Among Young Latino Women in the United States
American Journal of Public Health 77,1 (February 1987): 25-28.
Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/77/1/25
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birth Rate; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Groups; Ethnic Studies; Fertility; First Birth; Hispanics; Marital Status; Marriage; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This analysis is based on 1979 and 1982 data from the NLSY. The purpose of this paper is to compare rates of early childbearing among white, black, Mexican and Puerto Rican young women, and to see how these rates compare after controlling for marital, socioeconomic and generational statuses. A comparison of rates of premarital births among the four racial/ethnic origin groups demonstrate that the Mexican and Puerto Rican adolescents fall in between the extremely low rate of the whites and the extremely high rate of the blacks. Mexican and Puerto Rican adolescents have similar proportions of premarital first births, but differ in their proportions of marital first births. The marital first birth rate for Mexican adolescents is twice that of the Puerto Ricans. The bulk of Mexican first births, like births of whites, occur within marriage. Puerto Rican adolescents, on the other hand, are similar to blacks in that they are more likely to have a first birth outside of marriage than within. These initial racial/ethnic differences in premarital first birth rates are not greatly diminished by a control for SES of the family origin.
Bibliography Citation
Darabi, Katherine and Vilma Ortiz. "Childbearing Among Young Latino Women in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 77,1 (February 1987): 25-28.
1512. Darden, Michael
Cities and Smoking
NBER Working Paper No. 27334, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2020.
Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w27334
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Rural/Urban Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

In 1956, 52% of urban men and 42% of rural men smoked cigarettes. By 2010, the disparity had flipped: 24.7% of urban men and 30.6% of rural men smoked. Smoking remains the greatest preventable cause of mortality in the United States, and understanding the underlying causes of place-specific differences in behavior is crucial for policy aimed at reducing regional inequality. Using geocoded data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I estimate a dynamic model that captures smoking behavior, location decisions, and education over thirty years. Simulation of the estimated model demonstrates that selection on permanent unobserved variables that are correlated with smoking cessation, both in native populations and in those who migrate between rural and urban areas, explains 62.8% of the urban/rural smoking disparity. Alternatively, differential tobacco control policies explain only 7.3% of the urban/rural smoking disparity, which suggests that equalizing cigarette taxes across regions may fail to bridge gaps in behavior and health. This paper emphasizes that rural smoking disparities are largely driven by who selects into rural communities.
Bibliography Citation
Darden, Michael. "Cities and Smoking." NBER Working Paper No. 27334, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2020.
1513. Darden, Michael E.
Cities and Smoking
Journal of Urban Economics 122 (March 2021): 103319.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119021000012
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Rural/Urban Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

In 1956, 52% of urban men and 42% of rural men smoked cigarettes. By 2010, the disparity had flipped: 24.7% of urban men and 30.6% of rural men smoked. Smoking remains the greatest preventable cause of mortality in the United States, and understanding the underlying causes of place-specific differences in behavior is crucial for policy aimed at reducing regional inequality. Using geocoded data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort, I estimate a dynamic model that captures smoking behavior, location decisions, and education over thirty years. Simulation of the estimated model demonstrates that selection on permanent unobserved variables that are correlated with smoking cessation, both in native populations and in those who migrate between rural and urban areas, explains 70.9% of the urban/rural smoking disparity. Alternatively, differential tobacco control policies explain only 9.6% of the urban/rural smoking disparity, which suggests that equalizing cigarette taxes across regions may fail to bridge gaps in behavior and health. This paper emphasizes that rural smoking disparities are largely driven by who selects into rural communities.
Bibliography Citation
Darden, Michael E. "Cities and Smoking." Journal of Urban Economics 122 (March 2021): 103319.
1514. Dariotis, Jacinda K.
Family Formation Intentions from Adolescence to Middle Adulthood: Emergence, Persistence, and Process
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, October 2005
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Size; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Panel data collected on youth ages 18 to 31 via The Intergenerational Panel Study of Parents and Children (IPSPC), youth ages 14 to 45 via the NLSY79, and youth ages 14 to 25 via the NLSY97 are used to assess the following research questions: (1) Do fertility intentions for childless, small, average, and large family size emerge in adolescence or earlier? (2) To what extent do family-of-origin, demographic, and individual factors differentially predict family size fertility intentions? (3) How persistent are fertility intentions and does stability differ as a function of family size intentions, especially for those who intend permanent childlessness?
Bibliography Citation
Dariotis, Jacinda K. Family Formation Intentions from Adolescence to Middle Adulthood: Emergence, Persistence, and Process. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, October 2005.
1515. Dariotis, Jacinda K.
What Predicts Fertility Intention Persistence and Change During Adolescence and Middle Adulthood?
Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Family Formation; Family Studies; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

To what extent do family formation intentions change or remain persistent? This research question is assessed using both The Intergenerational Study of Families and Children and the NLSY-79. This study examines fertility intention reports (how many children people intend to have) from adolescence through middle adulthood to evaluate how and why these intentions change or persist over the course of development from age 15 to 45. Change may range from small to large differences in the number of intended children. All potential change combinations are examined in terms of factors that predict small changes (i.e., adjacent value changes - intention change from one child to two children, vice versa, and so on), large changes (i.e., value changes exceeding one - intention change from one child to three children or four children, vice versa, and so on), and qualitatively different changes (i.e., intention of wanting no children to wanting any children and vice versa).
Bibliography Citation
Dariotis, Jacinda K. "What Predicts Fertility Intention Persistence and Change During Adolescence and Middle Adulthood?" Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005.
1516. Dariotis, Jacinda K.
Joyner, Kara
Curtin, Sally C.
Sonenstein, Freya L.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Sexual Behaviors Across 9 National Cohorts of Young Males and Females Ages 15-19
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.
Also: http://paa2011.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=112016
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Pregnancy, Adolescent; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Overview
Although adolescent pregnancy and STI/HIV transmission are preventable, (1) youth aged 15 to 24 contribute 18.9 million new STD cases in the US annually, (2) youth under age 20 account for 750,000 pregnancies a year, and (3) youth aged 15 to 24 were responsible for 20,000 new HIV cases, half of the 40,000 total, in 2006. What places these youth at risk are their sexual behaviors, with timing of first sex denoting the length of risk exposure.

Using nine nationally representative cohorts (NSLY79, NSAM88, NSFG88, NSAM95, NSFG95, ADD-Health, NLSY97, NSFG2002, and NLSY79YA), we examine cohort and sex differences in being sexually experienced and corroborate associations and trends across different data sets. Our samples are limited to male and female never-married youth ages 15 to 19 at the time they were reporting on their sexual behavior. We identify trends over time in being sexually experienced for 15 to 19 year old males and females. We find a monotonic decrease in the percent of 15-19 year old males being sexually experienced over cohorts. For females aged 15-19, we find an increase and then decrease from earlier to later cohorts. These results have significant implications for public health sexual outcomes among youth and for studies that examine sexually experienced youth, especially timing of first sex.

Bibliography Citation
Dariotis, Jacinda K., Kara Joyner, Sally C. Curtin, Freya L. Sonenstein, Kristin Anderson Moore and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Sexual Behaviors Across 9 National Cohorts of Young Males and Females Ages 15-19." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.
1517. Dariotis, Jacinda K.
Pleck, Joseph H.
Astone, Nan Marie
Sonenstein, Freya L.
Pathways of Early Fatherhood, Marriage, and Employment: A Latent Class Growth Analysis
Demography 48,2 (May 2011): 593-623.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/8820l65763327583/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Economic Well-Being; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Employment, Youth; Fatherhood; Heterogeneity; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), young fathers include heterogeneous subgroups with varying early life pathways in terms of fatherhood timing, the timing of first marriage, and holding full-time employment. Using latent class growth analysis with 10 observations between ages 18 and 37, we derived five latent classes with median ages of first fatherhood below the cohort median (26.4), constituting distinct early fatherhood pathways representing 32.4% of NLSY men: (A) Young Married Fathers, (B) Teen Married Fathers, (C) Young Underemployed Married Fathers, (D) Young Underemployed Single Fathers, and (E) Young Later-Marrying Fathers. A sixth latent class of men who become fathers around the cohort median, following full-time employment and marriage (On-Time On-Sequence Fathers), is the comparison group. With sociodemographic background controlled, all early fatherhood pathways show disadvantage in at least some later-life circumstances (earnings, educational attainment, marital status, and incarceration). The extent of disadvantage is greater when early fatherhood occurs at relatively younger ages (before age 20), occurs outside marriage, or occurs outside full-time employment. The relative disadvantage associated with early fatherhood, unlike early motherhood, increases over the life course.

Copyright of Demography is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliography Citation
Dariotis, Jacinda K., Joseph H. Pleck, Nan Marie Astone and Freya L. Sonenstein. "Pathways of Early Fatherhood, Marriage, and Employment: A Latent Class Growth Analysis." Demography 48,2 (May 2011): 593-623.
1518. Darity, William A. Jr.
Employment Discrimination, Segregation, and Health
American Journal of Public Health 93,2 (February 2003): 226-232.
Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9036683&db=aph
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Health Care; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Racial Differences; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Certain limitations in the scope and range of the NLSY dataset (among others) are discussed and the need for a single data set that would enable researchers to trace the connections between health outcomes and discrimination is outlined and suggested. [Ed.'s Note]

The author examines available evidence on the effects of exposure to joblessness on emotional well-being according to race and sex. The impact of racism on general health outcomes also is considered, particularly racism in the specific form of wage discrimination. Perceptions of racism and measured exposures to racism may be distinct triggers for adverse health outcomes. Whether the effects of racism are best evaluated on the basis of self-classification or social classification of racial identity is unclear. Some research sorts between the effects of race and socioeconomic status on health. The development of a new longitudinal database will facilitate more accurate identification of connections between racism and negative health effects. (Am J Public Health, 2003;93:226-231) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliography Citation
Darity, William A. Jr. "Employment Discrimination, Segregation, and Health." American Journal of Public Health 93,2 (February 2003): 226-232.
1519. Darlin, Damon
Extra Weight, Higher Costs
New York Times, December 2, 2006.
Also: http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/d/damon_darlin/index.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: New York Times
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Obesity; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

As you snatch a couple more Christmas cookies or down another eggnog, you might be thinking about what those extra calories will do to your health.

"Being overweight can be dangerous to your wealth," said Jay L. Zagorsky, an economist at Ohio State University who has looked at the relationship between various economic and sociological factors and a measure of obesity called the body mass index.

Doctors use the index to determine whether a person is merely overweight or dangerously obese. You divide your weight in pounds by the square of your height in inches, which is then multiplied by 703, to adjust the English-system measurements to the metric system. (You could use kilograms and centimeters, but that would be too easy.) Or use a Web calculator like the one at www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/ or www.halls.md/ideal-weight/body.htm.

Anything under 25 is considered a normal reading of the index. From 25 to 30 is overweight, and above 30 is obese. People who rate above 40 are considered morbidly obese, meaning they are facing serious and sustained health problems.

The index has been criticized for its inability to distinguish between a well-muscled person and a fat one. Nevertheless, it is by this measure that academics estimate that 97 million Americans, about a third of the population, are considered obese. Almost 10 million Americans could be considered morbidly obese.

Bibliography Citation
Darlin, Damon. "Extra Weight, Higher Costs." New York Times, December 2, 2006.
1520. Daruich, Diego
Essays in Inequality and Family Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, New York University, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Size; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Parental Investments; Transfers, Family

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of two chapters, each of them containing an essay that is related to the effects of parental choices on aggregate inequality and intergenerational mobility.

The first chapter, "Explaining Income Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility: The Role of Fertility and Family Transfers," studies the effect of fertility differences across income groups on inequality and mobility. Poor families have more children and transfer less resources to them. This suggests that family decisions about fertility and transfers increase income inequality and dampen intergenerational mobility. To evaluate the quantitative importance of this mechanism, we extend the standard heterogeneous-agent life-cycle model with earnings risk and credit constraints to allow for endogenous fertility, family transfers, and education. The model, estimated to the US in the 2000s, implies that a counterfactual flat income-fertility profile would---through the equalization of initial conditions---reduce intergenerational persistence by 13% and income inequality by about 4%. The impact of a counterfactual constant transfer per child is twice as large.

Bibliography Citation
Daruich, Diego. Essays in Inequality and Family Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, New York University, 2018.
1521. Daruich, Diego
Kozlowski, Julian
Explaining Intergenerational Mobility: The Role of Fertility and Family Transfers
Review of Economic Dynamics 36 (April 2020): 220-245.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202518305702
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics
Keyword(s): Family Size; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Transfers, Family

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Poor families have more children and transfer less resources to them. This suggests that family decisions about fertility and transfers dampen intergenerational mobility. To evaluate the quantitative importance of this mechanism, we extend the standard heterogeneous-agent life cycle model with earnings risk and credit constraints to allow for endogenous fertility, family transfers, and education. The model, estimated to the US in the 2000s, implies that a counterfactual flat income-fertility profile would--through the equalization of initial conditions--increase intergenerational mobility by 6%. The impact of a counterfactual constant transfer per child is twice as large.
Bibliography Citation
Daruich, Diego and Julian Kozlowski. "Explaining Intergenerational Mobility: The Role of Fertility and Family Transfers." Review of Economic Dynamics 36 (April 2020): 220-245.
1522. Das, Tirthatanmoy
Essays on Cognitive Skills, Non-cognitive Skills, Government Policy, and Labor Market Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Noncognitive Skills; Occupational Choice; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Stress

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Much of a worker's successes is governed by two types of constraints: (a) worker's innate abilities, and (b) policies that limit worker's labor market opportunities. Workers with a higher endowment of abilities tend to perform better than ones with lower endowments. For example, studies show that workers with higher AFQT (a measure for ability) attain higher schooling and enjoy higher earnings. Similarly, workers in a well-managed labor market enjoy better career opportunities than in badly managed ones. For example, workers in a well-managed market incur lower search costs, and experience shorter spells of unemployment than ones working in a badly managed markets. Thus, understanding these constraints and their effects are crucial for effective policymaking. The essays in this dissertation address topics related to these constraints. The first looks into the way economists handle abilities. The second examines the link between non-cognitive skills (stress tolerance and stress resilience) and occupational choices. The third examines the intended and unintended effects of policy on young women's labor market outcomes.
Bibliography Citation
Das, Tirthatanmoy. Essays on Cognitive Skills, Non-cognitive Skills, Government Policy, and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2012.
1523. Dasgupta, Kabir
Essays on Mental Health and Behavioral Outcomes of Children and Youth
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2016
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Chapter 3 utilizes matched data from National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79) and Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CYA), to estimate the impact of mothers' self-esteem on young children's home environment qualities that enhance early childhood cognitive functioning and extend better emotional support. The estimates suggest that mothers with higher self-esteem provide better home environment to their children during early stages of childhood. The results are robust across different estimation methods, empirical specifications, and demographic groups. This study also finds that mothers with higher self-esteem are more likely to engage in parental practices that support young children's cognitive and emotional development. Further analysis shows that mothers' self-esteem has a causal relationship with cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-age children. The results obtained in this study indicate that early childhood development policies directed towards enhancement of non-cognitive skills in mothers can improve children's human capital outcomes.
Bibliography Citation
Dasgupta, Kabir. Essays on Mental Health and Behavioral Outcomes of Children and Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2016.
1524. Dasgupta, Kabir
Ghimire, Keshar M.
Pacheco, Gail
How Heavy Is the Price of Smoking? Estimating the Effects of Prenatal Smoking on Child Weight Outcomes
Applied Economics published online (27 February 2022): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2022.2041178.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2022.2041178
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Mothers, Behavior; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Existing evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to a decline in birthweight and a higher risk of obesity during early childhood years. However, the causal nature of the latter relationship is not credibly established. This study advances the literature by estimating the causal impact of mother's smoking during pregnancy on child bodyweight outcomes, from birth through age five. We use a nationally representative sample of children and mothers from the United States National Longitudinal Surveys. We model children's body weight as a function of mother's smoking during pregnancy. Our identification technique utilizes the instrumental variable strategy to exploit plausibly exogenous variation in smoking behaviour of mothers prompted by changes in federal and state-level tobacco tax rates at the time of conception. Consistent with prior literature, our instrumental variable estimates suggest children of smokers weigh significantly less at birth than children of nonsmokers (an estimated decline of 0.53 kg). However, there is no credible evidence that these children are more likely to be overweight during early childhood.
Bibliography Citation
Dasgupta, Kabir, Keshar M. Ghimire and Gail Pacheco. "How Heavy Is the Price of Smoking? Estimating the Effects of Prenatal Smoking on Child Weight Outcomes." Applied Economics published online (27 February 2022): DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2022.2041178.
1525. Dasgupta, Kabir
Solomon, Keisha T.
Family Size Effects on Childhood Obesity: Evidence on the Quantity-Quality Trade-off Using the NLSY
Economics and Human Biology 29 (May 2018): 42-55.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X17301077
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Child Health; Family Size; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Obesity; Parental Influences; Siblings

In this study, we use matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Surveys to study the effects of family size on child health. Focusing on excess body weight indicators as children's health outcome of interest, we examine the effects of exogenous variations in family size generated by twin births and parental preference for mixed sex composition of their children. We find no significant empirical support in favor of the quantity-quality trade-off theory in instrumental variable regression analysis. This result is further substantiated when we make use of the panel aspects of the data to study child health outcomes of arrival of younger siblings at later parities. Specifically, when we employ child fixed effects analysis, results suggest that birth of a younger sibling is related to a decline in the likelihood of being overweight by 4 percentage points and a drop in the probability of illness by approximately 5 percentage points.
Bibliography Citation
Dasgupta, Kabir and Keisha T. Solomon. "Family Size Effects on Childhood Obesity: Evidence on the Quantity-Quality Trade-off Using the NLSY." Economics and Human Biology 29 (May 2018): 42-55.
1526. Dastan, Ilker
Labor Market Effects of Obesity, Smoking, and Alcohol Use
Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, October 2010.
Also: http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.1/rucore10001600001.ETD.000056285
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Gender Differences; Hausman-Taylor Instrumental Variable (HTIV); Modeling, Probit; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Unemployment, Youth; Wages, Young Men

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation analyzes the joint effects of obesity, smoking, and binge drinking on wages and on unemployment by using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set. The main objective of this study is to show that the effects of these behaviors on wages and unemployment may not be measured accurately in analyses that consider only one or two since these behaviors are correlated or tend to cluster. My results illustrate that failing to include one or more of the health behaviors in wage or unemployment regression would lead to an underestimation of the impact of being obese and an overestimation of the effect of binge drinking for both genders. However, when endogeneity is addressed by employing the Hausman-Taylor instrumental variable (HTIV) method in wage analysis and the multivariate probit method in unemployment analysis, I find that the estimated parameters of obesity or binge drinking are not statistically significantly different whether these behaviors are considered individually or simultaneously.
Bibliography Citation
Dastan, Ilker. Labor Market Effects of Obesity, Smoking, and Alcohol Use. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, October 2010..
1527. Dastan, Ilker
Labor Market Effects of Obesity, Smoking, and Alcohol Use
Working Paper, Department of Economics, Rutgers University, November 15, 2009.
Also: http://www.econ.metu.edu.tr/seminar2009_10/dastan_17_03_10.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, Rutgers University
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Endogeneity; Hausman-Taylor Instrumental Variable (HTIV); Modeling, Probit; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Unemployment, Youth; Variables, Instrumental; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper analyzes the joint effects of obesity, smoking, and binge drinking on wages and on unemployment by using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. The main objective of this study is to show that the effects of these behaviors on wages and unemployment are not measured accurately in analyses that consider only one or two since these behaviors are correlated or tend to cluster. My results illustrate that failing to include one or more of the risky behaviors in wage or unemployment regression would lead to an underestimation of the impact of being obese and an overestimation of the effect of binge drinking for both genders. However, when endogeneity is addressed by employing the Hausman-Taylor instrumental variable (HTIV) method in wage analyses and the multivariate probit method in unemployment analyses, I find that the estimated parameters of obesity or binge drinking are not statistically significantly different whether these behaviors are considered individually or simultaneously. This study also conducts several sensitivity analyses. Firstly, the results reveal that the effects of these risky behaviors are not interactive. Secondly, the paper illustrates that the wage penalties for daily smoking are fairly constant over the wage distribution for both genders, but obesity affects the wages of males and females relatively more at lower quantiles of wages, and there is no wage penalty for being a binge drinker for either gender. Further, it is found that smokers are a heterogeneous group of people. In particular, the wage and unemployment effects of persistent smokers are different than beginning smokers and quitters. Moreover, obesity affects the wages and the likelihood of being unemployed of males only at the extremes of obesity. Lastly, I find evidence of wage penalties for being obese or a smoker in private sector jobs, but in the public sector only male smokers face lower wages.
Bibliography Citation
Dastan, Ilker. "Labor Market Effects of Obesity, Smoking, and Alcohol Use." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Rutgers University, November 15, 2009.
1528. Datar, Ashlesha
Kilburn, M. Rebecca
Loughran, David S.
Endowments and Parental Investments in Infancy and Early Childhood
Demography 47,1 (February 2010): 145-162.
Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/demography/v047/47.1.datar.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Human Capital; Infants; Mothers, Health; Parental Influences; Parents, Behavior; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Preschool Children; Siblings

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article tests whether parents reinforce or compensate for child endowments. We estimate how the difference in birth weight across siblings impacts specific parental investments: breast-feeding, well-baby visits, immunizations, and preschool attendance. Our results indicate that normal-birthweight children are 5%–11% more likely to receive early childhood parental investments than their low-birth-weight siblings. Moreover, the presence of additional low-birth-weight siblings in the household increases the likelihood of investments such as well-baby visits and immunizations for normal-birth-weight children. These results suggest that parental investments in early childhood tend to reinforce endowment differences.
Bibliography Citation
Datar, Ashlesha, M. Rebecca Kilburn and David S. Loughran. "Endowments and Parental Investments in Infancy and Early Childhood." Demography 47,1 (February 2010): 145-162.
1529. Datta, Atreyee Rupa
Krishnamurty, Parvati
High School Experience: Comparing Self-Report and Transcript Data from the NLSY97
Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/Research/conferences/NLSYConf/pdf/DattaKrishnamurty_NLSY97Transcript_052408.doc
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Education, Secondary; High School Students; High School Transcripts; Interviewing Method; Self-Reporting

The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97) dataset include two sources of information about respondents' high school experiences: self-reports from annual interviews with individuals throughout their high school years, and abstracted information from their high school transcripts. Although the transcripts and interview data were designed to complement one another, their co-existence offers the opportunity to compare interview and transcript data as alternative sources for some key pieces of data about educational experience. In this paper, we describe the two types of data collected from these sources and assess the concordance of some measures. We conclude with some comments about the relative merits and weaknesses of each type of data for measuring different aspects of high school experience.
Bibliography Citation
Datta, Atreyee Rupa and Parvati Krishnamurty. "High School Experience: Comparing Self-Report and Transcript Data from the NLSY97." Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
1530. Datta, Priyankar
Essays in Labor Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Outcomes; Gender Differences; Home Ownership; Parental Marital Status; Private Schools

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Chapter two explores the importance of divorce in explaining the gender gap in children's long-term educational outcomes. I find large differences in the gender gap between divorced and non-divorced families. Boys perform much worse in divorced families. I use a sibling fixed effects model to find that boys in divorced families have a lower likelihood of graduating high school and attending college relative to their sisters. My results show that boys' likelihood of graduating high school declines by 6.4 percentage points if their parents are divorced before they turn 13, and their chances of attending college decline by 12.2 percentage points if they are a teenager at the time of divorce. I find that parents' divorce is unrelated to the gender gap in achievement scores. My event study models show a drop in boys' achievement scores relative to girls around the time of divorce.

Chapter three examines the effect of housing wealth changes on private school enrolment. I use data from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's child supplement to examine the relationship between housing wealth and private school enrolment. I use a multinomial logit model and find that self-reported housing price changes increase the likelihood that respondents switch from private to public school. Heterogeneity analyses reveal that house price increases have a positive relationship between switching from private to public school across income, gender, race, and religion. Finally, a rise in house prices increases the likelihood that a child moves from public school to private school when transitioning from middle school to private school.

Bibliography Citation
Datta, Priyankar. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2022.
1531. Daugherty, Jill
Treves-Kagan, Sarah
Gottfredson, Nisha C.
Miedema, Stephanie
Haarbauer-Krupa, Juliet
Does Binge Drinking Mediate the Relationship Between Four Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Traumatic Brain Injury? Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort
Injury Prevention published online (2 November 2022): DOI: 10.1136/ip-2022-044710.
Also: https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2022/11/02/ip-2022-044710
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objective: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased risk of sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Alcohol use may play an important role in this relationship. This study examines whether binge drinking mediates the relationship between four ACEs and TBIs sustained in adulthood.

Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, we conducted longitudinal mediation analyses (n=6317). Interviews occurred annually from 1979 to 1994 and biennially until 2016. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of individual ACEs (ie, experiencing physical violence, low parental warmth, familial alcoholism and familial mental illness; reported retrospectively) and a cumulative ACEs score on mean level of binge drinking (calculated across waves) and having a TBI in adulthood. To establish temporality, we included binge drinking that was measured at age 18 or older and before any reported TBI.

Results: Cumulative ACEs, familial alcoholism and physical abuse exposure were significantly associated with having a TBI through binge drinking, although this only explained a small part of the association between ACEs and TBI. Other ACEs were not significantly associated with binge drinking or TBI.

Bibliography Citation
Daugherty, Jill, Sarah Treves-Kagan, Nisha C. Gottfredson, Stephanie Miedema and Juliet Haarbauer-Krupa. "Does Binge Drinking Mediate the Relationship Between Four Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Traumatic Brain Injury? Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort." Injury Prevention published online (2 November 2022): DOI: 10.1136/ip-2022-044710.
1532. Daula, Thomas
Fagan, Thomas
Smith, D. Alton
Supply of Enlisted Personnel to the Armed Force
Presented: Ithica NY, Econometric Society Meetings, June 1982
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Author
Keyword(s): Behavior; Earnings; Job Patterns; Military Enlistment; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using the NLSY, the authors estimate a structural model of enlistment behavior, relating the probability of enlistment for male high school graduates to military earnings relative to potential civilian earnings, unemployment conditions, and variables representing tastes for military job. Potential civilian earnings are derived from an earnings function estimated with the civilian subsample. This function is estimated along with the choice equation to account for possible sample selection bias. In contrast to previous enlistment studies, which use aggregate time series or cross-sectional data, substantially higher relative pay elasticities were found and attributed to the errors in variables problem inherent in using aggregate data to characterize individual behavior. This finding has important implications for the future manpower costs of the armed forces, especially given the declining proportion of 17 to 21 year olds in the population and the armed forces' increasing demands for more intelligent youths to work with sophisticated weapons systems.
Bibliography Citation
Daula, Thomas, Thomas Fagan and D. Alton Smith. "Supply of Enlisted Personnel to the Armed Force." Presented: Ithica NY, Econometric Society Meetings, June 1982.
1533. Daundasekara, Sajeevika Saumali
Effects of Immigration Status and Maternal Health Behaviors on Gestational Weight Gain and Adherence to Institute of Medicine Gestational Weight Gain Recommendations
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 2018.
Also: https://uh-ir.tdl.org/uh-ir/handle/10657/3094
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Houston
Keyword(s): Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Immigrants; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important consideration during pregnancy as excess weight gains could lead to adverse health conditions in both mother and the child. Immigration status is a potential risk factor of excess GWG. It is important to understand the relationship between immigration status and GWG to design better interventions to control excess GWG. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were 1) to understand the differences between the first and second generation immigrants and non-immigrants with respect to the socio-demographic characteristics and maternal behaviors, 2) to understand whether immigration status is associated with the total GWG and the risk of excess GWG, 3) to determine the socio-demographic and maternal behavior profile of women exceeding the GWG recommendations. The study was conducted as a secondary data analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979.
Bibliography Citation
Daundasekara, Sajeevika Saumali. Effects of Immigration Status and Maternal Health Behaviors on Gestational Weight Gain and Adherence to Institute of Medicine Gestational Weight Gain Recommendations. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 2018..
1534. Daundasekara, Sajeevika Saumali
O'Connor, Daniel P.
Cardoso, Jodi Berger
Ledoux, Tracey
Hernandez, Daphne C.
Association between Generational Status and Smoking Behaviors before and during Pregnancy among Hispanic Women
Addictive Behaviors 104 (May 2020): 106310.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460319310780
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Hispanic Studies; Immigrants; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether immigration generational status predicts maternal smoking behaviors before and during pregnancy among Hispanic women.

Methods: Data on pregnancies in National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 were used. Current study sample consists of Hispanic women (15-24 years) reporting pregnancy between 1979 and 2014 (n = 616). Data on birthplaces of the respondent and their parents were used to determine generation status. Maternal smoking behaviors before and during pregnancy were self-reported. Data were analyzed using weighted covariate-adjusted logistic regression models.

Results: There were 24% first-generation, 20% second-generation, and 56% third or higher generation Hispanic women in the sample. Majority of participants were married (72%), with a high school degree or more (69%), and of Mexican origin (56%). After controlling for covariates, first generation Hispanic women had lower likelihood of smoking prior to (OR=0.40, p =0.009) and during pregnancy (OR=0.35, p =0.007) compared to third or higher generation women. The second-generation women had lower likelihood of smoking during pregnancy (OR=0.46, p =0.038) compared to third or higher generation women.

Bibliography Citation
Daundasekara, Sajeevika Saumali, Daniel P. O'Connor, Jodi Berger Cardoso, Tracey Ledoux and Daphne C. Hernandez. "Association between Generational Status and Smoking Behaviors before and during Pregnancy among Hispanic Women." Addictive Behaviors 104 (May 2020): 106310.
1535. Daundasekara, Sajeevika Saumali
O'Connor, Daniel P.
Cardoso, Jodi Berger
Ledoux, Tracey
Hernandez, Daphne C.
Risk of Excess and Inadequate Gestational Weight Gain among Hispanic Women: Effects of Immigration Generational Status
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (2020): 6452.
Also: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6452
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)
Keyword(s): Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Hispanic Studies; Immigrants; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

There is a dearth of information on the risk of inadequate and excess gestational weight gain (GWG) among different generations of Hispanic women in the United States. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand the relationship of GWG and immigration across three generations of Hispanic women. The study was conducted using data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The study sample included 580 (unweighted count) women (148 first-generation, 117 second-generation, and 315 third-/higher-generation). Sociodemographic and immigration data were extracted from the main NLSY79 survey, and pregnancy data were extracted from the child/young adult survey following the biological children born to women in NLSY79. Covariate adjusted weighted logistic regression models were conducted to assess the risk of inadequate and excess GWG among the groups. Average total GWG was 14.98 kg, 23% had inadequate GWG, and 50% had excess GWG. After controlling for the covariates, there was no difference in the risk of inadequate GWG between the three generations. First-generation women (OR = 0.47, p = 0.039) and third-/higher-generation women (OR = 0.39, p = 0.004) had significantly lower risk of excess GWG compared to second-generation women. It is important to recognize the generational status of Hispanic women as a risk factor for excess GWG.
Bibliography Citation
Daundasekara, Sajeevika Saumali, Daniel P. O'Connor, Jodi Berger Cardoso, Tracey Ledoux and Daphne C. Hernandez. "Risk of Excess and Inadequate Gestational Weight Gain among Hispanic Women: Effects of Immigration Generational Status." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (2020): 6452.
1536. Dave, Dhaval
Corman, Hope
Kalil, Ariel
Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira
Reichman, Nancy
Effects of Maternal Work Incentives on Adolescent Behaviors
Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Geocoded Data; Maternal Employment; Monitoring the Future (MTF); State-Level Data/Policy; Substance Use; Volunteer Work; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Robert Moffitt’s 2014 PAA address highlighted the need for studies of effects on children of the substantial (and un-reversed) reduction of the cash assistance safety net that took place in the 1990s. This study investigates the effects of welfare reform, which dramatically limited cash assistance for low-income families, on adolescent behaviors that are important for socioeconomic trajectories and represent observable outcomes of the reforms for the next generation as they transition to adulthood. Using two nationally-representative datasets, we exploit differences in welfare reform implementation across states and over time in a difference-in-differences framework to identify causal effects of welfare reform on a range of social behaviors (volunteering, clubs/teams/activities; delinquency, substance use). We investigate differential effects by gender and age and explore maternal employment and supervision as potential mediators. Preliminary results suggest that welfare reform had largely unfavorable effects on adolescent behaviors and do not support longstanding culture of poverty arguments.
Bibliography Citation
Dave, Dhaval, Hope Corman, Ariel Kalil, Ofira Schwartz-Soicher and Nancy Reichman. "Effects of Maternal Work Incentives on Adolescent Behaviors." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019.
1537. Dave, Dhaval
Corman, Hope
Kalil, Ariel
Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira
Reichman, Nancy
Effects of Maternal Work Incentives on Adolescent Social Behaviors
NBER Working Paper No. 25527, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019.
Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25527
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Geocoded Data; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; State-Level Data/Policy; Substance Use; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare

This study exploits variations in the timing of welfare reform implementation in the U.S. in the 1990s to identify plausibly causal effects of welfare reform on a range of social behaviors of the next generation as they transition to adulthood. We focus on behaviors that are important for socioeconomic and health trajectories, estimate effects by gender, and explore potentially mediating factors. Welfare reform had no favorable effects on any of the youth behaviors examined and led to decreased volunteering among girls, increases in skipping school, damaging property, and fighting among boys, and increases in smoking and drug use among both boys and girls, with larger effects for boys (e.g., -6% for boys compared to 4% for girls for any substance use). Maternal employment, supervision, and child's employment explain little of the effects. Overall, the intergenerational effects of welfare reform on adolescent behaviors were unfavorable, particularly for boys, and do not support longstanding arguments that limiting cash assistance leads to responsible behavior in the next generation. As such, the favorable effects of welfare reform for women may have come at a cost to the next generation, particularly to boys who have been falling behind girls in high school completion for decades.
Bibliography Citation
Dave, Dhaval, Hope Corman, Ariel Kalil, Ofira Schwartz-Soicher and Nancy Reichman. "Effects of Maternal Work Incentives on Adolescent Social Behaviors." NBER Working Paper No. 25527, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019.
1538. Dave, Dhaval
Tennant, Jennifer
Colman, Gregory J.
Isolating the Effect of Major Depression on Obesity: Role of Selection Bias
Working Paper No. 17068. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2011.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17068
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Obesity; Weight

There is suggestive evidence that rates of major depression have risen markedly in the U.S. concurrent with the rise in obesity. The economic burden of depression, about $100 billion annually, is under-estimated if depression has a positive causal impact on obesity. If depression plays a causal role in increasing the prevalence of obesity, then policy interventions aimed at promoting mental health may also have the indirect benefits of promoting a healthy bodyweight. However, virtually the entire existing literature on the connection between the two conditions has examined merely whether they are significantly correlated, sometimes holding constant a limited set of demographic factors. This study utilizes multiple large-scale nationally-representative datasets to assess whether, and the extent to which, the positive association reflects a causal link from major depression to higher BMI and obesity. While contemporaneous effects are considered, the study primarily focuses on the effects of past and lifetime depression to bypass reverse causality and further assess the role of non-random selection on unobservable factors. There are expectedly no significant or substantial effects of current depression on BMI or overweight/obesity, given that BMI is a stock measure that changes relatively slowly over time. Results are also not supportive of a causal interpretation among males. However, among females, estimates indicate that past or lifetime diagnosis of major depression raises the probability of being overweight or obese by about seven percentage points. Results also suggest that this effect appears to plausibly operate through shifts in food consumption and physical activity. We estimate that this higher risk of overweight and obesity among females could potentially add about 10% (or $9.7 billion) to the estimated economic burden of depression.
Bibliography Citation
Dave, Dhaval, Jennifer Tennant and Gregory J. Colman. "Isolating the Effect of Major Depression on Obesity: Role of Selection Bias." Working Paper No. 17068. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2011.
1539. Dave, Dhaval
Tennant, Jennifer
Colman, Gregory J.
Isolating the Effect of Major Depression on Obesity: Role of Selection Bias
Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 14,4 (2011): 165-186.
Also: http://www.icmpe.org/test1/journal/journal.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); Body Mass Index (BMI); Depression (see also CESD); Obesity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: There is suggestive evidence that rates of major depression have risen markedly in the U.S. concurrent with the rise in obesity. The economic burden of depression, about $100 billion annually, is under-estimated if depression has a positive causal impact on obesity. However, virtually the entire existing literature on the connection between the two conditions has examined merely whether they are significantly correlated, sometimes holding constant a limited set of demographic factors.

Aims of the Study: This study assesses whether, and the extent to which, the positive association between the two conditions reflects a causal link from major depression to higher BMI and obesity.

Methods: Individual-level data from three nationally-representative studies are utilized: (i) National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (N=3,229); (ii) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (N=21,365); and (iii) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N=2,858,973). Dependent variables include body mass index (BMI) and a dichotomous indicator for overweight or obese. We measure diagnosed major depression based on DSM-IV criteria and the CES Depression scale. While contemporaneous effects are considered, the study primarily focuses on the effects of past and lifetime depression to bypass reverse causality and further assess the role of non-random selection on unobservable factors. The effects of past and lifetime depression on obesity are estimated based on: (i) models that control for an extensive set of typically-unobserved factors, including parental history, family background, parental investments, risk-taking, and use of anti-depressants and other prescription medications; (ii) constrained selection models; and (iii) models controlling for family fixed effects.

Results: There are expectedly no significant or substantial effects of current depression on BMI or overweight/obesity, given that BMI is a stock that changes relatively slowly over time. Results also do not support a causal interpretation among males. However, among females, estimates indicate that past or lifetime diagnosis of major depression raises the probability of being overweight or obese by about seven percentage points. Results also suggest that this effect appears to plausibly operate through shifts in food consumption and physical activity.

Bibliography Citation
Dave, Dhaval, Jennifer Tennant and Gregory J. Colman. "Isolating the Effect of Major Depression on Obesity: Role of Selection Bias." Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 14,4 (2011): 165-186.
1540. Davies, Scott
Guppy, Neil
Fields of Study, College Selectivity, and Student Inequalities in Higher Education
Social Forces 75,4 (June 1997):1417-1438.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580677
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Colleges; Gender Differences; Higher Education; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Analyses of national longitudinal survey data revealed that male college students were much more likely than females to enter fields of study with high economic returns; socioeconomic factors did not affect entry into lucrative fields net of other background factors, but did affect entry into selective colleges; and measured academic ability predicted all dependent variables. Contains 48 references. (Author/SV)
Bibliography Citation
Davies, Scott and Neil Guppy. "Fields of Study, College Selectivity, and Student Inequalities in Higher Education." Social Forces 75,4 (June 1997):1417-1438.
1541. Davies, Scott
Tanner, Julian
The Long Arm of the Law: Effects of Labeling on Employment
Sociological Quarterly 44,3 (Summer 2003): 385-405.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb00538.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Family Background and Culture; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Incarceration/Jail; Occupational Status; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Suspension/Expulsion; Schooling; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article offers a test of labeling theory by exploring whether contact with school and justice system authorities has long-term, negative, and independent effects on an individual's labor market success. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a large and nationally representative sample, to examine whether experiences ranging from school suspension to incarceration during ages 15–23 can predict occupational status, income, and employment during ages 29–37. Unlike previous studies, we control for an exhaustive list of variables: social background, human capital, prior deviant behavior, family status, and local context. Our findings generally support labelling theory. Severe forms of labeling like sentencing and incaraceration have the strongest negative effects, though among females suspension or expulsion from school also has consistently negative effects. We conclude with a discussion of how labeling might reduce employment chances, with a focus on gender differences.
Bibliography Citation
Davies, Scott and Julian Tanner. "The Long Arm of the Law: Effects of Labeling on Employment." Sociological Quarterly 44,3 (Summer 2003): 385-405.
1542. Davila, Alberto
Pagan, Jose A.
Grau, Montserrat Viladrich
The Impact of IRCA on the Job Opportunities and Earnings of Mexican-American and Hispanic-American Workers. (Immigration Reform and Control Act)
International Migration Review 32,1 (Spring 1998): 79-95.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547561
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Center for Migration Studies
Keyword(s): Earnings; Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO); Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants; Migration; Skilled Workers; Transfers, Skill; Wage Gap; Wage Levels

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article studies the earnings gap between Mexican, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white male workers resulting from changes in both the wage structure and immigration laws that occurred during the 1980s. Our results suggest that Mexican and Hispanic workers were adversely affected by these two changes. Using data from the 1980 and 1990 One Percent Public Use Microdata Samples, we show that these "at-risk" workers minimized the negative impact of the increases in the returns to skill by gaining in the non-Hispanic white residual wage distribution. We conclude that at-risk workers increased their work effort to lessen the effects of Act-induced employment losses. Using 1983-1992 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and EEOC data for this period, we provide support for this contention. COPYRIGHT 1998 Center for Migration Studies of New York Inc.
Bibliography Citation
Davila, Alberto, Jose A. Pagan and Montserrat Viladrich Grau. "The Impact of IRCA on the Job Opportunities and Earnings of Mexican-American and Hispanic-American Workers. (Immigration Reform and Control Act)." International Migration Review 32,1 (Spring 1998): 79-95.
1543. Davis, Caroline H.
MacKinnon, David P.
Schultz, Amy
Sandler, Irwin
Cumulative Risk and Population Attributable Fraction in Prevention
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 32,2 (May 2003): 228-235.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3202_7
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Britain, British; British Cohort Study (BCS); CESD (Depression Scale); Child Health; Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Family Income; Health Factors; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Poverty; Public Sector

Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Davis, Caroline H., David P. MacKinnon, Amy Schultz and Irwin Sandler. "Cumulative Risk and Population Attributable Fraction in Prevention." Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 32,2 (May 2003): 228-235.
1544. Davis, E.E.
Bosley, S.A.
The Impact of the 1990s Economic Boom on Less-Educated Workers in Rural America
Community Development 38,1 (1 January 2007): 59-73.
Also: http://openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND43916011
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Community Development Society
Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market, Secondary; Rural/Urban Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) data to investigate whether the effect of local labor market conditions on the earnings of workers differs by gender, education level or metropolitan/nonmetropolitan location. The results suggest that local economic conditions in the late 1990s did have a positive effect overall on wages for men with no more than a high school degree and for women regardless of education. Further, there is evidence of a difference between metro and nonmetro labor markets, suggesting that the 1990s boom helped urban less-educated workers but not those in rural areas. The metro - nonmetro difference is most apparent for male workers.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, E.E. and S.A. Bosley. "The Impact of the 1990s Economic Boom on Less-Educated Workers in Rural America." Community Development 38,1 (1 January 2007): 59-73.
1545. Davis, Esa M.
Babineau, Denise C.
Wang, Xuelei
Zyzanski, Stephen J.
Abrams, Barbara
Bodnar, Lisa M.
Horwitz, Ralph I.
Short Inter-pregnancy Intervals, Parity, Excessive Pregnancy Weight Gain and Risk of Maternal Obesity
Maternal and Child Health Journal 18,3 (April 2014): 554-562.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-013-1272-3
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Modeling; Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

To investigate the relationship among parity, length of the inter-pregnancy intervals and excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy and the risk of obesity. Using a prospective cohort study of 3,422 non-obese, non-pregnant US women aged 14–22 years at baseline, adjusted Cox models were used to estimate the association among parity, inter-pregnancy intervals, and excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy and the relative hazard rate (HR) of obesity. Compared to nulliparous women, primiparous women with excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy had a HR of obesity of 1.79 (95 % CI 1.40, 2.29); no significant difference was seen between primiparous without excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy and nulliparous women. Among women with the same pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy and the same number of inter-pregnancy intervals (12 and 18 months or ≥18 months), the HR of obesity increased 2.43-fold (95 % CI 1.21, 4.89; p = 0.01) for every additional inter-pregnancy interval of <12 months; no significant association was seen for longer inter-pregnancy intervals. Among women with the same parity and inter-pregnancy interval pattern, women with excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy had an HR of obesity 2.41 times higher (95 % CI 1.81, 3.21; p < 0.001) than women without. Primiparous and nulliparous women had similar obesity risk unless the primiparous women had excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy, then their risk of obesity was greater. Multiparous women with the same excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy and at least one additional short inter-pregnancy interval had a significant risk of obesity after childbirth. Perinatal interventions that prevent excessive pregnancy weight gain in the first pregnancy or lengthen the inter-pregnancy interval are necessary for reducing maternal obesity.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Esa M., Denise C. Babineau, Xuelei Wang, Stephen J. Zyzanski, Barbara Abrams, Lisa M. Bodnar and Ralph I. Horwitz. "Short Inter-pregnancy Intervals, Parity, Excessive Pregnancy Weight Gain and Risk of Maternal Obesity." Maternal and Child Health Journal 18,3 (April 2014): 554-562.
1546. Davis, Esa M.
Zyzanski, Stephen J.
Olson, Christine M.
Stange, Kurt C.
Horwitz, Ralph I.
Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Differences in the Incidence of Obesity Related to Childbirth
American Journal of Public Health 99,2 (February 2009): 294-299.
Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2/294
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Ethnic Differences; Minority Groups; Obesity; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between childbirth and 5-year incidence of obesity. METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of data on 2923 nonobese, nonpregnant women aged 14 to 22 years from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort, which was followed from 1980 to 1990. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to determine the adjusted relative risk of obesity for mothers 5 years after childbirth compared with women who did not have children. RESULTS: The 5-year incidence of obesity was 11.3 per 100 parous women, compared with 4.5 per 100 nulliparous women (relative risk [RR] = 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.4, 4.9; P < .001). The 5-year incidence of obesity was 8.6 for primiparous women (RR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.5, 5.0) and 12.2 for multiparous women (RR = 3.8; 95% CI = 2.6, 5.6). Among parous women, White women had the lowest obesity incidence (9.1 per 100 vs 15.1 per 100 for African Americans and 12.5 per 100 for Hispanics). CONCLUSIONS: Parous women have a higher incidence of obesity than do nulliparous women, and minority women have a higher incidence of parity-related obesity than do White women. Thus, efforts to reduce obesity should target postpartum women and minority women who give birth.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Esa M., Stephen J. Zyzanski, Christine M. Olson, Kurt C. Stange and Ralph I. Horwitz. "Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Differences in the Incidence of Obesity Related to Childbirth." American Journal of Public Health 99,2 (February 2009): 294-299.
1547. Davis, Jonathan
Mazumder, Bhashkar
The Decline in Intergenerational Mobility After 1980
Presented: Chicago IL, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2017
Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We present new evidence using National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) which shows a sharp decline in intergenerational mobility across cohorts born between 1942 and 1953 compared to those born between 1957 and 1964. The former entered the labor market prior to the large rise in inequality that occurred around 1980 while the latter cohorts entered the labor market largely after this inflection point in inequality. We show that the rank-rank slope rose from 0.27 to 0.4 and the IGE rose from 0.35 to 0.52 across these two cohort groups. The share of children whose income exceeds that of their parents fell by about 4 percentage points. These findings suggest that relative mobility fell by substantially more than absolute mobility.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Jonathan and Bhashkar Mazumder. "The Decline in Intergenerational Mobility After 1980." Presented: Chicago IL, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2017.
1548. Davis, Mary E.
Health Effects of Night and Irregular Shift Work
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63,4 (April 2021): 265-269.
Also: https://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/9000/Health_Effects_of_Night_and_Irregular_Shift_Work_.98029.aspx
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Keyword(s): Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: Evidence suggests that shift work results in adverse occupational health outcomes. This paper contributes to the literature by estimating the separate health effects of night and irregular shift work on longitudinal panel of US workers.

Methods: Data from a 20-year panel of worker surveys from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to predict self-reported health limitations related to night and irregular shift work using a series of random effects logit models.

Results: Separate and combined specifications of shift work as night and irregular effort significantly increase the odds of health limitations compared to working a regular daytime schedule, with more pronounced effects for irregular work (OR = 1.09-1.52) over night shift (OR = 1.03-1.14).

Conclusions: The results suggest that both night and irregular shift work may have important negative implications on occupational health, with the deleterious effects particularly pronounced for irregularly scheduled work effort.

Bibliography Citation
Davis, Mary E. "Health Effects of Night and Irregular Shift Work." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63,4 (April 2021): 265-269.
1549. Davis, Mary E.
Hoyt, Eric
A Longitudinal Study of Piece Rate and Health: Evidence and Implications for Workers in the US Gig Economy
Public Health 180 (March 2020): 1-9.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350619303415
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Random Effects; Performance pay; Wage Rates

Methods: Data from six survey waves of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth collected between 1988 and 2000 are used in a random-effects logit model to predict self-reported health limitations related to piece rate, while controlling for worker, work environment, lifestyle, time, and location trends.

Results: Pay tied to piece rate in current or prior periods significantly increases the odds of self-reported health limitations compared with salaried work (odds ratio [OR]: 1.4-1.8). These effects are elevated for the subgroups of low-wage (OR: 1.5-1.8), female (OR: 1.8-1.9), and non-white (OR: 2.0-2.1) workers compared with their high-wage, male, and white peers.

Bibliography Citation
Davis, Mary E. and Eric Hoyt. "A Longitudinal Study of Piece Rate and Health: Evidence and Implications for Workers in the US Gig Economy." Public Health 180 (March 2020): 1-9.
1550. Davis, Mary E.
Hoyt, Eric
The Effect of Performance Pay on US Workers' Physical and Emotional Health
Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM)
Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Random Effects; Performance pay

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The unintended consequences of performance pay on worker health and well-being is becoming increasingly relevant with the growth of the on-demand service sector in the US, also known as the gig economy. Workers in this industry are rewarded for effort during periods of peak demand, which often occur on a part-time, irregular, and/or night schedule, all of which have also been linked to negative worker health outcomes. As this sector continues to grow, it is important to understand and anticipate the effects of wage and work structure on the health and well-being of the US workforce, evidence that will ideally be used support effective policy mechanisms and controls to protect workers.

This paper explores these hypotheses using data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts. The NLSY79 dataset follows a cohort of approximately 10,000 respondents born between 1957 and 1964, with data available in survey waves from 1979 to 2014; while the NLSY97 follows another cohort of nearly 9,000 respondents born between 1980 and 1984, with data available between 1997 and 2015. A random effects logit model is used to track and identify individual health outcomes as workers in these cohorts move in and out of performance pay, isolating the impact over time and testing for cumulative effects. The results identify a statistically significant link between performance pay and poor worker health, effects that are attenuated for susceptible sub-groups of workers, including female, minority, and low-income workers.

Bibliography Citation
Davis, Mary E. and Eric Hoyt. "The Effect of Performance Pay on US Workers' Physical and Emotional Health." Presented: Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2018.
1551. Davis, Paul R.
Trevor, Charlie O.
Feng, Jie
Creating a More Quit-friendly National Workforce? Individual Layoff History and Voluntary Turnover
Journal of Applied Psychology 100,5 (2015): 1434-1455.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000012
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Labor Turnover; Layoffs; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Underemployment

Although Bureau of Labor Statistics data reveal that U.S. employers laid off over 30 million employees since 1994, virtually no research has addressed the behavior of layoff victims upon reemployment. In a first step, we investigate how layoffs shape voluntary turnover behavior in subsequent jobs. Utilizing a recently developed fixed effects specification of survival analysis, we find that a layoff history is positively associated with quit behavior. This effect is partially mediated by underemployment and job satisfaction in the postlayoff job. The remaining direct effect is consistent with the notion that layoffs produce a psychological spillover to postlayoff employment, which then manifests in quit behavior. We also find that layoff effects on turnover attenuate as an individual's layoffs accumulate and vary in magnitude according to the turnover "path" followed by the leaver. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Paul R., Charlie O. Trevor and Jie Feng. "Creating a More Quit-friendly National Workforce? Individual Layoff History and Voluntary Turnover." Journal of Applied Psychology 100,5 (2015): 1434-1455.
1552. Davis, Shannon N.
Gender Ideology Construction From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Social Science Research 36,3 (September 2007): 1021-1041.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X06000688
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Religion; Self-Esteem; Transition, Adulthood

This paper updates and extends research examining the origins of adolescent beliefs about gender. Although previous research noted the importance of maternal attitudes on adolescent beliefs, more recent attempts to model adolescent and young adult gender ideology have been limited in the kinds of intergenerational models tested. Using latent curve modeling and recent survey data from children of a nationally representative sample of women in the United States, I demonstrate that current family context is the most crucial component of adolescent and young adult gender ideology. Egalitarian mothers are more likely to have egalitarian children, although maternal ideologies have little effect on ideology change over time. Young women are more egalitarian than are young men, and this difference diminishes over time. As adolescents age, current life experiences are better predictors of gender ideology than are characteristics of family of origin. There is little evidence that the recent historical trends toward more egalitarian gender ideologies have abated.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Shannon N. "Gender Ideology Construction From Adolescence to Young Adulthood." Social Science Research 36,3 (September 2007): 1021-1041.
1553. Davis, Shannon N.
Greenstein, Theodore N.
Interactive Effects of Gender Ideology and Age at First Marriage on Women's Marital Disruption
Journal of Family Issues 25,5 (July 2004): 658-683.
Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/25/5/658
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Attitudes; Divorce; Gender; Marital Disruption; Marriage; Sex Roles; Women's Roles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A sample of ever-married women from the NLSY79 is analyzed to examine the effects of age at first marriage and gender ideology on the likelihood of experiencing marital disruption. The authors hypothesize that age at first marriage will have no effect on the likelihood of experiencing marital disruption for non-traditional women, but that there will be a strong negative effect for traditional women. The authors use the log-rate model for piecewise-constant rates to estimate the log odds of respondents' hazard for experiencing a marital disruption separately for each of the three gender ideology groups. Findings suggest that age at first marriage affects women's likelihood of marital disruption contingent upon gender ideology. It is suggested that gender ideology is a lens through which women view the world and make decisions and that within each ideology category the factors that affect likelihood of divorce may differ as a result.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Shannon N. and Theodore N. Greenstein. "Interactive Effects of Gender Ideology and Age at First Marriage on Women's Marital Disruption." Journal of Family Issues 25,5 (July 2004): 658-683.
1554. Davis, Shannon N.
Pearce, Lisa D.
Adolescents' Work-Family Gender Ideologies and Educational Expectations
Sociological Perspectives 50,2 (Summer 2007): 249-271.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sop.2007.50.2.249
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: University of California Press
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Family Structure; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Religion; Religious Influences; Self-Esteem

Much empirical research has been devoted to examining how early life socialization and experiences shape adolescent aspirations. This article adds to this body of research by examining adolescent educational expectations at a crucial developmental stage with a focus on ideational processes. The authors test hypotheses derived from the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices regarding links between the previously neglected concept of work-family gender ideology and expected educational attainment. Using recent survey data from children of a nationally representative sample of women in the United States, the authors demonstrate a positive relationship between gender egalitarianism views of gendered work and family roles makes one more likely to desire a college education and a graduate or professional degree, although the relationship is stronger for girls than for boys. The authors' findings suggest the pivotal role of work-family gender ideologies in shaping adolescents' educational expectations and more generally highlight the importance of ideology and worldview in the construction of status attainment goals.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Shannon N. and Lisa D. Pearce. "Adolescents' Work-Family Gender Ideologies and Educational Expectations." Sociological Perspectives 50,2 (Summer 2007): 249-271.
1555. Davis, Shannon N.
Wills, Jeremiah B.
Adolescent Gender Ideology Socialization: Direct and Moderating Effects of Fathers' Beliefs.
Sociological Spectrum 30,5 (September 2010): 580-604.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02732173.2010.496106
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Fathers, Influence; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Religion; Religious Influences; Sex Roles; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction

Previous research examining the intergenerational transmission of gender ideology focuses generally on the influence of mothers' beliefs. This article extends the understanding of gender ideology construction and transmission in two important ways. Utilizing data from the child sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 206), we examine the construction of adolescent gender ideology via mothers' and fathers' gender beliefs. Further, we consider the interaction between maternal and paternal ideologies as they influence adolescent ideology. Findings suggest that paternal ideology plays a strong role in adolescent ideology formation, both directly and as a moderator of maternal influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bibliography Citation
Davis, Shannon N. and Jeremiah B. Wills. "Adolescent Gender Ideology Socialization: Direct and Moderating Effects of Fathers' Beliefs." Sociological Spectrum 30,5 (September 2010): 580-604.
1556. Davis, Tricia Marie
Repeating the Problem: An Examination of Unwed Adolescent Motherhood
Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2000
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Behavioral Problems; Event History; Family Structure; Family Studies; Mothers, Education; Parents, Single; Pregnancy, Adolescent

Drawing on problem behavior theory, this research examines the influence of a social psychological network of variables on the probability of a repeat pregnancy to an unwed adolescent mother. A sample of adolescents is drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and analyzed using logistic regression and event history analysis. The logistic regression analysis allowed for examination of a dichotomous dependent variable--that of having an unwed repeat pregnancy versus not having an unwed repeat pregnancy. A maximum likelihood estimation technique was used for estimating the parameter values with the highest probability of generating the event of interest--having an unwed repeat pregnancy. Quite consistently I found three predictor variables to have strong effects on having an unwed repeat pregnancy: the age of the adolescent mother at her first child's birth, the adolescent mother's education expectations, and having the adolescent's mother living in the household. The event history analysis used a continuous dependent variable to investigate changes over time. In this study the continuous variable was the time between having an unwed adolescent first birth to having an unwed repeat pregnancy. The results of the event history analysis were consistent with those found in the logistic regression analysis. These results have implications for social policy and the development of interventions for adolescent mothers at risk for a second unwed pregnancy.
Bibliography Citation
Davis, Tricia Marie. Repeating the Problem: An Examination of Unwed Adolescent Motherhood. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2000.
1557. Davoli, Maddalena
Rodriguez-Planas, Nuria
Culture and Adult Financial Literacy: Evidence from the United States
Economics of Education Review published online (19 June 2020): 102013.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775719305217
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Family Background and Culture; Financial Literacy

Using a US nationally representative sample of over 6000 adults from 26 countries of ancestry, we find a strong association between their financial literacy in the US and the financial literacy level in their self-reported country of ancestry. More specifically, if an individual from a country of ancestry with 'average' financial literacy had instead come from a country with financial literacy one-standard deviation above the mean, his or her likelihood of answering correctly basic financial literacy questions regarding inflation, risk diversification, and interest rate in the US would have increased by 4 percentage points, a 9% increase relative to the average financial literacy in our sample of 43%. The cultural components behind this observed association include a strong emphasis on patience, long-term orientation and risk-aversion in the country of ancestry. We also find that the association is driven by financial literacy on risk diversification and interest compounding.
Bibliography Citation
Davoli, Maddalena and Nuria Rodriguez-Planas. "Culture and Adult Financial Literacy: Evidence from the United States." Economics of Education Review published online (19 June 2020): 102013.
1558. Dawson, John A.
Dhurandhar, Emily J.
Vazquez, Ana I.
Peng, Bo
Allison, David B.
Propagation of Obesity across Generations: The Roles of Differential Realized Fertility and Assortative Mating by Body Mass Index
Human Heredity 75,2-4 (2013): 204-212.
Also: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/352007
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Body Mass Index (BMI); Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Monte Carlo; Obesity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background/Aims: To quantify the extent to which the increase in obesity observed across recent generations of the American population is associated with the individual or combined effects of assortative mating (AM) for body mass index (BMI) and differential realized fertility by BMI.

Methods: A Monte Carlo framework is formed and informed using data collected from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The model has 2 portions: one that generates childbirth events on an annual basis and another that produces a BMI for each child. Once the model is informed using the data, a reference distribution of offspring BMIs is simulated. We quantify the effects of our factors of interest by removing them from the model and comparing the resulting offspring BMI distributions with that of the baseline scenario.

Results: An association between maternal BMI and number of offspring is evidenced in the NLSY data as well as the presence of AM. These 2 factors combined are associated with an increased mean BMI (+0.067, 95% CI: 0.056; 0.078), an increased BMI variance (+0.578, 95% CI: 0.418; 0.736) and an increased prevalence of obesity (RR 1.032, 95% CI: 1.023; 1.041) and BMIs >40 (RR 1.083, 95% CI: 1.053; 1.118) among offspring.

Conclusion: Our investigation suggests that both differential realized fertility and AM by BMI appear to play a role in the increasing prevalence of obesity in America.

Bibliography Citation
Dawson, John A., Emily J. Dhurandhar, Ana I. Vazquez, Bo Peng and David B. Allison. "Propagation of Obesity across Generations: The Roles of Differential Realized Fertility and Assortative Mating by Body Mass Index." Human Heredity 75,2-4 (2013): 204-212.
1559. Day, Melissa D.
Glauber, Rebecca
Do Stepmothers Pay a Wage Penalty?
Journal of Family Issues published online (24 May 2022): DOI: 10.1177/0192513X221087723.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0192513X221087723
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Motherhood; Stepfamilies; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

There is an abundance of research on the motherhood wage penalty, but few studies have looked at stepmotherhood and its association with women's work hours, labor market experience, and wages. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2016) this study presents results of descriptive statistics and fixed effects regressions. We find that married residential stepmotherhood is a relatively transitory experience. Further, the transition to parenthood was associated with a reduction in all women's time at work, but was smaller for stepmothers and larger for biological mothers. Compared to married biological mothers, residential stepmothers spent more time at work, accumulated more labor market experience, and did not pay a motherhood wage penalty. These results broaden our understanding of how different pathways to motherhood may impact the nature of women's relationships with their children, and in turn, other aspects of women's lives including women's work-family experiences.
Bibliography Citation
Day, Melissa D. and Rebecca Glauber. "Do Stepmothers Pay a Wage Penalty?" Journal of Family Issues published online (24 May 2022): DOI: 10.1177/0192513X221087723.
1560. Day, Randal D.
The Transition to First Intercourse Among Racially and Culturally Diverse Youth
Journal of Marriage and Family 54,4 (November 1992): 749-762.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353158
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity

This study explored the transition to first sexual intercourse among Chicano, Latino, black, and white teens. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the effect of distal and proximate variables on that transition. It was hypothesized that as a teen ages she or he would move from being more influenced by proximate factors to being more influenced by the distal world of peers and community. This hypothesis was partially confirmed, but there were significant differences between males and females, and ethnic/cultural groups. It was also suggested that age of f intercourse is not a simple process but rather there is a compelling need to perform separate analysis by race and gender. In particular, factors influencing the transition to intercourse for Chicano and Latino subgroups of males and females were quite unique.
Bibliography Citation
Day, Randal D. "The Transition to First Intercourse Among Racially and Culturally Diverse Youth." Journal of Marriage and Family 54,4 (November 1992): 749-762.
1561. Daymont, Thomas N.
Rumberger, Russell W.
Impact of High School Curriculum on the Earnings and Employability of Youth
In: Job Training for Youth. R.E. Taylor, et al., eds. Columbus, OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University
Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; High School Curriculum; Job Training; Schooling; Vocational Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study looks at differences in high school curricula and relates high school training to occupations and labor market success. The authors examine whether the returns to vocational training acquired in high school are contingent on whether students obtain an occupation corresponding to their specialty area and examine race and sex differences in both high school training and labor market opportunities.
Bibliography Citation
Daymont, Thomas N. and Russell W. Rumberger. "Impact of High School Curriculum on the Earnings and Employability of Youth" In: Job Training for Youth. R.E. Taylor, et al., eds. Columbus, OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1982
1562. Daza, Sebastian
Palloni, Alberto
Jones, Jerrett
The Consequences of Incarceration for Mortality in the United States
Demography published online (19 March 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00869-5.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-020-00869-5
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail; Mortality; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Previous research has suggested that incarceration has negative implications for individuals' well-being, health, and mortality. Most of these studies, however, have not followed former prisoners over an extended period and into older adult ages, when the risk of health deterioration and mortality is the greatest. Contributing to this literature, this study is the first to employ the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to estimate the long-run association between individual incarceration and mortality over nearly 40 years. We also supplement those analyses with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). We then use these estimates to investigate the implications of the U.S. incarceration regime and the post-1980 incarceration boom for the U.S. health and mortality disadvantage relative to industrialized peer countries (the United Kingdom).
Bibliography Citation
Daza, Sebastian, Alberto Palloni and Jerrett Jones. "The Consequences of Incarceration for Mortality in the United States." Demography published online (19 March 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00869-5.
1563. de Araujo, Pedro
Lagos, Stephen
Self-Esteem, Education, and Wages Revisited
Journal of Economic Psychology 34 (February 2013): 120-132.
Also: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-economic-psychology/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling; Self-Esteem; Wages

Personality undoubtedly plays a role in determining educational attainment and labor market outcomes. We investigate the role of self-esteem in determining wages directly and indirectly via education. We use data from the 1979 wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY79) to estimate a three equation simultaneous equation model that treats self-esteem, educational attainment, and real wages as endogenous. We find that, while self-esteem has a positive and significant impact on wages indirectly via education, it does not significantly affect wages directly once we control for locus of control. We find that the indirect effect of self-esteem comprises upwards of 80% of the total effect of self-esteem on wages after 1980. Additionally, we find that wages and education both affect self-esteem. We discuss gender differences in the relationships between wages, education, and self-esteem and conclude that females experience a higher rate of return on education than males, and self-esteem is a stronger determinant of educational attainment for males than females.
Bibliography Citation
de Araujo, Pedro and Stephen Lagos. "Self-Esteem, Education, and Wages Revisited." Journal of Economic Psychology 34 (February 2013): 120-132.
1564. de Haan, Monique
Leuven, Edwin
Head Start and the Distribution of Long Term Education and Labor Market Outcomes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9915, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2015.
Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9915.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Head Start; Labor Market Outcomes; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper we investigate the effect of Head Start on long term education and labor market outcomes using data from the NLSY79. The contributions to the existing literature on the effectiveness of Head Start are threefold: (1) we are the first to examine distributional effects of Head Start on long term outcomes (2) we do not rely on quasi-experimental variation in Head Start participation but instead perform a nonparametric bounds analysis that relies on weak stochastic dominance assumptions and (3) we consider education and labor market outcomes observed for individuals in their early 30s. The results show that Head Start has a statistically significant positive effect on years of education, in particular for women, blacks and Hispanics. For wage income we also find evidence that Head Start has beneficial impacts, with effects located at the lower end of the distribution.
Bibliography Citation
de Haan, Monique and Edwin Leuven. "Head Start and the Distribution of Long Term Education and Labor Market Outcomes." IZA Discussion Paper No. 9915, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2015.
1565. de Haan, Monique
Leuven, Edwin
Head Start and the Distribution of Long term Education and Labor Market Outcomes
Journal of Labor Economics published online (24 May 2019): DOI: 10.1086/706090.
Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/706090
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Head Start; Labor Market Outcomes; Wages

We investigate the effect of Head Start on education and wage income for individuals in their 30s in the NLSY79...We find that Head Start has positive and statistically significant effects on years of education and wage income.
Bibliography Citation
de Haan, Monique and Edwin Leuven. "Head Start and the Distribution of Long term Education and Labor Market Outcomes." Journal of Labor Economics published online (24 May 2019): DOI: 10.1086/706090.
1566. de la Croix, David
Pommeret, Aude
Childbearing Postponement, its Option Value, and the Biological Clock
Journal of Economic Theory published online (1 March 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2021.105231.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002205312100048X
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Fertility; Income Risk

Having children is like investing in a risky project. Postponing birth is like delaying an irreversible investment. It has an option value, which depends on its costs and benefits, and in particular on the additional risks motherhood brings. We develop a parsimonious theory of childbearing postponement along these lines. We derive its implications for asset accumulation, income, optimal age at first birth, and childlessness. The structural parameters are estimated by matching the predictions of the model to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth NLSY79. The uncertainty surrounding income growth is shown to increase with childbearing, and this increase is stronger for more educated people. This effect alone can explain why the age at first birth and the childlessness rate both increase with education. We use the model to simulate two hypothetical policies. Providing free medically assisted reproduction technology does not affect the age at first birth much, but lowers the childlessness rate. Insuring mothers against income risk is powerful in lowering the age at first birth.
Bibliography Citation
de la Croix, David and Aude Pommeret. "Childbearing Postponement, its Option Value, and the Biological Clock." Journal of Economic Theory published online (1 March 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2021.105231.
1567. De La Puente, Manuel
A Preliminary Analysis of the Occupational Aspirations of Hispanic, Black, and White Youths: The Role of Government-Sponsored Employment and Training
Report, National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA); Employment, Youth; Hispanics; Job Training; Minorities, Youth; Occupational Aspirations; Racial Differences; School Quality

This report examines the occupational aspirations of Hispanic, black, and white young men and women aged 14 to 21, focusing primarily on the impact that participation in government-sponsored employment and training program has on the occupational aspirations of these youths. Program participants are compared with nonparticipants, and additional comparisons are conducted among Hispanic, black, and white participants and nonparticipants. The report has five major objectives. It (1) determines the impact that participation in government-sponsored employment and training programs has on the occupational aspirations of Hispanic, black, and white male and female youths; (2) reviews the employment literature to examine the contention that a synthesis is needed between the two dominant paradigms in labor market research (the status attainment and labor market approaches) and the realistic analysis of labor markets as well as a more comprehensive and accurate picture of minority workers; (3) examines the research on youth employment with special emphasis on minority youths, and also discusses the role of such programs in addressing the employment problems of these young people; (4) bridges the gulf between research and public policy by extrapolating policy implications from the studies reviewed and discussing the policy relevance of the NLSY 1979 findings; and (5) delineates areas where additional research is warranted, and makes empirically based recommendations for public policy.
Bibliography Citation
De La Puente, Manuel. "A Preliminary Analysis of the Occupational Aspirations of Hispanic, Black, and White Youths: The Role of Government-Sponsored Employment and Training." Report, National Council of La Raza, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982.
1568. De la Roca, Jorge
Ottaviano, Gianmarco P.
Puga, Diego
City of Dreams
Journal of the European Economic Association published online (30 July 2022): DOI: 10.1093/jeea/jvac042.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/jeea/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jeea/jvac042/6652214
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Mobility; Self-Esteem; Urbanization/Urban Living

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bigger cities offer more valuable experience and opportunities in exchange for higher housing costs. While higher-ability workers benefit more from bigger cities, they are not more likely to move to one. Our model of urban sorting by workers with heterogeneous self-confidence and ability suggests flawed self-assessment is partly to blame. Analysis of NLSY79 data shows that, consistent with our model, young workers with high self-confidence are more likely to locate in a big city initially. For more experienced workers, ability plays a stronger role in determining location choices, but the lasting impact of earlier choices dampens their incentives to move.
Bibliography Citation
De la Roca, Jorge, Gianmarco P. Ottaviano and Diego Puga. "City of Dreams." Journal of the European Economic Association published online (30 July 2022): DOI: 10.1093/jeea/jvac042.
1569. De Serf, Megan
The Effects of Familial, Economic, and Social Variables on Children's Educational Attainment
The Park Place Economist 10,1 (2002): 14-20
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University
Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Family Resources; Human Capital; Religious Influences; Undergraduate Research

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Throughout this project, the impact of variables such as income, family size, single vs. dual headed households, parents' educational attainments and other background factors affecting the educational attainments of children in these families are examined. Additionally, the effect of children's drug and alcohol use/abuse on their education is examined. In doing this project, I prove that key background factors give some children an educational advantage over other children. Section II presents the human capital theory and explains the household production unit. It also evaluates the existing literature on socioeconomic factors relating to educational attainment. Section III explains the empirical model and data extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Section IV discusses the results of the model, and Section V draws conclusions from the results and suggests policy implications.
Bibliography Citation
De Serf, Megan. "The Effects of Familial, Economic, and Social Variables on Children's Educational Attainment." The Park Place Economist 10,1 (2002): 14-20.
1570. De Serf, Megan
The Effects of Family, Social and Background Factors on Children's Educational Attainment
Honors Project Paper 8, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2002.
Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/8
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background; Undergraduate Research

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In a perfect world, children of all races, socioeconomic backgrounds, and family types would not only have the opportunity to receive a higher education, but they would also take full advantage of these opportunities. The educational level of children in the ghettos of Chicago or St. Louis would be equal to their suburban counterparts. However, it is not a perfect world, and educational attainment of children and young adults from varying backgrounds differ greatly. Do some children have advantages that are not available to other children with differing backgrounds? In educational and economic studies, it has been found that background variables including family income, family type, family size, and parents' education are determinants of the amount and quality of education children receive over their lifetime (Jones, 1999; Rosetti, 2000). It is evident that familial and parental factors can either benefit or harm the chances of children receiving an education and excelling in a scholastic environment. More importantly to this paper, the disparity in educational levels among children and adults of different racial backgrounds has led scholars to question whether the background variables mentioned above have different effects dependent on specific racial groups.
Bibliography Citation
De Serf, Megan. "The Effects of Family, Social and Background Factors on Children's Educational Attainment." Honors Project Paper 8, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2002.
1571. Deakin, Nicholas
Old Solutions for New Dystopias; The Bell Curve - Richard J. Herrnstein & Charles Murray
The Independent, December 10, 1994, Weekend Books Page; Pg. 27
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Independent Digital (UK) Ltd
Keyword(s): I.Q.; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This is a book review of Murray and Herrnstein's "The Bell Curve," which utilizes NLSY79 data.
Bibliography Citation
Deakin, Nicholas. "Old Solutions for New Dystopias; The Bell Curve - Richard J. Herrnstein & Charles Murray." The Independent, December 10, 1994, Weekend Books Page; Pg. 27.
1572. Deardorff, Julianna
Abrams, Barbara
Ekwaru, J. Paul
Rehkopf, David
Socioeconomic Status and Age at Menarche: An Examination of Multiple Indicators in an Ethnically Diverse Cohort
Annals of Epidemiology 24,10 (October 2014): 727-733.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279714003238
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Income; Family Resources; Life Course; Mothers and Daughters; Mothers, Age at Menarche; Obesity; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Weight

Purpose: Ethnic disparities exist in US girls' ages at menarche. Overweight and low socioeconomic status (SES) may contribute to these disparities but past research has been equivocal. We sought to determine which SES indicators were associated uniquely with menarche, for which ethnic groups, and whether associations operated through overweight.

Methods: Using National Longitudinal Study of Youth data, we examined associations between SES indicators and age at menarche. Participants were 4851 girls and their mothers. We used survival analyses to examine whether SES, at various time points, was associated with menarche, whether body mass index (BMI) mediated associations, and whether race/ethnicity modified associations.

Results: Black and Hispanic girls experienced menarche earlier than whites. After adjusting for SES, there was a 50% reduction in the effect estimate for "being Hispanic" and 40% reduction for "being Black" versus "being white" on menarche. SES indicators were associated uniquely with earlier menarche, including mother's unmarried status and lower family income. Associations varied by race/ethnicity. BMI did not mediate associations.

Conclusion: Racial differences in menarche may in large part be due to SES differences. Future experimental or quasi-experimental studies should examine whether intervening on SES factors could have benefits for delaying menarche among Blacks and Hispanics.

Bibliography Citation
Deardorff, Julianna, Barbara Abrams, J. Paul Ekwaru and David Rehkopf. "Socioeconomic Status and Age at Menarche: An Examination of Multiple Indicators in an Ethnically Diverse Cohort." Annals of Epidemiology 24,10 (October 2014): 727-733.
1573. Deardorff, Julianna
Berry-Millett, Rachel
Rehkopf, David
Luecke, Ellen
Lahiff, Maureen
Abrams, Barbara
Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI, Gestational Weight Gain, and Age at Menarche in Daughters
Maternal and Child Health Journal 17,8 (October 2013): 1391-1398.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-012-1139-z
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Gestation/Gestational weight gain; Life Course; Mothers and Daughters; Obesity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Life course theory suggests that early life experiences can shape health over a lifetime and across generations. Associations between maternal pregnancy experience and daughters’ age at menarche are not well understood. We examined whether maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) were independently related to daughters’ age at menarche. Consistent with a life course perspective, we also examined whether maternal GWG, birth weight, and prepubertal BMI mediated the relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI and daughter’s menarcheal age. We examined 2,497 mother-daughter pairs from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards was used to estimate whether maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) and GWG adequacy (inadequate, recommended, and excessive) were associated with risk for earlier menarche among girls, controlling for important covariates. Analyses were conducted to examine the mediating roles of GWG adequacy, child birth weight and prepubertal BMI. Adjusting for covariates, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (HR = 1.20, 95 % CI 1.06, 1.36) and excess GWG (HR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.01, 1.27) were associated with daughters’ earlier menarche, while inadequate GWG was not. The association between maternal pre-pregnancy weight and daughters’ menarcheal timing was not mediated by daughter’s birth weight, prepubertal BMI or maternal GWG. Maternal factors, before and during pregnancy, are potentially important determinants of daughters’ menarcheal timing and are amenable to intervention. Further research is needed to better understand pathways through which these factors operate.
Bibliography Citation
Deardorff, Julianna, Rachel Berry-Millett, David Rehkopf, Ellen Luecke, Maureen Lahiff and Barbara Abrams. "Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI, Gestational Weight Gain, and Age at Menarche in Daughters." Maternal and Child Health Journal 17,8 (October 2013): 1391-1398.
1574. Deardorff, Julianna
Smith, Louisa H.
Petito, Lucia C.
Kim, Hyunju
Abrams, Barbara
Maternal Prepregnancy Weight and Children’s Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes
American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53,4 (October 2017): 432-440.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379717302702
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Body Mass Index (BMI); Childhood; Mothers, Health; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior

Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Children and Young Adults surveys are U.S.-based, ongoing longitudinal studies, initiated in 1979 and 1986, respectively. Mothers (n=2,952) reported pregnancy and child (n=5,660) developmental information at multiple time points. Child total, internalizing, and externalizing problems at ages 9–11 years were assessed using the Behavior Problems Index (BPI), collected biennially until 2012. Associations between prepregnancy BMI and child BPI outcomes were examined, as well as two- and three-way interactions by race and gender. Analyses were conducted in 2017.

Results: Boys whose mothers had higher prepregnancy weights exhibited higher total BPI and externalizing scores at ages 9–11 years versus those with normal-weight mothers. Boys with severely obese mothers had higher total BPI (mean difference=7.99, 95% CI=3.53, 12.46) and externalizing (mean difference=5.77, 95% CI=1.50, 10.04) scores. Prepregnancy underweight was associated with boys’ higher total BPI (mean difference=2.34, 95% CI=0.02, 4.66) and externalizing (mean difference=3.30, 95% CI=0.69, 5.91); these associations were not significant in sensitivity analyses. No associations emerged for girls or internalizing problems. Two-way interactions by race and three-way interactions by race and gender were not significant.

Bibliography Citation
Deardorff, Julianna, Louisa H. Smith, Lucia C. Petito, Hyunju Kim and Barbara Abrams. "Maternal Prepregnancy Weight and Children’s Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53,4 (October 2017): 432-440.
1575. Deary, Ian J.
Der, Geoff
Shenkin, Susan D.
Does Mother's IQ Explain the Association Between Birth Weight and Cognitive Ability in Childhood?
Intelligence 33,5 (September-October 2005): 445-454.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289605000577
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Birthweight; Cognitive Ability; I.Q.; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

There is a significant association between birth weight and cognitive test scores in childhood, even among individuals born at term and with normal birth weight. The association is not explained by the child's social background. Here we examine whether mother's cognitive ability accounts for the birth weight–cognitive ability association. We analysed mother and child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Random effects models were employed to utilise fully the repeated cognitive tests on the same child, and to include all children of each mother. Mother's score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) was significantly related to child's birth weight. Birth weight was significantly related to the child's scores on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. This association was attenuated by up to two-thirds after taking into account mother's AFQT score. In this large sample the association between birth weight and cognitive ability was substantially explained by mother's IQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2005 Elsevier]
Bibliography Citation
Deary, Ian J., Geoff Der and Susan D. Shenkin. "Does Mother's IQ Explain the Association Between Birth Weight and Cognitive Ability in Childhood?" Intelligence 33,5 (September-October 2005): 445-454.
1576. Deary, Ian J.
Irwing, Paul
Der, Geoff
Bates, Timothy C.
Brother--Sister Differences in the g Factor in Intelligence: Analysis of Full, Opposite-Sex Siblings from the NLSY1979
Intelligence 35,5 (September-October 2007): 451-456.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289606001115
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; g Factor; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Intelligence; Siblings; Sisters

There is scientific and popular dispute about whether there are sex differences in cognitive abilities and whether they are relevant to the proportions of men and women who attain high-level achievements, such as Nobel Prizes. A recent meta-analysis (Lynn, R., and Irwing, P. (2004). Sex differences on the progressive matrices: a meta-analysis. Intelligence, 32, 481–498.), which suggested that males have higher mean scores on the general factor in intelligence (g), proved especially contentious. Here we use a novel design, comparing 1292 pairs of opposite-sex siblings who participated in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY1979). The mental test applied was the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), from which the briefer Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) scores can also be derived. Males have only a marginal advantage in mean levels of g (less than 7% of a standard deviation) from the ASVAB and AFQT, but substantially greater variance. Among the top 2% AFQT scores, there were almost twice as many males as females. These differences could provide a partial basis for sex differences in intellectual eminence. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier]

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Bibliography Citation
Deary, Ian J., Paul Irwing, Geoff Der and Timothy C. Bates. "Brother--Sister Differences in the g Factor in Intelligence: Analysis of Full, Opposite-Sex Siblings from the NLSY1979." Intelligence 35,5 (September-October 2007): 451-456.
1577. DeBeaumont, Ronald
Occupational Differences in the Wage Penalty for Obese Women
Journal of Socio-Economics 38,2 (March 2009): 344-349.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535708001819#sec3
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Body weight; Obesity; Occupations; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women

Prior research indicates overweight women are penalized with lower wages. The connection between weight and wages is tested for several occupational categories. The results suggest weight significantly reduces pay only for women in sales and service occupations, a finding consistent with customer discrimination. Obese females who are self-employed also receive a significant wage penalty in customer-oriented occupations, suggesting the pay discrepancy is not originating from employer discrimination.
Bibliography Citation
DeBeaumont, Ronald. "Occupational Differences in the Wage Penalty for Obese Women." Journal of Socio-Economics 38,2 (March 2009): 344-349.
1578. DeBeaumont, Ronald
Girtz, Robert
The Mediation Effect of Self-Esteem on Weight and Earnings
Atlantic Economic Journal published online (18 January 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11293-019-09648-z.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11293-019-09648-z
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society
Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Obesity; Self-Esteem; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Prior research has consistently documented a weight-related earnings penalty for females. However, there is debate concerning the existence of a similar wage penalty for men, with many studies having found no statistically significant effect. Prior research has also found a wage penalty associated with lower self-esteem. Drawing data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we refine the empirical relationship among self-esteem, wages, and weight. Implementing mediation models, our results suggest men face an obesity wage penalty, but the penalty is characterized through a persistent decrease in self-esteem when relatively young which leads to lower wages as adults. In contrast, the obesity wage penalty for females is not mediated through lower self-esteem and is likely the result of factors related to contemporaneous body weight.
Bibliography Citation
DeBeaumont, Ronald and Robert Girtz. "The Mediation Effect of Self-Esteem on Weight and Earnings." Atlantic Economic Journal published online (18 January 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11293-019-09648-z.
1579. DeBeaumont, Ronald
Nsiah, Christian
Do Unions Reduce the Wage Penalty Experienced by Obese Women?
Economics Bulletin 36,1 (2016): 281-290.
Also: http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eblecbull/eb-14-00865.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Economics Bulletin
Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Obesity; Unions; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Unions have been shown to reduce wage inequality, thus resulting in higher wages for certain disadvantaged groups. Overweight individuals, especially women, generally receive lower wages than thinner individuals with similar socioeconomic characteristics. This paper demonstrates that union wage protection extends to overweight women in the U.S. Specifically, obese women do not experience a wage penalty when employed in jobs covered by collective bargaining.
Bibliography Citation
DeBeaumont, Ronald and Christian Nsiah. "Do Unions Reduce the Wage Penalty Experienced by Obese Women?" Economics Bulletin 36,1 (2016): 281-290.
1580. Dechter, Aimee R.
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr.
Harris, Kathleen Mullan
The Changing Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing: A Comparison of Fertility and Marriage Patterns Across Cohorts
Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1990
Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Much is known about the implications of adolescent childbearing for the fertility and marital patterns of contemporary cohorts of women in the U.S., however, it is not known whether the long term implications of teenage childbearing for future family formation are persistent across successive cohorts of women. This paper focuses on differences in the implications of the timing of first birth on subsequent childbearing and on marital patterns, across several cohorts. The fertility and marital patterns are discussed within the context of social and historical changes, including the soaring rates of both high school completion and out of wedlock childbearing. The differences between adolescent mothers and others are contrasted across cohorts born in the following periods: the 1920s and 1930s; the years surrounding the Second World War; and in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The data, drawn from the Mature Women, Young Women, and Youth Cohorts of the NLS, suggest that differentials associated with the timing of first birth in the risks of out of wedlock childbearing, marriage, and divorce have increased and differentials in subsequent fertility have converged across the cohorts. Futhermore, racial differences in the differentials associated with adolescent childbearing have increased with respect to the marriage indicators and decreased with respect to children ever born.
Bibliography Citation
Dechter, Aimee R., Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg and Kathleen Mullan Harris. "The Changing Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing: A Comparison of Fertility and Marriage Patterns Across Cohorts." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1990.
1581. Dechter, Evgenia
Physical Appearance and Earnings, Hair Color Matters
Labour Economics 32 (January 2015): 15-26.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537114001432
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Earnings; Labor Market Outcomes; Physical Characteristics; Work Experience

This study examines the relationship between physical appearance and labor market outcomes. It focuses on hair color and addresses the effects of the "blonde myth", a series of perceptions about personality characteristics of blonde women. Inexperienced blonde women earn significantly less than their non-blonde counterparts. This wage gap declines over time, and blonde women with more work experience earn higher wages. The relationship between earnings and hair color is not explained by personal or family characteristics. I argue that employer or customer tastes drive the initial blonde hair penalty; job sorting and mobility allow blonde women to close the gap.
Bibliography Citation
Dechter, Evgenia. "Physical Appearance and Earnings, Hair Color Matters." Labour Economics 32 (January 2015): 15-26.
1582. Decker, Kathy K.
Access or Value? Federal Student Loan Funding and Wage Inequality
D.B.A. Dissertation, College of Doctoral Studies, Grand Canyon University, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Education; Debt/Borrowing; Human Capital Theory; Student Loans / Student Aid; Wage Differentials

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purpose of this quantitative research with a correlational design was to determine whether a relationship exists between the increase in federal student loan funding and the increase in wage inequality among college-educated workers in the United States after controlling for wage differences among occupations and labor force composition. Based upon Mincer's model of human capital accumulation, the skill biased technological change model, and studies showing tuition incentives provide a disincentive to student effort and reduce human capital accumulation in college, this study explored whether federal student loan funding behaved as a tuition subsidy in this model. Two research questions guided this study: 1) Is there a significant relationship between federal student loan funding and wage inequality among college-educated workers? 2) Is there a significant relationship between federal student loan funding and wage inequality among college-educated workers after controlling for wage differences among occupations and labor force composition? The study relied upon public secondary data retrieved from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and 1997 for a large, diverse sample with specific individuals observed repeatedly over time.
Bibliography Citation
Decker, Kathy K. Access or Value? Federal Student Loan Funding and Wage Inequality. D.B.A. Dissertation, College of Doctoral Studies, Grand Canyon University, 2016.
1583. Decker, Ryan M.
Maternal Influences on Child Health Behaviors
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2012
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Child Health; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Family Influences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Variables, Instrumental

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation investigates the influence of maternal health behaviors on her child’s health behaviors later in life. Utilizing longitudinal data that follows both mother and child throughout their lives allows for maternal and child health behaviors to be studied noncontemporaneously. This is the first study to explore the causal relationship between both maternal smoking in her child’s childhood and future child smoking, as well as maternal alcohol use (abuse) and future child alcohol use (abuse).

The first chapter provides an introduction to the health behaviors and other maternal influences discussed in this dissertation. It is important to model the subject’s childhood accurately to account for childhood factors that could affect future decision making. After controlling for the subject’s childhood environment, the researcher can see the direct impact of maternal health behaviors on her child’s future health decisions. The health behaviors at interest in this study are cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and binge drinking. There is an intuitive link between parental, here only maternal, behaviors and child behaviors. The real question is if the child, the subject, sees this influence as a positive or a negative in future decision-making. The unique design of this study measures maternal health behaviors during the subject’s childhood, aged birth through 15, and subject health behaviors later in life, aged 16 and older.

Bibliography Citation
Decker, Ryan M. Maternal Influences on Child Health Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2012.
1584. Defreitas, Gregory
Unionization Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Industrial and Labor Relations Review 46,2 (January 1993): 284-301.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524873
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University
Keyword(s): Hispanics; Immigrants; Job Requirements; Minorities; Racial Differences; Unions

Using data on 23-30-year olds from the 1979-1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the first comparative economic analysis of union coverage among black, Hispanic, Asian, and white workers in the US is carried out. Coverage is found to be highest in this age group for blacks, followed by Hispanics, non- Hispanic whites, and Asians. Most empirical research on the union status of workers has been based on a single-equation model in which various demographic and job characteristics of individuals are used to explain whether a worker is likely to be in a union. The present analysis uses an approach pioneered by Abowd and Farber (1982). Contrary to common belief, immigrants average higher rates of unionization than natives. Once the regression analysis takes into account the larger proportions of urban, immigrant, and less-educated workers in the Hispanic sample, the differences in demand for unionization among comparable whites, Asians, and Hispanics fall to insignificance. Blacks tend to exhibit a markedly stronger demand for representation than comparable workers from the other groups. (Copyright New York State School of Industrial & Labor Relations 1992)
Bibliography Citation
Defreitas, Gregory. "Unionization Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 46,2 (January 1993): 284-301.
1585. Deherrera, John A.
Investments in Human Capital and the Poverty Transition
Honors Project Paper 47, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1994.
Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/47
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University
Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Human Capital Theory; Modeling, Nonparametric Regression; Poverty; Transition, Welfare to Work; Undergraduate Research

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In 1990, almost 34 million people were living below the government's official poverty level (Hoffman, p.395). That represents 13.5 percent of the total population, or more people than live in the state of California. Thus, it should be obvious that the plight of the poor is one which warrants serious concern on all levels -political, social, and economic. Unfortunately, the question of how to alleviate this dreadful problem is one that has long perplexed even the most brilliant of minds.

Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this paper will explore the various strategies within the context of the human capital economic model and determine the effects of each on youth's probability of making the transition out of poverty. This data base is particularly wellsuited to the research in that it surveys a large sample of youth aged 14-17 in 1979 and [t]races them through the year 1991. Thus, it will be possible to follow each youth's investment decisions over this time period. A regression model will then be developed to estimate the effects of various human capital investment strategies on the probability of moving out of poverty when controlling for ability and a set of background variables. It is hypothesized that formal education will prove to be a powerful predictor of the poverty transition.

Bibliography Citation
Deherrera, John A. "Investments in Human Capital and the Poverty Transition." Honors Project Paper 47, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1994.
1586. Delaney, Jason J.
Winters, John V.
Sinners or Saints? Preachers’ Kids and Risky Health Behaviors
Journal of Family and Economic Issues 35,4 (December 2014): 464-476.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-013-9388-6/fulltext.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Occupations; Parental Influences; Religion; Religious Influences; Risk-Taking; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

How do parents influence adolescent risky behavior? In this paper, we focus on a unique population: children of the clergy, more commonly known as preachers' kids (PKs). We used data on risky behavior among American adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort and used latent variable and zero-inflated count models to analyze the effect of being a PK on both uptake and intensity of use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and other drugs. We found that being a PK significantly reduced alcohol use. This effect came exclusively from a reduction in the probability of any alcohol use and this increased abstinence among children of the clergy persisted into adulthood. We found no significant effects of being a PK on cigarette uptake or intensity of use but some evidence of a negative PK effect on the uptake of marijuana and other drugs.
Bibliography Citation
Delaney, Jason J. and John V. Winters. "Sinners or Saints? Preachers’ Kids and Risky Health Behaviors." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 35,4 (December 2014): 464-476.
1587. Deleone, Felicia Yang
Cohort and Generation Differences in Predictors of Early Fertility and Sex Among U.S. Immigrants: Evidence from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys Of Youth
Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM), Fall Research Conference, November 8-10, 2007.
Also: http://www.appam.org/conferences/fall/search_results.asp
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Gender Differences; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Unemployment Rate

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examines predictors of early fertility and sex among first and second generation adolescent immigrants in the United States using data from the 1997 and 1979 National Longitudinal Studies of Youth (NLSY97, NLSY79). Using discrete time logistic survival models, the influence of demographic, socioeconomic, and policy factors on immigrant adolescent fertility (as measured by early births) and risk behavior (as measured by age at first sex) is estimated. Particular attention is given to the role of immigrant-specific factors such as citizenship and immigration status, length of residence in the United States, language background, and, notably, public policy/contextual variables explicit to immigrants. For example, the analysis includes such variables as the poverty and unemployment rates in the geographic region in which a respondent resides as well as the percent immigrant and proportion of families using public assistance in the area. Other variables, such as child support enforcement policies and the welfare generosity of states to immigrants after the 1996 Welfare Reform Act, are considered as well. The analysis focuses on both the role of these factors in predicting sexual behavior and fertility among immigrants as well as the interaction between immigrant-specific characteristics and the demographic, socioeconomic, and policy factors commonly expected to influence adolescents in general. Differences in outcomes between male and female immigrants and across generations of immigrant adolescents are explored as well. By using two similar data sets collected two decades apart, differences both within and across cohorts of immigrant adolescents are explored. This research extends the literatures on immigrant adaptation and early fertility and is important as very little work has directly examined the effect of public policy and contextual factors on sex and childbearing among adolescent immigrants to the United States. Further, the research that exists has rarely considered cohort effects and has largely relied on single datasets. As immigrants and early and non-marital childbearing continue to be topics of great interest in the policymaking community, a study of this nature is particularly timely and relevant, not in the least because early fertility rates among some immigrant groups are especially high. The growing size and prominence of the immigrant population in the United States also contributes to the salience of this research.
Bibliography Citation
Deleone, Felicia Yang. "Cohort and Generation Differences in Predictors of Early Fertility and Sex Among U.S. Immigrants: Evidence from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys Of Youth." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM), Fall Research Conference, November 8-10, 2007.
1588. Deleone, Felicia Yang
Contextual and Policy Predictors of Early Fertility and Sex in the United States Immigrant Population
Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Census of Population; Education Indicators; Fertility; Financial Assistance; Immigrants; Natality Detail Files; Sexual Behavior; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The record volume of immigration to the United States in the past four decades coupled with dramatic changes in the characteristics of the foreign-born population have contributed to widespread interest in the social adjustment and economic consequences of the newest Americans. This dissertation addresses these issues by examining contextual and policy predictors of fertility and fertility-related behavior for U.S. immigrants using data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, the 2000 Census Public Use Microdata Series, and the Vital Statistics Natality Detail Files. Immigrant fertility is an important topic of research because it serves both as an indicator of how well immigrants have assimilated to native norms along a fundamental dimension and as a barometer of growth in a distinct and increasingly salient U.S. population.

Chapter 1 looks at cohort and generation differences in levels and predictors of early fertility and sex among first, second, and third-plus generation young adults in the U.S. during the late 1970s and 1990s. The analyses seek to determine (1) how this behavior has changed by generation and arrival cohort and (2) what family and community factors predict these outcomes for immigrants. The study finds that first-generation immigrant youth exhibit the lowest levels of early fertility and sex, negatively assimilating by the third-plus generation. The findings suggest a positive association between arrival cohort early sex only. Further, the research fails to uncover significant predictors of these outcomes among first and second generation immigrants although the measures used have long been associated with them in the general population--suggesting that protective effects of generation reflect unmeasured cultural and social mechanisms.

Chapter 2 examines whether welfare policy changes occurring in the 1990s altered fertility outcomes for low-educated and unmarried foreign-born women. The study also looks at whether welfare reform had unintended consequences on immigrant women, like reducing prenatal care or decreasing the fertility of welfare-eligible or non-welfare dependent women through "chilling effects." The results show no consistent evidence that welfare policy changed fertility behavior among any immigrant group and raises doubt concerning the usefulness of targeting women's childbearing decisions with economic incentives.

Bibliography Citation
Deleone, Felicia Yang. Contextual and Policy Predictors of Early Fertility and Sex in the United States Immigrant Population. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2008.
1589. Delgado, Enilda Arbona
Racial, Ethnic, and Nativity Differences in Marriage and Premarital Pregnancy Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin -- Madison, 2000. DAI 61,11A (2000): 4560
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Demography; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Studies; Fertility; Marriage; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Studies

This dissertation explores racial, ethnic and nativity differences in marriage and premarital pregnancy outcomes. In addition, it explores other characteristics that significantly affect the hazard of experiencing a marriage prior to a conception or a premarital birth. I am particularly interested in the women who have premarital conception that results in a live birth and the attributes that distinguish the women who marry while pregnant from the women who have a premarital birth. I focus on some of the variables previous researchers have shown to impact marriage and fertility transitions, including race, ethnicity and nativity; family structure; parental education; religious attendance; and employment, enrollment and cohabitation histories. The results gathered from Cox proportional hazard analysis and logit statistical analysis on sixteen years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979 cohort suggest that studies on the timing of fertility and marriage should avoid the treatment of Latinas as a homogeneous group. Focusing on the rate of marriage prior to conception, I find that controlling for social background characteristics, values and attitudes, and employment, enrollment and cohabitation; Mexican women born in the United States have significantly lower rates of marriage prior to conception relative to White women. This finding lends some support to the stronger cultural adherence to the marriage ideal among foreign-born Mexicans than among Mexicans born in the United States.

Previous research has shown the rate of premarital births to be higher among Latinas relative to White women. However, once distinctions are made by country of origin and nativity, I find that controlling for social background characteristics, second- or greater generation Latinas have increased hazards of premarital conception. Foreign-born Mexican women demonstrate a higher risk of first fertile premarital conception relative to white women after controlling for cohabitation. While previous research has found a lower likelihood of legitimation subsequent to a premarital pregnancy among Latinas, I find that only non-Mexican Latinas who are born in the United States (primarily Puerto Rican women) have significantly lower odds of legitimation relative to White women. All other Latinas have legitimation rates that are indistinguishable from those of White women.

Bibliography Citation
Delgado, Enilda Arbona. Racial, Ethnic, and Nativity Differences in Marriage and Premarital Pregnancy Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin -- Madison, 2000. DAI 61,11A (2000): 4560.
1590. Delgado, Enilda Arbona
Sandefur, Gary D.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Legitimation
Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Studies of racial and ethnic differences in the probability of legitimation tend to focus on the difference between African Americans and Whites, while omitting the legitimation rate of Latina women. During the 1975-78 period, "eight percent of premaritally conceived first births to black teenagers [were] being legitimated, whereas 58 percent of premaritally conceived first births to white teenagers were legitimated" (O'Connell and Moore, p23). Although, similar results were reported by Parnell et al., they also found the expectations of marital union formation to be important in determining racial differences in legitimation. Black women are less likely to anticipate an early marriage, but those that do are more likely to legitimate a premarital conception than white women with similar expectations. This paper explore differences in legitimation between blacks, Latinas, and whites. This is done by examining two key events: (1) a conception prior to marriage that is carried to term and (2) marriage subsequent to the conception of the child, either before or after the child is born. In addition, marriages that occur prior to birth are examined.
Bibliography Citation
Delgado, Enilda Arbona and Gary D. Sandefur. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Legitimation." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America, May 1996.
1591. Dellavigna, Stefano
Paserman, Marco Daniele
Job Search and Impatience
Journal of Labor Economics 23,3 (July 2005): 527-88.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/430286
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Exits; Job Search; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Unemployment; Wages, Reservation

Workers who are more impatient search less intensively and set lower reservation wages. The effect of impatience on exit rates from unemployment is therefore unclear. If agents have exponential time preferences, the reservation wage effect dominates for sufficiently patient individuals, so increases in impatience lead to higher exit rates. The opposite is true for agents with hyperbolic time preferences. Using two large longitudinal data sets, we find that impatience measures are negatively correlated with search effort and the unemployment exit rate and are orthogonal to reservation wages. Impatience substantially affects outcomes in the direction predicted by the hyperbolic model.
Bibliography Citation
Dellavigna, Stefano and Marco Daniele Paserman. "Job Search and Impatience." Journal of Labor Economics 23,3 (July 2005): 527-88.
1592. Dellavigna, Stefano
Paserman, Marco Daniele
Job Search and Impatience
NBER Working Paper No. 10837, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
Also: http://www.nber.org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/papers/w10837.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Exits; Job Search; Unemployment; Unemployment Duration; Wages, Reservation

How does impatience affect job search? More impatient workers search less intensively and set a lower reservation wage. The effect on the exit rate from unemployment is unclear. In this paper we show that, if agents have exponential time preferences, the reservation wage effect dominates for sufficiently patient individuals, so increases in impatience lead to higher exit rates. The opposite is true for agents with hyperbolic time preferences: more impatient workers search less and exit unemployment later. Using two large longitudinal data sets, we find that various measures of impatience are negatively correlated with search effort and the exit rate from unemployment, and are orthogonal to reservation wages. Overall, impatience has a large effect on job search outcomes in the direction predicted by the hyperbolic discounting model.
Bibliography Citation
Dellavigna, Stefano and Marco Daniele Paserman. "Job Search and Impatience." NBER Working Paper No. 10837, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
1593. Delucca, Kenneth P.
An Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort Data Related to Industrial Arts and Vocational Education
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1985
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Education; Vocational Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of industrial arts, vocational or general education course exposure on high school graduates (with complete transcripts) in the NLSY. Four sets of thrusts (demographics, post high school work experience, post high school educational experience and work concepts) were used to investigate the effects of such exposure. It was found that industrial arts exposed respondents outnumber their vocational counterparts, hence the typical grouping together of industrial arts and vocational education data seems most inappropriate. Despite their typically lower academic records, industrial arts and vocational education respondents do go on for further education after high school, attending the first four years of college in larger percentages than do general education respondents. The study concludes that industrial arts and vocational education exposure seems to have a positive effect on post high school labor market experience. Industrial arts and vocational education respondents appeared to be unemployed for shorter amounts of time than do their general education counterparts.
Bibliography Citation
Delucca, Kenneth P. An Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort Data Related to Industrial Arts and Vocational Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1985.
1594. Dembe, Allard E.
Delbos, Rachel G.
Erickson, J. Bianca
Estimates of Injury Risks for Healthcare Personnel Working Night Shifts and Long Hours
Quality and Safety in Health Care 18,5 (October 2009): 336-340.
Also: http://qshc.bmj.com/content/18/5/336.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Keyword(s): Health Care; Injuries, Workplace; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that working long hours or unconventional shifts (night, evening and rotating shifts) can induce fatigue and stress in healthcare employees that might jeopardise quality of care and patient safety. METHODS: This study is based on a retrospective analysis of 13 years of occupational data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, covering nearly 11,000 American workers. During the study period, 545 injuries were reported by employees in healthcare professions. Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios comparing the risk of a job-related injury among healthcare workers in various types of demanding schedules to employees working conventional schedules. The analyses were stratified to estimate risks within different occupational classifications and care settings. RESULTS: The greatest injury risks to healthcare workers were in schedules involving overtime or at least 60 h per week. Interestingly, an elevated risk of injury was not observed for healthcare employees working 12 or more hours per day or for those in night, evening or rotating shifts. Among employees working overtime and long-hour (>60 h per week) schedules, those at medical provider offices had a significantly higher risk of injury (HR 2.86) than at hospitals, rehabilitation clinics or long-term care facilities. Support personnel, including aids, attendants, technicians, therapists and dieticians, faced a higher risk of injury than did physicians and nurses. CONCLUSION: Healthcare managers responsible for quality improvement and patient safety programmes should be aware of the possibility for worker fatigue and injury in particular scheduling arrangements.
Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E., Rachel G. Delbos and J. Bianca Erickson. "Estimates of Injury Risks for Healthcare Personnel Working Night Shifts and Long Hours." Quality and Safety in Health Care 18,5 (October 2009): 336-340.
1595. Dembe, Allard E.
Delbos, Rachel G.
Erickson, J. Bianca
Banks, Steven M.
Associations Between Employees' Work Schedules and the Vocational Consequences of Workplace Injuries
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 17,4 (December 2007): 641-651
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Accidents; Gender Differences; Injuries, Workplace; Occupations; Shift Workers; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Vocational Rehabilitation; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

INTRODUCTION: This study examines the effect of long-hour work schedules and nonstandard shift work (e.g., night and evening shifts) on the ability of injured workers to maintain productive employment following a workplace injury. METHODS: Analyses were based on 13 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with one of ten nonstandard schedules as the independent variable and a particular vocational consequences as the dependent variable. Vocational consequences included being unable to perform normal job duties, temporary job reassignment, working less than full time, filing a workers' compensation claim, and quitting or being fired because of the injury. Covariates in the regression model included age, gender, occupation, industry, and region. RESULTS: The most prominent effects of working a nonstandard schedule were a increased risk of being fired (OR = 1.81; 1.15-2.90 CI 95%), quitting (OR = 1.68; 1.20-2.36 CI 95%), or being unable to work full time (OR = 1.33; 1.08-1.64 CI 95%) following an injury, compared to injured workers in conventional schedules. Schedules involving overtime and long working hours generally had a greater impact on vocational consequences following a workplace injury than did schedules involving night, evening, and other nonstandard shift work. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational rehabilitation professionals need to consider the specific type of work schedule when developing effective return-to-work plans for injured workers. Special precautions need to be taken for workers returning to schedules that involve more than 12 h per day, 60 h per week, and long commutes.
Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E., Rachel G. Delbos, J. Bianca Erickson and Steven M. Banks. "Associations Between Employees' Work Schedules and the Vocational Consequences of Workplace Injuries." Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 17,4 (December 2007): 641-651 .
1596. Dembe, Allard E.
Erickson, J. Bianca
Relationships Between Stressful Work Schedules and Occupational Injuries: New Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Public Health Association. 130th Annual Meeting, November 2002.
Also: http://apha.confex.com/apha/130am/techprogram/paper_41298.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Disability; Injuries; Occupations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Most outcome studies of occupational injuries and illnesses have tended to focus on direct economic costs and duration of work disability. Rarely have the broader social consequences of work-related disorders or their impacts on injured workers' families, coworkers, and community been investigated. This paper examines a wide range of social consequences including workers' psychological and behavioral responses, vocational function, and family and community relationships

Methods: Literature review and development of conceptual framework

Results: Complex and multifactorial relationships are described whereby occupational injuries and illnesses produce a variety of social consequences involving filing and administration of workers' compensation insurance claims, medical care experiences, domestic function and activities of daily living, psychological and behavioral responses, stress, vocational function, rehabilitation and return to work, and equity and social justice

Conclusion: A research agenda is proposed for guiding future investigations in this field.

Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E. and J. Bianca Erickson. "Relationships Between Stressful Work Schedules and Occupational Injuries: New Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, American Public Health Association. 130th Annual Meeting, November 2002.
1597. Dembe, Allard E.
Erickson, J. Bianca
Delbos, Rachel G.
Predictors of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses: National Survey Findings
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1,8 (August 2004): 542-550
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Family Income; Injuries; Job Characteristics; Job Hazards; Job Satisfaction; Occupations; Rural Areas; Shift Workers; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Working Conditions

This study used national survey data of working adults (aged 33-41) to identify factors associated with the occurrence of occupational injuries and illnesses. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to compare selected employment and personal characteristics for respondents who reported experiencing a work-related injury or illness with those who did not. Multivariate analyses were performed to calculate nationally representative odds ratios reflecting the likelihood for specific individual attributes and job characteristics to be associated with the reporting of a work-related injury or illness, while controlling for relevant covariates. In this study the incidence of occupational injuries was related to several demographic factors, including low family income and rural residence, and several job characteristics, including working in a high-hazard occupation, job dissatisfaction, and exposure to six specific hazardous job activities: (1)performing lots of physical effort on the job, (2) lifting or carrying more than 10 lbs, (3) using stairs and inclines, (4) kneeling or crouching, (5) reaching, and (6) hearing special sounds. These results suggest targeted prevention strategies for decreasing the incidence of work-related injuries and illnesses, such as worker self-assessment of the total physical effort demanded by a job and periodic monitoring of workforce job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E., J. Bianca Erickson and Rachel G. Delbos. "Predictors of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses: National Survey Findings." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1,8 (August 2004): 542-550.
1598. Dembe, Allard E.
Erickson, J. Bianca
Delbos, Rachel G.
Banks, Steven M.
Nonstandard Shift Schedules and the Risk of Job-Related Injuries
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 32,3 (June 2006): 232-340.
Also: http://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=1004
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Keyword(s): Injuries; Job Characteristics; Job Hazards; Job Satisfaction; Occupations; Shift Workers; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the extent to which working various types of nonstandard shift schedules (e.g., night and evening shifts) is associated with the risk of occupational injuries or illnesses.

METHODS: Multivariate analyses were conducted using data from 13 years (1987 to 2000) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) encompassing 110 236 job records and over 82 000 person-years of work experience. Cox proportional hazard regression techniques were used to derive hazard ratios comparing the relative risk of suffering a work-related injury among people working night, evening, rotating, split, and irregular shifts to the risks for those working conventional day shifts, after adjustment for age, gender, occupation, industry, and region. Incidence rates were normalized using a common denominator of 100 person-years of "at-risk time" to obtain valid comparisons.

RESULTS: All of the nonstandard shift schedules, except split shifts, were found to have a higher risk for occupational injuries and illnesses than conventional day shifts. After control for the selected covariates, the calculated hazard ratios were 1.43 for evening shifts [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.26-1.62], 1.36 for rotating shifts (95% CI 1.17-1.58), 1.30 for night shifts (95% CI 1.12-1.52), 1.15 for irregular shifts (1.03-1.30), and 1.06 for split shifts (0.71-1.58).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that nonstandard shifts are not more risky merely because of the concentration of hazardous jobs in those types of schedules or because of underlying differences in the characteristics of employees working nonstandard shifts. The results point to the need to extend targeted injury prevention programs not only to people working night shifts, but also to those who work evenings.

Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E., J. Bianca Erickson, Rachel G. Delbos and Steven M. Banks. "Nonstandard Shift Schedules and the Risk of Job-Related Injuries." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 32,3 (June 2006): 232-340.
1599. Dembe, Allard E.
Erickson, J. Bianca
Delbos, Rachel G.
Banks, Steven M.
The Impact of Overtime and Long Work Hours on Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: New Evidence from the United States
Occuptional and Environmental Medicine 62 (2005):588–597.
Also: http://oem.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/62/9/588
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Keyword(s): Commuting/Type, Time, Method; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Injuries; Work Histories; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Aims: To analyse the impact of overtime and extended working hours on the risk of occupational injuries and illnesses among a nationally representative sample of working adults from the United States.

Methods: Responses from 10 793 Americans participating in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were used to evaluate workers' job histories, work schedules, and occurrence of occupational injury and illness between 1987 and 2000. A total of 110 236 job records were analysed, encompassing 89 729 person-years of accumulated working time. Aggregated incidence rates in each of five exposure categories were calculated for each NLSY survey period. Multivariate analytical techniques were used to estimate the relative risk of long working hours per day, extended hours per week, long commute times, and overtime schedules on reporting a work related injury or illness, after adjusting for age, gender, occupation, industry, and region.

Results/: After adjusting for those factors, working in jobs with overtime schedules was associated with a 61% higher injury hazard rate compared to jobs without overtime. Working at least 12 hours per day was associated with a 37% increased hazard rate and working at least 60 hours per week was associated with a 23% increased hazard rate. A strong dose-response effect was observed, with the injury rate (per 100 accumulated worker-years in a particular schedule) increasing in correspondence to the number of hours per day (or per week) in the workers' customary schedule.

Conclusions: Results suggest that job schedules with long working hours are not more risky merely because they are concentrated in inherently hazardous industries or occupations, or because people working long hours spend more total time "at risk" for a work injury. Strategies to prevent work injuries should consider changes in scheduling practices, job redesign, and health protection programmes for people working in jo bs involving overtime and extended hours.

Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E., J. Bianca Erickson, Rachel G. Delbos and Steven M. Banks. "The Impact of Overtime and Long Work Hours on Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: New Evidence from the United States." Occuptional and Environmental Medicine 62 (2005):588–597. A.
1600. Dembe, Allard E.
Yao, Xiaoxi
Chronic Disease Risks From Exposure to Long-Hour Work Schedules Over a 32-Year Period
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58,9 (September 2016): 861-867.
Also: http://journals.lww.com/joem/Citation/2016/09000/Chronic_Disease_Risks_From_Exposure_to_Long_Hour.2.aspx
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: This study aims at evaluating the chronic disease risk related to prolonged work in long-hour schedules for eight major chronic diseases: heart disease, non-skin cancer, arthritis, diabetes, chronic lung disease, asthma, chronic depression, and hypertension.

Methods: The study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 covering 32 years of job history (1978 to 2009) for 7492 respondents. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test the relationship between average weekly work hours, and the reported prevalence of those conditions for each individual.

Results: Regularly working long hours over 32 years was significantly associated with elevated risks of heart disease, non-skin cancer, arthritis, and diabetes. The observed risk was much larger among women than among men.

Conclusions: Working long-hour schedules over many years increases the risk for some specific chronic diseases, especially for women.

Copyright (C) 2016 by the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E. and Xiaoxi Yao. "Chronic Disease Risks From Exposure to Long-Hour Work Schedules Over a 32-Year Period." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58,9 (September 2016): 861-867.
1601. Dembe, Allard E.
Yao, Xiaoxi
Wickizer, Thomas
Shoben, Abigail
Dong, Xiuwen Sue
A Novel Method for Estimating the Effects of Job Conditions on Asthma and Chronic Lung Disease
Journal of Asthma 51,8 (2014) 799-807.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/02770903.2014.917183
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Asthma; Health, Chronic Conditions; Job Hazards; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objective: This study uses 32 years of longitudinal job history to analyze the long-term effect of exposure to specific workplace conditions on the risk of contracting asthma or chronic lung disease later in life. Our approach allows for the estimation of occupational respiratory risks even in the absence of direct environmental monitoring.

Methods: We employ a novel methodology utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), and ratings of job exposures from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), which are based on 70 years of empirical data compiled by the U.S. Department of Labor. A series of multivariable logistic regression analyses are performed to determine how long-term exposure to a particular occupational O*NET indicator (e.g., working in an extremely hot or cold environment) is related to asthma and COPD risk.

Results: The risk of contracting COPD was significantly associated with long-term work in very hot or cold temperatures (OR = 1.50, CI: 1.07-2.10), performing physically demanding activities (OR = 1.65, CI:1.20-2.28), working outdoors exposed to weather (OR = 1.45, CI:1.06-1.99), and workplace exposure to contaminants (OR = 1.42, CI:1.05-1.96). In general, the effects of exposure were greater for COPD than for asthma. With respect to contracting asthma, only exposure to work in very hot or cold temperatures (OR = 1.35, CI:1.08-1.70) and performing physically demanding activities (OR = 1.23, CI:1.00-1.52) were statistically significant.

Conclusions: Use of O*NET job descriptors as surrogate measures of workplace exposures can provide a useful way of analyzing the risk of occupationally-related respiratory disease in situations where direct exposure measurement is not feasible.

Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E., Xiaoxi Yao, Thomas Wickizer, Abigail Shoben and Xiuwen Sue Dong. "A Novel Method for Estimating the Effects of Job Conditions on Asthma and Chronic Lung Disease." Journal of Asthma 51,8 (2014) 799-807.
1602. Dembe, Allard E.
Yao, Xiaoxi
Wickizer, Thomas
Shoben, Abigail
Dong, Xiuwen Sue
Using O*NET to Estimate the Association Between Work Exposures and Chronic Diseases
American Journal of Industrial Medicine 57,9 (September 2014): 1022-1031.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.22342/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Health, Chronic Conditions; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: A standardized process using data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) is applied to estimate the association between long-term aggregated occupational exposure and the risk of contracting chronic diseases later in life. We demonstrate this process by analyzing relationships between O*NET physical work demand ratings and arthritis onset over a 32-year period.

Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provided job histories and chronic disease data. Five O*NET job descriptors were used as surrogate measures of physical work demands. Logistic regression measured the association between those demands and arthritis occurrence.

Results: The risk of arthritis was significantly associated with handling and moving objects, kneeling, crouching, and crawling, bending and twisting, working in a cramped or awkward posture, and performing general physical activities.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the utility of using O*NET job descriptors to estimate the aggregated long-term risks for osteoarthritis and other chronic diseases when no actual exposure data is available.
Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard E., Xiaoxi Yao, Thomas Wickizer, Abigail Shoben and Xiuwen Sue Dong. "Using O*NET to Estimate the Association Between Work Exposures and Chronic Diseases." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 57,9 (September 2014): 1022-1031.
1603. Dembe, Allard
Yao, Xiaoxi
Wickizer, Thomas
Shoben, Abigail
Dong, Xiuwen Sue
A Standardized Process for Using 0*NET to Estimate the Association between Work Exposures and Chronic Disease Occurrence
Presented: Boston MA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Health, Chronic Conditions; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Hazards; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to develop a general process using data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) to estimate the association between long-term occupational exposure and the risk of contracting chronic diseases later in life. To demonstrate the usefulness of this standardized process, we analyze the relationship between O*NET exposure ratings of physical work demands and the onset of arthritis over a 32-year period.

Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) provided information about the work histories of 7,565 individuals and their health conditions. Five O*NET job descriptors (e.g., “handing and moving objects” and “bending or twisting the body”) were used as surrogate measures of physical work demands. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to measure the association between those demands and arthritis occurrence.

Results: The risk of contracting arthritis was found to be significantly associated with handling and moving objects (OR: 1.45), kneeling, crouching, and crawling (OR: 1.36), bending and twisting (OR: 1.49) and performing general physical activities (OR 1.47). The relationship between exposure to working in a cramped or awkward posture and arthritis was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: This study developed and tested a general methodology for using O*NET job ratings to analyze the strength of association between occupational exposure and chronic disease. This method can be applied broadly to many job hazards and a variety of common chronic conditions. The study also showed that O*NET can successfully serve as a surrogate measure for occupational exposure when no actual exposure data is available.

Bibliography Citation
Dembe, Allard, Xiaoxi Yao, Thomas Wickizer, Abigail Shoben and Xiuwen Sue Dong. "A Standardized Process for Using 0*NET to Estimate the Association between Work Exposures and Chronic Disease Occurrence." Presented: Boston MA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2013.
1604. Deming, David
Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start
Presented: Boston, MA, The Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) Annual Meetings, May 2009
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Preschool; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Head Start; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wages, Adult; Wages, Youth

This paper provides new evidence on the long-term benefits of Head Start for a recent birth cohort of children. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child Supplement (CNLSY) to track children from before birth to early adulthood. The impact of Head Start is identified by comparing siblings in the same family who differ in their participation in the program. While this comparison is imperfect, I assess its validity directly by controlling for a wide variety of pretreatment covariates. I estimate that enrollment in Head Start leads to a long-term impact of about 0.23 standard deviations on a summary index of young adult outcomes. This gain is about one third of the size of the long-term outcome gap between children with family incomes in the bottom quartile and median permanent income in the sample, and is about 80 percent as large as the impact of "model" programs such as Perry Preschool and Abecedarian. For children whose mothers have low levels of cognitive skill, the long-term impact of the program is very large despite zero measured impact on test scores. This strongly suggests that Head Start generates skill gains that are not full captured by school-age test scores.
Bibliography Citation
Deming, David. "Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start." Presented: Boston, MA, The Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) Annual Meetings, May 2009.
1605. Deming, David
Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1,3 (July 2009): 111-134.
Also: http://www.atypon-link.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/AEAP/doi/pdf/10.1257/app.1.3.111
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Care; Children, Preschool; Family Income; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Head Start; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Siblings; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Wage Effects; Wages, Youth; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper provides new evidence on the long-term benefits of Head Start using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I compare siblings who differ in their participation in the program, controlling for a variety of pre-treatment covariates. I estimate that Head Start participants gain 0.23 standard deviations on a summary index of young adult outcomes. This closes one-third of the gap between children with median and bottom quartile family income, and is about 80 percent as large as model programs such as Perry Preschool. The long-term impact for disadvantaged children is large despite "fadeout" of test score gains.
Bibliography Citation
Deming, David. "Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1,3 (July 2009): 111-134.
1606. Deming, David
The Growing Importance of Decision-Making on the Job
NBER Working Paper No. 28733, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2021.
Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w28733
Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY97, Older Men
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Occupations; Wage Growth

Machines increasingly replace people in routine job tasks. The remaining tasks require workers to make open-ended decisions and to have "soft" skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking and adaptability. This paper documents growing demand for decision-making and explores the consequences for life-cycle earnings. Career earnings growth in the U.S. more than doubled between 1960 and 2017, and the age of peak earnings increased from the late 30s to the mid-50s. I show that a substantial share of this shift is explained by increased employment in decision-intensive occupations, which have longer and more gradual periods of earnings growth. To understand these patterns, I develop a model that nests decision-making in a standard human capital framework. Workers predict the output of uncertain, context-dependent actions. Experience reduces prediction error, improving a worker's ability to adapt using data from similar decisions they have made in the past. Experience takes longer to accumulate in high variance, non-routine jobs. I test the predictions of the model using data from the three waves of the NLS. Life-cycle wage growth in decision-intensive occupations has increased over time, and it has increased relatively more for highly-skilled workers.
Bibliography Citation
Deming, David. "The Growing Importance of Decision-Making on the Job." NBER Working Paper No. 28733, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2021.
1607. Deming, David
The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market
NBER Working Paper No. 21473, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2015.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21473
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Noncognitive Skills; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Wage Growth; Wages

The slow growth of high-paying jobs in the U.S. since 2000 and rapid advances in computer technology have sparked fears that human labor will eventually be rendered obsolete. Yet while computers perform cognitive tasks of rapidly increasing complexity, simple human interaction has proven difficult to automate. In this paper, I show that the labor market increasingly rewards social skills. Since 1980, jobs with high social skill requirements have experienced greater relative growth throughout the wage distribution. Moreover, employment and wage growth has been strongest in jobs that require high levels of both cognitive skill and social skill. To understand these patterns, I develop a model of team production where workers "trade tasks" to exploit their comparative advantage. In the model, social skills reduce coordination costs, allowing workers to specialize and trade more efficiently. The model generates predictions about sorting and the relative returns to skill across occupations, which I test and confirm using data from the NLSY79. The female advantage in social skills may have played some role in the narrowing of gender gaps in labor market outcomes since 1980.
Bibliography Citation
Deming, David. "The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market." NBER Working Paper No. 21473, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2015.
1608. Deming, David
The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market
Quarterly Journal of Economics 4,1 (November 2017): 1593-1640.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/4/1593/3861633#96326149
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Noncognitive Skills; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The labor market increasingly rewards social skills. Between 1980 and 2012, jobs requiring high levels of social interaction grew by nearly 12 percentage points as a share of the U.S. labor force. Math-intensive but less social jobs--including many STEM occupations--shrank by 3.3 percentage points over the same period. Employment and wage growth were particularly strong for jobs requiring high levels of both math skill and social skills. To understand these patterns, I develop a model of team production where workers "trade tasks" to exploit their comparative advantage. In the model, social skills reduce coordination costs, allowing workers to specialize and work together more efficiently. The model generates predictions about sorting and the relative returns to skill across occupations, which I investigate using data from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97. Using a comparable set of skill measures and covariates across survey waves, I find that the labor market return to social skills was much greater in the 2000s than in the mid-1980s and 1990s.
Bibliography Citation
Deming, David. "The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market." Quarterly Journal of Economics 4,1 (November 2017): 1593-1640.
1609. Demiralp, Berna
Implications of Occupational Self-Selection in a Labor Market with Moral Hazard and Asymmetric Information
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, May 2006. DAI-A 66/11, May 2006.
Also: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1034632901&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Human Capital; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Choice; Wage Growth; Wage Rates

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this dissertation, I analyze the consequences of occupational self-selection in a labor market with moral hazard and asymmetric information. I provide a structural estimation of a shirking model with occupational self-selection and investigate how well it explains the differences in wages and dismissal rates observed in white collar and blue collar occupations. This dissertation consists of two papers. In the first paper, I present a structural model of occupational self-selection in a labor market characterized by asymmetric information and moral hazard. The model demonstrates that in such a labor market, when making occupational choices, workers take into account their probability of shirking and the monitoring intensity in each occupation. The estimation results, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, find evidence of occupational self-selection in the labor market such that the distribution of worker abilities in an occupation differs in a systematic way from the distribution in the population as a whole. Furthermore, self-selection of workers significantly contributes to the differences in dismissal rates and wages across occupations. In particular, the results of this paper show that workers' self-selection leads to higher wages and lower dismissal rates in the white collar occupation and lower wages and higher dismissal rates in the blue collar occupation compared to an economy in which workers are randomly assigned to occupations.

In the second paper, I consider three extensions to the original self-selection model presented in Chapter 3. Workers are assumed to accumulate human capital and experience dismissals that are exogenous to their behavior. Results suggest that adding human capital accumulation to the original model enhances the model's fit to the white collar wage data but worsens its fit to observed dismissal rates in both occupations. The model that includes both human capital accumulation and exogenous dismissals explain the observed wage and dismissal dynamics the best. Human capital accumulation is responsible for most of the wage growth observed in the white collar occupation whereas the direct effect of human capital on the blue collar wage growth is not substantial.

Bibliography Citation
Demiralp, Berna. Implications of Occupational Self-Selection in a Labor Market with Moral Hazard and Asymmetric Information. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, May 2006. DAI-A 66/11, May 2006..
1610. Demiralp, Berna
Occupational Self-selection in a Labor Market with Moral Hazard
European Economic Review 55,4 (May 2011): 497-519.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292110000735
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Human Capital; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Choice; Wage Growth; Wage Rates

This paper studies the determinants and implications of self-selection when firms imperfectly observe worker effort. The effects of the resulting moral hazard problem on the self-selection mechanism are analyzed in a model in which workers simultaneously choose an employment sector and an effort level. The implications of the model reveal that in the presence of moral hazard, workers' effort decisions become an additional mechanism determining the pattern of selection into sectors. Workers' sector-specific endowments impact sectoral allocation through their effect on workers' comparative advantage as well as their effect on workers' shirking propensity. The model is then used in an empirical application that analyzes workers' self-selection into white collar and blue collar occupations. The estimation results, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, suggest that workers' occupational self-selection leads to higher wages and lower dismissal rates in both occupations, compared to an economy in which workers are randomly assigned to each occupation. The difference in dismissal rates between the two occupations is driven by the higher expected productivity in the white collar sector. The positive effects of occupational sorting diminish as the labor market becomes increasingly characterized by moral hazard. Results also suggest that human capital investments in skills that are most relevant to blue collar jobs may generate higher wages and lower dismissal rates in both white collar and blue collar occupations. [Copyright © Elsevier]

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Bibliography Citation
Demiralp, Berna. "Occupational Self-selection in a Labor Market with Moral Hazard." European Economic Review 55,4 (May 2011): 497-519.
1611. Demiralp, Berna
Occupational Self-selection in a Labor Market with Moral Hazard
Working Paper, Department of Economics, Old Dominion University, March 2007.
Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID975014_code556494.pdf?abstractid=975014&mirid=1
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, Old Dominion University
Keyword(s): Human Capital; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Choice; Wage Growth; Wage Rates

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper presents a model of occupational choice in a labor market characterized by moral hazard. The model demonstrates that in such a labor market, workers’ occupational choices are determined by not only their comparative advantage but also their effort decisions in each occupation. The estimation results, based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, suggest that workers’ self-selection into white collar and blue collar occupations leads to higher wages and lower dismissal rates in both occupations. Furthermore, analysis results reveal that these effects of self-selection diminish as the labor market becomes increasingly characterized by moral hazard.
Bibliography Citation
Demiralp, Berna. "Occupational Self-selection in a Labor Market with Moral Hazard." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Old Dominion University, March 2007.
1612. Demirtas, Hakan
Multiple Imputation for Nonignorable Dropout Using Bayesian Pattern-Mixture Models
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2003. DAI-B 64/09, p. 4442, Mar 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Bayesian; Modeling, Mixed Effects

This dissertation examines conventional pattern-mixture models and a new Bayesian pattern-mixture model for nonignorable dropout. Many current procedures for incomplete data ignore the probabilistic mechanism producing the missing data, which is appropriate when the missing values are missing at random (MAR). However, in many longitudinal studies, subjects could be dropping out for reasons strongly related to unobserved data. Erroneous assumptions of MAR may lead to severe biases when the missingness mechanism is actually nonignorable. In this thesis, I review the present state of methods for nonignorable dropout, and examine the performance of one popular class of pattern-mixture models when the form of the population has been misspecified. Then I develop a new class of Bayesian random-coefficient pattern-mixture models that can be applied routinely to impute missing values when the ignorability assumption is doubtful. I develop procedures for model fitting and Bayesian multiple imputation under this linear mixed-effects model. I then apply this methodology to data from a randomized psychiatric trial and a national longitudinal survey (Bibliography editor: NLSY79). Evaluating the performance of this approach through simulations, I also make comparisons with selection models and semiparametric marginal models based on conventional and weighted estimating equations.
Bibliography Citation
Demirtas, Hakan. Multiple Imputation for Nonignorable Dropout Using Bayesian Pattern-Mixture Models. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2003. DAI-B 64/09, p. 4442, Mar 2004.
1613. Deng, Xian
Three Essays on the Relationships Between Mothers' Education and Employment Status and Children's Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, January 2007. DAI-A 67/07, Jan 2007
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Family Income; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of three essays on the relationship between mother's employment and educational status and child's cognitive, non-cognitive, overweight, and nutritional status outcomes. The first essay uses data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and examines the impacts of mother's introhousehold bargaining power on child's cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. The empirical results suggest that parents' introhousehold bargaining power does affect resource allocation within households and in turn affect children's cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. The second essay examines the relationship between maternal labor supply and childhood overweight by applying the Stein-rule shrinkage estimator by using data from the panel study of income dynamics (PSID) and 1997 childhood development supplement (CDS) from the PSID. The empirical results show that a mother's average working hours in previous year has significant effect on her child's BMI in single-parent family and girl groups. The third essay exploits longitudinal data to study children's nutritional status determinants especially the role of mothers' schooling in China. The empirical results suggest that the determinants differ significantly across rural and urban areas. In rural areas, mothers' years of schooling appears to be a major determinant of children's long-run health status.
Bibliography Citation
Deng, Xian. Three Essays on the Relationships Between Mothers' Education and Employment Status and Children's Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California - Irvine, January 2007. DAI-A 67/07, Jan 2007.
1614. Department of Defense
Profile of American Youth: 1980 Nationwide Administration of the ASVAB
Report, U.S. Department of Defense, 1982
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Defense
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Job Training; Military Recruitment; Profile of American Youth; Tests and Testing

In order to assess the vocational aptitudes of American youth, a national probability sample of approximately 12,000 young men and women, selected from participants in the NLSY, were administered the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), an instrument used by the Military Services to determine eligibility for enlistment and qualification for assignment to specific military jobs. Sponsored by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Military Services, in cooperation with the Department of Labor, this 1980 study tested young people representative of all youth in the United States, ages 16-23 years old. Analyses focused upon young people ages 18-23 at the time of ASVAB testing.
Bibliography Citation
Department of Defense. "Profile of American Youth: 1980 Nationwide Administration of the ASVAB." Report, U.S. Department of Defense, 1982.
1615. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Literacy and Education Needs in Public Indian Housing Developments Throughout the Nation
Report to Congress, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, February 1992
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; Hispanics; Income; Minorities; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Public Housing; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Public housing residents are less well-educated than the U.S. population as a whole. The median educational attainment of public housing residents lags behind that of all U.S. renters by almost one and one-half years. Public housing residents fail to complete high school at more than twice the rate of other adults living in rental housing. Public housing residents graduate from college at one-sixth the rate of non-public housing residents. Minority residents of public and other federally assisted housing--blacks and Hispanics--lag further behind. These low educational attainments have discernible employment and income implications. Those with less education have lower employment rates, higher unemployment rates, a greater likelihood of being entirely out of the labor force, and, most significantly, low earnings and family incomes. The educational deficits of the parents appear to extend to their children: children of federally assisted housing residents lag behind other U.S. youth on a number of measures of academic performance. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between the academic attainment of parents and the academic performance of their children. Because there was no data source directly addressing the educational status of residents of housing sponsored by Indian Housing Authorities, the report presents data on the entire American Indian and Alaska Native population. The data show that these groups also experience low educational attainment with its attendant consequences.
Bibliography Citation
Department of Housing and Urban Development. "Literacy and Education Needs in Public Indian Housing Developments Throughout the Nation." Report to Congress, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, February 1992.
1616. Depasquale, Christina Marie
Three Essays on Market Structure Variation and Labor Market Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business Administration, University of Michigan, 2014.
Also: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/108874
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Michigan
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Discrimination, Body weight; Labor Market Outcomes; Obesity; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of three chapters focusing on market structure variations and labor market outcomes in the health care sector. Chapter 3 (with Mario Macis) examines the effects of obesity on wages and employment levels. The results from previous studies are confirmed-- obese white females suffered a wage and employment penalty in the period 1989-2000. However, these wage penalties disappeared after the year 2000. This chapter also distinguishes between competing explanations for the wage and employment penalties by examining the wages of obese individuals in regions with relatively higher BMIs. The findings are consistent with explanations based on labor market discrimination against obese females, whereas they are not consistent with explanations based on higher health care costs.
Bibliography Citation
Depasquale, Christina Marie. Three Essays on Market Structure Variation and Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Business Administration, University of Michigan, 2014..
1617. Der, Geoff
Batty, G. David
Deary, Ian J.
The Association Between IQ in Adolescence and a Range of Health Outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth
Intelligence 37,6 (November-December 2009): 573-580.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289608001669
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Morbidity; Mortality

A link between pre-morbid intelligence and all cause mortality is becoming well established, but the aetiology of the association is not understood. Less is known about links with cause specific mortality and with morbidity. The aim of this study is to examine the association between intelligence measured in adolescence and a broad range of health outcomes ascertained at 40 years of age. We use data on 7476 participants in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 who had their cognitive ability measured at baseline and completed the 'Health at 40' interview module between 1998 and 2004. The Health at 40 module includes assessments of general health and depression, nine medically diagnosed conditions, and 33 common health problems. Higher mental test scores were associated with lower depression scores, better general health, significantly lower odds of having five of the nine diagnosed conditions and 15 of the 33 health problems. A health disadvantage of higher cognitive ability was evident for only three of the 33 health problems.
Bibliography Citation
Der, Geoff, G. David Batty and Ian J. Deary. "The Association Between IQ in Adolescence and a Range of Health Outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth." Intelligence 37,6 (November-December 2009): 573-580.
1618. DeRigne, LeaAnne
Porterfield, Shirley
Quinn, Linda
Tedor, Miyuki Fukushima
Stoddard-Dare, Patricia
Bai, Rong
Collins, Cyleste
Caregiving, Health Status and Total Family Net Worth Among Men and Women Approaching Retirement Age
Community, Work and Family published online (28 March 2022): DOI: 10.1080/13668803.2022.2055997.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13668803.2022.2055997
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Caregivers, Adult Children; Disabled Workers; Health, Chronic Conditions; Net Worth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background and Objectives: Building on opportunity cost theory and an understanding of how gender impacts household labor decisions, this study examines how family net worth may be impacted by three variables (having a work-limiting health condition, caregiving inside the home, caregiving outside of the home) while controlling for demographic and employment-related variables for married and unmarried male and female caregivers.

Research Design and Methods: This study uses a nationally representative sample of 5,173 older adults ages 51-60 from the 2016 round of 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79).

Results: Findings from the weighted sample suggest having a limiting health condition is significantly and negatively related to total family net worth: people with a work limiting health condition experience a $55,000-$180,000 decline in total family net worth. Further, caregiving inside the home had a significant negative relationship with total family net worth for two subgroups: married males and unmarried females. Providing care to someone outside the home was significantly and positively related to total family net worth only for unmarried males.

Bibliography Citation
DeRigne, LeaAnne, Shirley Porterfield, Linda Quinn, Miyuki Fukushima Tedor, Patricia Stoddard-Dare, Rong Bai and Cyleste Collins. "Caregiving, Health Status and Total Family Net Worth Among Men and Women Approaching Retirement Age." Community, Work and Family published online (28 March 2022): DOI: 10.1080/13668803.2022.2055997.
1619. DeRigne, LeaAnne
Stoddard-Dare, Patricia
Quinn, Linda
Collins, Cyleste
How Many Paid Sick Days Are Enough?
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60,6 (June 2018): 481-489.
Also: https://journals.lww.com/joem/Fulltext/2018/06000/How_Many_Paid_Sick_Days_Are_Enough_.1.aspx
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Health Care

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objective: This study analyzes the relationship between number of paid sick days and reported preventive health care service usage among older US workers.

Methods: Using a 2014 cross-section of 3235 US workers age 49 to 57 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study is the first to measure paid sick leave as an ordinal variable in an effort to refine our understanding of sick leave, and identify the ideal range of sick days necessary for people to access preventive health care services.

Results: We find workers with 10 or more paid sick days have increased odds of reporting five different preventive health care services.

Conclusion: To support worker and public health, policy planners may want to consider the number of paid sick days that are needed before changes in preventive service use are observed.

Bibliography Citation
DeRigne, LeaAnne, Patricia Stoddard-Dare, Linda Quinn and Cyleste Collins. "How Many Paid Sick Days Are Enough?" Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60,6 (June 2018): 481-489.
1620. Desai, Sonalde
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay
Mother or Market? Effects of Maternal Employment on the Intellectual Ability of 4-Year-Old Children
Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children; Employment; Family Income; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Desai, Sonalde and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale. "Mother or Market? Effects of Maternal Employment on the Intellectual Ability of 4-Year-Old Children." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988.
1621. Desai, Sonalde
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay
Michael, Robert T.
Mother or Market? Effects of Maternal Employment on Cognitive Development of Four-Year-Old Children
Demography 26,4 (November 1989): 545-561.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k612587ln0x288n4/
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children; Employment; Family Income; Gender Differences; General Assessment; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper is a first report on a project investigating the influence of maternal employment on the cognitive and social development of young children. The data set analyzed is the newly available "Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth," a 1986 survey of the 5,000 biological offspring of the females in the NLSY data set. The paper focuses on the cognitive development of the four-year-old children, of whom there are 585. Demographic, economic, and social background factors are controlled in the analysis of relationships among maternal employment, child care, and the child's test score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT).
Bibliography Citation
Desai, Sonalde, P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale and Robert T. Michael. "Mother or Market? Effects of Maternal Employment on Cognitive Development of Four-Year-Old Children." Demography 26,4 (November 1989): 545-561.
1622. Desai, Sonalde
Michael, Robert T.
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay
Exploring the Mechanisms through which Employment Affects Women's Childrearing Practices
Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Bias Decomposition; Child Care; Child Development; Childbearing; Children; General Assessment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Mothers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the Children of the NLSY, this paper examines the effect of employment on emotional support and cognitive stimulation provided by mothers to their preschool age children. Measures of childrearing practices are based on mother reports as well as interviewer observations, from a short form of HOME [Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment]. The results suggest that mother's cognitive stimulation of the children seems to suffer substantially when the mother is employed, but only in the households with middle or higher levels of income. Moreover and conversely, mother's emotional support of children appears to be greater when the mother is employed, but only in the households with lower levels of income.
Bibliography Citation
Desai, Sonalde, Robert T. Michael and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale. "Exploring the Mechanisms through which Employment Affects Women's Childrearing Practices." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990.
1623. Desai, Sonalde
Michael, Robert T.
Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay
Home Environment: A Mechanism through which Maternal Employment Affects Child Development
Working Paper No. 20, The Population Council, New York, 1990
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Development; Children, Academic Development; Children, Home Environment; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Maternal Employment; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Also: Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990

This paper argues that seeking a simple, universal effect of maternal employment on the welfare of very young children is not a fruitful strategy. Instead, it suggests that: (1) maternal employment affects children through a variety of mechanisms, some positive and others negative; and (2) the consequences of maternal employment depend on the family's socioeconomic circumstances and the social context. Using data on pre-school aged children in the U.S. from the Children of the NLSY, the paper examines the impact of maternal employment on children's verbal abilities in different family economic contexts. The results indicate that while maternal absence and alternate child care arrangements have some negative impact on children's verbal ability (particularly for boys), in low-income families this negative impact is compensated to a large extent by the positive impact of maternal income and the improved quality of children's home environment which that income can buy.

Bibliography Citation
Desai, Sonalde, Robert T. Michael and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale. "Home Environment: A Mechanism through which Maternal Employment Affects Child Development." Working Paper No. 20, The Population Council, New York, 1990.
1624. Desai, Sonalde
Waite, Linda J.
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and After the First Birth: Occupational Characteristics and Work Commitment
American Sociological Review 56,4 (August 1991): 551-556.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096274
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Employment; Family Constraints; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Occupational Segregation; Occupations; Occupations, Female; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work Attitudes; Work History

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

An investigation of the hypothesis that women choose primarily female occupations because such jobs make it relatively easy & cost-free to withdraw from the labor force during the 2 years immediately following the first pregnancy, the time of greatest psychological & physical strains on working women. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on a sample of 1,055 US women interviewed in 1979 & 1985 who had a first birth during that time period, & were employed at least 20 hours/week during & following pregnancy. Event-history analyses reveal no effect of occupational sex composition on the likelihood that recent mothers are employed. Occupational characteristics that raise labor force withdrawal costs (eg, high education, wages, job-specific training) & nonmonetary occupational characteristics decrease the probability of women's withdrawal from work. While all women are found to respond to withdrawal costs, women with low work commitment also respond to financial pressure & convenience of the work setting. 4 Tables, 2 Figures, 39 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1991, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Desai, Sonalde and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and After the First Birth: Occupational Characteristics and Work Commitment." American Sociological Review 56,4 (August 1991): 551-556.
1625. Desantis, Victor S.
Durst, Samantha L.
Comparing Job Satisfaction Among Public- and Private-Sector Employees
American Review of Public Administration 26,3 (September 1996): 327-343.
Also: http://arp.sagepub.com/content/26/3/327.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Public Sector

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Over the past several decades a number of empirical studies have demonstrated that job-satisfaction levels vary widely in the American labor force. Renewed interest in increasing performance levels in government should interest public administrators in identifying factors that foster worker satisfaction. A paper uses analyses of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) to compare job-satisfaction levels among public- and private-sector employees. Using this survey allows the paper to examine the actual work experiences, personal characteristics, and job-satisfaction levels of a selected set of public and private workers. If the factors that contribute to job satisfaction differ for public- and private-sector employees, as the results suggest they do, then such an analysis is long overdue. Copyright American Review of Public Administration Inc., 1996. Full text online. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, April 1995, Chicago, IL.
Bibliography Citation
Desantis, Victor S. and Samantha L. Durst. "Comparing Job Satisfaction Among Public- and Private-Sector Employees." American Review of Public Administration 26,3 (September 1996): 327-343.
1626. Desantis, Victor S.
Durst, Samantha L.
Determinants of Job Satisfaction Among Federal, State, and Local Government Employees
State and Local Government Review 29,1 (Winter 1997): 7-16
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Carl Vinson Institute of Government
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article finds support for the argument that the level of government at which an employee works influences that employee's job satisfaction. The authors find that public employees at federal, state, and local levels express varying degrees of job satisfaction. Moreover, the factors that contribute to job satisfaction for local employees are different than those for state or federal employees. The results highlight the ways in which public administrators at each level of government may be able to enhance job satisfaction in the workplace. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Southeastern Conference on Public Administration in Savannah, Georgia, October 1995.
Bibliography Citation
Desantis, Victor S. and Samantha L. Durst. "Determinants of Job Satisfaction Among Federal, State, and Local Government Employees." State and Local Government Review 29,1 (Winter 1997): 7-16.
1627. Desimone, Jeffrey Scott
Illegal Drug Use and Employment
Journal of Labor Economics 20,4 (October 2002): 952-977.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/342893
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Employment; Male Sample; Modeling, Probit; Simultaneity; Unemployment

This article investigates the relationship between employment and the use of marijuana and cocaine for males in National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data from 1984 and 1988. Previous studies yielding mixed evidence may have inadequately accounted for the simultaneity between drug consumption and employment. I implement an instrumental variable procedure that identifies drug use with variables that are empirically unrelated to employment, including the regional cocaine price and a state marijuana decriminalization indicator. Results indicate that the use of each drug substantially reduces the likelihood of employment. Exogeneity tests reveal that standard probit estimates are severely biased toward zero.
Bibliography Citation
Desimone, Jeffrey Scott. "Illegal Drug Use and Employment." Journal of Labor Economics 20,4 (October 2002): 952-977.
1628. Desimone, Jeffrey Scott
Is Marijuana a Gateway Drug?
Eastern Economic Journal 24,2 (Spring 1998): 149-163.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/40325834
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Marijuana is by far the most widely-used illicit drug. Though marijuana is a powerful intoxicant with subjective psychedelic-like effects that are more complicated than those of alcohol or cocaine, research has yet to show that marijuana consumption has harmful consequences. In truth, the primary cause for concern about marijuana use may be that it potentially leads to the use of more hazardous illegal drugs such as cocaine. This premise arises from evidence that the overwhelming majority of adolescent and young adult cocaine users have previously used marijuana [O'Donnell and Clayton, 1982; Mills and Noyes, 1984; Yamaguchi and Kandel, 1984; Newcomb and gentler, 1986; Kandel and Yamaguchi, 1993] and is known as the gateway hypotheses. Since the use of cocaine is associated with problems such as crime, child poverty, poor neonatal health, and the spread of HIV, a gateway effect of marijuana on cocaine could signify a sizable social cost of marijuana use.
Bibliography Citation
Desimone, Jeffrey Scott. "Is Marijuana a Gateway Drug?" Eastern Economic Journal 24,2 (Spring 1998): 149-163.
1629. Desmarais, Laura Burris
Investigating a Cognitive Complexity Hierarchy of Jobs
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1990
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Aptitude; Occupations

The present study investigated the construct validity of an occupational classification system based upon ability requirements. This was done by placing the positions held by a large, nationally representative sample of full-time, employed, young, civilian adults into the classification system (the Occupational Aptitude Patterns Map) and determining whether the patterns of characteristics exhibited by the groups of positions coincided with the patterns predicted by relevant theories on job ability requirements and job differentiation. The results largely supported the validity of the Occupational Aptitude Patterns Maps as an occupational classification system. The results indicated that the Map captures differences across positions in their requirements for cognitive ability, although the overlap across job clusters is enormous. The Map also differentiates jobs on the basis of their requirements for specific abilities (e.g., scientific/mechanical ability). The differences across clusters in cognitive ability shares overlap with differences in occupational prestige as well as differences in rated job characteristics. The extent of this overlap was smaller than expected. Ideas for future research and methodological caveats are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Desmarais, Laura Burris. Investigating a Cognitive Complexity Hierarchy of Jobs. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1990.
1630. Desy, Jeanne
High School Vocational Education Experiences: In School and in the Labor Market
Research and Development Series No 244. Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1984.
Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED227310.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University
Keyword(s): Dropouts; Employment; Income; Job Satisfaction; Unemployment; Vocational Education; Wages; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A study examined the school and labor market experiences of students who either are in or have participated in vocational education programs. To formulate their conclusions, the researchers involved in the study analyzed a subset of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Labor Market Experience--Youth Cohort. These data indicate that students who participated in vocational education to a fairly extensive degree were less likely to drop out than were others. Most vocational students worked while in high school, earning an average of $67 per week for 24 hours of work at a job that was most likely self-obtained. Working did not seem to affect the academic performance of these students; both their grades and their class rank were at least equal to those of their nonworking counterparts. Once they had graduated from high school, these vocational participants were more likely to be active in the labor force--either working or looking for work--than graduates with less vocational concentration. The typical female vocational graduate had a relatively high-prestige clerical job that demanded moderate use of her intelligence. The average male graduate, on the other hand, tended to choose craft or agricultural employment and was more likely than his nonvocational counterparts to work for himself. (MN)
Bibliography Citation
Desy, Jeanne. High School Vocational Education Experiences: In School and in the Labor Market. Research and Development Series No 244. Columbus OH: National Center for Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State University, 1984..
1631. Dethlefs, William W.
Employment and Welfare Reform: The Relationship Between Occupational Welfare and Job Tenure of Former Welfare Recipients
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, December 2002. DAI-A 63/07, p. 2693, Jan 2003
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Benefits, Fringe; Education; Employment; Job Tenure; Job Training; Training; Welfare

In 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 was passed. This act replaced AFDC with TANF, imposed lifetime limits on continued eligibility, and required employment for all participants. Despite the high profile of welfare-to-work, direct employer involvement and outreach was overlooked in this legislation. This exclusion continued a deleterious effect on the low job tenure (less than six months) of former welfare recipients, which is about one-tenth that of the overall population of working women in the United States. This research was initiated to investigate the various occupational welfare roles that employers have in prolonging job tenure of former welfare recipients. Organizational socialization theory provided the framework for the research. It includes the pre-entry phase, where job preparation and pre-employment training are addressed. It also includes the encounter phase, a period encompassing the first six months of employment, when the employer first offers fringe benefits. Using 1998 employment data from the 1979-1998 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, access to fringe benefits, among other variables, were analyzed for their effect on job tenure using a post-welfare sample and a comparative sample of women without a welfare history. The findings suggest access to employer provided fringe benefits does prolong job tenure, particularly through the availability of health and life insurance, retirement, and parental leave. Of non-employment variables, education had the greatest effect on job tenure. These data suggest higher levels of educational attainment have a significant and causal relationship with longer job tenure. As a means of ensuring welfare reform's success and in light of lifetime limits on welfare eligibility, several recommendations are made based on this research. Employer partnerships should be encouraged with all state and local governments. The private sector, particularly the small employer, employs the majority of former welfare recipients; as such they too stand to gain significantly from such a relationship. Provision of pre-employment training and post-high school education should also be supported. Together these strategies can contribute to an overall increase in wage levels, fringe benefit availability, job security, and permanent, instead of serial employment, for former welfare recipients.
Bibliography Citation
Dethlefs, William W. Employment and Welfare Reform: The Relationship Between Occupational Welfare and Job Tenure of Former Welfare Recipients. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, December 2002. DAI-A 63/07, p. 2693, Jan 2003.
1632. Dev, Saloni
Kim, Daniel
State-Level Income Inequality and County-Level Social Capital in Relation to Individual-Level Depression in Middle-Aged Adults: A Lagged Multilevel Study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (27 July 2020): 5386.
Also: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/15/5386
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)
Keyword(s): Census of Population; Depression (see also CESD); Geocoded Data; Income Level; Social Capital; State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the US, the incidence of depression and suicide have followed escalating trends over the past several years. These trends call for greater efforts towards identifying their underlying drivers and finding effective prevention strategies and treatments. One social determinant of health that plausibly influences the risk of depression is income inequality, the gap between the rich and poor. However, research on this association is still sparse. We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the US Census to investigate the multilevel lagged associations of state-level income inequality with the individual-level odds of depression in middle-aged adults, controlling for state- and individual-level factors. We also examined the independent associations of county-level social capital with depression and explored whether it mediated the income inequality relationship. Higher income inequality at the state level predicted higher odds of individual-level depression nearly 2 decades later [OR for middle vs. lowest tertile of income inequality = 1.35 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.76), OR for highest vs. lowest tertile = 1.34 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.78)]. This association was stronger among men than women. Furthermore, there was evidence that county-level social capital independently predicted depression and that it mediated the income inequality association. Overall, our findings suggest that policies attenuating levels of income inequality at the US state level and that leverage social capital may protect against one's likelihood of developing depression.
Bibliography Citation
Dev, Saloni and Daniel Kim. "State-Level Income Inequality and County-Level Social Capital in Relation to Individual-Level Depression in Middle-Aged Adults: A Lagged Multilevel Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (27 July 2020): 5386.
1633. Devaney, Sharon A.
Factors Related to Propensity for Parents to Pay for Child Care
In: Diversity Among Economically Vulnerable Households, Proceedings: Family Economics-Home Management, Pre-Conference. E. Davis and J. Gilbreth, eds. Alexandria, VA: American Home Economics Association, 1993: pp. 175-189
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Home Economics Association, now: American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences
Keyword(s): Child Care; Education; Family Income; Family Size; Household Composition; Household Structure; Income; Male Sample; Poverty; Regions; Rural/Urban Differences; Work Attachment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The proportion of income spent on child care varies from 5% for higher income families to 25% for lower income families. About half of employed parents with children needing care manage to arrange for low or no cost care. The purpose of the study was to explore the characteristics of parents who pay for child care. The sample included 1,495 parents who paid for child care for at least one child who was 5 or younger in 1985. Factors which were investigated included family size, income, number of weeks worked, education of respondent, poverty status, and whether the family was female headed. Implications for public policy are offered.
Bibliography Citation
Devaney, Sharon A. "Factors Related to Propensity for Parents to Pay for Child Care" In: Diversity Among Economically Vulnerable Households, Proceedings: Family Economics-Home Management, Pre-Conference. E. Davis and J. Gilbreth, eds. Alexandria, VA: American Home Economics Association, 1993: pp. 175-189
1634. Devaraj, Srikant
Patel, Pankaj C.
State Bans on Pay Secrecy and Earnings: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997
BJIR: An International Journal of Employment Relations published online (15 April 2022): DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12673.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12673
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Earnings; Geocoded Data; State-Level Data/Policy

Pay secrecy policies restrict employees from discussing pay and compensation with their co-workers. In addition to the federal law, 11 US states have enacted additional laws further reinforcing the ban on pay secrecy. Recent evidence shows that state pay secrecy bans lower wage gap for females and increase earnings of managers by a small amount. In a longitudinal cohort of 6046 individuals representing 35,387 individual-year observations from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY 1997), we do not find support for the benefits these state-level policies have on earnings in general, or for managerial employees in particular. Our findings are consistent for NLSY 1979 cohort. The effects did not vary by sex, age or managerial status in either cohort, and the differences by higher cognitive ability (those in the upper quartile or above the 90th percentile)--is significant in the NLSY 1997 cohort, but not in the NLSY 1979 cohort--were not conclusive. The findings indicate limited effects of state-level pay secrecy laws.
Bibliography Citation
Devaraj, Srikant and Pankaj C. Patel. "State Bans on Pay Secrecy and Earnings: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997." BJIR: An International Journal of Employment Relations published online (15 April 2022): DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12673.
1635. Devlin, Bernie
Fienberg, Steven E.
Resnick, Daniel P.
Roeder, Kathryn
Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to THE BELL CURVE
New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1997
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Educational Returns; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Genetics; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis; Wage Differentials; Wage Rates

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A scientific response to the best-selling The Bell Curve which set off a hailstorm of controversy upon its publication in 1994. Much of the public reaction to the book was polemic and failed to analyse the details of the science and validity of the statistical arguments underlying the book conclusion. Here, at last, social scientists and statisticians reply to The Bell Curve and its conclusions about IQ, genetics and social outcomes. Contents: Part I Overview: 1 Reexamining The Bell Curve, Stephen E. Fienberg and Daniel Resnick: 2 A Synopsis of The Bell Curve, Terry W. Belke: Part II The Genetics-Intelligence Link: 3 Of Genes and IQ, Michael Daniels, Bernie Devlin,and Kathryn Roeder: 4 The Malleability of Intelligence is Not Constrained by Heritabiligy, Douglas Waslsten: 5 Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Environmental, Psychosocial,and Physiological Pathways, Burton Singer and Carol Ryff: Part III Intelligence and the Measurement of IQ: 6 Theoretical and Technical Issues in Identifying a Factor of General Intelligence: 7 The Concept and Utility of Intelligence, Earl Hunt: 8 Is There a Cognitive Elite in America?, Nicholas Lemann: Part IV Intelligence and Success: Reanalyses of Data From the NLSY: 9 Cognitive Ability, Wages,and Meritocracy, John Cawley, Karen Conneely, James Heckman,and Edward Vytacil: 10 The Hidden Gender Restriction: The Need for Proper Controls When Testing for Racial Discrimination, Alexander Cavallo, Hazem El-Abbadi,and Randal Heeb: 11 Does Staying in School Make You Smarter? The Effect of Education on IQ in The Bell Curve, Christoper Winship and Sanders Korenman: 12 Cognitive Ability, Environmental
Bibliography Citation
Devlin, Bernie, Steven E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick and Kathryn Roeder. Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to THE BELL CURVE. New York, NY: Springer Verlag, 1997.
1636. Devlin, Maura E.
When Mom Goes to School: Maternal Education and Intergenerational Mobility
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2016.
Also: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/847/
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: University of Massachusetts - Amherst
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Expectations/Intentions; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Social; Mothers, Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examined the relationship between the timing of maternal education and children's educational attainment and the extent to which this relationship differs by gender. I used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Child and Youth Survey to determine the timing of mothers' education relative to the birth of their children, with additional predictors associated with children's educational attainment included in quantitative analyses. ANOVA analyses identified statistically significant differences in educational attainment among the children grouped by mother-category, based on the timing of their mothers' education, and between genders. Regression analyses found no statistical difference between children whose mothers earned bachelor's degrees before birth and those whose mothers were in college while mothering, but a large gap in attainment for children whose mothers did not attend college. Significant predictors, especially children's grades, educational expectations, type of high school, and socioeconomic status, were found to predict children's attainment. The findings inform a discussion about the extent to which a mother's return to postsecondary education serves as a force for social mobility for her children and the extent to which the timing of maternal education facilitates social reproduction of education.
Bibliography Citation
Devlin, Maura E. When Mom Goes to School: Maternal Education and Intergenerational Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2016..
1637. DeVoe, Sanford E.
House, Julian
Zhong, Chen-Bo
Fast Food and Financial Impatience: A Socioecological Approach
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105,3 (2013): 476-94.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033484
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects

We investigated whether the prevalence of fast-food restaurants in the social ecology are associated with greater financial impatience at the national, neighborhood, and individual level...Study 3 confirms that a higher concentration of fast-food restaurants within one's neighborhood is associated with greater financial impatience.
Bibliography Citation
DeVoe, Sanford E., Julian House and Chen-Bo Zhong. "Fast Food and Financial Impatience: A Socioecological Approach." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105,3 (2013): 476-94.
1638. DeVore, Chuck
How Many Jobs Have You Had? A Dozen If You're an Average Baby Boomer
Forbes, August 23, 2019.
Also: https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckdevore/2019/08/23/how-many-jobs-have-you-had-a-dozen-if-youre-an-average-baby-boomer/#209753465c14
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Forbes.com
Keyword(s): Job Patterns; Job Tenure; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

According to newly published survey information from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Americans born in the years 1957 to 1964 held an average of 12.3 jobs from age 18 to 52. [Media article based on Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Number of Jobs, Labor Market Experience, and Earnings Growth: Results from a National Longitudinal Survey." News Release, USDL-19-1520. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, August 22, 2019]
Bibliography Citation
DeVore, Chuck. "How Many Jobs Have You Had? A Dozen If You're an Average Baby Boomer." Forbes, August 23, 2019.
1639. Dew, Jeffrey
Eggebeen, David J.
Beyond the Wage Premium: Fatherhood and Asset Accumulation
Research in Human Development 7,2 (April-June 2010): 140-158.
Also: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a922635219~frm=titlelink
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Assets; Fathers, Influence; Marital Status; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examines the association between becoming a father and men's asset accumulation trajectories. It is the first study to include nonmarried fathers in addition to married fathers. We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (the 1979 and 1985-2000 wave) and multilevel modeling techniques to examine the research questions. Findings revealed that the association between fatherhood and men's total asset accumulation depended on marriage. Upon becoming fathers, married men increased their rates of asset accumulation. By way of contrast, unmarried men who became fathers had a decline in their rate of asset accumulation, on average. Race also moderated the association between fatherhood and asset accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Dew, Jeffrey and David J. Eggebeen. "Beyond the Wage Premium: Fatherhood and Asset Accumulation." Research in Human Development 7,2 (April-June 2010): 140-158.
1640. Dexter, Emily R.
Home Literacy Supports and Children's Reading Trajectories
Presented: San Diego, CA, American Educational Research Association Meeting, April 2004
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Educational Research Association
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, Academic Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Literacy; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper reports on an analysis of reading data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (C-NLSY). The hypothesis is tested that mother-child interactions during the preschool and school years, the frequency with which the mother reads to the child during the preschool years, and the frequency of family meals and enrichment opportunities during the school years predict children's reading trajectories. Maternal reading frequency and mother-child interactions are found to be associated with enhanced reading ability throughout the school years, controlling for maternal schooling, maternal literacy, and income, and the taxonomy of models suggests that these variables may explain some of the effects of maternal schooling and income on children's reading development.
Bibliography Citation
Dexter, Emily R. "Home Literacy Supports and Children's Reading Trajectories." Presented: San Diego, CA, American Educational Research Association Meeting, April 2004.
1641. Dey, Ishita
Impact of Parental Education on Children's Development
Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2010.
Also: https://www.fcs.uga.edu/college/cvs/idey_CV_Oct_2011.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Family Income; Family Structure; Household Composition; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); School Quality; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Parents' education, and in particular, mother's education is shown to have a positive effect on their children's outcomes. However, questions on its causality, channels by which the effect transmits and the relative importance of each parent's education still remain. These issues are very important from a policy standpoint. In this dissertation, we address them using children between the ages of 5 and 14 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-79) and its Child Supplement (CNLSY).

We decompose the causal effects of maternal education into direct and indirect channels. Ours is the first study on intergenerational returns to education to do this decomposition. We utilize child fixed effects to account for endogeneity of maternal schooling and other inputs due to unobserved time invarying characteristics. Hausman tests indicate that fixed effects are indeed needed. Our results show that an additional year of mother's schooling causally increases Math and Reading test scores and reduces a child's risk of being overweight. Additionally, direct effects of maternal education are more important for Math, Reading and probability of a child at risk of being overweight; while indirect effects are more important for Behavioral problems. Lastly, we find that role of the father figure in the family differs by family structure. In families where father is the biological father, mother's education is equally important as the father's. However, when father isn't biological, mother's education is more important for behavioral outcomes.

Bibliography Citation
Dey, Ishita. Impact of Parental Education on Children's Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2010..
1642. Dey, Matthew
Frazis, Harley
Loewenstein, Mark A.
Sun, Hugette
Ability to Work from Home: Evidence from Two Surveys and Implications for the Labor Market in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Monthly Labor Review (June 2020): DOI: 10.21916/mlr.2020.14.
Also: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2020/article/ability-to-work-from-home.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): American Time Use Survey (ATUS); COVID-19/Coronavirus Pandemic; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Job Characteristics; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Telecommuting

This article examines the relationship between workers' ability to work at home, as captured in job characteristics measured by the Occupational Information Network, and the actual incidence of working at home, as measured by the American Time Use Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. For occupations in which telework is feasible, the article also estimates the proportion of workers who actually teleworked for a substantial amount of time prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The article concludes by examining recent (April 2020) employment estimates from the Current Population Survey, aiming to gauge how the initial employment effects of the pandemic differed between occupations in which telework is feasible and occupations in which it is not.
Bibliography Citation
Dey, Matthew, Harley Frazis, Mark A. Loewenstein and Hugette Sun. "Ability to Work from Home: Evidence from Two Surveys and Implications for the Labor Market in the COVID-19 Pandemic." Monthly Labor Review (June 2020): DOI: 10.21916/mlr.2020.14.
1643. Dey, Matthew
Loewenstein, Mark A.
Sun, Hugette
A Look at the New Job-task Information in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth
Monthly Labor Review (May 2021): .
Also: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/a-look-at-the-new-job-task-information-in-the-national-longitudinal-surveys-of-youth.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Job Characteristics; Occupations; Skills; Wages

Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997, this article examines how the skill level and task content of U.S. jobs vary among workers born during the 1957-1964 and 1980-1984 periods. This article presents data on how job attributes vary by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and educational attainment as well as by performance on the Armed Forces Qualifying Test and type of occupation. It also examines the relationship between job attributes and wages.
Bibliography Citation
Dey, Matthew, Mark A. Loewenstein and Hugette Sun. "A Look at the New Job-task Information in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth." Monthly Labor Review (May 2021): .
1644. Dhar, Paramita
Robinson, Christina
Physical Activity and Childhood Obesity
Applied Economics Letters 23,8 (May 2016): 584-587.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504851.2015.1090541
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998)
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise)

More than one-third of American children and teenagers are considered overweight or obese. Unfortunately, obesity is often a persistent and dangerous health condition that is costly to manage. It is one of the leading causes of preventable death and combating the condition has become a national priority. To this end the two most common recommendations are: eat a healthier diet and increase physical activity. Using data from both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adult files, this study examines the relationship between physical activity and the persistence of childhood obesity. More specifically, Cox-proportional hazard techniques are used to quantify the impact a child's physical activity has on the likelihood that they exit an overweight or obese state. Results indicate that being physically active reduces the probability that an overweight or obese child remains overweight or obese. Strikingly, there is not a significant difference between children who are active daily and those who are active a few times per week, suggesting that being active may be more important than the frequency of activity.
Bibliography Citation
Dhar, Paramita and Christina Robinson. "Physical Activity and Childhood Obesity." Applied Economics Letters 23,8 (May 2016): 584-587.
1645. Diaz, Christina
Fiel, Jeremy E.
How Young Mothers Manage: Is There Evidence for Heterogeneity after an Early Birth?
Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Heterogeneity; Income; Motherhood; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Propensity Scores

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The socioeconomic consequences of teenage childbearing have received much attention over the past 40 years. While some argue that teenage fertility substantially hinders women’s educational attainment and earnings, others claim that the socioeconomic prospects of these women are often limited regardless of early motherhood. Recent methodological advances have resulted in more plausible estimates of the effect of teenage childbearing, but these studies focus on average treatment effects and overlook systematic variation. We ask if there is evidence for heterogeneity in the effects of teen birth on educational attainment and income, and whether the sources of this heterogeneity are tied to the resources and attributes of young mothers. We use propensity score-based methods to assess effect heterogeneity, but go further to test theoretically relevant explanations of such heterogeneity. Our findings help identify the types of young women who are likely to struggle as mothers and help us learn how others succeed.
Bibliography Citation
Diaz, Christina and Jeremy E. Fiel. "How Young Mothers Manage: Is There Evidence for Heterogeneity after an Early Birth?" Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014.
1646. Diaz, Christina
Fiel, Jeremy E.
When Size Matters: IV Estimates of Sibship Size on Educational Attainment in the U.S.
Population Research and Policy Review published online (8 October 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09619-2.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-020-09619-2
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, Young Women
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Size; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Children with additional siblings appear to fare worse on a variety of developmental and educational outcomes across social contexts. Yet, the causal relation between sibship size and later attainment remains dubious, as factors that influence parents' fertility decisions also shape children's socioeconomic prospects. We apply instrumental variables methods that treat multiple births (e.g., twins, triplets) and same-sex composition as natural experiments to test whether increases in sibship size have a causal effect on the educational attainment of older siblings in the U.S. We pool several nationally representative datasets, including the Child and Young Adult Cohorts of the NLSY79 and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, to obtain adequate sample sizes for these methods. Although results indicate that the presence of an additional sibling has a trivial effect on the attainment of older siblings for most families (those with two to four siblings), a large penalty arises with the introduction of a fifth sibling. Our findings imply that the costs associated with sibship size are likely concentrated among the largest families.
Bibliography Citation
Diaz, Christina and Jeremy E. Fiel. "When Size Matters: IV Estimates of Sibship Size on Educational Attainment in the U.S." Population Research and Policy Review published online (8 October 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09619-2.
1647. Dickerson, Brian
Long Term Determinants of Income: Early Career Choices and Their Effect on Future Income
M.S. Thesis, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina and Charlotte, 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Income; Intelligence; Modeling, OLS

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine how early career decisions by young adults can affect their long term career outcomes, specifically income twenty years in the future. Previous research dedicated to this area looked at short-term effects. Data was gathered from the NLSY79, which followed young adults from 1979, when each individual was between 14 and 22, through 2010. This was used to create a log-linear OLS model that contained regressors of income, unemployment, educational attainment, intelligence, gender, and race demographics.

The results showed that income, unemployment, educational attainment, and intelligence each had a statistically significant effect on income as far out as twenty years. A one hundred dollar increase in income is associated with income twenty years out by a .147% increase. A week-spent unemployed is associated with 0.813% decrease in income twenty years later. Educational attainment results suggest that an additional year of education is associated with a 6.28% increase in income and a one percent increase in AFQT percentile is associated with a .715% increase in income twenty years out. Income, education, and intelligence results held significance at a 0.001 level while unemployment held significance at a 0.05 level.

Bibliography Citation
Dickerson, Brian. Long Term Determinants of Income: Early Career Choices and Their Effect on Future Income. M.S. Thesis, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina and Charlotte, 2014.
1648. Dickerson, Niki Tanya
Impact of Metropolitan Residential Segregation on the Employment Chances of Blacks and Whites in the U.S.
Working Paper, School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University, 2009.
Also: http://www.smlr.rutgers.edu/faculty/Dickerson/ntd_emp.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: School of Management and Labor Relations (SMLR), Rutgers University
Keyword(s): Discrimination; Employment; Family Characteristics; Family Studies; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Residence

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Most tests of residential segregation's role in creating employment inequality between blacks and whites have focused on neighborhood characteristics (e.g. mean SES or distance from job centers), whereas this study considers the broader structure of residential segregation in which neighborhoods are situated and its implication in black/white disparities in access to employment opportunities. The study employs multilevel analyses and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test the effects of metropolitan segregation in 1979 on respondents' probability of being employed by 1990 net of individual and family level characteristics, and to assess the role of segregation in explaining the race gap in employment between blacks and whites. The analyses reveal that residential segregation decreases employment odds for blacks and not for whites and explains the residual race gap in the probability of being employed. The depressive effect of segregation on employment is weaker for black women than it is for black men.
Bibliography Citation
Dickerson, Niki Tanya. "Impact of Metropolitan Residential Segregation on the Employment Chances of Blacks and Whites in the U.S." Working Paper, School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University, 2009.
1649. Dickerson, Niki Tanya
Occupational and Residential Segregation
Labor Studies Journal 33,4 (December 2008): 393-411
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Segmentation; Labor Supply; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences; Residence

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study considers whether the social organization of the metropolitan area in which black and white men and women prepare for the labor market during youth affects their likelihood to work in occupations overrepresented by blacks or whites as adults. Findings based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, census data, and regression analysis suggest that residential segregation affects the likelihood that whites will be segregated from blacks into better-paying occupations that are overrepresented by other whites in the labor market. Furthermore, black women who lived in more segregated cities during their youth are more likely to be concentrated into typically lower paying occupations overrepresented by other black women and are less likely to work in typically white male occupations that tend to be better remunerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Labor Studies Journal is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)

Bibliography Citation
Dickerson, Niki Tanya. "Occupational and Residential Segregation." Labor Studies Journal 33,4 (December 2008): 393-411.
1650. Dickerson, Niki Tanya
Race/Gender Economic Inequality: The Confluence of Residential and Occupational Segregation
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan 2003. DAI-A 64/06, p. 2267, Dec 2003
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Studies; Gender; Industrial Relations; Labor Market Demographics; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Studies; Residence

The labor market is one of the most critical sites in which race, gender, and class inequality converge. I argue that racial stratification in the labor market is shaped by the social organization of the surrounding local labor market, which is manifest in patterns of residential segregation. Residential segregation is hypothesized to influence labor market outcomes in two ways: indirectly, via its effect on educational attainment, a critical determinant of labor market outcomes, and directly, independent of the effect of education. This study utilizes a longitudinal design, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and Census Microdata to map the level of residential segregation experienced during an individual's youth onto two adult labor market outcomes, employment status and occupational segregation. This study examines: (1) the indirect effect of residential segregation on blacks' and whites' labor market outcomes in logistic and ordinary least squares regression models by assessing its influence on educational attainment. (2) the direct effect of residential segregation on labor market outcomes in logistic and ordinary least squares regression models while controlling for education. Race/gender interactions were added in the employment status analyses to assess the differential impact of residential segregation by race/gender. The results revealed that blacks and whites from metropolitan areas with lower levels of residential segregation attained more education and were more likely to be employed. Interaction effects revealed that the effect of residential segregation on employment status differed by race/gender status. With regard to occupational segregation, black workers from metropolitan areas with lower residential segregation scores were less likely to work in occupations overrepresented by blacks: occupations which tend to be lower in occupational prestige and consequently pay. This effect is strongest when black women and men are compared separately against white men. Residential segregation had no effect on occupational segregation for white workers.
Bibliography Citation
Dickerson, Niki Tanya. Race/Gender Economic Inequality: The Confluence of Residential and Occupational Segregation. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan 2003. DAI-A 64/06, p. 2267, Dec 2003.
1651. Dickert-Conlin, Stacy
Chandra, Amitabh
Taxes and the Timing of Births
Journal of Political Economy 107,1 (February 1999): 161-177.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250054
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Fertility; Taxes

Because the tax savings of having a child are realized only if the birth takes place before midnight, January 1, the incentives for the "marginal" birth are substantial. Using a sample of children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth we find that the probability that a child is born in the last week of December, rather than the first week of January, is positively correlated with tax benefits. We estimate that increasing the tax benefit of having a child by $500 raises the probability of having the child in the last week of December by 26.9 percent. Copyright by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
Bibliography Citation
Dickert-Conlin, Stacy and Amitabh Chandra. "Taxes and the Timing of Births." Journal of Political Economy 107,1 (February 1999): 161-177.
1652. Dickert-Conlin, Stacy
Houser, Scott
Li, Yun
Ondrich, Jan
Earned Income Tax Credit, Premarital Pregnancy, and Duration to Marriage
Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Structure; Marriage; Taxes; Transfers, Financial

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit paid to low-income families who work, with the largest credits going to families with children. The increasing role of the tax system as a means for transferring income to families raises the concern that, like welfare, there may be unintentional incentives implicit in the EITC that discourage marriage. The structure of the EITC may lead to "marriage penalties"; however, the EITC may also subsidize marriage. Large expansions in the EITC during the 1990s provide an excellent source of variation for investigating whether the EITC influences family structure. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to consider the question of whether the EITC influenced family structure decisions. We control for characteristics like welfare generosity in the respondent's state, age, education, and number of children, in addition to controlling for the change in the individual's EITC incentives for marriage.
Bibliography Citation
Dickert-Conlin, Stacy, Scott Houser, Yun Li and Jan Ondrich. "Earned Income Tax Credit, Premarital Pregnancy, and Duration to Marriage." Presented: Minneapolis, MN, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.
1653. Dickey, Bret Michael
Participation Dynamics in Low-Income Housing Assistance Programs
Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1999
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Benefits; Exits; Geographical Variation; Household Composition; Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Welfare

In 1998, President Clinton signed the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act into law. Like the welfare reform law that preceded it, a major goal of housing reform is to help residents of assisted housing make the transition from welfare to work. Despite the fact that low-income housing assistance is one of the largest U.S. welfare programs, we know little about the dynamics of participation in these programs. This dissertation analyzes how housing benefits affect housing assistance participation by young women, addressing two important challenges that have hampered previous studies. First, I use an empirical model that accounts for the fundamental characteristic of housing assistance--it is rationed. Second, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (including a special geographic supplement), I am able to correctly match local housing benefits to individuals. To allow for the effects of rationing, I estimate a dynamic rather than static model of housing assistance participation. Using a hurdle negative binomial model, I analyze the time spent in assisted housing by women during the 11 years between ages 18 and 28. I find that housing benefits (measured by the local Fair Market Rent) have a large and statistically significant effect on participation. Single mothers living in high-benefit areas stay substantially longer in assisted housing than do those in low-benefit areas. Consequently, assisted units in high-benefit areas turn over less frequently, resulting in fewer single mothers receiving any housing assistance in these areas. Supplementing the NLSY with administrative data on the composition of assisted housing, I extend this model to allow for separate effects of tenant-based and project-based housing assistance. While the results have the expected sign, I do not find statistically significant differences between the two types of assistance. Finally, I expand this analysis by examining exits from assisted housing using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. I find that few exits are consistent with the standard welfare-to-work story. In fact, the majority of household heads have relatively little change in their own economic circumstances surrounding exits, whereas changes in family and household composition seem to be very important.
Bibliography Citation
Dickey, Bret Michael. Participation Dynamics in Low-Income Housing Assistance Programs. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1999.
1654. Dickinson, David L.
Verbeek, Roelant L.
Wage Differentials Between College Graduates With and Without Learning Disabilities
Journal of Learning Disabilities 35,2 (March-April 2002): 175-184.
Also: http://ldx.sagepub.com/content/35/2/175.full.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Pro-Ed, Inc.
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Disability; Disabled Workers; Discrimination; Discrimination, Employer; Wage Differentials; Wage Growth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the 1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Strategic Alternative Learning Techniques (SALT) center at the University of Arizona. Wage differentials studies have typically focused on male/female or white/non-white wage differentials, where laws protect the employment relationship for these groups. By the same token, both the American with Disabilities Act (1990) and title V of the Rehabilitation Act (1973) legally protect people with learning disabilities (LD) in all aspects of the employment relationship. Many adults with LD state that they fear labor market discrimination against them. We study whether or not this fear is justified. This paper is the first in which researchers decompose a wage differential between groups of adults with and without LD. We introduce a data set on individuals with documented LD and then we compare these individuals to a control group in order to decompose the wage differential between college graduates with and without LD. Our results show that the standard wage decomposition indicates an unexplained wage gap, but we find that the gap is not statistically different than zero when analyzing the variance of the decomposition components. Furthermore, additional regression analysis indicates that employers who are aware of their employees LD do not pay significantly lower wages to these workers. We conclude that any fear of labor market discrimination against persons with LD is not a wage discrimination but either a pre-market discrimination or an internal labor market discrimination.
Bibliography Citation
Dickinson, David L. and Roelant L. Verbeek. "Wage Differentials Between College Graduates With and Without Learning Disabilities." Journal of Learning Disabilities 35,2 (March-April 2002): 175-184.
1655. Dickter, David Nathan
An Event History Analysis of Employee Turnover in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Dataset
M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1994
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Aptitude; Event History; Income Level; Job Satisfaction; Labor Turnover; Unemployment Rate; Work Histories

Using Cox regression, an analysis was conducted of turnover propensity across time in the NLSY dataset. The study examined job satisfaction, level of income, aptitude, unemployment rate and job history as precursors of voluntary turnover. The implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
Bibliography Citation
Dickter, David Nathan. An Event History Analysis of Employee Turnover in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Dataset. M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1994.
1656. Dickter, David Nathan
Roznowski, Mary
Harrison, David A.
Temporal Tempering: An Event History Analysis of the Process of Voluntary Turnover
Journal of Applied Psychology 81,6 (December 1996): 705-716.
Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/81/6/705/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Career Patterns; Cognitive Ability; Event History; Job Satisfaction; Job Turnover; Volunteer Work

In the present study, the authors examined the importance of time in the voluntary turnover process. The researchers used a representative sample of early-career individuals in the American workforce. Moderating effects of time were found for both job satisfaction and cognitive ability. The relationships of these predictors with turnover decreased as a function of time. The temporal nature of effects inherent in the voluntary turnover process is discussed in detail, and the importance of considering changing effects across time is emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1997 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Dickter, David Nathan, Mary Roznowski and David A. Harrison. "Temporal Tempering: An Event History Analysis of the Process of Voluntary Turnover." Journal of Applied Psychology 81,6 (December 1996): 705-716.
1657. Dietz, William H.
Weight Gain Prevention: An Emerging Public Health Challenge for Health Education
Presented: Washington, DC, National Conference on Health Education and Health Promotion, June 1999.
Also: http://www.astdhpphe.org/elecconf/papers/018papers.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Association of State and Territorial Directors of Health Promotion and Public Health Education
Keyword(s): Obesity; Television Viewing; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This presentation discusses the prevalence of obesity in America, its causes, possible health effects, and programs that have been enacted to help combat it. National Longitudinal Survey data is cited to substantiate claims about the correlation between television viewing and obesity.
Bibliography Citation
Dietz, William H. "Weight Gain Prevention: An Emerging Public Health Challenge for Health Education." Presented: Washington, DC, National Conference on Health Education and Health Promotion, June 1999.
1658. Dillon, Eleanor Wiske
Smith, Jeffrey A.
The Consequences of Academic Match Between Students and Colleges
Working Paper No 25069, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2018.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w25069
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Earnings; Educational Outcomes; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics)

We consider the effects of student ability, college quality, and the interaction between the two on academic outcomes and earnings using data on two cohorts of college enrollees. Student ability and college quality strongly improve degree completion and earnings for all students. We find evidence of meaningful complementarity between student ability and college quality in degree completion at four years and long-term earnings, but not in degree completion at six years or STEM degree completion. This complementarity implies some tradeoff between equity and efficiency for policies that move lower ability students to higher quality colleges.
Bibliography Citation
Dillon, Eleanor Wiske and Jeffrey A. Smith. "The Consequences of Academic Match Between Students and Colleges." Working Paper No 25069, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2018.
1659. Dillon, Eleanor Wiske
Smith, Jeffrey A.
The Consequences of Academic Match between Students and Colleges
Journal of Human Resources published online (13 November 2019): DOI: 10.3368/jhr.55.3.0818-9702R1.
Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2019/11/07/jhr.55.3.0818-9702R1.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Characteristics; College Degree; Earnings; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics)

We consider the effects of student ability, college quality, and the interaction between the two on academic outcomes and earnings using data on two cohorts of college enrollees. Student ability and college quality strongly improve degree completion and earnings for all students. We find evidence of meaningful complementarity between student ability and college quality in degree completion at four years and long-term earnings, but not in degree completion at six years or STEM degree completion. This complementarity implies some tradeoff between equity and efficiency for policies that move lower ability students to higher quality colleges.
Bibliography Citation
Dillon, Eleanor Wiske and Jeffrey A. Smith. "The Consequences of Academic Match between Students and Colleges." Journal of Human Resources published online (13 November 2019): DOI: 10.3368/jhr.55.3.0818-9702R1.
1660. Dillon, Molly Danielle
Getting Ahead: The Statistical Relationship Between Head Start and College Attendance
Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University, April 2013
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Childhood Education, Early; Children, Preschool; College Enrollment; Family Income; Head Start; Modeling, Fixed Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In 1965, Head Start was founded under President Johnson’s War on Poverty to help provide low-income families with free early childhood education. While it began as a summer program, it has evolved into a preschool program. Now run by the Administration for Children and Families in the Department of Health and Human Services, since its inception Head Start has served nearly 30 million children. Research on the Head Start program has found significant gains in school readiness and educational abilities, however those gains tend to wear off in the early elementary years. Some have used this as an argument against the government program. Research also shows the importance of having a college education in today’s modern workforce. This study therefore explores the relationship between participation in Head Start and college attendance. Without controlling properly for family background, we would be led to believe that Head Start has a significant and negative effect on the likelihood of college attendance. However, when we properly control for family background characteristics using a household level fixed effects model, we find that Head Start does not have a significant positive or negative effect on the likelihood of college attendance. The effects of Head Start coupled with rigorous and ongoing academic intervention programs should be explored in future research.
Bibliography Citation
Dillon, Molly Danielle. Getting Ahead: The Statistical Relationship Between Head Start and College Attendance. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University, April 2013.
1661. Ding, Wenqin
Xu, Yuxiang
Kondracki, Anthony J.
Sun, Ying
Childhood Adversity and Accelerated Reproductive Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology published online (10 October 2023).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.005
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Abuse, Sexual/Physical/Emotional; Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs); Birth Outcomes; Births; Births, Premature/Preterm; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childhood; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Family Characteristics; Family Dynamics; Life History Theory; Life Outcomes; Menarche/First Menstruation; Meta-analysis; Miscarriage/Pregnancy Loss; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Puberty; Reproductive Events; Sexual Activity; Sexual Reproduction; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Objective: Accelerated female reproductive events represent the early onset of reproductive events involving puberty, menarche, pregnancy loss, first sexual intercourse, first birth, parity, and menopause. This study aimed to explore the association between childhood adversity and accelerated female reproductive events.

Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched from September 22, 2022 to September 23, 2022.

Study Eligibility Criteria: Observational cohort, cross-sectional, and case–control studies in human populations were included if they reported the time of reproductive events for female individuals with experience of childhood adversity and were published in English.

Methods: Two reviewers independently screened studies, obtained data, and assessed study quality, and conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. Dichotomous outcomes were evaluated using meta-analysis, and pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated using random-effects models. Moderation analysis and meta-regression were used to investigate heterogeneity.

Results: In total, 21 cohort studies, 9 cross-sectional studies, and 3 case–control studies were identified. Overall, female individuals with childhood adversity were nearly 2 times more likely to report accelerated reproductive events than those with no adversity exposure (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.33–2.76; I2=99.6%; P<.001). Moderation analysis indicated that effect sizes for the types of childhood adversity ranged from an odds ratio of 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.23–2.09) for low socioeconomic status to 2.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.14–3.99) for dysfunctional family dynamics. Among the 7 groups based on different reproductive events, including early onset of puberty, early menarche, early sexual initiation, teenage childbirth, preterm birth, pregnancy loss, and early menopause, early sexual initiation had a nonsignifican t correlation with childhood adversity (odds ratio, 2.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.88–8.30; I2=99.9%; P<.001). Considerable heterogeneity (I2>75%) between estimates was observed for over half of the outcomes. Age, study type, and method of data collection could explain 35.9% of the variance.

Conclusion: The literature tentatively corroborates that female individuals who reported adverse events in childhood are more likely to experience accelerated reproductive events. This association is especially strong for exposure to abuse and dysfunctional family dynamics. However, the heterogeneity among studies was high, requiring caution in interpreting the findings and highlighting the need for further evaluation of the types and timing of childhood events that influence accelerated female reproductive events.

Bibliography Citation
Ding, Wenqin, Yuxiang Xu, Anthony J. Kondracki and Ying Sun. "Childhood Adversity and Accelerated Reproductive Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology published online (10 October 2023).
1662. DiPrete, Thomas A.
Maurin, Eric
Goux, Dominique
Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie
Work and Pay in Flexible and Regulated Labor Markets: A Generalized Perspective on Institutional Evolution and Inequality Trends in Europe and the U.S.
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; France/Formation et Qualification Professionnelle (FQP) Survey; Labor Market Studies, Geographic; Layoffs; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In recent years a “unified theory” has emerged out of labor economics, which argues that a combination of “macroeconomic shocks” and flexible labor market institutions in the U.S. has produced strong upward trends in wage inequality, while these same shocks have produced high unemployment and low employment growth in Europe as a side effect of the wage stability preserved by that continent’s rigid labor market institutions. This paper argues instead that European institutions in fact have evolved their own form of flexibility, which, in combination with the macroeconomic shocks described in the unified theory, have also led to rising inequality in Europe, but of a different form. Inequality of employment security has risen faster in France than in the U.S. Furthermore, trends in the French labor market have led to increased concentration of low-skill workers in these insecure job statues. These results challenge the view that unemployment is the main mechanisms through which European labor markets absorbed asymmetric shocks to their demand for labor. They also challenge the view that Europeans have intolerance for inequality, but instead suggest that the main difference between the two sides of the Atlantic concerns the nature of the inequalities that each society is willing to tolerate.
Bibliography Citation
DiPrete, Thomas A., Eric Maurin, Dominique Goux and Amélie Quesnel-Vallée. "Work and Pay in Flexible and Regulated Labor Markets: A Generalized Perspective on Institutional Evolution and Inequality Trends in Europe and the U.S." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2004.
1663. Dirlam, Jonathan
Kosla, Martin
Gender Composition and Job Satisfaction: Are People Happier in Gender Segregated Jobs?
Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Satisfaction; Modeling, Random Effects; Occupational Segregation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite much attention being given to explaining the "paradox of the contented female worker," one aspect of the relationship between gender and job satisfaction has received relatively little consideration in the sociological literature: the gender composition of occupations. Gender composition is theoretically important in several ways. First, exploring the relationship between gender composition and job satisfaction may provide insights into the reference groups used by workers (sex-specific vs. coworker-specific). Second, by analyzing this relationship we can observe how token and majority statuses influence job satisfaction differently for men and women (Kanter 1977). Finally, gender composition can be used to test how social conflict (Blalock 1967) affects the job satisfaction of both men and women. Using longitudinal data from the NLSY79, we explore what the effects of occupational gender composition are for job satisfaction. We use ordered logit random effects models and find that gender composition appears to exhibit a non-linear relationship with job satisfaction. When looking at the entire sample, respondents in gender homogeneous occupations tend to be more satisfied than respondents in diverse occupations. This general pattern holds regardless of whether the respondent is a member of the gender-majority or gender-minority - though being a member of the gender-majority has a stronger positive impact on job satisfaction. This finding best supports Blalock's theory of intergroup conflict. In gender-specific models, the pattern of respondents being more satisfied in gender-homogenous occupations holds for females, but not males.
Bibliography Citation
Dirlam, Jonathan and Martin Kosla. "Gender Composition and Job Satisfaction: Are People Happier in Gender Segregated Jobs?" Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015.
1664. Dirlam, Jonathan
Zheng, Hui
Job Satisfaction Developmental Trajectories and Health: A Life Course Perspective
Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Life Course

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) to examine how heterogeneity in job satisfaction developmental trajectories of individuals starting at age 25 and ending at age 39 influence health outcomes after the age of 40. The application of job satisfaction developmental trajectories affords us several advantages over past research. First, the incorporation of life course models allows us to observe if prolonged job satisfaction has a greater beneficial effect on health outcomes compared to intermittingly experienced levels of job satisfaction. If the effect of prolonged job satisfaction is greater, we can analyze whether this effect is strong enough to influence physical health more than the non-existent to modest relationship found in past studies (Faragher, Cass, and Cooper, 2005; Heslop, et al, 2002). The effects of job satisfaction developmental trajectories are assessed on several mental and physical health outcomes. Second, the estimation of the job satisfaction trajectories themselves affords us the ability to see what factors can influence membership and which groups are more likely to belong to a particular trajectory. Finally, trajectory analysis also allows us to include both the working and non-working population in our health models in contrast to prior studies that mainly include only the working population (Nakata, Irie, and Takahashi, 2013; Amati et al, 2010; Fischer and Sousa-Poza, 2009; Heslop, et al, 2002).
Bibliography Citation
Dirlam, Jonathan and Hui Zheng. "Job Satisfaction Developmental Trajectories and Health: A Life Course Perspective." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016.
1665. Dirlam, Jonathan
Zheng, Hui
Job Satisfaction Developmental Trajectories and Health: A Life Course Perspective
Social Science and Medicine 178 (April 2017): 95-103.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617300473
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Satisfaction; Life Course; Sleep

Understanding the health consequence of job dissatisfaction becomes increasingly important because job insecurity, stress and dissatisfaction have significantly increased in the United States in the last decade. Despite the extensive work in this area, prior studies nonetheless may underestimate the harmful effect of job dissatisfaction due to the cross-sectional nature of their data and sample selection bias. This study applies a life-course approach to more comprehensively examine the relationship between job satisfaction and health. Using data from the NLSY 1979 cohort, we estimate group based job satisfaction trajectories of respondents starting at age 25 and ending at age 39. Four job satisfaction trajectory groups are identified, a consistently high satisfaction group, a downward group, an upward group, and a lowest satisfaction group. We examine the effects of these trajectories on several physical and mental health outcomes of respondents in their early forties. We find membership in the lowest job satisfaction trajectory group to be negatively associated with all five mental health outcomes, supporting the accumulation of risks life course model. Those in the upward job satisfaction trajectory group have similar health outcomes to those in the high job satisfaction trajectory group, supporting the social mobility life course model. Overall, we find the relationship between job satisfaction trajectories and health to be stronger for mental health compared to physical health.
Bibliography Citation
Dirlam, Jonathan and Hui Zheng. "Job Satisfaction Developmental Trajectories and Health: A Life Course Perspective." Social Science and Medicine 178 (April 2017): 95-103.
1666. Dixon, Megan M.
Repeat Births Among Adolescents: The Effects of Income, Education and Contraceptive Behaviors
M.A. Thesis, Wright State University, 1992
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birth Outcomes; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Contraception; Education; Income; Modeling

In the past thirty years societal interest in unwed adolescent pregnancies has grown. While much research has documented the nature and extent of the problem, there has been less development of theoretical models integrating the psychological and structural factors that explain this social problem. In this study a status attainment model of adolescent repeat births is developed and tested. The model is unique in that it analyzes adolescent motherhood as an important symbolic status. Adolescents seek to attain this status in the absence of legitimate avenues of success, income and education. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Center for Human Resource Research 1990) as the data set. Of the 160 unwed women in this sample who had given birth before their twentieth birthday, 84 had a second birth within a five year period. There was no significant difference between teens who had a repeat birth and those who did not for the following variables: race, residence, number of siblings or adolescent's mother's education. For analytic purposes the sample is divided into two groups, repeat birth and no repeat birth. Differences between the groups were studied using path analysis techniques. A path model of repeat births was developed integrating contraceptive behaviors, education and income. All three factors were directly related to repeat births at the p<.05 level of significance. Specifically, teens who used effective methods of contraception were less likely to have a repeat birth. Repeat births were also less likely to occur among adolescents with more years of schooling. Likewise, young mothers whose families had relatively high incomes were more likely to avoid a repeat birth. In addition, income and education were positively related at the p<.05 level of significance. This study provides social scientists and policy makers with evidence that psychological and structural factors of our society may be encouraging teens to bear children. While supporting effective contraceptive behaviors is necessary, teens also need motivation to use contraceptives. Equitable distribution of income and educational opportunities may provide adolescent girls with legitimate means to attaining status, and thus motivate them to use effective contraceptive techniques for the prevention of subsequent pregnancies.
Bibliography Citation
Dixon, Megan M. Repeat Births Among Adolescents: The Effects of Income, Education and Contraceptive Behaviors. M.A. Thesis, Wright State University, 1992.
1667. Dixon, Megan M.
Karnehm, Amy Lynn
Shepelak, Norma J.
Adolescent Repeat Births: A Role Conflict/Status Attainment Model
Presented: Toronto, Canada, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1997
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Births, Repeat / Spacing; Contraception; Education; Mothers, Education; Sex Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the past thirty years societal interest in unwed adolescent pregnancies has grown. While much research has documented the nature and extent of early teenage pregnancies, there has been less development of theoretical models integrating the psychological and structural factors that explain this social phenomenon. In this study a status attainment model of adolescent repeat births is developed and tested. The model is unique in that it analyzes adolescent motherhood as an important symbolic status. Adolescents may seek to attain this status in the absence of alternative legitimate avenues of success - income and education. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Center for Human Resource Research 1995), we test this model. Of the 160 unwed women in this sample who had given birth before their twentieth birthday, 84 had a second birth within a five year period. There was no significant difference between teens who had a repeat birth and those who did not for the following variables: race, residence, number of siblings or adolescent's mother's education.

A multivariate model of repeat births was developed integrating contraceptive behaviors, education and income. All three factors were directly related to repeat births at the p<.05 level of significance. Specifically, teens who used effective methods of contraception were less likely to have a repeat birth. Repeat births were also less likely to occur among adolescents with more years of schooling. Likewise, young mothers whose families had relatively high incomes were more likely to avoid a repeat birth.

This study provides social scientists and policy makers with evidence that psychological and structural factors of our society may be encouraging teens to bear children. While supporting effective contraceptive behaviors is necessary, teens also need motivation to use contraceptives. Equitable distribution of income and educational opportunities may provide adolescent girls with legitimate means to attaining status, and thus motivate them to use effective contraceptive techniques for the prevention of subsequent pregnancies.

Bibliography Citation
Dixon, Megan M., Amy Lynn Karnehm and Norma J. Shepelak. "Adolescent Repeat Births: A Role Conflict/Status Attainment Model." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1997.
1668. Dobson, Kathleen G
Gignac, Monique A M
Mustard, Cameron
The Working Life Expectancy of American Adults Experiencing Depression
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology published online (07 September 2023).
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-023-02547-4
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Growth Mixture Modeling; Health, Mental/Psychological; Labor Force Participation; Markov chain / Markov model; Multistate Modeling; Unemployment; Working Life Expectancy (WLE)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: To estimate the working life expectancies (WLE) of men and women with depression, examining depression by symptom trajectories from the late 20s to early 50s, and to estimate WLE by race/ethnicity and educational attainment.

Methods: Data from 9206 participants collected from 1979 to 2018 in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort were used. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short Form at four time points (age 28-35, age 30-37, age 40, and age 50). Labor force status was measured monthly starting at age 30 until age 58-62. Depressive symptom trajectories were estimated using growth mixture modeling and multistate modeling estimated WLE from age 30-60 for each gender and depressive symptom trajectory.

Results: Five latent symptom trajectories were established: a persistent low symptom trajectory (n = 6838), an episodic trajectory with high symptoms occurring before age 40 (n = 995), an episodic trajectory with high symptoms occurring around age 40 (n = 526), a trajectory with high symptoms occurring around age 50 (n = 570), and a persistent high symptom trajectory (n = 277). The WLE for men at age 30 was 30.3 years for the persistent low symptom trajectory, 22.8 years for the episodic before 40 trajectory, 19.6 years for the episodic around age 40 trajectory, 18.6 years for the episodic around age 50 trajectory, and 13.2 years for the persistent high symptom trajectory. Results were similar for women. WLE disparities between depression trajectories grew when stratified by race/ethnicity and education level.

Conclusions: Roughly a quarter of individuals experienced episodic depressive symptoms. However, despite periods of low depressive symptoms, individuals were expected to be employed ~5-17 years less at age 30 compared to those with low symptoms. Accessible employment and mental health disability support policies and programs across the working life course may be effective in maintaining work attachment and improving WLE among those who experience depression.

Bibliography Citation
Dobson, Kathleen G, Monique A M Gignac and Cameron Mustard. "The Working Life Expectancy of American Adults Experiencing Depression." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology published online (07 September 2023).
1669. Dodini, Samuel
The Gender Career Interruption Gap: Measuring the Cumulative Prevalence of Labor Force Dropout Due to Caregiving
Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Child Care; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While a rich literature examines women's work patterns, the gender gap in cumulative prevalence of work interruptions due to caregiving remains unaddressed. Using a synthetic cohort life table approach with data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I estimate the cumulative prevalence of experiencing a career interruption of six months or more to devote to caregiving of a child. In the SIPP, I find that the average full-time woman is 27 percentage points more likely to experience a work interruption of six months or more than the average full-time man by the 20th year of their career. Among working women, I also find significant racial/ethnic, income, regional, and occupational heterogeneity in prevalence.
Bibliography Citation
Dodini, Samuel. "The Gender Career Interruption Gap: Measuring the Cumulative Prevalence of Labor Force Dropout Due to Caregiving." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.
1670. Doll, Jonathan Jacob
Eslami, Zohreh
Walters, Lynne
Understanding Why Students Drop Out of High School, According to Their Own Reports: Are They Pushed or Pulled, or Do They Fall Out? A Comparative Analysis of Seven Nationally Representative Studies
SAGE Open 3,4 (October-December 2013):.
Also: http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/3/4/2158244013503834.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS:2002); Explorations in Equality of Opportunity Study (EEO:55); High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); School Dropouts

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research on school dropout extends from early 20th-century pioneers until now, marking trends of causes and prevention. However, specific dropout causes reported by students from several nationally representative studies have never been examined together, which, if done, could lead to a better understanding of the dropout problem. Push, pull, and falling out factors provide a framework for understanding dropouts. Push factors include school-consequence on attendance or discipline. Pull factors include out-of-school enticements like jobs and family. Finally, falling out factors refer to disengagement in students not caused by school or outside pulling factors. Since 1966, most nationally representative studies depicted pull factors as ranking the highest. Also, administrators in one study corroborated pull out factors for younger dropouts, not older ones, while most recent research cites push factors as highest overall. One rationale for this change is a response to rising standards from No Child Left Behind (NCLB), which can be ultimately tested only by future dropout research.
Bibliography Citation
Doll, Jonathan Jacob, Zohreh Eslami and Lynne Walters. "Understanding Why Students Drop Out of High School, According to Their Own Reports: Are They Pushed or Pulled, or Do They Fall Out? A Comparative Analysis of Seven Nationally Representative Studies." SAGE Open 3,4 (October-December 2013):.
1671. Donado, Alejandro
Why Do Unionized Workers Have More Nonfatal Occupational Injuries?
Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 153-183.
Also: http://ilr.sagepub.com/content/68/1/153.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Cornell University
Keyword(s): Injuries, Workplace; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Unions

Most empirical studies have estimated a positive union-nonunion "injury gap," suggesting that unionized workers are more likely than their nonunion counterparts to have a nonfatal occupational injury. Using individual-level panel data for the first time in this type of study, the author explores several explanations for this puzzling result. He finds that controlling for time-invariant individual fixed effects already reduces the gap by around 40%. Some of the explanations he studies contribute to reducing this gap even further. The author does not, however, find evidence of the gap becoming negative, and the impact of unions on nonfatal injuries appears to be insignificant at best.
Bibliography Citation
Donado, Alejandro. "Why Do Unionized Workers Have More Nonfatal Occupational Injuries?" Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) Review 68,1 (January 2015): 153-183.
1672. Donato, Katharine M.
Wojtkiewicz, Roger A.
Educational Achievement of U.S. Puerto Ricans
New England Journal of Public Policy 11,2 (Spring-Summer 1996): 99-111
Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79
Publisher: John W. McCormack Institute of Public Affairs
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; Hispanics; Minority Groups; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Extends research on minority educational achievement to the 1990s, emphasizing the experiences of Puerto Ricans, using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results suggest that compared with whites, blacks, & Mexicans, Puerto Ricans exhibit the lowest high school graduation rates. Their educational disadvantage is unique: even if they assumed the attributes of whites, they would graduate at lower rates. This finding deserves priority in the agendas of both scholars & policy specialists. 5 Tables. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Donato, Katharine M. and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. "Educational Achievement of U.S. Puerto Ricans." New England Journal of Public Policy 11,2 (Spring-Summer 1996): 99-111.
1673. Dong, Hao
Otsu, Taisuke
Taylor, Luke
Estimation of Varying Coefficient Models with Measurement Error
Journal of Econometrics published online (12 June 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.013.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407621001615
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Male Sample; Modeling; Risk-Taking; Statistical Analysis

We propose a semiparametric estimator for varying coefficient models when the regressors in the nonparametric components are measured with error. Varying coefficient models are an extension of other popular semiparametric models, including partially linear and nonparametric additive models, and deliver an attractive solution to the curse-of-dimensionality. We use deconvolution kernel estimation in a two-step procedure and show that the estimator is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. We do not assume that we know the distribution of the measurement error a priori. Instead, we suppose we have access to a repeated measurement of the noisy regressor and present results using the approach of Delaigle, Hall and Meister (2008) and, for cases when the measurement error may be asymmetric, the approach of Li and Vuong (1998) based on Kotlarski's (1967) identity. We show that the convergence rate of the estimator is significantly reduced when the distribution of the measurement error is assumed unknown and possibly asymmetric. We study the small sample behaviour of our estimator in a simulation study and apply it to a real dataset. In particular, we consider the role of cognitive ability in augmenting the effect of risk preferences on earnings.
Bibliography Citation
Dong, Hao, Taisuke Otsu and Luke Taylor. "Estimation of Varying Coefficient Models with Measurement Error." Journal of Econometrics published online (12 June 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.013.
1674. Dong, Hsiang-Kai Dennis
Individual Risk Preference and Sector Choice: Are Risk-Averse Individuals More Likely to Choose Careers in the Public Sector?
Administration and Society 49,8 (September 2017): 1121-1142.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0095399714556500
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Occupational Choice; Risk-Taking

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Prior research indicates that public employees are more risk averse than private employees. Little is known, however, about the causes of such differences. This study tries to examine the effects of the "self-select mechanism" and asks the following question: Do workers choose their sectors based on their risk preferences? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey, this study finds that higher levels of risk aversion are predictive of a greater propensity to pursue careers in the public sector. Findings indicate that an individual's risk preference is the key to his or her career choices. Managerial implications and suggestions are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Dong, Hsiang-Kai Dennis. "Individual Risk Preference and Sector Choice: Are Risk-Averse Individuals More Likely to Choose Careers in the Public Sector?" Administration and Society 49,8 (September 2017): 1121-1142.
1675. Dong, Hsiang-Kai Dennis
The Effects of Individual Risk Propensity on Volunteering
Nonprofit Management and Leadership 26,1 (Fall 2015): 5-18.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nml.21139/full
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Risk-Taking; Volunteer Work

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Serving as a volunteer is gratifying and rewarding, but by nature it is also considered a risky decision. Volunteering risk may come from the lack of sufficient training, asymmetric information between volunteers and managers, and the lack of support and protection from nonprofit organizations. Abundant studies discuss volunteering behaviors based on demographics. However, people's decisions are mainly determined by their own preferences rather than demographic differences. Accordingly, this study hypothesizes that individual risk propensity is an important predictor for volunteering behaviors. Using a nationally representative data set, this study finds that risk-accepting individuals are more likely to volunteer than their risk-averse peers. Also, the former tend to volunteer more frequently than the latter once they decide to be part of the volunteer labor force. Several managerial implications and volunteer recruitment strategies for nonprofit organizations are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Dong, Hsiang-Kai Dennis. "The Effects of Individual Risk Propensity on Volunteering." Nonprofit Management and Leadership 26,1 (Fall 2015): 5-18.
1676. Dong, Xiuwen
Long Workhours, Work Scheduling and Work Related Injuries Among Construction Workers in the United States
Scandinavian Journal of work, Environment and Health 31,5 (October 2005): 329-335.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16273958&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_docsum
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Keyword(s): Injuries; Job Turnover; Shift Workers; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were (i) to examine work scheduling in construction and (ii) to establish whether there is any connection between workhours and safety outcomes among construction workers. METHODS: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79), was used for the data analysis. Odds ratios were used to measure the risk of work-related injury in different worker groups. RESULTS: The findings showed that (i) construction workers started work earlier, worked longer days and fewer weeks a year, and were more likely to hold multiple jobs and change jobs than their nonconstruction counterparts and (ii) long workhours and irregular work schedules were significantly associated with a higher work-related injury rate after control for possible confounders. CONCLUSION: The results provide evidence that overtime and irregular work scheduling have an adverse effect on worker safety.
Bibliography Citation
Dong, Xiuwen. "Long Workhours, Work Scheduling and Work Related Injuries Among Construction Workers in the United States ." Scandinavian Journal of work, Environment and Health 31,5 (October 2005): 329-335.
1677. Dong, Xiuwen Sue
Wang, Xuanwen
Largay, Julie
Health Behaviors and Health Outcomes among Construction Workers in the United States, a Longitudinal Study
Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Blue-Collar Jobs; Drug Use; Health, Chronic Conditions; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Industrial Classification; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (1979-2010), were used. Construction workers (n=1,409) were defined as those who were employed in construction for at least three years between 1979 and 2010. Health behaviors in the follow-up period were measured by a risky behavior index (RBI), including diet plans, physical exercise, and the use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. Health outcomes were measured by self-reported physical and mental health and doctor-diagnosed chronic conditions at the age of 40.

Results: Initial findings show that the construction cohort gained weight during the three decades of follow-up; the percentage of obese workers increased from 3.9% to 31.8%. Almost all workers in this cohort were involved in risky behaviors when they were teenagers. However, smoking tobacco and drinking heavily declined significantly in middle age. The RBI was strongly correlated with both physical and mental health. Among those with an RBI less than five, 82% reported their health was excellent or very good at age 40, compared to 56% for those with an RBI greater than 10. Similar patterns were found in mental health and chronic conditions.

Bibliography Citation
Dong, Xiuwen Sue, Xuanwen Wang and Julie Largay. "Health Behaviors and Health Outcomes among Construction Workers in the United States, a Longitudinal Study." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014.
1678. Dong, Xiuwen Sue
Wang, Xuanwen
Largay, Julie
Job Exposures, Health Behaviours, and Work-related Injuries among young Construction Workers in the United States: a 12-year Follow-up Study
Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71,S1 (June 2014): A43-A44.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25018360
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd. - British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Blue-Collar Jobs; Body Mass Index (BMI); Industrial Classification; Injuries, Workplace; Obesity; Occupations; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

OBJECTIVES: Young construction workers are at increased risk for occupational injuries. This study aimed to identify factors associated with work-related injuries within this worker group in order to provide insight for injury interventions. METHOD: Data from nine waves (1988-2000) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79, N=12 686), were studied. Construction workers included those who worked in the construction industry for at least one wave. Job exposures were measured by frequency and types of physical efforts, number of waves worked in blue-collar jobs, and hours worked per week. Health behaviours were composed of body mass index, and dose of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to estimate the association between selected factors and work-related injuries after controlling for possible confounders.

RESULTS: During the 12-year follow-up period, 47% of the construction cohort experienced work-related injuries compared to 29% for their non-construction counterparts. The logistic regression results indicated that both job exposures and personal behaviours were associated with work-related injuries: blue-collar occupations (OR =4.24, 95% CI: 2.54-7.07); physical efforts (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.20-2.48); worked over 50 h per week (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.11-3.28); rotating/split shift (OR=2.99, 95% CI: 1.25-7.16); obesity (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.04-2.41); and cocaine use on more than 10 occasions (OR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.31-2.99).

CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that construction interventions should be developed to address preventable risk factors. Young construction workers could benefit not only from enhanced work-place injury preventions, but also health behaviour interventions.

©2014, Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Bibliography Citation
Dong, Xiuwen Sue, Xuanwen Wang and Julie Largay. "Job Exposures, Health Behaviours, and Work-related Injuries among young Construction Workers in the United States: a 12-year Follow-up Study." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71,S1 (June 2014): A43-A44.
1679. Dong, Xiuwen Sue
Wang, Xuanwen
Largay, Julie
Work-Related Injuries and Workers Compensation among Construction Workers, a Longitudinal Study
Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Industrial Classification; Injuries, Workplace; Labor Force Participation; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort were used. Construction workers (n=2,034) were defined as those who were employed in construction at least one wave between 1988 and 2000. Work-related injuries and workers compensation claims were self-reported. The consequences of work-related injuries, such as lost wages, working less than full-time, being laid-off or fired, and others were also considered.
Bibliography Citation
Dong, Xiuwen Sue, Xuanwen Wang and Julie Largay. "Work-Related Injuries and Workers Compensation among Construction Workers, a Longitudinal Study." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo, November 2014.
1680. Dong, Xiuwen Sue
Wang, Xuanwen
Largay, Julie
Sokas, Rosemary
Economic Consequences of Workplace Injuries in the United States: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79)
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 59,2 (February 2016): 106-118.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.22559/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Injuries, Workplace; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Growth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: This study explored economic consequences of work-related injuries using a longitudinal data source.

Methods: Data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (n = 12,686). Short-term consequences were measured when the injury was reported. "Difference-in-differences" approach was applied to estimate income and wealth disparities between injured and non-injured workers before and after injury. Fixed effects models were used to identify variations over time.

Results: The annual earnings growth was $3,715 (in 2000 dollars) less for workers with DAFW injury and $1,152 less for workers with NDAFW injury compared to non-injured workers during a 10-year follow-up. Lost wages and disability following injury contributed to income loss for injured workers, but the loss was moderated by union membership. After controlling for confounders, income disparities persisted, but family wealth differences did not.

Conclusions: Occupational injuries exacerbate income inequality. Efforts to reduce such disparities should include workplace safety and health enforcement.

© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bibliography Citation
Dong, Xiuwen Sue, Xuanwen Wang, Julie Largay and Rosemary Sokas. "Economic Consequences of Workplace Injuries in the United States: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79)." American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 59,2 (February 2016): 106-118.
1681. Dong, Xiuwen Sue
Wang, Xuanwen
Largay, Julie
Sokas, Rosemary
Long-term Health Outcomes of Work-related Injuries among Construction Workers--Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
American Journal of Industrial Medicine 58,3 (March 2015): 308-318.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.22415/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Injuries, Workplace; Occupations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: This study examined the relationship between work-related injuries and health outcomes among a cohort of blue-collar construction workers.

Materials and Methods: Data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (NLSY79; n = 12,686). A range of health outcomes among blue-collar construction workers (n = 1,435) were measured when they turned age 40 (1998–2006) and stratified by these workers' prior work-related injury status between 1988 and 2000. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to measure differences among subgroups.

Results: About 38% of the construction cohort reported injuries resulting in days away from work (DAFW); another 15% were injured but reported no DAFW (NDAFW). At age 40, an average of 10 years after injury, those with DAFW injury had worse self-reported general health and mental health, and more diagnosed conditions and functional limitations than those without injury. This difference was statistically significant after controlling for major demographics.

Discussion: Adverse health effects from occupational injury among construction workers persist longer than previously documented.

© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bibliography Citation
Dong, Xiuwen Sue, Xuanwen Wang, Julie Largay and Rosemary Sokas. "Long-term Health Outcomes of Work-related Injuries among Construction Workers--Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 58,3 (March 2015): 308-318.
1682. Dong, Yan
Gan, Li
Wang, Yingning
Residential Mobility, Neighborhood Effects, and Educational Attainment of Blacks and Whites
Econometric Reviews 34, 6-10 (2015): 762-797.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07474938.2014.956586#tabModule
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Mobility, Residential; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper proposes a new model to identify if and how much the educational attainment gap between blacks and whites is due to the difference in their neighborhoods. In this model, individuals belong to two unobserved types: the endogenous type, which may move in response to the neighborhood effect on their education; or the exogenous type, which may move for reasons unrelated to education. The Heckman sample selection model becomes a special case of the current model in which the probability of one type of individuals is zero. Although we cannot find any significant neighborhood effect in the usual Heckman sample selection model, we do find heterogeneous effects in our two-type model. In particular, there is a substantial neighborhood effect for the movers who belong to the endogenous type. No significant effects exist for other groups. We also find that the endogenous type has more education and moves more often than the exogenous type. On average, we find that the neighborhood variable, the percentage of high school graduates in the neighborhood, accounts for about 28.96% of the education gap between blacks and whites.
Bibliography Citation
Dong, Yan, Li Gan and Yingning Wang. "Residential Mobility, Neighborhood Effects, and Educational Attainment of Blacks and Whites." Econometric Reviews 34, 6-10 (2015): 762-797.
1683. Donohue, John Joseph, III
A Continuous-Time Stochastic Model of Job Mobility: A Comparison of Male-Female Hazard Rates of Young Workers
Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1986. DAI-A 48/10, p. 2694, April 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Earnings; Gender Differences; Heterogeneity; Job Tenure; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Quits; Wage Gap; Work Attachment

This study examines male and female hazard rates in the periods 1968-1971 and 1979-1982 using data for young workers from the various samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys. Contrary to a number of previous micro-data studies, I demonstrate that for the period 1968-1971 female workers quit their initial full-time jobs at substantially higher rates than male workers. Moreover, while male hazard rates show a monotonic decline, female rates show a nonmonotonic u-shaped pattern, which I attribute to a 'birth effect'--young women leaving the labor force to have children. For the period 1979-1982, however, young women had become almost indistinguishable from young men in terms of job tenure, attachment to the labor force, and percentage of workers who are professional, managerial, and technical. The finding of the equality in hazard rates between male and female workers in the later period was invariant to different parametric assumptions about the nature of duration dependence and the existence of unobserved heterogeneity. Two factors contributed to the elimination of the first-job 'tenure gap' between young men and women: (1) women's increased commitment to the paid workforce, and (2) their increasing age at the time of first marriage and/or first pregnancy. Evidence from examining the last job held during the sample period suggests that these factors delay, but do not entirely eradicate, the point at which women begin to leave their jobs at a higher rate than men. In the period 1968-1971 the female-male ratio of expected tenure on initial full-time jobs was 59% and the corresponding ratio of earnings was roughly 73%. By 1979-1982, the tenure gap closed and the earnings gap had narrowed to almost 90%. Since the narrowing of the wage gap seems to lag the narrowing of the tenure gap, the direction of the causation may be from lower tenure to lower wages. [UMI ADG8728124]
Bibliography Citation
Donohue, John Joseph, III. A Continuous-Time Stochastic Model of Job Mobility: A Comparison of Male-Female Hazard Rates of Young Workers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1986. DAI-A 48/10, p. 2694, April 1988.
1684. Donohue, Susan M.
Heywood, John S.
Job Satisfaction and Gender: An Expanded Specification from the NLSY
International Journal of Manpower 25,2 (2004): 211-235.
Also: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=14001118&db=buh
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: MCB University Press
Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Benefits, Insurance; Child Care; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Job Satisfaction; Skills

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Estimates the determinants of job satisfaction for younger US workers. While age representative data from both the USA and Britain routinely show women reporting greater job satisfaction, this is not true for the younger US cohort in National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (ed. note: NLSY79) sample. Finds no gender satisfaction gap, but does find that the job satisfaction of women is less sensitive to both actual and comparison earnings than that of men. Moreover, estimates an expanded specification showing substantial gender differences in the influence of fringe benefit provision (including childcare) on job satisfaction The expanded specification also demonstrates that while general skills are associated with greater job satisfaction, specific skills are associated with lower job satisfaction, argues that the results are it keeping with human capital theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Donohue, Susan M. and John S. Heywood. "Job Satisfaction and Gender: An Expanded Specification from the NLSY." International Journal of Manpower 25,2 (2004): 211-235.
1685. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Birth Weight and Mothers' Adverse Employment Change
Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46,2 (June 2005): 141-155.
Also: http://hsb.sagepub.com/content/46/2/141.abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Birthweight; Maternal Employment; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Underemployment; Unemployment; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Low birth weight has been linked at the aggregate level to unemployment rates and at the individual level to subjective distress. It was hypothesized that maternal underemployment, including unemployment, involuntary part time work, and low wage work, would predict decreased birth weight. The relationship of birth weight to maternal employment changes during pregnancy was studied prospectively in 1165 singleton first births in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set. Controlling for other significant risk factors, women who shifted from adequate employment to underemployment had significantly lighter babies. Plausible mediators of this relationship were explored including prenatal health care, gestational age, and mother weight gain with results varying by type of underemployment. Two interactions also suggested that underemployment reduced the beneficial effect of mother weight gain on birth weight. These findings were partially replicated for low birth weight (<2500 grams) indicating the medical significance of the effect.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Birth Weight and Mothers' Adverse Employment Change." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46,2 (June 2005): 141-155.
1686. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Developmental Outcomes of Transitions Into and Out of Full-Time Employment
Presented: New Orleans, LA, American Psychological Society Convention, June 2002
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Society
Keyword(s): Birthweight; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Job Satisfaction; Job Turnover; Maternal Employment; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Replacing the employment/unemployment dichotomy with an employment continuum model allows inadequate employment to be taken into account. This presentation applies the employment continuum model to welfare participation and then tracks the effects of adverse employment transitions on depression and birth weight.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Developmental Outcomes of Transitions Into and Out of Full-Time Employment." Presented: New Orleans, LA, American Psychological Society Convention, June 2002.
1687. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Effect of Favorable Employment Change on Alcohol Abuse: One- and Five-Year Follow-Ups in The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
American Journal of Community Psychology 25,6 (December 1997): 787-807.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x56n6r1240343q35/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Employment; Employment, Part-Time; Income Level; Job Turnover; Underemployment; Wage Levels

Job loss has been linked to adverse outcomes such as alcohol abuse, but improved employment, usually assumed to be beneficial, has seldom been evaluated and may not help with addictive disorders. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, young adults who were unemployed or underemployed (low income or involuntary part-time) in 1984 were followed up in 1985 and 1989. Controlling for 1984 alcohol abuse, there were no effects of positive employment change on 1985 symptoms, but there were significant restorative effects on 1985 binge drinking among those who were heavy drinkers in 1984. There also appeared to be an indirect link of favorable 1984-1985 employment change to heavy drinking in 1989 via 1989 employment status. Because the effects of underemployment partially resembled those of unemployment, the discussion cautions against the conventional wisdom of promoting any work, including underemployment, as curative for the ills of unemployment. (AUTHOR)
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Effect of Favorable Employment Change on Alcohol Abuse: One- and Five-Year Follow-Ups in The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." American Journal of Community Psychology 25,6 (December 1997): 787-807.
1688. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Effect of Students' Self-Esteem on Later Employment Status: Interactions of Self-Esteem with Gender and Race
Applied Psychology: An International Review 46,2 (April 1997): 175-198.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01223.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Employment; Ethnic Differences; High School; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Sexual Activity; Unemployment

Used panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test whether prior psychological status would predict later workforce outcomes in non-college-bound young people. Self-esteem measured in 1980, while respondents were still in high school, was used to predict employment status in 1987 (N=3,055) and proportion of time spent unemployed in the years between leaving school and 1987 (N=1,905). Results show that high school students with lower self-esteem were more likely to be unemployed but that this relationship was stronger for males than females and for Whites than for Blacks. These findings were interpreted in terms of self-esteem as a psychological asset in securing and holding employment. The gender and race differences in the value of this asset were considered in terms of social repression (sexism and racism) and in terms of different sources and meanings of self-esteem across gender and racial groups. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1997 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Effect of Students' Self-Esteem on Later Employment Status: Interactions of Self-Esteem with Gender and Race." Applied Psychology: An International Review 46,2 (April 1997): 175-198.
1689. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Effect of Unemployment on School Leavers' Self-Esteem
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 68,3 (September 1995): 177-192.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00580.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: British Psychological Society
Keyword(s): Dropouts; Job Satisfaction; Self-Esteem; Unemployment; Unemployment Rate

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Studied the effect of unemployment in a subsample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose self- esteem was measured in 1980 while still in school and again in 1987. Young people who do not go to college after high school face much higher unemployment rates than adults, and their failure to find satisfactory employment may impede the growth of self-esteem at a crucial developmental stage. Unemployment and unsatisfactory employment in 1987 were both negatively related to self-esteem in 1987. All groups showed increases in self-esteem between interviews, but those satisfactorily employed gained most. In a different analysis, the percentage of time unemployed since leaving school was also negatively related to self-esteem. Although percentage of time unemployed did not add any explanatory power to the prediction of 1987 self-esteem by 1987 unemployment, it may operate indirectly on self-esteem via 1987 employment status. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Association, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Effect of Unemployment on School Leavers' Self-Esteem." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 68,3 (September 1995): 177-192.
1690. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Inadequate Employment and High Depressive Symptoms: Panel Analyses
Presented: Stockholm, Sweden, International Congress of Psychology, July 2000
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: International Congress of Psychology
Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Underemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A century's research on unemployment's health effects has largely ignored other kinds of underemployment. Inadequate employment, defined as involuntary part time or poverty wage work, appears to be rising and prevalent even during low unemployment. Using 5,113 respondents who were adequately employed in 1992, this study compared the effects of adverse employment change in 1994. Controlling for 1992 depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale) and background variables, both unemployed and inadequately employed workers had significantly elevated risk of high depression in 1994. The results support a paradigm change; employment would be better studied as a continuum than a dichotomy.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Inadequate Employment and High Depressive Symptoms: Panel Analyses." Presented: Stockholm, Sweden, International Congress of Psychology, July 2000.
1691. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Mental Health and Welfare Transitions: Depression and Alcohol Abuse in AFDC Women
American Journal of Community Psychology 30,6 (December 2002): 787-813.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/l724x7r707655rx6/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Depression (see also CESD); Marital Status; Welfare

From a selection perspective, does prior dysfunction select women into welfare or serve as a barrier to leaving welfare? From a social causation perspective, does entering or exiting welfare lead to changes in well being? These questions were analyzed in panel data for over 3,600 women drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the period 1992-94. Welfare is associated with both depression and alcohol consumption cross-sectionally. This link appears to derive in small part from selection into welfare by depression (in interaction with marital status), but depression and alcohol abuse did not operate as barriers to leaving welfare. Entering welfare was clearly associated with increased depression and alcohol consumption, but confidence in an apparent beneficial effect on alcohol symptoms of leaving welfare for employment was limited by small sample sizes. These findings are located in the context of the 1996-welfare reform and the recent economic expansion. One implication is that community psychology should consider welfare entry as a risk factor similar to adverse employment changes such as job loss.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Mental Health and Welfare Transitions: Depression and Alcohol Abuse in AFDC Women." American Journal of Community Psychology 30,6 (December 2002): 787-813.
1692. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Social Costs of Underemployment : Inadequate Employment as Disguised Unemployment
Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Depression (see also CESD); Self-Esteem; Underemployment; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Comparing the effects of unemployment and inadequate employment relative to adequate employment, this text studies their effects on self-esteem, alcohol abuse, depression, and birth weight. Using longitudinal methods, it measures controls for reverse causation (selection) and studies a large representative sample of Americans from their late teens in 1979, to their early 30's in the last decade of the twentieth century through stages of different business cycles. The results point to a rethinking of employment status as a continuum.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. Social Costs of Underemployment : Inadequate Employment as Disguised Unemployment. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004..
1693. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Underemployment and Alcohol Misuse in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59,6 (November 1998): 669-680.
Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Underemployment_and_Alcohol_Misuse_in_the_National_Longitudinal_Survey_of_Y/563.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Economic Changes/Recession; Employment, Part-Time; Marital Status; Poverty; Underemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

OBJECTIVE: This study measured the impact of unemployment and underemployment on alcohol misuse.

METHOD: A panel of respondents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was studied in 1984-85 and 1988-89. In each pair of years, the effect of employment change (e.g., becoming underemployed) on alcohol misuse was assessed controlling for misuse in the first year. Alcohol misuse was operationalized in two ways: elevated symptoms and heavy drinking. Three samples were analyzed: a core sample of 2,441 who were available in both pairs of years (approximately 65% male) and two extended samples that included everyone available in one pair of years but not the other (n = 4,183 in 1984-85 and n = 3,926 in 1988-89).

RESULTS: The 1984-85 analyses revealed a significant association of adverse change in employment with both elevated alcohol symptoms and heavy drinking (the latter moderated by prior heavy drinking). The 1988-89 analyses found no relationship between adverse change in employment and heavy drinking in the core sample and no main effect of adverse change in employment on symptoms, but they did reveal interactions involving prior symptoms (core sample) and marital status (extended sample).

CONCLUSIONS: Several explanations for these decreasing effects over time were considered including changes in measurement reliability, statistical power, economic environment and respondents' maturity. These results confirm previous findings that job loss can increase the risk of alcohol misuse, provide new evidence that two types of underemployment (involuntary part-time and poverty-level wage) can also increase this risk and suggest that these effects vary over time.

Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Underemployment and Alcohol Misuse in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59,6 (November 1998): 669-680.
1694. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Underemployment and Depression in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Psychological Association Meeting, August 1998
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Self-Esteem; Underemployment

Although the economy has recovered from the recession of the early 1990s, there are signs of dissatisfaction in the present labor market. Globalization, restructuring, and outsourcing have helped lower both the sense of employment security of many workers and the real earnings of the low income sector of the work force. Recent findings have suggested that economically inadequate jobs can produce social costs such as decreased self-esteem and increased alcohol abuse similar to those of unemployment. The present study tests the hypothesis that controlling for prior depression, change to less adequate employment is associated with elevated depression. The data for these analyses come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), specifically the 1992 and 1994 surveys, which collected the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. The NLSY has followed a nationally representative sample of individuals born in the United States between 1957 and 1964 with annual reinterviews and a near 90% retention rate. Approximately 9,000 NLSY respondents were available for analysis by 1994 when they were in their late 20s and early 30s. In addition to depression, the NLSY includes standard employment status items that permit classifying respondents each year as adequately employed (above poverty wages either full time or voluntarily part time), underemployed (either involuntary part time or poverty wages), unemployed (either actively looking for work or wanting work but too discouraged to look), or out of the labor force. In addition to controlling for such variables as gender, age, ethnicity, and educational level, the analyses will include economic context as operationalized by unemployment rate in the respondent's community. The discussion of this study will be aimed at broadening our conceptualization of economic stressors from a dichotomy (working versus not working) to a continuum of varying employment statuses.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Underemployment and Depression in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Psychological Association Meeting, August 1998.
1695. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Underemployment As Disguised Unemployment and Its Social Costs
Presented: Baltimore, MD, American Psychological Association - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Conference, March 1999
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Depression (see also CESD); Employment; Self-Esteem; Unemployment

Research on economic stress has concentrated on the social costs of job loss or unemployment in contrast to employment. Surprisingly, the current low unemployment rates in the U.S. have been accompanied by high levels of concern by workers about their jobs. Perhaps these workers worry that their jobs are not secure or have noticed that the recent recovery has produced little or no gain in real earnings of low-income workers. These observations call our attention to underemployment, but little is known about the social consequences of underemployment. The goal of this paper is to assess the human impact of this "disguised unemployment". The analyses are based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative panel with annual reinterviews from 1979 to 1994. Impact measures include depression, self-esteem, and alcohol abuse. Employment status measures followed the Current Population Survey permitting categorization of each respondent as out of the labor force, adequately employed, unemployed (including discouraged workers), and underemployed. The underemployed category includes involuntary part time and poverty wage workers following Sullivan (1978) and Clogg (1979). Controlling for self-esteem while still in high school in 1980 and compared to those who became stably and adequately employed, self-esteem was lower in 1987 in those who were unemployed, working involuntarily part time, working at poverty level wages, or working but with recent unemployment experiences. For workers in their mid-20s who were adequately employed in 1984 and controlling for alcohol abuse then, those who became underemployed (poverty level wages or involuntary part time) or unemployed a year later evidenced increased alcohol abuse. For workers in their late 20s and early 30s, there are adverse effects of underemployment as well as unemployment on 1994 depression controlling for 1992 depression. Similar analyses are ongoing for especially vulnerable subgroups such as AFDC recipients who, if they are able to leave welfare, are at high risk to enter underemployment. These findings emphasize the need for researchers in the occupational health and economic stress areas to include underemployment in their studies. These findings also make a case for reporting underemployment in routine labor statistics.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David and JoAnn Prause. "Underemployment As Disguised Unemployment and Its Social Costs." Presented: Baltimore, MD, American Psychological Association - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Conference, March 1999.
1696. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Ham-Rowbottom, Kathleen A.
Underemployment and Depression: Longitudinal Relationships
Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41,4 (December 2000): 421-436.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676295
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Education; Employment, Part-Time; Health, Mental/Psychological; Income; Job Satisfaction; Marital Status; Part-Time Work; Underemployment; Unemployment; Wage Rates

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We conceptualize employment status not as a dichotomy of working versus not working but as a continuum ranging from adequate employment to inadequate employment (involuntary part-time or low wage) to unemployment. Will shifts from adequate to inadequate employment increase depression as do shifts from employment to unemployment, and to what extent does prior depression select workers into such adverse employment change? We analyze panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1992-1994 for the 5,113 respondents who were adequately employed in 1992. Controlling for prior depression, both types of adverse employment change resulted in similar significant increases in depression. These direct effects persisted despite inclusion of such potential mediators as changes in income, job satisfaction, and marital status. Marital status buffered the depressive effect of both types of adverse change, but education and job dissatisfaction amplified the effect of unemployment on depression. Prior depression did not predict higher risk of becoming inadequately employed but did predict increased risk of unemployment, particularly for those with less education. These results confirm that both unemployment and inadequate employment affect mental health, and they invite greater efforts to monitor the extent and impact of underemployment.
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David, JoAnn Prause and Kathleen A. Ham-Rowbottom. "Underemployment and Depression: Longitudinal Relationships." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41,4 (December 2000): 421-436.
1697. Dooley, David
Prause, JoAnn
Ham-Rowbottom, Kathleen A.
Emptage, Nicholas P.
Age of Alcohol Drinking Onset Precursors and the Mediation of Alcohol Disorder
Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 15,2 (January 2006): 19-37.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J029v15n02_02
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Crime; Depression (see also CESD); Family History; Family Structure; Hispanics; Self-Esteem

This study explored early alcohol drinking onset (ADO), its precursors, and the mechanisms by which it leads to later alcohol disorder. Data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth with ADO items from 1982 and 1983, and alcohol symptoms from 1989 and 1994. Drinking began earlier for respondents who were male, younger, non-Hispanic, non-African-American, and later born, and for those not living with both parents at age 14, ever charged with an illegal act, and with a family history of alcohol problems, lower academic aptitude, or less frequent religious attendance (n = 8165). Early ADO predicted 1994 abuse and dependence even after controlling for such potential mediators as 1987 self-esteem, 1989 alcohol disorder, and 1992 depression (n = 5643).
Bibliography Citation
Dooley, David, JoAnn Prause, Kathleen A. Ham-Rowbottom and Nicholas P. Emptage. "Age of Alcohol Drinking Onset Precursors and the Mediation of Alcohol Disorder." Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 15,2 (January 2006): 19-37.
1698. Dor, Avi
Ferguson, Christine
Tan, Ellen
Divine, Lucas
Palmer, Jo
Gender and Race Wage Gaps Attributable to Obesity
Research Report, Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, November 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Health Policy, The George Washington University
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Obesity; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Overview: Currently, two out of three Americans are overweight or obese. In less than 20 years, roughly half of the population will be obese. Furthermore, obesity costs $168.4 billion a year, a number which is projected to increase by $48-66 billion per year. The societal costs of obesity are clear and staggering and the individual costs are equally chilling for most of those who are obese – particularly for Hispanic men and Caucasian and Hispanic women.

In 2010, we released a report that looked, for the first time, at the per capita costs of obesity. Using existing literature, we estimated the annual incremental costs of obesity and overweight to the individual and found that the overall, tangible, annual costs of being obese are $4,879 for an obese woman and $2,646 for an obese man. The analysis showed that one of the most profound and easily documented effects of obesity is with respect to wages. This year, we are exploring those wage differentials more closely using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) wave years 2004 and 2008 to further quantify obesity-attributable wage gaps. The NLSY79 provides detailed information about earnings, education, employment status, employment characteristics, health, and household characteristics. The NLSY79 follows the same panel of participants over time. Given the longitudinal nature of the NLSY79, we were able to explore obesity-related wage gaps using two different years, one prerecession and one at the height of the recession. To our knowledge, no such previous analysis has been performed, nor have any formal studies explored the 2004 to 2008 wave of the NLSY for obesity-related wage gaps.

We found:
• Both men and women who were obese experienced lower wages compared to their normal weight counterparts.
• For both genders and all racial categories except Hispanic men, the wage differential narrowed between 2004 and 2008, despite the economy worsening.
• Caucasian women who are obese experienced a wage penalty in both 2004 and 2008, while Caucasian men only experienced a differential in 2004.
• Hispanic women who were obese experienced a wage differential in both 2004 and 2008, while Hispanic men who were obese only experienced a wage differential in 2008.
• In both years, wages for African-American men who were obese were higher than their normal weight counterparts, while for African-American women, wages were similar between those who were obese and those who were normal weight.

In sum, our analysis shows that most men and women who were obese suffered lower annual wages, and that Hispanic men, along with Hispanic and Caucasian women, experienced the most acute differences.

Bibliography Citation
Dor, Avi, Christine Ferguson, Ellen Tan, Lucas Divine and Jo Palmer. "Gender and Race Wage Gaps Attributable to Obesity." Research Report, Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, November 2011.
1699. Doren, Catherine
Diverging Trajectories or Parallel Paths? The Gender Earnings Gap by Education in Life Course Perspective
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Life Course; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

When men and women enter their working years, the gender earnings gap is small, but it opens considerably as they age and pass through key phases of the life course. Although the literature has established that men and women's earnings diverge with age, many studies looking at earnings trajectories focus on college graduates. Corresponding explanations posed for men's greater success may also disproportionately apply to college graduates. Given vast differences in fertility timing, marriage rates, employment opportunities, and potential marriage partners between college graduates and those with less education, age trajectories in the gender earnings gap may vary markedly by education. In this paper, I explore variations in gender differences in earnings trajectories across education levels. I find that college graduates see a strong divergence in spite of beginning with nearly equal earnings. Those with less education see a considerably larger gap early on, but less change thereafter.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine. "Diverging Trajectories or Parallel Paths? The Gender Earnings Gap by Education in Life Course Perspective." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1700. Doren, Catherine
Do Some Mothers Pay a Higher Price? Variation in Motherhood Wage Penalties by Education, Parity, and Fertility Timing
Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Fertility timing and the number of children women have vary by education, but research examining education variation in motherhood effects has given relatively little attention to how timing and parity shape motherhood wage penalties. Using fixed-effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I estimate heterogeneous effects of motherhood by age at the transition to motherhood, by parity, and by ages at later births, considering how these effects differ by whether women have a college degree. I find that the transition to motherhood, regardless of its timing, has substantial wage penalty for less educated mothers, while college-educated mothers see a premium. Analyses of timing show that this premium is only realized if they delay childbearing until their late twenties and grows with further delays. All women see wage penalties for later births, although these penalties do not vary by education and are largely unshaped by delays.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine. "Do Some Mothers Pay a Higher Price? Variation in Motherhood Wage Penalties by Education, Parity, and Fertility Timing." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.
1701. Doren, Catherine
Is Two Too Many? Parity and Mothers Labor Force Exit
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Exits; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Many mothers leave the labor force during their childbearing years. Conventional wisdom and qualitative research suggest there may be a tipping point at the second child when women are particularly likely to leave. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I find no evidence for a tipping point around the birth of second children. Women are instead most likely to leave the labor force when they are pregnant with their first child. Each subsequent child is associated with a smaller increase in the probability of exit. In addition, women who only ever have one child are less likely to leave the labor force than those who have more children. College-educated women who only have one child are especially unlikely to exit. I conclude with a discussion of why the tipping point hypothesis is so prevalent despite strong evidence against it.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine. "Is Two Too Many? Parity and Mothers Labor Force Exit." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
1702. Doren, Catherine
Is Two Too Many? Parity and Mothers' Labor Force Exit
Journal of Marriage and Family 81,2 (April 2019): 327-344.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jomf.12533
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Exits; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes

Objective: How do women's chances of labor force exit vary by the number of children they have?

Background: Conventional wisdom suggests that there may be a tipping point at the second child when women are particularly likely to leave. Women who only have one child, by contrast, are thought to be uniquely unlikely to exit.

Method: Using data from the nationally representative 1979 to 2012 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 ( https://www.nlsinfo.org/content/cohorts/nlsy79), event history methods estimate the likelihood of labor force exit as women progress across parity transitions.

Results: The results show no evidence for a tipping point around the birth of second children. Women are instead most likely to leave the labor force when they are pregnant with their first child, and each subsequent child is associated with a smaller increase in the probability of exit. In addition, women who only ever have one child are less likely to leave the labor force than those who have more children, and these differences arise as early as their pregnancies with their first children. College‐educated women who only have one child are especially unlikely to exit.

Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine. "Is Two Too Many? Parity and Mothers' Labor Force Exit." Journal of Marriage and Family 81,2 (April 2019): 327-344.
1703. Doren, Catherine
Parity and Women's Labor Force Participation
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Event History; Exits; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Motherhood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Many mothers leave the labor force during their childbearing years, although not all those who leave do so after their first birth. Ethnographic accounts often describe mothers who continue working after their first child only to leave upon having a second or third, yet the demographic literature has largely focused on labor force exit at the initial transition to motherhood. This may obscure differences in the likelihood that mothers work by parity. In this paper, I aim to understand when in their fertility trajectories women are most likely to exit the labor force. With data from the NLSY79 cohort, I use event history methods to predict probabilities of labor force exit across women's childbearing years, giving attention to the association between parity and labor force participation. I also consider parity-specific variation in exits across mothers who have had different numbers of children by the end of their childbearing years.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine. "Parity and Women's Labor Force Participation." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
1704. Doren, Catherine
Three Essays on the Effects of Gender and Motherhood on Labor Force Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Motherhood; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this dissertation, I explore how gender inequality-generating processes unfold across the life course and how these processes vary across women. In three stand-alone empirical chapters exploring related themes, I pay specific attention to variation in the effects of gender and motherhood by women's educational attainment. I show that gender and motherhood have heterogeneous effects by education and by other demographic characteristics including race, parity, and fertility timing. I also consider how and why labor force outcomes vary by race, fertility timing, and parity within education groups. By highlighting and identifying variation in processes and effects across groups and across the life course, my findings add nuance to the conversation on women's labor market trajectories.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine. Three Essays on the Effects of Gender and Motherhood on Labor Force Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2018.
1705. Doren, Catherine
Which Mothers Pay a Higher Price? Education Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalties by Parity and Fertility Timing
Sociological Science published online (19 December 2019): DOI: 10.15195/v6.a26.
Also: https://sociologicalscience.com/articles-v6-26-684/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sociological Science
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Upon becoming mothers, women often experience a wage decline--a "motherhood wage penalty." Recent scholarship suggests the penalty's magnitude differs by educational attainment. Yet education is also predictive of when women have children and how many they have, which can affect the wage penalty's size too. Using fixed-effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I estimate heterogeneous effects of motherhood by parity and by age at births, considering how these relationships differ by education. For college graduates, first births were associated with a small wage penalty overall, but the penalty was larger for earlier first births and declined with higher ages at first birth. Women who delayed fertility until their mid-30s reaped a premium. Second and third births were associated with wage penalties. Less educated women instead faced a wage penalty at all births and delaying fertility did not minimize the penalty.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine. "Which Mothers Pay a Higher Price? Education Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalties by Parity and Fertility Timing." Sociological Science published online (19 December 2019): DOI: 10.15195/v6.a26.
1706. Doren, Catherine
Grodsky, Eric
What Skills Can Buy: Transmission of Advantage through Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Degree; College Enrollment; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although never far from social scientists' attention, interest in the intergenerational flow of advantage and disadvantage has recently gained prominence in both academic and popular venues. Income inequality is rising (Western et al. 2012) and with it inequality in direct investments in children (Kornrich and Furstenberg 2013) and academic achievement tied to parental income (Reardon 2011). While income and wealth as resources undoubtedly contribute to the intergenerational transmission of social status, we argue that they are at least partly endogenous to parents' cognitive and noncognitive skills and advantages bestowed by these skills rather than material resources themselves are driving much of the observed relationship between capital and children's educational attainment. We analyze the NLSY 1979 cohort and their children to disentangle the effects of parent skills from those of resources. Preliminary findings suggest that more than half of the association of resources and educational attainment is traceable to parent skills.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine and Eric Grodsky. "What Skills Can Buy: Transmission of Advantage through Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015.
1707. Doren, Catherine
Grodsky, Eric
What Skills Can Buy: Transmission of Advantage through Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
Sociology of Education 89,4 (October 2016): 321-342.
Also: http://soe.sagepub.com/content/89/4/321.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Characteristics; College Degree; College Enrollment; Family Income; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Noncognitive Skills; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Parental income and wealth contribute to children's success but are at least partly endogenous to parents' cognitive and noncognitive skills. We estimate the degree to which mothers' skills measured in early adulthood confound the relationship between their economic resources and their children's postsecondary education outcomes. Analyses of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 suggest that maternal cognitive and noncognitive skills attenuate half of parental income's association with child baccalaureate college attendance, a fifth of its association with elite college attendance, and a quarter of its association with bachelor's degree completion. Maternal skills likewise attenuate a third of parental wealth's association with children's baccalaureate college attendance, half of its association with elite college attendance, and a fifth of its association with bachelor's degree completion. Observational studies of the relationship between parents' economic resources and children's postsecondary attainments that fail to account for parental skills risk seriously overstating the benefits of parental income and wealth.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine and Eric Grodsky. "What Skills Can Buy: Transmission of Advantage through Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills." Sociology of Education 89,4 (October 2016): 321-342.
1708. Doren, Catherine
Lin, Katherine
The Gender Earnings Gap Across the Life Course: Variation by Race, Educational Attainment, and Family Status
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Not only do women, on average, earn less than men do, but this gender gap in earnings increases as men and women age. While many have called for an intersectional approach to gender inequality in the labor market, few have empirically examined the extent to which men's and women's earnings diverge across the life course, and whether these patterns differ by race and educational status. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and estimate growth curve models of annual earnings, paying attention to differences by race and educational attainment in the levels and slopes of earnings for men and women from ages 22 to 47. Our findings provide empirical support for intersectionality by race, gender, and education in the labor market, as well as mixed evidence for processes of cumulative (dis)advantage in earnings inequality over the life course.
Bibliography Citation
Doren, Catherine and Katherine Lin. "The Gender Earnings Gap Across the Life Course: Variation by Race, Educational Attainment, and Family Status." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
1709. Dorius, Cassandra J.
Does Serial Parenting Harm Women over the Long Run? The Link between Multiple Partner Fertility and Women's Mental and Physical Health at Midlife
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Multiple partner fertility (or MPF) is a pervasive and durable component of American family life, with 1 in 5 women--and nearly 1 in 4 mothers--having children with two or more men during their lifetime; and, these women tend to fare worse than their single partner fertility counterparts in terms of lower mental and physical health and higher rates of depression. Further, MPF households are more likely than other households to be characterized by single parenthood, poverty, and low parental education and underemployment. Using a life course perspective and social stress theories as a guide, I provide evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2006 which suggests that MPF represents a theoretically important constellation of events that have the potential to disrupt day-to-day life, change family roles, create ambiguity, and introduce chronic stressors into the home that are associated with significant declines in maternal well being over the long-term. This project also considers whether having multiple partner fertility makes women more vulnerable to stressful life experiences. Overall, there was little support of differential vulnerability hypothesis, however, there were several significant interactions which provided surprising results. For example, as the number of residential partners increased, women with single partner fertility saw larger declines in mental health than women with multiple partner fertility. Likewise, single partner fertility mothers were more likely than multiple partner fertility mothers to see declines in physical health as time in poverty increased, and saw fewer gains in mental health and depression as time employed increased. Similarly, among MPF women, Hispanic and African American mothers had higher levels of physical health, mental health, and depression than White mothers. Although these findings were unexpected, they were not without precedent in other literatures, and they provide an important new framework for understanding serial parents who face cumulative disadvantages.
Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J. Does Serial Parenting Harm Women over the Long Run? The Link between Multiple Partner Fertility and Women's Mental and Physical Health at Midlife. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2010.
1710. Dorius, Cassandra J.
Measuring Maternal Multi-partnered Fertility with the NLSY79
Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Fertility; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Kinship; Motherhood; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Much of the research regarding multipartnered fertility has been produced using a small number of publically available national surveys such as the Add Health, and Fragile Families and Child Well Being Surveys. Unexpectedly, the NLSY 1979 has not been used to assess MPF among adults from the 1957-1964 birth cohort, although distinctive survey characteristics make this an ideal candidate for future work. This paper provides a step-by-step explanation of how one can produce reliable and valid measures of women’s multiple partner fertility by utilizing the NSLY79 data. This approach provides the potential to advance our understanding of contemporary American family life by (1) developing a more effective way to assess the complexity of relationship histories, (2) measuring multiple partner fertility in a broader and more dimensional way, (3) playing to the strengths of family scholars by utilizing a survey that many researchers are familiar with and have the ability to use given that it is publically available and free of charge, and (4) avoiding many of the weakness of past research by conceptualizing change as a single event rather than a process.
Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J. "Measuring Maternal Multi-partnered Fertility with the NLSY79." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012.
1711. Dorius, Cassandra J.
New Approaches to Measuring Multipartnered Fertility Over the Life Course
PSC Research Report No. 12-769 (August 2012), Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, 2012.
Also: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs/7690
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan
Keyword(s): Fertility; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Kinship; Life Course; Motherhood; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Scholarly work on multipartnered fertility (also known as MPF) has relied on samples and measurement techniques that provide only a partial view of this emerging family form. New research is needed which considers adults who have completed their childbearing and have final MPF statuses—allowing for more accurate assessments of prevalence and a better understanding of the variety of pathways adults may take into MPF over the life course.

Objective: This paper explores new data and measurement techniques for assessing multipartnered fertility with the intention of moving focus away from a dichotomous view of having children with more than one person towards an understanding of MPF salience, timing, and duration. Care is taken to address ongoing problems with measuring multipartnered fertility, including identifying unique birth partners, assessing nonresident fathers, and estimating missing cohabitation and marriage dates.

Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2010 women's sample is used for this example. Women were eligible for inclusion if they were alive at the final survey, were consistently assessed by NLS, and missed fewer than five waves of data collection, N= 3,962.

Conclusions: By utilizing the proposed methods researchers will be able to measure MPF in broader and more dimensional ways and provide nationally representative estimates of multipartnered fertility prevalence, number of birth partners, start dates, duration, and the timing of the MPF experience relative to other key events. This data also provides researchers with the opportunity to link MPF histories with women's and children's self-reported wellbeing over time.

Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J. "New Approaches to Measuring Multipartnered Fertility Over the Life Course." PSC Research Report No. 12-769 (August 2012), Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, 2012.
1712. Dorius, Cassandra J.
Reconceptualizing Family Instability to Include Measures of Childbearing: The Practical Value of Assessing Multiple Partner Fertility
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Family Structure; Family Studies; Fertility; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Marital Instability; Marital Status

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper wrestles with the issue of whether family instability should be reconceptualized to include measures of childbearing. To make this case, I explore how women's multiple partner fertility provides a single trajectory of instability and childbearing that clearly distinguishes MPF women from those who would otherwise look very similar when assessing instability alone. The goals of this project are three fold: (1) to provide the first national-level estimates of women's multiple partner fertility prevalence; (2) to describe how multiple partner fertility women differ from single partner fertility women on a range of attitudinal, behavioral, and socio-demographic characteristics that may underlie causes and consequences of lifetime instability; and (3) to use these findings to demonstrate that traditional measures of instability might not adequately capture the dynamic nature of modern families, while more integrative measures of instability and childbearing may offer substantive and theoretical advances to this line of inquiry.
Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J. "Reconceptualizing Family Instability to Include Measures of Childbearing: The Practical Value of Assessing Multiple Partner Fertility." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.
1713. Dorius, Cassandra J.
The Long-Term Consequences of Having Children with More than One Man: Assessing Women’s Wages, Depression and Physical Health at Midlife
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Depression (see also CESD); Fertility, Multiple Partners; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mothers; Propensity Scores; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The last thirty years have witnessed increasing social and economic inequality among American families. In the discourse about causal mechanisms behind these patterns, the ways families form and dissolve has proven integral, with children brought up by two biological parents advantaged relative to all others. Because children are most commonly raised by mothers after a relationship dissolution, exploring women’s relationship and childbearing histories provides unique insights into the family processes that may affect women’s and children’s access to socioeconomic resources. This paper explores how having children with more than one person (MPF) may influence the creation and perpetuation of family-level inequalities by reducing women’s economic, metal, and physical well-being over time. A potential outcomes approach with propensity scores weights is used to address these questions while controlling for selection into this family form. Preliminary findings suggest MPF may exacerbate mental and physical health disparities at age 40, but not wages.
Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J. "The Long-Term Consequences of Having Children with More than One Man: Assessing Women’s Wages, Depression and Physical Health at Midlife." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1714. Dorius, Cassandra J.
Guzzo, Karen Benjamin
Maternal Multipartnered Fertility and Adolescent Well-being
Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, OLS; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Over the past decade, there has been an emerging body of research focusing on multipartnered fertility, where a parent has children by more than one partner. The growth in union dissolution and nonmarital childbearing has increased the prevalence of multipartnered fertility, altered the circumstances in which it occurred, and fostered concern over the implications for families, particularly children .However, it is not clear if concern over multipartnered fertility, in and of itself, is warranted. We draw on 24 waves (1979-2010) of nationally representative data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth main youth interviews to create detailed relationship histories of mothers and then link these data to self-reported assessments of adolescent well-being found in 9 waves (1994-2010) of the young adult (NLSY79-YA) supplement. Preliminary OLS and Logit regression models suggest that maternal multipartnered fertility has a significant direct and moderating effect on adolescent drug use and sexual debut net of cumulative family instability and exposure to particular family forms like marriage, cohabitation, and divorce. Moreover, maternal multipartnered fertility remained a significant predictor of both drug use and the timing of first sex even after accounting for selection into this family form and controlling for the adolescent’s experience of poverty, unemployment, and educational disadvantage at the time of birth and throughout childhood.
Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J. and Karen Benjamin Guzzo. "Maternal Multipartnered Fertility and Adolescent Well-being." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013.
1715. Dorius, Cassandra J.
Guzzo, Karen Benjamin
The Long Arm of Maternal Multipartnered Fertility and Adolescent Well-being
NCFMR Working Paper Series WP-13-04, National Center for Family and Marriage Research, Bowling Green State University, August 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Center for Family and Marriage Research
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Family Size; Family Structure; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Household Composition; Marital History/Transitions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Over the past decade, there has been an emerging body of research focusing on multipartnered fertility, where a parent has children by more than one partner. However, it is not clear if concern over multipartnered fertility, in and of itself, is warranted. We draw on 24 waves (1979-2010) of nationally representative data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth main youth interviews to create detailed relationship histories of mothers and then link these data to self-reported assessments of adolescent well-being found in 9 waves (1994-2010) of the young adult (NLSY79-YA) supplement. Results suggest that maternal multipartnered fertility has a significant direct and moderated effect on adolescent drug use and sexual debut net of cumulative family instability and exposure to particular family forms like marriage, cohabitation, and divorce. Moreover, maternal multipartnered fertility remained a significant predictor of both drug use and the timing of first sex even after accounting for selection into this family form and controlling for the adolescent’s experience of poverty, unemployment, and educational disadvantage at the time of birth and throughout childhood.
Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J. and Karen Benjamin Guzzo. "The Long Arm of Maternal Multipartnered Fertility and Adolescent Well-being." NCFMR Working Paper Series WP-13-04, National Center for Family and Marriage Research, Bowling Green State University, August 2013.
1716. Dorius, Cassandra J.
Hernandez, Daphne C.
Mitchell, Katherine Stamps
The Long Term Impact of Multi-partnered Fertility on Adolescent Well-being
Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Drug Use; Family Size; Family Structure; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Household Composition; Marital History/Transitions; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Given the dramatic changes in family life over the past half century, there are many questions among scholars, policy makers, and intervention specialists about the long term influence of family instability on the lives of mothers and children. The aim of this research is to be the first empirical study of the long-term consequences of maternal multipartnered fertility on the lives of adolescent children. This will be accomplished by using a multigenerational, longitudinal, and nationally representative sample of a birth cohort of women who were followed from adolescence to the end of their childbearing years and linking their MPF histories to self-reported measures of child wellbeing across a variety of domains. This project will evaluate the influence of maternal MPF on adolescent wellbeing in terms of childhood depression, graduating from high school, reporting internalizing or externalizing problems, and the likelihood of a teen birth.
Bibliography Citation
Dorius, Cassandra J., Daphne C. Hernandez and Katherine Stamps Mitchell. "The Long Term Impact of Multi-partnered Fertility on Adolescent Well-being." Presented: Denver CO, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2012.
1717. Dornfeld, Maude
Kruttschnitt, Candace
Do the Stereotypes fit? Mapping Gender-Specific Outcomes and Risk Factors
Criminology 30,3 (1992): 397-419.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01110.x/abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Differences; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It has generally been accepted that boys and girls differ in their behavioral and emotional responses to stressful family events. These gender differences could be due to either different family risk factors affecting boys and girls or to boys coping differently in response to the same negative family events. These two alternative hypotheses form the basis of our analysis. Specifically, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we assess whether and how (I) marital discord, (2) marital stability and change, (3) harsh discipline, and (4) maternal deviance impact three different outcomes for males and females: delinquency, alcohol use, and depression. Multivariate analyses reveal that, although females generally display more vulnerabilities to specific dimensions of family life than males, the responses to these risk factors are not constrained to gender-stereotypic outcomes
Bibliography Citation
Dornfeld, Maude and Candace Kruttschnitt. "Do the Stereotypes fit? Mapping Gender-Specific Outcomes and Risk Factors." Criminology 30,3 (1992): 397-419.
1718. Dortch, Shannon
For This I Waited? One in Eight Working Women Who Are Promoted Does Not Receive a Pay Increase
American Demographics 16,10 (October 1994): 14,16
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Demographics Inc.
Keyword(s): College Education; Wage Dynamics; Wages; Wages, Women

Although a job promotion usually means more money, a raise is not guaranteed, especially for women. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' National Longitudinal Survey, which is based on 1991 interviews of 5,000 women aged 37 to 48, shows that 13 percent of working women who are promoted on the job do not get a pay increase. In the survey, 94 percent of women in managerial occupations received more pay with their promotions, while only 76 percent of women in service jobs received more money. Moreover, women who work full-time are far more likely than their part-time counterparts to get a raise when they get a promotion--89 percent versus 78 percent. A college degree is also helpful. Additional survey results on promotion of women are presented.
Bibliography Citation
Dortch, Shannon. "For This I Waited? One in Eight Working Women Who Are Promoted Does Not Receive a Pay Increase." American Demographics 16,10 (October 1994): 14,16.
1719. Dosa, Nienke P.
Auinger, Peggy
Olson, Bradley
Weitzman, Michael
Parents' Workshift and Attention and Behavior Problems in School Aged Children
Presented: Baltimore, MD, Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual Meeting, May 2002
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Pediatric Society
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Shift Workers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Design/Methods: Cross-sectional study using the 1998 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to evaluate the distribution of behavior problems (top 10th percentile of the Behavior Problem Index [BPI]), pharmacologic treatment of ADHD, and maternal report that behavior requires counseling among children in dual income households whose parents work similar (both dayshift, both nightshift, both split shift) and discordant (mother dayshift/father nightshift, etc.) job shifts. Multivariate regression was used to identify independent associations between workshifts and the outcomes of interest, controlling for child, household, and employment factors.

Results: Records of 1351 children aged 4-12 years were examined: 837 resided in dayshift households, 36 in split shift households, 13 in night shift households [excluded due to small sample size], and 481 in discordant workshift households. Bivariate analysis revealed an association between maternal report that behavior requires counseling and households in which both parents work split shifts, compared to discordant workshift households and dayshift households (9.4% vs. 2.7% vs.3.4%, respectively; p<0.05). This association was maintained in multivariate models, which revealed that mothers of children in split shift households were three times more likely to report behavior problems(OR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.9) than mothers in comparison groups. This independent association was stronger than male sex of child (OR=1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.6) and household size (OR=.52, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), which were the only other variables to predict the outcome of interest. Workshift variables were not significant in the models that examined extreme BPI scores or pharmacologic treatment of ADHD.

Conclusions: Mothers of children who reside in households in which both parents work split shifts are more likely to report behavior problems. Additional studies are needed to determine whether disruption of household sleep patterns is the causal mechanism for this association.

Bibliography Citation
Dosa, Nienke P., Peggy Auinger, Bradley Olson and Michael Weitzman. "Parents' Workshift and Attention and Behavior Problems in School Aged Children." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual Meeting, May 2002.
1720. Dossi, Gaia
Figlio, David N.
Giuliano, Paola
Sapienza, Paola
Born in the Family: Preferences for Boys and the Gender Gap in Math
NBER Working Paper No. 25535, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019.
Also: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25535
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Mothers and Daughters; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math)

We study the correlation between parental gender attitudes and the performance in mathematics of girls using two different approaches and data. First, we identify families with a preference for boys by using fertility stopping rules in a population of households whose children attend public schools in Florida. Girls growing up in a boy-biased family score 3 percentage points lower on math tests when compared to girls raised in other families. Second, we find similar strong effects when we study the correlations between girls' performance in mathematics and maternal gender role attitudes, using evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We conclude that socialization at home can explain a non-trivial part of the observed gender disparities in mathematics performance and document that maternal gender attitudes correlate with those of their children, supporting the hypothesis that preferences transmitted through the family impact children behavior.
Bibliography Citation
Dossi, Gaia, David N. Figlio, Paola Giuliano and Paola Sapienza. "Born in the Family: Preferences for Boys and the Gender Gap in Math." NBER Working Paper No. 25535, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019.
1721. Dossi, Gaia
Figlio, David N.
Giuliano, Paola
Sapienza, Paola
Born in the Family: Preferences for Boys and the Gender Gap in Math
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 183 (March 2021): 175-188.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268120304716
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers and Daughters; Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math)

We study the effect of preferences for boys on the performance in mathematics of girls, using evidence from two different data sources. In our first set of results, we identify families with a preference for boys by using fertility stopping rules in a large population of households whose children attend public schools in Florida. Girls growing up in a boy-biased family score on average 3 percentage points lower on math tests when compared to girls raised in other types of families. In our second set of results, we find similar effects when we study the correlations between girls' performance in mathematics and maternal gender role attitudes, using evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We conclude that socialization at home can explain a non-trivial part of the observed gender disparities in mathematics performance and document that maternal gender attitudes correlate with those of their children, supporting the hypothesis that preferences transmitted through the family impact children behavior.
Bibliography Citation
Dossi, Gaia, David N. Figlio, Paola Giuliano and Paola Sapienza. "Born in the Family: Preferences for Boys and the Gender Gap in Math." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 183 (March 2021): 175-188.
1722. Dougherty, Christopher
Introduction to Econometrics, 4th Edition
New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Also: http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199280964/dougherty_chap14.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): NLS Description; Teaching Datasets/Teaching with the NLS

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The data set is a sub-set of a major US data-base, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). NLSY79 is a panel survey in which a nationally-representative sample of young males and females aged 14 to 21 in 1979 have been re-interviewed since 1979. Until 1994 the interviews took place annually and now they are being conducted at two-yearly intervals. The core sample originally consisted of 3,003 males and 3,108 females. In addition there are special supplementary samples (some now discontinued) of ethnic minorities, those in poverty and those serving in the armed forces. Extensive background information was obtained in the base-year survey in 1979 and since then information has been updated each year on education, training, employment, marital status, fertility, health, child care and assets and income. In addition special sections have been added from time to time on other topics – for example, drug use. The surveys have been extremely detailed and the quality of the execution of the survey is very high. As a consequence NLSY79 is regarded as one of the most important data bases available to social scientists working with U.S. data.

The following is a publisher blurb:

Description:
Retaining the student-friendly approach of previous editions, Introduction to Econometrics, Fourth Edition, uses clear and simple mathematics notation and step-by step explanations of mathematical proofs to help students thoroughly grasp the subject. Extensive practical exercises throughout--including fifty exercises on the same dataset--build students' confidence and provide them with hands-on practice in applying techniques.

NEW TO THE FOURTH EDITION:
* An expanded review section at the beginning of the book offers a more comprehensive guide to all of the statistical concepts needed to study econometrics

* Additional exercises provide students with even more opportunities to put theory into practice

* More Monte C arlo simulations help students use visualization to understand the math

* New final sections at the end of each chapter contain summaries and non-technical introductions to more advanced topics

Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. Introduction to Econometrics, 4th Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011..
1723. Dougherty, Christopher
Numeracy, Literacy and Earnings: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Economics of Education Review 22,5 (October 2003): 511-522.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775703000402
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): College Education; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Literacy

The analysis is concerned with the contributions of numeracy and literacy to earnings, for three reasons. First, no clear pattern emerges from existing findings relating to the contributions of different types of ability, and numeracy and literacy appear to be a natural basic starting point. Second, measures to improve numeracy and literacy are often given priority in policies intended to help those with lowest educational attainment. Third, with the growth of the knowledge-based economy, and the increasing importance of digital technology, it is of interest to compare the levels and rates of change of the contributions of numeracy and literacy as reflected in earnings. The results suggest that numeracy has a highly significant effect on earnings, mostly through its effect on college attainment, but also directly, controlling for attainment, and interactively with attainment, and its effect may be subject to increasing returns. While the magnitude of the effect is small in absolute terms, it is substantial when compared with other effects, and it appears to be increasing at a rate of 6% per year. Despite the fact that it has an even greater effect than numeracy on college attainment, literacy has a smaller and less significant effect on earnings, with no evidence of an interactive effect with attainment, nonlinearity, or change through time. Because of the absence of nonlinearity, measures to improve literacy may have more impact than measures to improve numeracy on the earnings of the least able, but the difference is not great and the quantitative effects appear to be small. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier]
Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. "Numeracy, Literacy and Earnings: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Economics of Education Review 22,5 (October 2003): 511-522.
1724. Dougherty, Christopher
Observing Labor Market Adjustment: Employment in the US Construction Industry: 1983-1990
Discussion Paper 291, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, March 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science
Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Modeling; Occupations, Male; Skills; Training; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Average annual employment of males in the U.S. construction industry increased by 34 percent from 1983 to 1986. The paper takes the cohort of 440 male National Longitudinal Survey of Youth respondents born between October 1, 1961 and September 30, 1962 and evaluates the labor market experience of the 149 who worked in the construction sector during the period January 1983 to December 1990, examining the circumstances of entry and exit, training and changes in real wages and status. A comparison of the respondents' experience in the surge period 1983-1986 and the period of stability 1987-1990 reveals little difference, the construction sector exhibiting flexibility in its recruitment of labor and generation of skills. If labor market models form a spectrum with the manpower requirements model at one extreme, the neoclassical model in the center, and a pure quantity adjustment model at the other extreme, a compromise between the last two would appear to be an adequate characterization fo r the construction industry. This record is part of the Abstracts of Working Papers in Economics (AWPE) Database, copyright (c) 1996 Cambridge University Press.
Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. "Observing Labor Market Adjustment: Employment in the US Construction Industry: 1983-1990." Discussion Paper 291, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, March 1996.
1725. Dougherty, Christopher
Occupational Breaks, their Incidence and Implications for Training Provision: Case-Study Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
International Journal of Manpower 20,5 (1999): 309-323.
Also: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0143-7720&volume=20&issue=5&articleid=848245&show=abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: MCB University Press
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Education; Educational Attainment; Employment, History; Mobility, Job; Occupations; Training, Occupational; Vocational Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Detailed education, employment and training histories have been constructed for a cohort of 440 male respondents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The employment histories show that most respondents without college degrees have experienced at least one occupational break since entering the labour force. The training histories show that most of those in employment in 1992 have had no formal training for their current occupations. An assessment of whether those who received training before or on entering the labour force have subsequently had more stable employment histories than those who have not shows that this is true of college-level vocational education but not of high school vocational education or training received in vocational/technical institutes. These findings suggest that the comprehensive provision of entry-level training for those not college-bound, as advocated by those promoting vocational education in high schools, cannot be justified in terms of labour market outcomes.
Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. "Occupational Breaks, their Incidence and Implications for Training Provision: Case-Study Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." International Journal of Manpower 20,5 (1999): 309-323.
1726. Dougherty, Christopher
Putting Training in Perspective: A Longitudinal Case-Study Approach
Discussion Paper 283, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, March 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science
Keyword(s): Apprenticeships; College Education; Education; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Manpower Programs; Mobility; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Vocational Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Detailed education, employment and training histories have been constructed for a cohort of 440 male respondents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The data show that most respondents without college degrees have experienced at least one occupational break, defined as a change from one occupation to another sufficiently different in character that it does not make significant use of occupational skills acquired previously. The data also show that most of those in employment in 1992 had had no formal training for their current occupations and moreover thought that none was necessary. These findings imply that the comprehensive provision of entry-level training for those not college-bound, as advocated by those promoting vocational education in high schools or as practiced in those countries with comprehensive apprenticeship systems, is unlikely to have a direct impact on the performance of the economy or even on employment. Instead training priorities should be directed towards the provision of training as the demand arises and to improving access to college-level vocational education for those who can benefit from it. This record is part of the Abstracts of Working Papers in Economics (AWPE) Database, copyright (c) 1996 Cambridge University Press.
Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. "Putting Training in Perspective: A Longitudinal Case-Study Approach." Discussion Paper 283, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, March 1996.
1727. Dougherty, Christopher
The Impact of Work Experience and Training in the Current and Previous Occupations on Earnings: Micro Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Discussion Paper 456, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, England, May 2000.
Also: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/DP0456.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science
Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Job Tenure; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training; Vocational Training

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the empirical literature on work experience, job tenure, training and earnings, only one previous study has made a distinction between the effects of work experience in the current occupation and work experience in previous ones, and no study has made the distinction with respect to training. Yet it is reasonable to hypothesize that the distinction is important. Using data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, it is found that the returns to work experience in the current occupation with previous employers are similar to those to work experience with the current employer, and that tenure has no independent effect. Similarly it is found that the distinction between training for current and previous occupations gives better results than a distinction between training for current and previous employers. It is found that work experience, classroom training and vocational institute training for the current occupation have highly significant effects on earnings, with work experience having by far the largest absolute impact. Apart from high school vocational institute training, which actually has a significantly negative effect on the earnings of those with high cognitive test scores, the previous-occupation counterparts do not have significant effects.
Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. "The Impact of Work Experience and Training in the Current and Previous Occupations on Earnings: Micro Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Discussion Paper 456, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, England, May 2000.
1728. Dougherty, Christopher
The Marriage Earnings Premium as a Distributed Fixed Effect
Journal of Human Resources 41,2 (Spring 2006): 433-443.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40057282
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Marital Stability; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects

Wage equations using cross-sectional data typically find an earnings premium in excess of 10 percent for married men. One leading hypothesis for the premium is that marriage facilitates specialization that enables married men to become more productive than single men. Another is that the premium is attributable to an unobserved fixed effect, married men possessing qualities that are valued in the labor market as well as the marriage market. This paper suggests that the premium is attributable to an unobserved time-distributed fixed effect that emerges and grows with the approach of marriage and continues to grow for some years after marriage. A similar distributed fixed effect is found in the case of women, but it is smaller and declines after a few years of marriage. The results appear to cast doubt on the specialization hypothesis.
Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. "The Marriage Earnings Premium as a Distributed Fixed Effect ." Journal of Human Resources 41,2 (Spring 2006): 433-443.
1729. Dougherty, Christopher
Why Are Returns to Schooling Higher for Women than for Men?
Journal of Human Resources 40,4 (Fall 2005): 969-988.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129547
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Gender Differences

Many studies have found that the impact of schooling on earnings is greater for females than for males, despite the fact that females tend to earn less, both absolutely and controlling for personal characteristics. This study investigates possible reasons for this effect, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-. One explanation is that education appears to have a double effect on the earnings of women. It increases their skills and productivity, as it does with men, and in addition it appears to reduce the gap in male and female earnings attributable to factors such as discrimination, tastes, and circumstances. The latter appear to account for about half of the differential in the returns to schooling.
Bibliography Citation
Dougherty, Christopher. "Why Are Returns to Schooling Higher for Women than for Men?" Journal of Human Resources 40,4 (Fall 2005): 969-988.
1730. Doughty, Debby
Rodgers, Joseph Lee
Behavior Genetic Modeling of Menarche in U.S. Females
In: Genetic Influences on Human Fertility and Sexuality. J. L. Rodgers, et al., eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keyword(s): Age at Menarche/First Menstruation; Behavior; Family Environment; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Fertility; Genetics; Kinship; Menarche/First Menstruation; Modeling; Siblings; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Most previous research has been logically unable to disentangle the genetic and environmental influences on age at menarche. We present data on 1338 kinship pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in a behavior genetic analysis, partitioning variability in menarcheal age into genetic and environmental sources. About half the variability in menarcheal age was related to genetic influences, h2=.54, and almost half to nonshared environmental influences plus error. No influence of the shared environment was found. Motivated by the evolutionary theory of Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper, the influence of family composition/stability was tested as a nonshared environmental influence. In line with previous findings, father absence was associated with a younger age at menarche. Residing with two parents under extreme living conditions may delay age at menarche. No association of family size, birth order, personality, income, or parental education with age at menarche was found.
Bibliography Citation
Doughty, Debby and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Behavior Genetic Modeling of Menarche in U.S. Females" In: Genetic Influences on Human Fertility and Sexuality. J. L. Rodgers, et al., eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000
1731. Douglas, Barbara Ellen
An Analysis of the Academic Composites of ASVAB and the PSAT, the SAT, and ACT: A Correlation Study
Ph.D. Dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1986. DAI-A 47/07, p. 2554, January 1987
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Education, Guidance and Counseling; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences; Vocational Guidance

The primary purpose of the study was to determine the degree of correlation between the academic composites of the ASVAB and the math and verbal sections of the PSAT, SAT, and ACT. The study utilizes data taken from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS). The sample of the study (N = 3,331) is identified as being extracted from the NLS national probability sample of the 1979 youth cohort. The sample is further identified according to the following subgroups: cohorts with ASVAB scores and PSAT scores (N = 1,332), cohorts with ASVAB scores and SAT scores (N = 920) and cohorts with ASVAB scores and ACT scores (N = 1079). Twenty-five hypotheses were tested using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. It was found that the relationship (r) between the ASVAB academic composites and the math and verbal sections of the PSAT ranges between the correlation coefficients of .70 and .79; the relationship between the ASVAB academic composites and the math and verbal sections of the SAT ranges between the correlation coefficients of .78 and .85; and the relationship between the academic composites of the ASVAB and the math and verbal sections of the ACT ranges between the correlation coefficients of .66 and .79. With reference to the subsamples of the study the correlation coefficients for the male/female subsample ranges between .65 and .85, for the total Hispanic subsample between .63 and .80, for the total Black subsample between .62 and .84, for the total White subsample between .59 and .80, for the rural subsample between .68 and .82, and for the urban subsample between .65 and .85. The study is significant in that due to the positive relationship existing between the ASVAB academic composites and the math and verbal sections of the PSAT, SAT and ACT, the use of the ASVAB could be increased so as to provide a counseling tool for the college bound student. The ASVAB could, therefore, furnish the college counselor with an additional source of information to be considered when making important selection and placement decisions.
Bibliography Citation
Douglas, Barbara Ellen. An Analysis of the Academic Composites of ASVAB and the PSAT, the SAT, and ACT: A Correlation Study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1986. DAI-A 47/07, p. 2554, January 1987.
1732. Downing, Douglas Allan
Teenage Employment: Personal Characteristics, Job Duration, and the Racial Unemployment Differential
Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1987. DAI-A 48/10, p. 2694, Apr 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Job Turnover; Racial Differences; Unemployment, Youth

The reasons for the high level of teenage unemployment, particularly for black teenagers, have been investigated using data from the 1980 census, the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience - Youth Cohort, the Current Population Survey, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics Gross Flow data. Most unemployed 16-17 year olds are found to be in school; most unemployed 18-19 year olds are out of school. Black teenagers are found to have shorter job durations when they are employed, but this is because they are much more likely than white teenagers to have their jobs come to an end, rather than that they are much more likely to quit or be fired. A model of frictional unemployment indicates that the high level of black unemployment cannot be accounted for by higher job turnover. Black teenagers are much more likely to have jobs with the government than are white teenagers, indicating that blacks lack informal connections that are one of the ways whites find out about job opportunities in the private sector. The labor market experience of several disadvantaged groups are investigated: central city residents, teenage women with children, teenagers from poor families, teenagers with low class standing in high school, and teenagers whose parents had low education. In each case blacks are more likely to be in the disadvantaged group, and members of the disadvantaged group are less likely to be employed, but there still is a degree of high black unemployment that cannot be explained because of membership in one of these disadvantaged groups. [UMI ADG87-29059]
Bibliography Citation
Downing, Douglas Allan. Teenage Employment: Personal Characteristics, Job Duration, and the Racial Unemployment Differential. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1987. DAI-A 48/10, p. 2694, Apr 1988.
1733. Dozier, Lorraine
Accumulating Disadvantage: The Growth in Black-White Wage Gap Among Women
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2007
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Discipline; Educational Attainment; Job Characteristics; Job Satisfaction; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wage Growth; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

During the late 1970s, black women not only reached parity, but in some circumstances, made greater hourly wages than white women with similar characteristics. Between 1980 and 2002, however, the black-white median wage gap among women tripled, approaching 22 percent by 2002. In this dissertation, I evaluate possible explanations for this marked growth including factors unique to women such as changing labor force participation, group occupational upgrading, and family structure, and factors related to broad-scale changes in the labor market. Chiefly, I ask whether the growth in inequality was due to white women's broad occupational improvement or whether black women were increasingly forced into "bad jobs."

In this dissertation, I use both Current Population Survey data and National Longitudinal Survey data to compare black women's and white women's wages between 1980 and 2002. I examine general trends using summary statistics, then employ linear regression and relative distribution methods to examine the relative effect of human capital and job characteristics on women's wages. In addition, I develop synthetic wage trajectories to examine the wage growth of women over their twenties based on educational attainment.

Taken together, the analyses in this dissertation show that broad industrial restructuring resulted in an "office economy," providing women with greater opportunity that coincided with their increased labor force participation and educational attainment. Women disproportionately moved into managerial and professional occupations relative to the total population, but white women reaped greater benefits from this move. Although black women experienced wage growth, their overrepresentation in the service industry and worsening relative wages as professionals, managers, and sales workers increasingly disadvantaged them. In addition, NLS data indicate that black degree holders had flatter wage trajectories over their twenties in 1991 relative to 1980, thus even the most advantaged black women suffered losses during the 1980s.

To date, most analyses regarding wage inequality among women have limitations including focusing on estimating the effects of changing selection into the labor force and restricting the sample to young women. This broad, descriptive analysis provides a foundation for future research examining the accumulating disadvantage of black women workers relative to white women.

Bibliography Citation
Dozier, Lorraine. Accumulating Disadvantage: The Growth in Black-White Wage Gap Among Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 2007.
1734. Drago, Francesco
Self-Esteem and Earnings
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3577, Institute for the Study of Labor, June 2008.
Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1158974#
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): Misclassification, Mismeasurement; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Self-Reporting; Wage Models

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent research in economics suggests a positive association between self-esteem and earnings. A major problem in this literature is that from simple cross-sectional wage regressions it is not possible to conclude that self-esteem has a causal impact on earnings. While classical measurement error leads to an attenuation bias, reverse causality and omitted variable are likely to drive the OLS coefficient on self-esteem upward. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) that administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale during the 1980 and 1987 interviews, I provide further evidence for the existence of a self-esteem premium by exploiting variation in these measures in the two years. I show that the estimated impact of self-esteem in 1987 on earnings is about two times greater than previous OLS estimates would imply. The main explanation for this result is the large extent of measurement error in the reported self-esteem measure.
Bibliography Citation
Drago, Francesco. "Self-Esteem and Earnings." IZA Discussion Paper No. 3577, Institute for the Study of Labor, June 2008.
1735. Drago, Francesco
Self-esteem and Earnings
Journal of Economic Psychology 32,3 (June 2011): 480-488.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01674870
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Earnings; Modeling, OLS; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Variables, Instrumental

Recent research in economics suggests a positive association between self-esteem and earnings. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale during its 1980 and 1987 interviews, I provide further evidence for the existence of a self-esteem premium by exploiting variation in these measures between the 2 years. I show that self-esteem in 1980 has a sizeable impact on wages 8 years later, controlling for a wide set of individual characteristics and addressing problems of omitted variable bias and reverse causality. The instrumental variables estimate of the effect of self-esteem in 1987 on earnings is about two times greater than previous OLS estimates would imply. The main explanation for this discrepancy is that the previous OLS estimates are biased downward as a result of measurement error in the reported self-esteem measure. [Copyright © Elsevier]
Bibliography Citation
Drago, Francesco. "Self-esteem and Earnings." Journal of Economic Psychology 32,3 (June 2011): 480-488.
1736. Drake, Angela
Who's Your Daddy?: A Comparison of Intergenerational Mobility of Socioeconomic Status for Sons and Daughters
M.A. Thesis, Wichita State University, 2007. MAI 46/06, Dec 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Fathers and Children; Gender; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Intergenerational mobility is of interest to social scientists, in part due to the persistence of the quest for the "American Dream". Intergenerational mobility is a gauge of the opportunities each group has to increase their privilege, class, and income. In addition, it helps researchers understand the way our society creates class structures. Many studies have addressed intergenerational mobility, focusing on socioeconomic status (socioeconomic status) of fathers and its effect on their sons. Other studies have looked at father's effect on son's and daughter's occupational mobility, but the effect of father's socioeconomic status on daughter's socioeconomic status has been overlooked thus far. This study examined the intergenerational mobility of socioeconomic status and if there are differences in the transmission of father's socioeconomic status to their sons and daughters. Secondary data analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2002) was used for the analysis. A model was created in order to examine three sets of relevant theories: individual, structural, and gender-level. Univariate, bivariate and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression were utilized for analysis. Bivariate analysis shows that sons have higher socioeconomic status than daughters. OLS regression results indicate that father's socioeconomic status has a positive effect on children's socioeconomic status, net of other factors, but no statistical difference was found between sons and daughters.
Bibliography Citation
Drake, Angela. Who's Your Daddy?: A Comparison of Intergenerational Mobility of Socioeconomic Status for Sons and Daughters. M.A. Thesis, Wichita State University, 2007. MAI 46/06, Dec 2008.
1737. Dresang, Joel
Work Often Not Enough for Welfare Recipients Despite Jobs, Many Remain Poor and Return to Public Aid, Study Says
Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, April 12, 1996, News; Pg. 2
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Milwaukee Journal Sentinal
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Poverty; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article discusses the prospects for AFDC recipients after they leave welfare. It cites Meyer and Cancian's study of NLSY79 data, which found that 30% of young women who leave AFDC voluntary return to the program within a year and 40% of young women who leave AFDC voluntarily still have family incomes below the poverty level five years later. The researchers comment that if women who leave welfare voluntarily face a significant risk of remaining in poverty, that rate may be even higher for individuals forced off of AFDC via Wisconsin's welfare reform policies.
Bibliography Citation
Dresang, Joel. "Work Often Not Enough for Welfare Recipients Despite Jobs, Many Remain Poor and Return to Public Aid, Study Says." Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, April 12, 1996, News; Pg. 2.
1738. Drewianka, Scott
Meder, Martin Erik
Simultaneity and Selection in Financial Hardship and Divorce
Review of Economics of the Household published online (26 October 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11150-020-09518-7.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-020-09518-7
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Divorce; Income Dynamics/Shocks

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While the correlation between financial hardship and divorce is well-documented, the causality remains unclear: it is plausible that divorce causes hardship, that hardship encourages divorce, or that unobserved factors produce both outcomes. We specify a model that nests these possibilities and estimate it using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Structural estimates indicate divorce reduces the income/needs ratio in women's households by 0.35 standard deviations, though this is partially offset by apparent anticipatory labor supply responses. We also find a negative structural error correlation between divorce and income/needs ratios, but no evidence that a change in hardship causes divorce.
Bibliography Citation
Drewianka, Scott and Martin Erik Meder. "Simultaneity and Selection in Financial Hardship and Divorce." Review of Economics of the Household published online (26 October 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s11150-020-09518-7.
1739. Driscoll, Anne K.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
The Relationship of Welfare Receipt to Child Outcomes
Working Paper, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, June 1997.
Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED428859&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED428859
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Child Trends, Inc.
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Cognitive Ability; Maternal Employment; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare

ED428859
Receipt of welfare is often negatively correlated with children's outcomes. Yet, virtually all children who live in households that receive public assistance are poor, giving rise to the question of whether poor outcomes are truly an effect of welfare, a spurious relationship between welfare and child outcomes, or a result of welfare selection factors. Using children in the NLSY-CS aged 9-14 in 1992, these possibilities are examined by controlling for poverty and for selection onto welfare. Controlling for child and maternal characteristics accounts for the majority of bivariate negative associations between welfare and cognitive ability and behaviors problems among black children. Controlling for poverty does little to change the negative relationship between welfare and measures of children's academic achievement and behavior problems for either blacks or whites. Controlling for selection onto welfare, through a two-stage selection model, reduces, but does not eliminate the negative relationship between welfare receipt and outcomes among white children and has little discernible effect among black children.
Bibliography Citation
Driscoll, Anne K. and Kristin Anderson Moore. "The Relationship of Welfare Receipt to Child Outcomes." Working Paper, Child Trends, Inc., Washington DC, June 1997.
1740. Driscoll, Anne K.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
The Relationship of Welfare Receipt to Child Outcomes
Journal of Family and Economic Issues 20,1 (Spring 1999): 85-113.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/x38027r8n40238t5/
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Bias Decomposition; Cognitive Ability; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Racial Differences; Welfare

Welfare receipt often is correlated negatively with children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Yet, virtually all children in households that receive public assistance are poor, prompting the question of whether poor outcomes are an effect of welfare, a spurious relationship between welfare and child outcomes, or a result of welfare selection. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY-CS), these possibilities were examined by controlling for poverty and for selection into welfare. Controlling for child and maternal characteristics accounted for the majority of bivariate associations between welfare and outcomes among Black children. Controlling for poverty did little to change the relationship between welfare and outcomes for Black or White children. Controlling for selection into welfare further reduced the relationship between welfare receipt and outcomes among White children and had little discernible effect among Black children. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Driscoll, Anne K. and Kristin Anderson Moore. "The Relationship of Welfare Receipt to Child Outcomes." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 20,1 (Spring 1999): 85-113.
1741. Duarte, Catherine
Wannier, S. Rae
Cohen, Alison K.
Glymour, M. Maria
Ream, Robert K.
Yen, Irene H.
Vable, Anusha M.
Lifecourse Educational Trajectories and Hypertension in Midlife: An Application of Sequence Analysis
Journals of Gerontology: Series B 77,2 (February 2022): 383-391.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gerona/glab249/6359344
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Gerontological Society of America
Keyword(s): Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Health, Chronic Conditions; High School Diploma; Life Course

Background: Higher educational attainment predicts lower hypertension. Yet, associations between non-traditional educational trajectories (e.g., interrupted degree programs) and hypertension are less well understood, particularly among structurally marginalized groups who are more likely to experience these non-traditional trajectories.

Methods: In National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort data (N=6,317), we used sequence and cluster analyses to identify groups of similar educational sequences -- characterized by timing and type of terminal credential -- that participants followed from age 14-48. Using logistic regression, we estimated associations between the resulting 10 educational sequences and hypertension at age 50. We evaluated effect modification by individual-level indicators of structural marginalization (race, gender, race and gender, and childhood socioeconomic status (cSES).

Bibliography Citation
Duarte, Catherine, S. Rae Wannier, Alison K. Cohen, M. Maria Glymour, Robert K. Ream, Irene H. Yen and Anusha M. Vable. "Lifecourse Educational Trajectories and Hypertension in Midlife: An Application of Sequence Analysis." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 77,2 (February 2022): 383-391.
1742. Dubow, Eric F.
Risk and Protective Factors in Children's Behavioral and Academic Adjustment
Presented: Kansas City, KS, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1989
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Adjustment Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intelligence; Marital Disruption; Marital Instability; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using a national longitudinal data set (the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth), this study assessed 1) the degree to which children who experience multiple family stressors (e.g., marital discord, poverty, crowding) are at risk for behavioral and academic adjustment problems; and 2) the potential beneficial impact of "protective factors" (e.g., the child's intelligence, self-esteem, a supportive home environment) for children at risk. Analyses focused on children ages 8-13 (N=740). Results showed that three risk factors significantly increased the likelihood of child behavioral and academic problems: poverty status, crowding (more than three children in the household), and maternal low self-esteem. The frequency of children exhibiting adjustment problems increased dramatically with the number of stressors experienced. In addition, children under stress were significantly better adjusted if they had high rather than low levels of each protective factor. These results have im plications for the identification of children at risk and for the development of interventions to enhance children's stress-protective resources.
Bibliography Citation
Dubow, Eric F. "Risk and Protective Factors in Children's Behavioral and Academic Adjustment." Presented: Kansas City, KS, Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1989.
1743. Dubow, Eric F.
Luster, Thomas
Adjustment of Children Born to Teenage Mothers: The Contribution of Risk and Protective Factors
Journal of Marriage and Family 52,2 (May 1990): 393-404.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353034
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Children; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Educational Attainment; Geographical Variation; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Urbanization/Urban Living

This study was undertaken to examine the contribution of risk and protective factors in the adjustment of children born to teenage mothers. Using NLSY child data, information was obtained on a subset of 721 children ages 8-15 and their mothers. Results showed that several risk factors (e.g., poverty status, urban residence, mother's self-esteem) were modestly related to children's academic and behavioral adjustment. Exposure to increasing numbers of risk factors was associated with greater vulnerability to adjustment problems. Several protective factors (e.g., intelligence, self-esteem, quality of the home environment) were also modestly related to children's adjustment, and enhanced the prediction of adjustment above and beyond the contribution of the risk factors. For children exposed to risk, the presence of the protective factors reduced their vulnerability to academic and behavioral difficulties.
Bibliography Citation
Dubow, Eric F. and Thomas Luster. "Adjustment of Children Born to Teenage Mothers: The Contribution of Risk and Protective Factors." Journal of Marriage and Family 52,2 (May 1990): 393-404.
1744. Dudareva, Iuliia
Essays on Macroeconomics of Human Capital Accumulation
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Education; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Choice; Parental Investments; Project Talent; Teachers/Faculty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the first chapter, I study how pre-college parental investment affects sorting of students into colleges. I estimate the efficiency of the decentralized allocation and explore the implications of pre-college investment for intergenerational mobility. I embed a student-to-college assignment model into a two-period overlapping generations model with endogenous human capital investment. I calibrate the model to NLSY97 cohort and find that the race to the top induces overinvestment in pre-college human capital and associated output losses relative to the first best. The effect is more pronounced for high-income families which promotes income persistence at the top of the college distribution.

In the second chapter, we explore one aspect of U.S. education that has not garnered a lot of attention until fairly recently that is occupational choice. We add an education sector to an otherwise standard Hsieh et al. (2019)-style model to explore the extent to which changes in career opportunities in other occupations affect the selection of workers into teaching careers. In our model, changes in the allocation of teaching talent have implications for the evolution of class size as well as quality of instruction and hence the accumulation of human capital during the workers' formative years. This gives rise to a trade-off between static and dynamic efficiency, which we quantify by way of a structural model.

Bibliography Citation
Dudareva, Iuliia. Essays on Macroeconomics of Human Capital Accumulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2022.
1745. Dudek, Thomas
Brenøe, Anne Ardila
Feld, Jan
Rohrer, Julia M.
No Evidence That Siblings' Gender Affects Personality Across Nine Countries
Psychological Science 33,9 (2022): 1574-1587.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09567976221094630
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Australia, Australian; Britain, British; China Family Panel Studies; Cross-national Analysis; Gender; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Indonesian Family Life Survey; Mexican Family Life Survey; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Netherlands; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Siblings; Swiss Household Panel

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Does growing up with a sister rather than a brother affect personality? In this article, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the effects of siblings' gender on adults' personality, using data from 85,887 people from 12 large representative surveys covering nine countries (United States, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Australia, Mexico, China, and Indonesia). We investigated the personality traits of risk tolerance, trust, patience, locus of control, and the Big Five. We found no meaningful causal effects of the gender of the next younger sibling and no associations with the gender of the next older sibling. Given the high statistical power and consistent results in the overall sample and relevant subsamples, our results suggest that siblings' gender does not systematically affect personality.
Bibliography Citation
Dudek, Thomas, Anne Ardila Brenøe, Jan Feld and Julia M. Rohrer. "No Evidence That Siblings' Gender Affects Personality Across Nine Countries." Psychological Science 33,9 (2022): 1574-1587.
1746. Dugoni, Bernard
Lee, Lisa
Tourangeau, Roger
Report on the NLSY Round 16 Recall Experiment
NLS Discussion Paper No. 97-34, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, October 1997.
Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl970010.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; NLS Description; Sample Selection

This report describes the results of an experiment conducted as part of Round 16 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY was originally fielded in 1979; the sample consists of persons who were 14 to 21 years old at that time. Through the first 15 rounds of data collection, interviews were conducted every year and the questions generally covered the period since the last interview. The questions concern a range of topics, including labor force and educational- experiences, health and disability, marital status, income, and program participation. With Round 17, the schedule of data collection changed. From that round on, interviews will be done every other year; this change will double the length of the period covered by many of the questions. The Round 16 experiment tested the effects of this change in the data collection schedule.
Bibliography Citation
Dugoni, Bernard, Lisa Lee and Roger Tourangeau. "Report on the NLSY Round 16 Recall Experiment." NLS Discussion Paper No. 97-34, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington DC, October 1997.
1747. Duncan, Greg J.
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne
Consequences of Growing Up Poor
New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, May 1997.
Also: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/consequences_growing.htm
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Keyword(s): Birthweight; Child Health; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parental Influences; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Self-Esteem; Siblings; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale); Wealth

Eighteen papers examine the consequences and correlates of growing up poor as well as the mechanisms through which poverty influences children. Papers discuss the effects of poverty for the prenatal period and infancy, early childhood, late childhood, and adolescence; poverty trends; whether parent absence or poverty matters more; trends in the economic well-being and life chances of America's children; the effects of long-term poverty on the physical health of children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; poverty and patterns of child care; consequences of living in poverty for young children's cognitive and verbal ability and early school achievement; economic resources, parental practices, and children's well-being; psychosocial morbidity among poor children in Ontario; family economic hardship and adolescent adjustment; the influence of poverty on children's classroom placement and behavior problems; the role of family income and sources of income in adolescent achievement; poverty during adolescence and subsequent educational attainment; childhood poverty and adolescent schooling and fertility outcomes; race, sex, and the intergenerational transmission of poverty; the effects of parents' income, wealth, and attitudes on children's completed schooling and self-esteem; whether poverty in adolescence affects the life chances of high-school graduates; and income effects across the life span. ISBN: 0-87154-143-2.
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J. and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, May 1997..
1748. Duncan, Greg J.
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne
Income Effects Across the Life Span: Integration and Interpretation
In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, May 1997: 596-610
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Structure; General Assessment; Mothers, Education; Poverty

One in five American children now live in families with incomes below the poverty line, and their prospects are not bright. Low income is statistically linked with a variety of poor outcomes for children, from low birth weight and poor nutrition in infancy to increased chances of academic failure, emotional distress, and unwed childbirth in adolescence. To address these problems it is not enough to know that money makes a difference; we need to understand how. Consequences of Growing Up Poor is an extensive and illuminating examination of the paths through which economic deprivation damages children at all stages of their development...

Based on their findings, the editors and contributors to Consequences of Growing Up Poor recommend more sharply focused child welfare policies targeted to specific eras and conditions of poor children's lives. They also weigh the relative need for income supplements, child care subsidies, and home interventions. Consequences of Growing Up Poor describes the extent and causes of hardships for poor children, defines the interaction between income and family, and offers solutions to improve young lives. (Source: http://www.russellsage.org/publications/titles/consequences_growing.htm. Russell Sage Foundation.)

Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J. and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Income Effects Across the Life Span: Integration and Interpretation" In: Consequences of Growing Up Poor. G. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., New York: Russell Sage Foundation, May 1997: 596-610
1749. Duncan, Greg J.
Dowsett, Chantelle J.
Claessens, Amy
Magnuson, Katherine A.
Huston, Aletha C.
Klebanov, Pamela Kato
Pagani, Linda S.
Feinstein, Leon
Engel, Mimi
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne
Sexton, Holly
Duckworth, Kathryn
Japel, Crista
School Readiness and Later Achievement
Presented: Atlanta, GA, Society for Research in Child Development, Biennial Meetings, April 10, 2005.
Also: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/training/Duncan_SchoolReadiness_04253.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Children, Academic Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using six longitudinal data sets, we estimate links between three key elements of school readiness—school-entry academic, attention, and socioemotional skills—and later school reading and math achievement. In an effort to illuminate how naturally occurring changes in these early skills are associated with children's subsequent learning, most of our regression models control for cognitive, attention and socioemotional skills measured prior to school entry.

Across all six studies, the strongest predictors of later achievement are school-entry math, reading, and attention skills. A meta-analysis of the results shows that early math skills have the greatest predictive power, followed by reading skills and then attention. By contrast, measures of socioemotional behaviors, including internalizing and externalizing problems and social skills, were generally insignificant predictors of later academic performance, even among children with relatively high levels of problem behavior. Patterns of association were similar for boys and girls and for children from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Chantelle J. Dowsett, Amy Claessens, Katherine A. Magnuson, Aletha C. Huston, Pamela Kato Klebanov, Linda S. Pagani, Leon Feinstein, Mimi Engel, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Holly Sexton, Kathryn Duckworth and Crista Japel. "School Readiness and Later Achievement." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Society for Research in Child Development, Biennial Meetings, April 10, 2005.
1750. Duncan, Greg J.
Dowsett, Chantelle J.
Claessens, Amy
Magnuson, Katherine A.
Huston, Aletha C.
Klebanov, Pamela Kato
Pagani, Linda S.
Feinstein, Leon
Engel, Mimi
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne
Sexton, Holly
Duckworth, Kathryn
Japel, Crista
School Readiness and Later Achievement
Developmental Psychology 43,6 (November 2007): 1428-1446.
Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/43/6/1428/
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); British Cohort Study (BCS); Children, Academic Development; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness

Using 6 longitudinal data sets, the authors estimate links between three key elements of school readiness—school-entry academic, attention, and socioemotional skills—and later school reading and math achievement. In an effort to isolate the effects of these school-entry skills, the authors ensured that most of their regression models control for cognitive, attention, and socioemotional skills measured prior to school entry, as well as a host of family background measures. Across all 6 studies, the strongest predictors of later achievement are school-entry math, reading, and attention skills. A meta-analysis of the results shows that early math skills have the greatest predictive power, followed by reading and then attention skills. By contrast, measures of socioemotional behaviors, including internalizing and externalizing problems and social skills, were generally insignificant predictors of later academic performance, even among children with relatively high levels of problem behavior. Patterns of association were similar for boys and girls and for children from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds. (Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association)
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Chantelle J. Dowsett, Amy Claessens, Katherine A. Magnuson, Aletha C. Huston, Pamela Kato Klebanov, Linda S. Pagani, Leon Feinstein, Mimi Engel, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Holly Sexton, Kathryn Duckworth and Crista Japel. "School Readiness and Later Achievement ." Developmental Psychology 43,6 (November 2007): 1428-1446.
1751. Duncan, Greg J.
Kalil, Ariel
Mayer, Susan E.
Tepper, Robin L.
Payne, Monique R.
The Apple Does Not Fall Far from the Tree
In: Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success. S. Bowles, H. Gintis, and M. O. Groves eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008: pp. 23-79
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Deviance; Economic Well-Being; Genetics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Risk-Taking; Role Models; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Ariel Kalil, Susan E. Mayer, Robin L. Tepper and Monique R. Payne. "The Apple Does Not Fall Far from the Tree" In: Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success. S. Bowles, H. Gintis, and M. O. Groves eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008: pp. 23-79
1752. Duncan, Greg J.
Kalil, Ariel
Mayer, Susan E.
Tepper, Robin L.
Payne, Monique R.
The Apple Does Not Fall Far from the Tree
Working Paper WP-02-17, Institute for Policy Research, Chicago IL, March 16, 2002.
Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/papers/2002/WP-02-17.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for Policy Research - Northwestern University - (formerly Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavioral Problems; CESD (Depression Scale); Cognitive Ability; Depression (see also CESD); Economic Well-Being; Genetics; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Risk-Taking; Role Models; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the Children of the NLSY, and from a study in Prince George's County, Maryland, to assess the relationship between 17 characteristics of mothers measured during adolescence and the same characteristics of their children, also measured during adolescence. We find positive correlations between specific characteristics of parents and children. But we also find that few parental characteristics predict characteristics of children other than the same one that is measured in parents. Four mechanisms might explain such correlations — socioeconomic resources, parenting practices, genetic inheritance, and role modeling. These four mechanisms make varying predictions about which parental traits will be correlated with which child traits; whether the traits of fathers or mothers should be more important to sons or daughters; and to what extent parental socioeconomic characteristics, parenting behaviors, and children's identification with their parents account for the observed correlations. Our evidence provides little support for the SES and parenting explanations, but more substantial support that role modeling may account for some of the intergenerational correlations, and genetic factors may account for others.
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Ariel Kalil, Susan E. Mayer, Robin L. Tepper and Monique R. Payne. "The Apple Does Not Fall Far from the Tree." Working Paper WP-02-17, Institute for Policy Research, Chicago IL, March 16, 2002.
1753. Duncan, Greg J.
Lee, Kenneth T. H.
Kalil, Ariel
Ziol-Guest, Kathleen M.
Parent Income-Based Gaps in Schooling, Earnings and Family Income: Cross-Cohort Trends in the NLSYs and the PSID
Working Paper, University of California--Irvine, January 9, 2015.
Also: http://sites.uci.edu/gduncan/files/2013/06/RSF-Memo-Duncan-et-al-010815.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: University of California--Irvine
Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Several sources of evidence point to a growing gap in the achievement and school attainment of children growing up in high vs. low-income families (Reardon, 2011; Bailey and Dynarski, 2011; Duncan et al. 2014). Given the voluminous body of research linking labor market success with test scores and, especially, completed schooling (Card, 1999), one would expect that growing parental income-based gaps in completed schooling to translate into growing gaps in children's adult earnings and family income. Surprisingly, Chetty's (2014) recent analysis of tax files indicates that this does not appear to be the case.

We take a new look at this puzzle by investigating trends in the income-based gaps in completed schooling and early- and mid-career earnings and family income using data from the two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) as well as 31 birth cohorts from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Our procedures are detailed in an appendix.

Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Kenneth T. H. Lee, Ariel Kalil and Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest. "Parent Income-Based Gaps in Schooling, Earnings and Family Income: Cross-Cohort Trends in the NLSYs and the PSID." Working Paper, University of California--Irvine, January 9, 2015.
1754. Duncan, Greg J.
Lee, Kenneth T. H.
Rosales-Rueda, Maria Fernanda
Kalil, Ariel
Maternal Age and Child Development
Demography 55,6 (December 2018): 2229-2255.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-018-0730-3
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although the consequences of teen births for both mothers and children have been studied for decades, few studies have taken a broader look at the potential payoffs--and drawbacks--of being born to older mothers. A broader examination is important given the growing gap in maternal ages at birth for children born to mothers with low and high socioeconomic status. Drawing data from the Children of the NLSY79, our examination of this topic distinguishes between the value for children of being born to a mother who delayed her first birth and the value of the additional years between her first birth and the birth of the child whose achievements and behaviors at ages 10–13 are under study. We find that each year the mother delays a first birth is associated with a 0.02 to 0.04 standard deviation increase in school achievement and a similar-sized reduction in behavior problems. Coefficients are generally as large for additional years between the first and given birth. Results are fairly robust to the inclusion of cousin and sibling fixed effects, which attempt to address some omitted variable concerns. Our mediational analyses show that the primary pathway by which delaying first births benefits children is by enabling mothers to complete more years of schooling.
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Kenneth T. H. Lee, Maria Fernanda Rosales-Rueda and Ariel Kalil. "Maternal Age and Child Development." Demography 55,6 (December 2018): 2229-2255.
1755. Duncan, Greg J.
Wilkerson, Bessie
England, Paula A.
Cleaning Up Their Act: The Effects of Marriage and Cohabitation on Licit and Illicit Drug Use
Demography 43,4 (November 2006): 691-710.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3547p0538418771/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Drug Use; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Illegal Activities; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate changes in binge drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking surrounding young adults' first experiences of cohabitation and marriage. Both marriage and cohabitation are accompanied by decreases in some risk behaviors, but reductions surrounding marriage are larger and most consistent, particularly for men. Binge drinking and marijuana use respond to these events, especially marriage, but smoking does not.
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Bessie Wilkerson and Paula A. England. "Cleaning Up Their Act: The Effects of Marriage and Cohabitation on Licit and Illicit Drug Use." Demography 43,4 (November 2006): 691-710.
1756. Duncan, Greg J.
Wilkerson, Bessie
England, Paula A.
Cleaning up Their Act: The Impacts of Marriage, Cohabitation and Fertility on Licit and Illicit Drug Use
IRP Working Paper 03-02, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, August 25, 2003.
Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/papers/2004/duncan/CleaningUpAct.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for Policy Research - Northwestern University - (formerly Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cohabitation; Fertility; Gender Differences; Risk-Taking; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

An earlier version of this paper was presented in Minneapolis, MN, at the Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2003.

Mounting evidence suggests that health risk behaviors such as illicit drug use change in response to marriage, childbirth and other demographic events (Bachman, Wadsworth, OMalley, Johnston, and Schulenberg, 1997; Umberson, 1987; 1992). However, much of this evidence is either cross-sectional or fails to track longitudinal changes surrounding the actual occurrence of a life event. Our study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to relate changes in smoking, binge drinking, marijuana use and cocaine use to the first occurrence of cohabitation, marriage, nonmarital and marital births. Preliminary results indicate that all four life events are linked to substantial decreases in at least some of the risk behaviors. Illicit behaviors appear more responsive to events than do licit behaviors, changes are much more pronounced for marital than nonmarital births and somewhat more pronounced for marriage than for cohabitation. Women's responses are stronger than mens for several of the behaviors.

Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Greg J., Bessie Wilkerson and Paula A. England. "Cleaning up Their Act: The Impacts of Marriage, Cohabitation and Fertility on Licit and Illicit Drug Use." IRP Working Paper 03-02, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, August 25, 2003.
1757. Duncan, Kevin Craig
Gender Differences in the Effect of Education on the Slope of Experience-Earnings Profiles: National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1988
American Journal of Economics and Sociology 55,4 (October 1996): 457-471.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1996.tb02645.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc.
Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Benefits, Fringe; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Skills; Job Tenure; Job Training; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Schooling; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Levels; Work Experience

Two earnings models are estimated for men and women of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth (1979 to 1988). Model 1 (a standard human capital equation) indicates women receive a relatively higher earnings effect from another year of education and week of work, suggesting that narrowing of the wage gap can occur through increasing these. However. increases in female education of over 20%, or increases in weeks worked of over 100% are needed to bring female earnings to the level of white males. Model 2, which includes the interaction between education and work experience, shows that more educated men have steeper experience earnings profiles while more educated women do not. This finding indicates different earnings growth patterns among similarly skilled and market attached men and women. Results imply that increasing female skills and work effort alone are insufficient in obtaining more equitable market outcomes and that the continuation of affirmative action policies are needed to achieve this goal. (Copyright American Journal of Economics & Sociology)
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Kevin Craig. "Gender Differences in the Effect of Education on the Slope of Experience-Earnings Profiles: National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1988." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 55,4 (October 1996): 457-471.
1758. Duncan, Kevin Craig
Racial Disparity in Earnings and Earnings Growth: The Case of Young Men
Social Science Journal 31,3 (1994): 237-250.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0362331994900213
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men
Publisher: JAI Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Earnings; Education; Human Capital Theory; Life Cycle Research; Racial Differences; School Quality; Wage Growth

Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience for Youth indicates a vintage effect (lower black-white earnings ratios for older cohorts relative to younger cohorts), but an examination of longitudinal earnings ratios suggests such an effect can be attributed to intra-cohort deterioration of black earnings over the life cycle rather than to inter-cohort differences in school quality. Regression results indicate that the role of education in influencing continued wage growth on-the-job differs by race. More educated white males hold occupations with steeper experience-earnings profiles. The same can. be said of blacks only at a lower level of statistical confidence. This findings implies that either labor market discrimination limits the earnings potential of black human capital or residual differences in school quality persist such that the education received by blacks does not have the same effect over the life cycle as the higher quality education received by whites.
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Kevin Craig. "Racial Disparity in Earnings and Earnings Growth: The Case of Young Men." Social Science Journal 31,3 (1994): 237-250.
1759. Duncan, Kevin Craig
Sandy, Jonathan
Explaining the Performance Gap between Public and Private School Students
Eastern Economic Journal 33,2 (Spring 2007): 177-191.
Also: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/eej/journal/v33/n2/abs/eej200716a.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Journals
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Education, Secondary; Private Schools; Public Schools; School Quality; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience for Youth are used to estimate the private school test score advantage. Regression results indicate that those who attend private schools score higher on the Armed Forces Qualifications Test. However, this advantage loses statistical significance with controls for family and school background. Decomposition of the private-public test score difference indicates that 78 percent of the gap can be explained by differences in average characteristics. Broken down further, 45 percent of the gap is due to differences in family background and 26 percent is due to differences in school quality.
Bibliography Citation
Duncan, Kevin Craig and Jonathan Sandy. "Explaining the Performance Gap between Public and Private School Students." Eastern Economic Journal 33,2 (Spring 2007): 177-191.
1760. Dunifon, Rachel
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori
Family Structure and Child Well-Being: Examining the Role of Parental Social Connections
Working Paper, Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, October 2003
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah
Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Income; Family Structure; Family, Extended; Grandparents; Household Composition; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Social Contacts/Social Network; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the role of parental social connections in accounting for subgroup differences in the influence of family structure on children. Our previous work found that white, but not black, children were negatively influenced by living in a singleparent family (Dunifon and Kowaleski-Jones, 2002). This paper examines whether parental social connections account for such differences in the influence of family structure on child well-being.

Using data from the 1988 to 2000 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate fixed effect models that suggest a key role for living with a grandparent in accounting for the race difference in the influence of single-parenthood on children. In contrast, visiting friends and relatives did not explain differences in the relationship between single-parenthood and child delinquency within sub-groups.

Bibliography Citation
Dunifon, Rachel and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. "Family Structure and Child Well-Being: Examining the Role of Parental Social Connections." Working Paper, Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, October 2003.
1761. Dunifon, Rachel
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori
Family Structure and Child Well-Being: Examining the Role of Parental Social Networks
Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s):

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using longitudinal data from the NLSY79, this paper examines whether parental social support helps to reduce the negative impact of single-parenthood on children. Two measures of social support are used: how often a family spends time with friends or relatives, and whether a child's grandparent is living in the household. Our analyses focus on two important sub-groups of children: African-Americans and families receiving public assistance. African-Americans are an important sub-group because of the higher prevalence of single-parenthood in African-American families, and because our previous work found significant race differences in the influence of single-parenthood on children. Families receiving public assistance are examined because they are the target of public policies aimed at increasing marriage. Results suggest that the presence of grandparents in the home helps buffer the negative associations between single-parenthood and child delinquency.
Bibliography Citation
Dunifon, Rachel and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. "Family Structure and Child Well-Being: Examining the Role of Parental Social Networks." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004.
1762. Dunifon, Rachel
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori
Family Structure and Child Well-Being: The Role of Parental Social Connections
In: Fragile Families and the Marriage Agenda. L. Kowaleski-Jones and N. Wolfinger, eds., New York: Springer, 2006: 107-125
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Income; Family Structure; Family, Extended; Grandparents; Household Composition; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Social Contacts/Social Network; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Chapter 5: Our previous work found that single-parenthood was associated with reduced wellbeing for white, but not black, children (Dunifon and Kowaleski-Jones 2002). The current paper examines whether parental social connections account for differences in the effects of family structure on child well-being. Using data from the 1979 to 2000 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, our results show a key role for living with a grandparent in accounting for race differences in the influence of single-parenthood on children. In contrast, visiting friends and relatives did not explain differences in the relationship between single-parenthood and child delinquency among African American and families receiving public assistance sub-groups.
Bibliography Citation
Dunifon, Rachel and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. "Family Structure and Child Well-Being: The Role of Parental Social Connections" In: Fragile Families and the Marriage Agenda. L. Kowaleski-Jones and N. Wolfinger, eds., New York: Springer, 2006: 107-125
1763. Dunifon, Rachel
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori
The Influence of Grandparents in Single-Mother Families
Journal of Marriage and Family 69,2 (May 2007): 465-481.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4622450
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Black Family; Cognitive Ability; Family Structure; Grandchildren; Grandparents; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Racial Differences

This article examines whether children living with single mothers benefit when they also live with a grandparent, using data from the 1979 to 2002 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged mother-child file (N = 6,501). Results indicate that for White children, living with a single mother and a grandparent is associated with increased cognitive stimulation and higher reading recognition scores, compared to living with a single mother alone. For Black children, grandparent coresidence is associated with less cognitive stimulation. Thus, in some instances, living with a grandparent can benefit children, but the pattern of results differs by race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bibliography Citation
Dunifon, Rachel and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. "The Influence of Grandparents in Single-Mother Families." Journal of Marriage and Family 69,2 (May 2007): 465-481.
1764. Dunifon, Rachel
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori
The Role of Grandparents in Single-Mother Families
Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005.
Also: http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=50727
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Coresidence; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Studies; Grandparents; Modeling, Random Effects; Parents, Single; Racial Studies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper asks two research questions: first, does living with a grandparent reduce the potential detrimental influences of single-parenthood on children? Second, does this relationship vary by race or ethnicity? We employ a random effects model using data from the NLSY79 mother-child files. Results from preliminary analyzes suggest that, for black children, grandparent co-residence is not associated with delinquency. For white children, living with a grandparent is associated with reduced delinquency, but not particularly for children living with a single mother. Future work will expand the set of outcomes examined, as well as the age group of children we study.
Bibliography Citation
Dunifon, Rachel and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. "The Role of Grandparents in Single-Mother Families." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005.
1765. Dunifon, Rachel
Kowaleski-Jones, Lori
Who's in the House? Effects of Family Structure on Children's Home Environments and Cognitive Outcomes
Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000.
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Family Structure; Fathers, Biological; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Three main theories guide our analyses of the potential effects of family structure on children's home environment and achievement outcomes: social support, the biological imperative, and the marital imperative. Our results do not provide uniform evidence clearly supporting only one of these hypotheses. Instead, our findings lend support to a more complex set of conclusions that differ substantially by race. Taken together, we find evidence for the social support theory among whites, and some evidence of the biological imperative among white and black girls. For white girls, living with a spouse who is the biological father is especially beneficial, while for black girls living with a partner who is the biological father is most helpful. For both whites and blacks, we do not find support for the marital imperative theory, and for black boys our results suggest that cohabiting relationships may have great importance for their developmental outcomes.
Bibliography Citation
Dunifon, Rachel and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. "Who's in the House? Effects of Family Structure on Children's Home Environments and Cognitive Outcomes." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, March 2000.
1766. Dunlop, Erin
America's College Dropout Epidemic: Understanding the College Dropout Population
Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM)
Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Graduates

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The goal of this paper is to educate policymakers on the types of students who drop out, and to identify correlates to college failure. Are college dropouts observationally more similar to college completers or students who never enter college? The answer to this question can inform administrators working to increase college completion rates. Do we predict success for four-year college dropouts had they attended two-year schools? Is there high school information such as prior achievement and course taking, that strongly predicts a failure to complete college? Our analysis begins using the NLSY97, a longitudinal study of 9,000 youths who were 12-16 years old when the study began in 1997. The richly detailed survey allows us to control for a detailed set of student characteristics and prior academic achievement in our analysis. This paper also examines the NLSY79, a similar longitudinal data set that surveyed youth who entered college approximately 20 years before the NLSY97 students. Using this second data set allows for comparisons of both the types of students who fail to complete college, as well as the predictors of college failure, over time. While this is only a descriptive analysis, until more is understood about the types of students who drop out of college, there will likely be little progress in reducing the college failure rate in the U.S.
Bibliography Citation
Dunlop, Erin. "America's College Dropout Epidemic: Understanding the College Dropout Population." Presented: Washington, DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 7-9, 2013.
1767. Duranton, Gilles
Puga, Diego
Urban Growth and Its Aggregate Implications
Econometrica 91,6 (November 2023): 2219-2259.
Also: https://www.econometricsociety.org/publications/econometrica/2023/11/01/Urban-growth-and-its-aggregate-implications
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Economic Growth; Entrepreneurship; Growth Model, Urban; Human Capital; Productivity Gains

We develop an urban growth model where human capital spillovers foster entrepreneurship and learning in heterogeneous cities. Incumbent residents limit city expansion through planning regulations so that commuting and housing costs do not outweigh productivity gains from agglomeration. The model builds on strong microfoundations, matches key regularities at the city and economy-wide levels, and generates novel predictions for which we provide evidence. It can be quantified by relying on few parameters and gives us a basis to estimate them. We examine counterfactuals relaxing planning regulations or constraining city growth to assess the effect of cities on economic growth and aggregate output.
Bibliography Citation
Duranton, Gilles and Diego Puga. "Urban Growth and Its Aggregate Implications." Econometrica 91,6 (November 2023): 2219-2259.
1768. Durlauf, Steven
Kourtellos, Andros
Tan, Chih Ming
Status Traps
Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 35,2 (2017): 265-287.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07350015.2016.1189339
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Earnings; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Personality/Ten-Item Personality Inventory-(TIPI); Poverty; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem)

In this paper, we explore nonlinearities in the intergenerational mobility process using threshold regression models. We uncover evidence of threshold effects in children's outcomes based on parental education and cognitive and non-cognitive skills as well as their interaction with offspring characteristics. We interpret these thresholds as organizing dynastic earnings processes into "status traps". Status traps, unlike poverty traps, are not absorbing states. Rather, they reduce the impact of favorable shocks for disadvantaged children and so inhibit upward mobility in ways not captured by linear models. Our evidence of status traps is based on three complementary datasets; i.e., the PSID, the NLSY, and US administrative data at the commuting zone level, which together suggest that the threshold-like mobility behavior we observe in the data is robust for a range of outcomes and contexts.
Bibliography Citation
Durlauf, Steven, Andros Kourtellos and Chih Ming Tan. "Status Traps." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 35,2 (2017): 265-287.
1769. Dutton, Edward
Meisenberg, Gerhard
Religiosity Is Associated with a More Feminine Intelligence Profile: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1979
Personality and Individual Differences 173 (April 2021): 110640.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886921000155
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Gender Differences; I.Q.; Intelligence; Religious Influences

Many studies have found a small negative correlation between religiousness and intelligence measured by IQ tests, and many others have found that females are more religious than males. Still other studies have demonstrated that the IQ profile of females is different from that of males, with females tending to be higher than males in some abilities and lower in others. This raises the intriguing question of whether religiousness may be correlated with a more stereotypically female intelligence profile. We tested whether this was the case using the NLSY 79 (N = 12,686). The NLSY shows that religiousness, using the proxy of regular church attendance, is not only higher among females but is also associated with a female profile of abilities even among males (r = 0.92). We argue that this is potentially consistent with evidence that Autism Spectrum Disorder is negatively associated with religiosity.
Bibliography Citation
Dutton, Edward and Gerhard Meisenberg. "Religiosity Is Associated with a More Feminine Intelligence Profile: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1979." Personality and Individual Differences 173 (April 2021): 110640.
1770. Dwyer, Rachel E.
McCloud, Laura
Hodson, Randy
Youth Debt, Mastery, and Self-Esteem: Class-Stratified Effects of Indebtedness on Self-Concept
Social Science Research 40,3 (May 2011): 727-741.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X11000299
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Educational Attainment; Household Income; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Self-Esteem; Self-Perception; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Stress; Student Loans / Student Aid

Young adults at the turn of the 21st century came of age in a time of unprecedented access to credit but slowed growth in earnings, resulting in a dramatic increase in indebtedness. Debt has been little studied by sociologists, even though it is increasingly important in financing both attainment and a middle-class lifestyle, especially for youth in the transition to adulthood. We study the consequences of indebtedness for young adults’ sense of mastery and self-esteem as stratified by class. Young adulthood is a crucial developmental period for mastery and self-esteem, which then serve as a social psychological resource (or deficit) into the adult years. Research suggests that young people have divergent perspectives on debt: some focus on credit as a necessary investment in status attainment, while others worry that readily available credit invites improvidence that can erode the self-concept as debt encumbers achievement and future consumption and increases a sense of powerlessness. We find that both education and credit-card debt increase mastery and self-esteem, supporting the hypothesis that young people experience debt as an investment in the future, and contradicting the expectation that debt used to finance current spending will lower mastery and self-esteem. Our expectation that debt effects are accentuated for those of lower- and middle-class origins but blunted for those of upper-class origins is supported. We find, however, that the positive effects of debt appear to wane among the oldest young adults, suggesting the stresses of debt may mount with age. We conclude that further study of the long-term consequences of debt will be essential for advancing contemporary stratification theory and research.
Bibliography Citation
Dwyer, Rachel E., Laura McCloud and Randy Hodson. "Youth Debt, Mastery, and Self-Esteem: Class-Stratified Effects of Indebtedness on Self-Concept ." Social Science Research 40,3 (May 2011): 727-741.
1771. Dyer, Shauna
Failing Workers, Failing Women: Job Quality Deterioration, Educational Expansion, and Gender Stratification in the Labor Market, 1985-2017
Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Benefits; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Job Characteristics; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Gender scholars have long argued that women require employer-provided benefits such as parental leave and flexibility to remain employed and manage their disproportionate care obligations relative to men. Separately, job quality scholars have documented the decline in employer-provided health insurance, retirement plans and standard schedules. Using data from the NLSY79 and NLSY97 and a multidimensional job quality scale that expands upon traditional measures to include benefits especially important for women, I find that job quality is substantively associated with remaining employed with stronger associations for women. Job quality declined across all education categories between the two cohorts with college-educated, mid/high wage workers experiencing the smallest declines. However, a closer examination reveals that despite women's greater educational increases relative to men, they were less protected from job quality decline than expected, because they are underrepresented at the top and overrepresented at the bottom of the wage distribution regardless of attainment.
Bibliography Citation
Dyer, Shauna. "Failing Workers, Failing Women: Job Quality Deterioration, Educational Expansion, and Gender Stratification in the Labor Market, 1985-2017." Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022.
1772. Dynarski, Susan M.
Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion
NBER Working Paper No. 7422, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1999.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w7422
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; College Graduates; Financial Assistance; Social Security

Does student aid increase college attendance or simply subsidize costs for infra-marginal students? Settling the question empirically is a challenge, because aid is correlated with many characteristics that influence educational investment decisions. A shift in financial aid policy that affects some youth but not others can provide an identifying source of variation in aid. In 1982, Congress eliminated the Social Security Student Benefit Program, which at its peak provided grants totaling $3.7 billion a year to one out of ten college students. Using the death of a parent as a proxy for Social Security beneficiary status, I find that offering $1,000 ($1998) of grant aid increases educational attainment by about 0.16 years and the probability of attending college by four percentage points. The elasticities of attendance and completed years of college with respect to schooling costs are 0.7 to 0.8. The evidence suggests that aid has a "threshold effect": a student who has crossed the hurdle of college entry with the assistance of aid is more likely to continue schooling later in life than one who has never attempted college. This is consistent with a model in which there are fixed costs of college entry. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis indicates that the aid program examined by this paper was a cost-effective use of government resources.
Bibliography Citation
Dynarski, Susan M. "Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion." NBER Working Paper No. 7422, National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1999.
1773. Dynarski, Susan M.
Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion
The American Economic Review 93,1 (March 2003): 279-288.
Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/000282803321455287
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; College Graduates; Financial Assistance; Social Security

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Does student aid increase college attendance or simply subsidize costs for infra-marginal students? Settling the question empirically is a challenge, because aid is correlated with many characteristics that influence educational investment decisions. A shift in financial aid policy that affects some youth but not others can provide an identifying source of variation in aid. In 1982, Congress eliminated the Social Security Student Benefit Program, which at its peak provided grants totaling $3.7 billion a year to one out of ten college students. Using the death of a parent as a proxy for Social Security beneficiary status, I find that offering $1,000 ($1998) of grant aid increases educational attainment by about 0.16 years and the probability of attending college by four percentage points. The elasticities of attendance and completed years of college with respect to schooling costs are 0.7 to 0.8. The evidence suggests that aid has a "threshold effect": a student who has crossed the hurdle of college entry with the assistance of aid is more likely to continue schooling later in life than one who has never attempted college. This is consistent with a model in which there are fixed costs of college entry. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis indicates that the aid program examined by this paper was a cost-effective use of government resources.
Bibliography Citation
Dynarski, Susan M. "Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion." The American Economic Review 93,1 (March 2003): 279-288.
1774. Eamon, Douglas B.
Using On-Line and CD-ROM Database Archives as an Adjunct to Teaching Survey Research Methods
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 33,2 (2001): 141-148.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/244p277761622235/
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Psychonomic Society ==> Springer
Keyword(s): NLS Description; NLSDBA CD-ROM; Teaching Datasets/Teaching with the NLS

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Many undergraduate courses in research methods include a section on surveys. A number of practical issues can interfere with the design and implementation of student survey research and often preclude the completion of well-designed survey studies. This paper examines the use of on-line and CDROM databases as an alternative to student-designed survey instruments. Problems faced by student survey researchers can often be addressed by the use of such databases, rather than by “live” surveys. Data from experimental research collected on line are also available and downloadable for analysis, providing even greater flexibility for analysis. Advantages and problems of using archival databases in the teaching of survey research are considered. A brief list of databases that may be suitable for student research is provided, and a list of URLs, including where and how to obtain archives, is given.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Douglas B. "Using On-Line and CD-ROM Database Archives as an Adjunct to Teaching Survey Research Methods." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 33,2 (2001): 141-148.
1775. Eamon, Mary Keegan
A Structural Model of the Effects of Poverty on the Socio-Emotional Development of Children
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1998
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling; Parental Influences; Poverty; Social Emotional Development

The mother-child data of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to identify the parenting practices that mediate relations between three measures of family poverty--persistent, recent, and multiple transitions--and the socio-emotional development of children 4-5 and 6-9 years old. Poverty and other exogenous variables were hypothesized to influence children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors indirectly by increasing emotional unresponsiveness, physical discipline, fewer stimulating experiences, not encouraging maturity, and a lower quality physical environment. Although model fit comparisons supported a mediation model, the revised structural models provided better fit than the hypothesized and alternative theoretical specifications. Significant effects of poverty were supported in the cross-validation samples. For 4-5 year old children, the effects of persistent poverty on both outcomes were mediated by a lower quality physical environment. The effect of recent poverty on externalizing behaviors was mediated by a lower quality physical environment and by fewer stimulating experiences. In addition to these two constructs, emotional unresponsiveness mediated the effect of recent poverty on internalizing behaviors. Contrary to the hypothesized relations, the indirect and total effects of multiple poverty transitions on both outcomes were beneficial. Effects were mediated by a lower quality physical environment and fewer stimulating experiences. For 6-9 year old children, persistent poverty influenced externalizing behaviors indirectly, with a lower quality physical environment and fewer stimulating experiences significantly contributing to this effect. The effects of persistent and recent poverty on internalizing behaviors were direct. Recent poverty had no effect on externalizing behaviors, and multiple poverty transitions had no effect on either outcome. Theoretical, intervention, and social policy implications are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan. A Structural Model of the Effects of Poverty on the Socio-Emotional Development of Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1998.
1776. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Antecedents and Socioemotional Consequences of Physical Punishment on Children in Two-Parent Families
Child Abuse and Neglect 25, 6 (June 2001): 787-802
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); CESD (Depression Scale); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Conflict; Poverty; Punishment, Corporal; Welfare

Objective: The main objective of this study was to test a structural model of the antecedents and socioemotional consequences of mothers' use of physical punishment on children in two-parent families.

Results: The revised model fit the data well and was supported by cross-validation. Poverty, maternal birth age, parents' education, maternal depression, and marital conflict were directly or indirectly related to mothers' frequent use of physical punishment. Frequent use of physical punishment was directly related to children's socioemotional problems, as were maternal depression and marital conflict. Few subgroup differences were found.

Conclusions: Main findings indicate that the effect of poverty on mothers' use of physical punishment is indirect, and is mediated by maternal depression and marital conflict. Depressed mothers spank their children more frequently and experience higher levels of marital conflict, which, in turn, is directly related to their use of physical punishment. Younger, more educated mothers spank their children less often. Children who are spanked more frequently exhibit more socioemotional problems.

Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan. "Antecedents and Socioemotional Consequences of Physical Punishment on Children in Two-Parent Families." Child Abuse and Neglect 25, 6 (June 2001): 787-802.
1777. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Digital Divide in Computer Access and Use Between Poor and Non-Poor Youth
Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 31,2 (June 2004): 91-112.
Also: http://imet.csus.edu/imet8/leu/251/articles/Article_Eamon_PoorYouth.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work
Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Computer Ownership; Computer Use/Internet Access; Digital Divide; Home Environment; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The main objectives of this study were to examine the "digital divide" in home computer ownership and to evaluate differences in academic and non-academic computer use between poor and non-poor youth. Data from a national sample of 1,029, 10- through 14-year-old young adolescents were analyzed. Results show that poor youth were .36 times as likely to own a home computer, but equally as likely to use their home computer for academic purposes as were non-poor youth. Poor youth did not differ from non-poor youth in how often they used any computer for academic purposes, but were less likely to use any computer for non-academic purposes. Government initiatives to close the digital divide and foster computer use among poor youth are suggested.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan. "Digital Divide in Computer Access and Use Between Poor and Non-Poor Youth." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 31,2 (June 2004): 91-112.
1778. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Effects of Poverty on Mathematics and Reading Achievement of Young Adolescents
Journal of Early Adolescence 22,1 (February 2002): 49-74.
Also: http://jea.sagepub.com/content/22/1/49.abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cognitive Ability; Cognitive Development; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Household Composition; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The mother/child data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used to test a mediation model of the effects of poverty on the mathematics and reading achievement of 1,324 young adolescents 12 through 14 years of age. A revised model provided a better fit than the hypothesized model and generally was supported by cross-validation on a split-half sample. Poverty was related to lower mathematics and reading achievement indirectly through its associations with less cognitively stimulating and emotionally supportive home environments, which in turn were related to adolescents' school behavior problems. Poverty was related also to lower mathematics and reading achievement indirectly through a direct link with school behavior problems. Poverty was related to lower reading, but not mathematics, achievement through its association with less stimulating cognitive home environments. The model was estimated separately for female, male, Black, Hispanic, and White young adolescents; group differences are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan. "Effects of Poverty on Mathematics and Reading Achievement of Young Adolescents." Journal of Early Adolescence 22,1 (February 2002): 49-74.
1779. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Social-Demographic, School, Neighborhood, and Parenting Influences on the Academic Achievement of Latino Young Adolescents
Journal of Youth and Adolescence 34,2 (April 2005): 163-174.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/vx1g53u4h8770300/
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keyword(s): Academic Development; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Neighborhood Effects; Parenting Skills/Styles; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from a national sample of 388 Latino young adolescents, this study identified the social-demographic characteristics, influences in the broader social environment, and parenting practices that predict youth academic achievement. Youths who were Mexican-American, older, and had an English language problem had lower levels of reading and mathematics achievement. Youths of mothers who began childbearing at older agesr, had higher levels of intellectual abilities, and reported no English language problem scored better on both types of achievement tests, but poverty was related only to reading achievement. Attendance in higher-rated schools was associated with higher reading and mathematics scores, but residence in better quality neighborhoods was related only to reading achievement. Three parenting practices "providing cognitive stimulation, parent-youth conflict, and academic involvement" predicted both types of achievement. The effect of poverty on reading achievement was explained by residence in lower quality neighborhoods, lower levels of cognitive stimulation, and parent-youth conflict.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan. "Social-Demographic, School, Neighborhood, and Parenting Influences on the Academic Achievement of Latino Young Adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 34,2 (April 2005): 163-174.
1780. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Structural Model of The Effects of Poverty on Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors of Four- to Five-Year-Old Children
Social Work Research 24,3 (September 2000): 143-154.
Also: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nasw/swr/2000/00000024/00000003/art00003
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenthood; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Mother-child data of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to identify the parenting practices that mediate relations between persistent, recent and transitional poverty and the externalizing and internalizing behaviors of children four to five years old. Contrary to hypothesized relations, transitional poverty predicts fewer externalizing and internalizing behaviors.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan. "Structural Model of The Effects of Poverty on Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors of Four- to Five-Year-Old Children." Social Work Research 24,3 (September 2000): 143-154.
1781. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Altshuler, Sandra J.
Can We Predict Disruptive School Behavior?
Children and Schools 26,1 (January 2004): 23-37
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Neighborhood Effects; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Single; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Punishment, Corporal; Racial Differences; Schooling; Social Environment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examined whether child, parental, and socio-environmental factors predict disruptive school behavior two years later. Data from a sample of 10- to 12-year-old youth, including 289 African American, 183 Hispanic/Latino, and 335 non-Hispanic, white youth from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were analyzed. Findings indicated that youth who are older, African American, male, and living in single-mother families exhibit higher levels of disruptive school behavior. Within the home, lower levels of parental emotional support and supervision, low educational expectations, and physical discipline predict disruptive school behavior. Youth's assessment of the school, grade retention, and exposure to deviant peer pressure and associations also predict school behavior problems; but of the parenting, school, peer, and neighborhood influences, deviant peer pressure and associations have the strongest relation to disruptive school behavior. The final model explained 23% of the variance in disruptive school behavior. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan and Sandra J. Altshuler. "Can We Predict Disruptive School Behavior?" Children and Schools 26,1 (January 2004): 23-37.
1782. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Mulder, Cray
Predicting Antisocial Behavior Among Latino Young Adolescents: An Ecological Systems Analysis
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75,1 (January 2005): 117-127.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.117/abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Orthopsychiatric Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Hispanic Youth; Hispanics; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Poverty; Punishment, Corporal

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The authors used data from a national sample of 420 Latino young adolescents to examine multiple predictors of antisocial behavior within an ecological systems framework. They found that boys and youths who lived a higher proportion of their life in poverty exhibited higher levels of antisocial behavior, and mothers' acculturation was associated with lower levels. Neighborhood and school environments, exposure to deviant peer pressure, and 3 parenting practice--parent-youth attachment, physical punishment, and mothers' monitoring--were related to Latino youth antisocial behavior. Neighborhood quality and peer pressure explained the relation between poverty and an increased risk for antisocial behavior.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan and Cray Mulder. "Predicting Antisocial Behavior Among Latino Young Adolescents: An Ecological Systems Analysis." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75,1 (January 2005): 117-127.
1783. Eamon, Mary Keegan
Zuehl, Rachel M.
Maternal Depression and Physical Punishment as Mediators of the Effect of Poverty on Socioemotional Problems of Children in Single-Mother Families
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 71,2 (2001): 218-226.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1037/0002-9432.71.2.218/abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Orthopsychiatric Association
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Poverty; Punishment, Corporal; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from a national sample of 878, 4- to 9-year-old children in single-mother families were used to test a structural model of the effect of poverty on children s socioemotional problems. Results show that the effect of poverty is mediated by maternal depression and mothers use of physical punishment. Maternal depression influences children s socioemotional problems both directly, and also indirectly through physical punishment.
Bibliography Citation
Eamon, Mary Keegan and Rachel M. Zuehl. "Maternal Depression and Physical Punishment as Mediators of the Effect of Poverty on Socioemotional Problems of Children in Single-Mother Families." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 71,2 (2001): 218-226.
1784. Earle, Alison
Keeping the Job You Find: Understanding Job Turnover Among Welfare Recipients Who Obtain Work
Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Child Health; Child Support; Children, Preschool; Family Characteristics; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Poverty; Welfare

This dissertation investigates the process of job loss among welfare recipients who become employed. I use quantitative data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to evaluate three questions: Do welfare recipients have a more difficult time keeping jobs than other workers? What factors explain the differences in job duration? What factors affect job turnover? Policymakers seeking to reduce welfare recidivism or reduce poverty should be informed by an understanding of whether and why job retention is a challenge for welfare recipients who obtain work. I find that while rapid job turnover is a problem to some degree for all employed women, welfare recipients have shorter job stays than other employed women. The average job duration for recipients is almost six months shorter than among non-recipients. I find that welfare recipients are 38 percent more likely to end a job in a given month than other employed women. Even when I compared the probability of turnover for recipients and other women within the same type of job, I found that welfare recipients were 28 percent more likely to end a job. In both cases, I was able to explain less than 30 percent of the gap in job turnover rates with human capital and family characteristics. The generosity of welfare benefits and the receipt of child support did not appear to explain much of the difference in job turnover rates. When I examine different subgroups of women, I find that on the whole the predictors for job turnover are remarkably similar. I find that family characteristics are strong predictors of job turnover. Having a new baby and having a child with a chronic health condition significantly increase the probability that a job ended. Models using interaction terms revealed that while having pre-school children significantly increased the likelihood of a job ending, the availability of employer-provided health insurance and paid leave may mitigate this effect. Copyright: Dissertation Abstracts
Bibliography Citation
Earle, Alison. Keeping the Job You Find: Understanding Job Turnover Among Welfare Recipients Who Obtain Work. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998.
1785. Earle, Alison
Heymann, S. Jody
What Causes Job Loss among Former Welfare Recipients: The Role of Family Health Problems
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 57,1 (Winter 2002): 5-10
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Medical Women's Association
Keyword(s): Child Health; Disability; Fathers, Absence; Health Factors; Household Composition; Job Patterns; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Health; Mothers, Income; Parents, Single; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objective: to test whether women's or children's health status influences the likelihood that low-income single mothers experience job loss.

Methods: Using a nationally representative probability sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimated whether having a health limitation or having a child with a health limitation was associated with job loss for a sample of 783 women who had previously been on welfare.

Results: Both having a health limitation (odds ratio [OR]=1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.97) and having a child with a health limitation (OR=1.36; 95% CI, 1.18-1.56) were associated with significantly increased risk of job loss among women previously on welfare. The effects remained significant after adjustment for age, education, marital status, race, age and number of children, and economic conditions.

Conclusions: Dramatic changes in welfare policy in the United States have made many single mothers living in poverty dependent on work as their sole source of income. Although studies have shown that families on welfare are more likely to have health limitations, little is known about how family health affects the ability of poor single mothers to remain employed. These results demonstrate that women with health limitations and mothers of children with health limitations are at particularly high risk of losing their jobs. Public and private policies that can help reduce job loss as a consequence of family health problems are discussed.

Bibliography Citation
Earle, Alison and S. Jody Heymann. "What Causes Job Loss among Former Welfare Recipients: The Role of Family Health Problems." Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 57,1 (Winter 2002): 5-10.
1786. Earle, Alison
Heymann, S. Jody
Work, Family, and Social Class
In: How Healthy Are We? A National Study of Well-Being at Midlife. OG. Brim, C.D. Ryff, and R.C. Kessler, eds. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2004: pp. 485-513.
Also: http://midus.wisc.edu/howhealthyarewe/Chapter17.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Asthma; Child Care; Child Health; Maternal Employment; Welfare

Of particular interest from a policy perspective is Chapter 17, which centers on work, family, and social class. The authors find that the lower the income level, the more likely it is that work is juxtaposed with poor social support, a chronically ill child, or other caretaking responsibility. Low-income jobs do not provide flexibility in sick leave or work hours, resulting in a disproportionate number of children who suffer from unmet health and developmental needs -- and ultimately impacting our nation's health.
Bibliography Citation
Earle, Alison and S. Jody Heymann. "Work, Family, and Social Class" In: How Healthy Are We? A National Study of Well-Being at Midlife. OG. Brim, C.D. Ryff, and R.C. Kessler, eds. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2004: pp. 485-513.
1787. Eberth, Barbara
van der Pol, Marjon
Kemenev, Dmitri
Is Time Preference and Present Bias Associated with the Decision to Start, Quit or Maintain Physical Activity over Time?
Journal of Public Health 30, pages 587-597 (2022).
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-020-01334-8
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Time Preference

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Aim: It is commonly observed that individuals transition into and out of physical activity behaviours over time. A better understanding of the determinants of these transitions is important in order to develop effective interventions. Our focus is on examining the role of time preference and present bias (how present or future oriented individuals are) in the decision to start, quit and maintain physical activity over time.

Subject and methods: We examine changes in different types of physical activity participation over time, allowing us to distinguish between physical activity initiation versus maintenance. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79).

Results: We show that present bias impacts maintenance but not initiation of physical activity behaviour. The time preference rate impacts maintenance of strengthening exercise in men only.

Bibliography Citation
Eberth, Barbara, Marjon van der Pol and Dmitri Kemenev. "Is Time Preference and Present Bias Associated with the Decision to Start, Quit or Maintain Physical Activity over Time?" Journal of Public Health 30, pages 587-597 (2022).
1788. Eckstein, Zvi
Ge, Suqin
Petrongolo, Barbara
Job and Wage Mobility in a Search Model with Non-Compliance (Exemptions) with the Minimum Wage
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2076, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2006.
Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp2076.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): Job Search; Mobility, Job; Modeling; Wage Growth; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

How well does a simple search on-the-job model fit the eighteen years of job and wage mobility of high school graduates? To answer this question we are confronted from the data with a prevalent non-compliance and exemptions from the minimum wage. We incorporate this observation in a job search model with three main ingredients: (i) search on-the-job; (ii) minimum wages, with potentially imperfect compliance or exemptions; and, (iii) exogenous wage growth on-the-job. We use panel data drawn from the NLSY79, US youth panel starting in 1979, to estimate the parameters of our simple job search model and, in particular, the extent of non-compliance/exemptions to the minimum wage. The model is solved numerically and we use simulated moments to estimate the parameters. The estimated parameters are consistent with the model and they provide a good fit for the observed levels and trends of the main job and wage mobility data. Furthermore, the estimated model indicates that the non-compliance and exemption rate with the federal minimum wage translates into a roughly 10% of jobs paying less than the minimum wage. Counterfactual experiment of increase of the compliance/non-exemption rate or the minimum wage shows a small effect on mean accepted wages but a significant negative effect on the non-employment rate.
Bibliography Citation
Eckstein, Zvi, Suqin Ge and Barbara Petrongolo. "Job and Wage Mobility in a Search Model with Non-Compliance (Exemptions) with the Minimum Wage." IZA Discussion Paper No. 2076, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), April 2006.
1789. Eckstein, Zvi
Ge, Suqin
Petrongolo, Barbara
Job and Wage Mobility with Minimum Wages and Imperfect Compliance
Journal of Applied Econometrics 26,4 (June-July 2011): 580.
Also: http://www.econ.queensu.ca/jae/forthcoming/eckstein-ge-petrongolo/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Job Search; Labor Force Participation; Life Cycle Research; Mobility, Job; Modeling; Wage Dynamics; Wage Growth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We propose a job search model with minimum wage regulations and imperfect compliance to explain the doubling of the mean and variance of hourly earnings of white males during the first eighteen years of labor market experience. The model encompasses job mobility and on-the-job wage growth as sources of wage dynamics, and is estimated by simulated GMM using data from the NLSY79. Our estimates provide a good fit for the observed levels and trends of the main job and wage mobility data, and for the increase in the mean and variance of wages over the life cycle, as well as for the fall in the fraction of workers paid below the minimum wage. Job mobility explains 40% to 50% of the observed wage growth. Increases in the minimum wage and/or compliance deliver small effects on the wage distribution and the nonemployment rate.

Copyright of Journal of Applied Econometrics is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliography Citation
Eckstein, Zvi, Suqin Ge and Barbara Petrongolo. "Job and Wage Mobility with Minimum Wages and Imperfect Compliance." Journal of Applied Econometrics 26,4 (June-July 2011): 580.
1790. Eckstein, Zvi
Ge, Suqin
Petrongolo, Barbara
Minimum Wage and Compliance in a Model of Search on-the-Job
Presented: Sonderborg, Denmark, Conference of Labor Market Models and Matched Employer-Employee Data, August 2004.
Also: http://repec.org/sed2005/up.25119.1104042882.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Center for Labour Market and Social Research
Keyword(s): Job Search; Minimum Wage; Modeling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We estimate a job search model with three main ingredients: (i) search on-the-job; (ii) wage growth on-the-job; and (iii) minimum wages, with potentially imperfect compliance. We use data drawn from the NLSY79 to estimate the parameters of our job search model and, in particular, the extent of compliance to the minimum wage. The model is solved numerically and we use simulated moments to estimate the parameters. The estimated parameters are consistent with the model and they provide a good fit for the observed level and trend of main labor market moments. Furthermore, the arrival rate of job offers below the minimum wage is 40% lower than the arrival rate of job offers above the minimum wage.
Bibliography Citation
Eckstein, Zvi, Suqin Ge and Barbara Petrongolo. "Minimum Wage and Compliance in a Model of Search on-the-Job." Presented: Sonderborg, Denmark, Conference of Labor Market Models and Matched Employer-Employee Data, August 2004.
1791. Eckstein, Zvi
Wolpin, Kenneth I.
Estimating a Market Equilibrium Search Model from Panel Data on Individuals
Econometrica 58,4 (July 1990): 783-808.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2938350
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, Northwestern University
Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Search; Labor Force Participation; Minimum Wage; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Unemployment; Wages; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of estimating a Nash labor market equilibrium model using only information of workers. The equilibrium model is adapted from Albrecht and Axell (1984) and is based on workers who are homogeneous in terms of market productivity and heterogeneous in terms of non-market productivity, and on firms which are heterogeneous in terms of productive efficiency. The equilibrium model is contrasted in terms of its fit to the data with an unrestricted version of the model which is based on a mixture of negative binomial distributions. The equilibrium model fails to conform to the data in exactly the dimension of its major focus, namely it implies that measurement error accounts for almost all of the dispersion in observed wages. The equilibrium model also does not do well in fitting the unemployment duration distribution compared to the unrestricted model. The problem is that the duration distribution itself does not support the existence of significant heterogeneity, as evidenced by the estimates of the unrestricted model. The paper also illustrates the use of such models for policy analysis by simulating the welfare effects of a minimum wage.
Bibliography Citation
Eckstein, Zvi and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Estimating a Market Equilibrium Search Model from Panel Data on Individuals." Econometrica 58,4 (July 1990): 783-808.
1792. Eckstein, Zvi
Wolpin, Kenneth I.
Estimating the Effect of Racial Discrimination on First Job Wage Offers
Review of Economics and Statistics 81,3 (August 1999): 384-392.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646762
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Keyword(s): Discrimination; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Racial Differences; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper we develop and implement a method for bounding the extent to which labor market discrimination can account for racial wage differentials. The method is based on a two-sided, search-matching model that formally accounts for unobserved heterogeneity and unobserved offered wages. We find that racial differences in offered wages are proportionately twice (three times) as large as racial differences in accepted wages for high-school dropouts (high-school graduates). The results indicate that discrimination could account for the entire racial wage-offer differential for high-school dropouts and for high-school graduates, i.e., the bound on the extent of discrimination is not informative.
Bibliography Citation
Eckstein, Zvi and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "Estimating the Effect of Racial Discrimination on First Job Wage Offers." Review of Economics and Statistics 81,3 (August 1999): 384-392.
1793. Economic Research Service, Doa
Rural Education and Training
Rural Development Perspectives 10,3 (June 1995)
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Education, Secondary; Higher Education; Human Capital; Job Skills; Job Training; Rural Areas; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration; Transfers, Skill

Department of Agriculture. This special theme issue reports key results from a comprehensive assessment of skill development among the rural workforce and of rural education and job training in rural areas. This comprehensive assessment had three goals: to develop better measures of rural skills than were previously available, to identify human capital initiatives that contribute to rural economic development, and to develop a fuller understanding of barriers that prevent rural individuals from obtaining needed job skills. Six of the eight articles in this issue report extensive statistical analyses of major government surveys of households, students, and schools. These surveys include the 1987-88 Schools and Staffing Survey, the National Assessment of Educational Progress, the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey, and job training supplements to Current Population Surveys. Across the articles, major themes emerge: (1) t he rural skill development system is a complex composite of troubling weaknesses and surprising strengths; (2) rural schools are more effective than expected based on their resources; and (3) many rural areas are trapped in a vicious circle, in which low worker skills and low demand for high- skilled workers are mutually reinforcing. Articles are: (1) "Introduction to Special Issue on Rural Skills" (Paul L. Swaim); (2) "Rural Schools: Fewer Highly Trained Teachers and Special Programs, but Better Learning Environment" (Dale Ballou, Michael Podgursky); (3) "Nonmetro Student Achievement on Par with Metro" (Elizabeth J. Greenberg, Ruy A. Teixeira); (4) "More Rural Students Are Graduating from High School, but a Serious Dropout Problem Remains" (Kathleen M. Paasch, Paul L. Swaim); (5) "Going Away to College and Wider Urban Job Opportunities Take Highly Educated Youth Away from Rural Areas" (Robert M. Gibbs); (6) "Workers with Higher Literacy Skills Not As WellRewarded in Rural Areas" (Elizabeth J. Greenberg, Paul L. Swaim, Ruy A. Teixeira); (7) "Job Training Lags for Rural Workers" (Paul L. Swaim); and (8) "More Metro than Nonmetro Students Have Access to Computers, but Their Rates of Usage Are Similar" (Elizabeth J. Greenberg). Articles contain references, descriptions of data sources and methodology used, and numerous data tables and figures. (SV)
Bibliography Citation
Economic Research Service, Doa. "Rural Education and Training." Rural Development Perspectives 10,3 (June 1995).
1794. Economist, The
Walk Tall; Height And Earnings
The Economist, April 27, 2002, Science and Technology; p.88
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Economist Group Ltd., The
Keyword(s): Britain, British; Cross-national Analysis; Height; NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Wage Determination; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

If you want to earn a lot of money, it seems that what matters is not how tall you are as an adult, but how tall you were as a teenager. That, at least, is the conclusion of Nicola Persico, Andrew Postlewaite and Dan Silverman, of the University of Pennsylvania. The three economists drew their data from Britain's National Child Development Study and America's National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. They first confirmed what short people have always suspected: that it pays to be tall. In Britain, if you are white and male, an extra inch (2cm) goes with a 1.7% increase in wages; in America, with 1.8%. The shortest quarter of the population in both countries earns, on average, about 10% less than the tallest quarter. The impact of height on earnings is smaller than the impact of race (about 15% in the United States) and sex (about 20%). But it is still significant.
Bibliography Citation
Economist, The. "Walk Tall; Height And Earnings." The Economist, April 27, 2002, Science and Technology; p.88.
1795. Edenborg, Michelle D.
The Effect of Type of Education on an Individual's Self Employment Choice: Comparison of Vocational and College Education
Ph.D. Dissertation, St. Ambrose University, 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Education; Education; Entrepreneurship; Geocoded Data; Human Capital; Self-Employed Workers; Vocational Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using theoretical constructs of the human capital theory (Schultz, 1959) and the resource-based view of the firm (Barney, 1991), this study examines whether the type of education completed has an impact on an individual's choice between self-employment and employment with a firm. In addition, this study seeks to understand the geographic location selection for those who choose self-employment. Data from the National Longitudinal Youth Study, 1979-2010, are used to test two hypotheses. The first is whether an individual with a vocational/technical education versus a college education is more likely to become self-employed. The second is whether individuals choosing self-employment are more likely to locate their businesses in the immediate geographic area of their residence or away from their home area. Using logistic regression, the study does not find support for either of the hypotheses. Testing of data from additional surveys to confirm these findings with other data is suggested to eliminate possible biases due to the characteristics of the data collected. Future researchers should consider adding type of education to their testing. Researchers should also consider including information about the generation that completed the survey. In addition, researchers may find added value in measuring attitudes concerning employment with a firm versus self-employment along with attitudes about attending vocational/technical education versus receiving a college education.
Bibliography Citation
Edenborg, Michelle D. The Effect of Type of Education on an Individual's Self Employment Choice: Comparison of Vocational and College Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, St. Ambrose University, 2013.
1796. Edmonston, B.
Longitudinal Studies of Immigrants
In: Statistics on US Immigration: An Assessment of Data Needs for Future Research. B. Edmonston, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Academy Press
Keyword(s): Immigrants; Labor Market Surveys; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys

In September 1992, the Committee on National Statistics and the Committee on Population of the National Research Council held a workshop to explore data collection and data preparation on immigration in the United States. One purpose was to assist the Immigration and Naturalization Service in developing a statistical information system, as required by the Immigration Act of 1990. The other purpose was to suggest possible improvements to the data collection and analysis efforts of federal statistical agencies and the social science research community. Using as a basis the presentations and discussions that took place, the committees make the following conclusions and recommendations.

The National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, one of the sponsors of the workshop, requested that the workshop participants address the potential value of a longitudinal survey of immigrants, a type of survey that has been suggested as important for the advancement of immigration research. Participants reviewed several types of data collection for longitudinal data, spending the most time discussing the merits of a prospective sample (a survey of immigrants who are then followed over time). The purpose of the workshop discussion was to understand the value and limitations of such a survey; it was not to propose a specific survey design or to endorse the need for a longitudinal survey. Chapter 7 summarizes the discussion on the value of a longitudinal survey of immigrants, alternatives to a new survey, and some technical issues in survey design.

Bibliography Citation
Edmonston, B. "Longitudinal Studies of Immigrants" In: Statistics on US Immigration: An Assessment of Data Needs for Future Research. B. Edmonston, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996
1797. Edwards, Debra Ann
Social Class and Racial Differences in the Antecedents of Unwed Adolescent Childbearing
Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University, 1993
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Black Studies; Childbearing, Adolescent; Ethnic Studies; Family Studies; Fertility; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Work Knowledge

Although the number of births to unwed teen mothers has been declining over the past two decades, the social and economic consequences of unwed teenage motherhood are quite high. The adolescent mother suffers from long-term lowered educational and occupational attainment. By some estimates, she is expected to lose seventy-five percent of her lifetime income compared to women who postpone childbearing until their twenties. The adolescent mother is also more likely to be in poverty and receive public assistance. The social costs of adolescent motherhood include welfare and AFDC payments and neonatal medical expenses and are estimated at over 16 billion dollars annually. Previous research has discovered higher rates of pregnancy for minorities and lower class youths and have found many predictors of adolescent motherhood. Some researchers have found that these predictors vary by race, while others have focused on social class but, to date, no one has looked at the combined effects of race and social class in determining differences in predictors of teen motherhood. It is expected that there are different factors motivating black lower class teens to choose unwed motherhood than those that motivate Black middle class or White lower class teens. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study found several differences as well as similarities in predictors of teenage motherhood across race, social class and ethnic class.
Bibliography Citation
Edwards, Debra Ann. Social Class and Racial Differences in the Antecedents of Unwed Adolescent Childbearing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University, 1993.
1798. Edwards, Finley C.
Essays on the Economics of Education
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011.
Also: https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/29527
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Graduates; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The Effect of College Type on Income: This essay measures the differential return to college type (as defined by the Carnegie Classifications). Using data from the NLSY79, I find that graduates of traditional liberal arts colleges have similar incomes to graduates of other types in the first ten years of their careers, but receive a wage premium of up to twenty-five percent in later years. In contrast, graduates of professional oriented bachelor's colleges earn as much as twenty-nine percent less than other graduates through out their careers, and Research I graduates receive a ten percent premium. Results are similar for both regression models and propensity score matching methods.
Bibliography Citation
Edwards, Finley C. Essays on the Economics of Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011..
1799. Edwards, Mark Evan
Plotnick, Robert D.
Klawitter, Marieka Marjorie
Do Attitudes and Personality Characteristics Affect Socioeconomic Outcomes? The Case of Welfare Use by Young Women
Social Science Quarterly 82,4 (December 2001): 827-843.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0038-4941.00062/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Attitudes; Family Background and Culture; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Modeling, Logit; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Esteem; Social Environment; Welfare

Objective. We estimate a model of social-psychological determinants of entry into Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), the primary cash welfare program in the United States until 1996. Methods. Using information from the youngest cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate logit models of the probability of ever participating in AFDC and hazard models of the timing until first use of AFDC. Results. We find strong associations between welfare use and several attitudes and personality characteristics, but with two exceptions, most of the associations are not robust to the inclusion of exogenous: background characteristics. There is consistent, strong evidence that positive attitudes toward school lower the likelihood of using welfare and increase duration until first receipt. Family background and social environment characteristics show strong robust effects. Conclusions. Our results point to relatively weak evidence for the hypothesis that individual attitudes in adolescence have a significant impact on initial welfare receipt.
Bibliography Citation
Edwards, Mark Evan, Robert D. Plotnick and Marieka Marjorie Klawitter. "Do Attitudes and Personality Characteristics Affect Socioeconomic Outcomes? The Case of Welfare Use by Young Women." Social Science Quarterly 82,4 (December 2001): 827-843.
1800. Edwards, Rebecca
Essays on the Labor Market and Work Schedule Flexibility
Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Fertility; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Work Hours/Schedule; Work Reentry

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the first chapter I analyze the degree to which flextime reduces fertility-related career interruptions. In particular, I ask whether women with flextime return to work sooner and remain employed when they have young children. I quantify the resulting reduction in the earnings penalty from periods of non-employment due to child-care responsibilities. To answer this question, I develop a dynamic discrete choice model for the fertility and labor supply decisions of married and cohabiting women. The model allows flextime to directly affect preferences, the arrival rate of job offers and offered wages. I estimate the model using a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. The estimates suggest a small positive willingness to pay for flextime in a full-time job among the majority of women with no children. Moreover, a woman values flextime more strongly as her number of children increases or if she has an infant. Her willingness to pay for flextime if she has one infant child rises to 8% of full-time earnings. If flextime were available to all women with infant children, on average fertility increases by 0.6 children. The number of quarters of full-time work with flextime increases yet participation falls and full-time work experience declines by roughly 1.5 years. As a result, potential wages at age 35 fall by 2.5%. The net effect is a modest welfare improvement of up to 1.3%.
Bibliography Citation
Edwards, Rebecca. Essays on the Labor Market and Work Schedule Flexibility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2013.
1801. Edwards, Ryan D.
Roff, Jennifer
What Mom and Dad's Match Means for Junior: Marital Sorting and Child Outcomes
Labour Economics 40 (June 2016): 43-56.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537116300148
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); US Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP)

This paper employs recently developed marital matching models to examine empirically the role played by marital sorting in observed measures of marital production. Using the US Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP), a large-scale study from the 1960s, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY), we find that marital surplus is strongly correlated with indices of child quality, as measured by cognitive test scores, and with the durability of the marital union. At ages beyond infancy, the correlation between cognitive outcomes and marital surplus is robust to the inclusion of the parental characteristics that generate the match, suggesting that the correlation represents effects of the match itself. High marital surplus is associated with assortative mating on education and age, suggesting complementarity in parental inputs in child production. Our results suggest that marital surplus is an important input for child quality above and beyond its indirect effects on marital stability.
Bibliography Citation
Edwards, Ryan D. and Jennifer Roff. "What Mom and Dad's Match Means for Junior: Marital Sorting and Child Outcomes." Labour Economics 40 (June 2016): 43-56.
1802. Eeckhout, Jan
Sepahsalari, Alireza
The Effect of Wealth on Worker Productivity
The Review of Economic Studies published online (17 July 2023).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdad059
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Duration Dependence; Finances, Household; Job Search; Job Search, Precautionary; Productivity, Worker; Savings; Savings, Precautionary; Search Models; Search, Directed; Sorting; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance; Unemployment Risk; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We propose a theory that analyzes how a workers’ asset holdings affect their job productivity. In a labor market with uninsurable risk, workers choose to direct their job search trading off productivity and wages against unemployment risk. Workers with low asset holdings have a precautionary job search motive, they direct their search to low productivity jobs because those offer a low risk at the cost of low productivity and a low wage. Our main theoretical contribution shows that the presence of consumption smoothing can reconcile the directed search model with negative duration-dependence on wages, a robust empirical regularity that the canonical directed search model cannot rationalize. We calibrate the infinite horizon economy and find this mechanism to be quantitatively important. We evaluate a tax financed unemployment insurance (UI) scheme and analyze how it affects welfare. Aggregate welfare is inverted U-shaped in benefits: the insurance effect UI dominates the incentive effects for low levels of benefits and vice versa for high benefits. In addition, when UI increases, total production falls in the economy while worker productivity increases.
Bibliography Citation
Eeckhout, Jan and Alireza Sepahsalari. "The Effect of Wealth on Worker Productivity." The Review of Economic Studies published online (17 July 2023).
1803. Eggebeen, David J.
Crockett, Lisa J.
Hawkins, Alan J.
Patterns of Adult Male Coresidence Among Young Children of Adolescent Mothers
Family Planning Perspectives 22,5 (September-October 1990): 219-223.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135496
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Birth; Childhood Residence; Children; Children, Well-Being; Family Structure; Fathers; Fathers, Absence; General Assessment; Household Composition; Household Structure; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Race; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the extent to which a sample of young children resided during their first three years of life in a household in which an adult male was present. Data from the NLSY on children ages 3 to 6 in 1986 who were born to adolescent mothers were utilized. Four measures of exposure to the adult male were developed: (1) duration of coresidence (the number of interview years in which a male was present in the child's household); (2) timing of coresidence (when in relationship to the child's birth the male entered the household); (3) stability of the living arrangement (the number of times a primary male moved into or out of the child's household); and (4) the relationship of the adult male to the child. Differences by race and mother's age at birth were analyzed. It was found that: (1) well over three-quarters of the white children (81%) but less than half (45%) of the black children lived with an adult male during the full time period studied; (2) children of older mothers, those who were ages 20 or older at the child's birth, were more likely to be born into a household where an adult male was present; (3) 79% of children born to older white mothers experienced a stable living arrangement, i.e., no movement of the male in or out of the household, in their first three years compared to 45% of children born to the youngest white mothers; and (4) almost 60% of the black children studied experienced at least one transition in their first three years of life and almost a third (32%) experienced two or more. Plans for future research on the impact of these patterns on the child's well-being are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Eggebeen, David J., Lisa J. Crockett and Alan J. Hawkins. "Patterns of Adult Male Coresidence Among Young Children of Adolescent Mothers." Family Planning Perspectives 22,5 (September-October 1990): 219-223.
1804. Ehrenfreund, Max
Black Teens Who Commit a Few Crimes Go to Jail as Often as White Teens Who Commit Dozens
Washington Post, January 30, 2015, Wonkblog
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Washington Post
Keyword(s):

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Excerpts from newspaper article] Boys are less likely to commit crimes but they are more likely to be placed in a correctional facility than they were three decades ago, according to a new study that shows the justice system for juvenile offenders has become much more punitive. The trends are particularly pronounced among boys from racial minorities, according to the paper by Tia Stevens Andersen of the University of South Carolina and Michigan State University's Merry Morash.

The study compared results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1980 and 2000, which is the latest date for which detailed data are available. Surveyors asked youth whether they had stolen, destroyed property, attacked someone or sold drugs in the last year. Of the boys between the ages of 15 and 18 surveyed in 1980, 59 percent said they had, compared to just 28 percent of similarly aged boys surveyed in 2000.

Bibliography Citation
Ehrenfreund, Max. "Black Teens Who Commit a Few Crimes Go to Jail as Often as White Teens Who Commit Dozens." Washington Post, January 30, 2015, Wonkblog.
1805. Ehrenfreund, Max
Poor White Kids Are less Likely to Go to Prison than Rich Black Kids
Washington Post, March 23, 2016, Wonkblog
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Washington Post
Keyword(s): Black Youth; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Equality/Inequality; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Excerpts from newspaper article]

In recent decades, rich black kids have been more likely to go to prison than poor white kids.

"Race trumps class, at least when it comes to incarceration," said Darrick Hamilton of the New School, one of the researchers who produced the study.

He and his colleagues, Khaing Zaw and William Darity of Duke University, examined data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a national study that began in 1979 and followed a group of young people into adulthood and middle age. The participants were asked about their assets and debts, and interviewers also noted their type of residence, including whether they were in a jail or prison.

Bibliography Citation
Ehrenfreund, Max. "Poor White Kids Are less Likely to Go to Prison than Rich Black Kids." Washington Post, March 23, 2016, Wonkblog.
1806. Eichenlaub, Suzanne C.
Income Inequality and Health: A Multilevel Analysis Investigating Interactions with (Non)Metropolitan Status, Sex, Income and Race/Ethnicity
Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.
Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71806
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income Level; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using year 2000 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the U.S. population census summary tape files, I conduct a multilevel analysis to assess the impact of county-level income inequality on self-rated health in the U.S. Additionally, I examine whether the effect of income inequality on health varies by selected characteristics of individuals, as suggested by prior research. I find no evidence of an independent effect of income inequality on health when appropriate control variables are included. And, while I find no significant variation in the effect of income inequality on health by gender, individual income or metropolitan status, I do find that the effect of inequality varies significantly by race/ethnicity. Specifically, I find that the racial/ethnic differentials in health, which are large under conditions of relative equality, converge as income inequality increases. At higher levels of income inequality, there are no statistically significant racial/ethnic differences in health.
Bibliography Citation
Eichenlaub, Suzanne C. "Income Inequality and Health: A Multilevel Analysis Investigating Interactions with (Non)Metropolitan Status, Sex, Income and Race/Ethnicity." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.
1807. Eid, Jean
Overman, Henry G.
Puga, Diego
Turner, Matthew A.
Fat City: Questioning the Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Obesity
Journal of Urban Economics 63,2 (March 2008): 385-404.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119007001209
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Obesity; Urbanization/Urban Living

We study the relationship between urban sprawl and obesity. Using data that tracks individuals over time, we find no evidence that urban sprawl causes obesity. We show that previous findings of a positive relationship most likely reflect a failure to properly control for the fact the individuals who are more likely to be obese choose to live in more sprawling neighborhoods. Our results indicate that current interest in changing the built environment to counter the rise in obesity is misguided.
Bibliography Citation
Eid, Jean, Henry G. Overman, Diego Puga and Matthew A. Turner. "Fat City: Questioning the Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Obesity ." Journal of Urban Economics 63,2 (March 2008): 385-404.
1808. Eirich, Gregory M.
Li, Tianshu
Will Promoting Education Really Increase People's Trust Levels? A Test Utilizing a Sample of American Siblings
Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Siblings; Trust

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is well established that individuals who have higher levels of educational attainment also have higher levels of generalized trust, which means they express a stronger belief that people "in general" -- strangers, co-workers, neighbors, and so on -- will not take advantage of them. Likewise, it is well established that countries with higher-educated citizenries also have higher levels of aggregate trust; and researchers have linked these higher trust levels to many positive outcomes, including increased GDP, improved health and decreased corruption. Scholars have reasoned that increased schooling can increase an individual's generalized trust by promoting universal values, ingraining ethical habits and carving out social circles where people feel "safe" to let their guard down. Yet few researchers have thought to actually test if an increase in educational attainment produces an increase in generalized trust in some stronger causal sense. By comparing siblings to each other, we can get some leverage on this issue because siblings can essentially serve as "controls" for each other. Running fixed effects regressions on the NLSY79, we find that among siblings, the positive relationship between education and trust largely evaporates. Educational attainment per se, therefore, does not appear to be responsible for increases in generalized trust, but rather unmeasured family characteristics (whether tied to genetics or family-specific socialization practices and values) that siblings share. These results are so surprising because they suggest higher education has a negligible role in promoting generalized trust among Americans, contrary to what many scholars previously hypothesized.
Bibliography Citation
Eirich, Gregory M. and Tianshu Li. "Will Promoting Education Really Increase People's Trust Levels? A Test Utilizing a Sample of American Siblings." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015.
1809. Eisenhauer, Philipp
Heckman, James J.
Vytlacil, Edward
The Generalized Roy Model and the Cost-Benefit Analysis of Social Programs
Journal of Political Economy 123,2 (April 2015): 413-443.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/679509
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Returns; Heterogeneity; Modeling

The literature on treatment effects focuses on gross benefits from program participation. We extend this literature by developing conditions under which it is possible to identify parameters measuring the cost and net surplus from program participation. Using the generalized Roy model, we nonparametrically identify the cost, benefit, and net surplus of selection into treatment without requiring the analyst to have direct information on costs. We apply our methodology to estimate the gross benefit and net surplus of attending college.
Bibliography Citation
Eisenhauer, Philipp, James J. Heckman and Edward Vytlacil. "The Generalized Roy Model and the Cost-Benefit Analysis of Social Programs." Journal of Political Economy 123,2 (April 2015): 413-443.
1810. Eissa, Nada
Hoynes, Hilary Williamson
Tax and Transfer Policy, and Family Formation: Marriage and Cohabitation
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley and NBER, December 2000.
Also: http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/noe/cohabitation_paper.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley
Keyword(s): Divorce; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Family Formation; Family Income; Family Size; Family Studies; Marriage; Taxes

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The American family has gone through major transformations over the past 4 decades. Over this period, the age of first marriage, the rate of divorce, and the rate of out-of-wedlock births have risen dramatically. Not only have individuals delayed marriage, they have increasingly forgone marriage altogether: the proportion of those of those reporting never having married has increased at older ages, especially among the less educated.

Several explanations have been given for this transformation, including declining labor market opportunities for less skilled males, rising employment of women, legalization of abortion, changing norms and the welfare system. In fact, these changes have sustained the popular criticism that public assistance programs undermine the traditional family through their adverse incentives for creating and maintaining two- parent families. Indeed, empirical evidence supports the view that welfare has some role in family structure decisions (Moffitt 1998, Hoynes 1997b).

Less recognized is the potential effect of the tax system on family formation. Unlike most other industrialized countries, the U.S. federal income tax code is based on family rather than individual income (Engelhardt and Pechman 1990). Because the tax schedule is progressive, it is not marriage neutral. By nonmarriage neutrality, it is meant that the tax liability for a married couple differs from the total tax liability of 2 unmarried individuals with the same total income and family size. Unlike the transfer system, the federal (and state) income tax code can either tax or subsidize marriage depending on the size and earnings of the family. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the impact of the tax system on the so-called “marriage penalty”. Proposals to address this "penalty" include increasing the size of the 15 percent tax bracket for married couples, a deduction for secondary earnings in the households and increasing the maximum income for a marri ed couple to be eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit . […]

This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a brief overview and discussion of tax and transfer schemes and the implications of marriage. Section 3 presents the data and descriptive evidence on the tax and transfer consequences of marriage. The conceptual and empirical frameworks typically used for marriage analysis are presented in section 4. Our regression results are in section 5. We present our conclusions in section 6.

Bibliography Citation
Eissa, Nada and Hilary Williamson Hoynes. "Tax and Transfer Policy, and Family Formation: Marriage and Cohabitation." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley and NBER, December 2000.
1811. Eitelberg, Mark J.
Laurence, Janice H.
Waters, Brian K.
Sellman, Wayne S.
Subpopulation Analyses of Current Youth Aptitudes
Proceedings, Annual Conference of the Military Testing Association 2 (1981): 1618-1626.
Also: http://www.dtic.mil/srch/doc?collection=t3&id=ADP001426
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Education; Gender Differences; Geographical Variation; Profile of American Youth; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper describes the subpopulation analyses that will appear in a forthcoming report on the Profile of American Youth. In 1980, the Department of Defense and the Military Services, in cooperation with the Department of Labor, sponsored a large-scale research project to assess the vocational aptitudes of American youth. A national probability sample of approximately 12,000 young men and women, selected from participants in the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Youth Labor Force Behavior, were administered the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). The results will be analyzed to identify subgroup differences in test performance. The subgroup variables selected for analysis are age, sex, race/ethnicity, level of education, socioeconomic status, and geographic region. Subgroup comparisons will be made on the basis of Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) scores, ASVAB composite scores, and an estimate of reading ability. The ASVAB scores will also be used to estimate the numbers and percent of 1980 youth population subgroups eligible for military enlistment, based on 1981 Service aptitude standards.
Bibliography Citation
Eitelberg, Mark J., Janice H. Laurence, Brian K. Waters and Wayne S. Sellman. "Subpopulation Analyses of Current Youth Aptitudes." Proceedings, Annual Conference of the Military Testing Association 2 (1981): 1618-1626.
1812. Elachi, Joanna
Through the Red Tape Ceiling
The Contrarian, 3,16, September 8, 1999: pg.
Also: http://www.pacificresearch.org/publications/through-the-red-tape-ceiling
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Pacific Research Institute
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Economics of Gender; Gender; Gender Differences; Wage Gap; Wages; Wages, Men; Wages, Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Opinion piece argues against the existence of the gender wage gap and maintains that federal regulations are the true barriers to female professional advancement. The piece cites NLSY data showing that childless women aged 27-33 earn 98 cents for every dollar earned by a man.
Bibliography Citation
Elachi, Joanna. "Through the Red Tape Ceiling." The Contrarian, 3,16, September 8, 1999: pg.
1813. Elias, Julio Jorge
Effects of Ability and Family Background on Non-Monetary Returns to Education
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2005. DAI-A 66/06, p. 2331, Dec 2005
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Continuing Education; Crime; Education, Adult; Educational Returns; Family Background and Culture; Heterogeneity; Labor Economics

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This thesis investigates how individual characteristics, such as ability and family background, affect non-monetary returns to education. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that the effect of education on general health and criminal behavior is much larger for people with low ability and those with a relatively disadvantaged family background. A simple extended version of Card's (1995) formulation of Becker's (1967) model of optimal schooling is presented and used to analyze the main implications of these results for investment in education. In light of the evidence on the positive relationship between monetary returns to education and both individuals' ability and environmental factors, my estimates suggest that for less able people non-monetary gains are a major component of the total return to education. From a social point of view, since the reductions in criminal behavior are larger among less able people, these results cast some doubt on policy proposals which, for efficiency, advocate investing more in the more able. This thesis also shows that the ability bias in least square estimates of the return to schooling may be attenuated or even reversed once heterogeneity in non-monetary returns to schooling is incorporated into the analysis.
Bibliography Citation
Elias, Julio Jorge. Effects of Ability and Family Background on Non-Monetary Returns to Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2005. DAI-A 66/06, p. 2331, Dec 2005.
1814. Elias, Marilyn
Mom's IQ, Not Family Size, Key to Kids' Smarts
USA Today, June 12, 2000, LIFE; Pg. 1D
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: USA Today
Keyword(s): Children; Children, Home Environment; Cognitive Ability; Family Size; I.Q.; Mothers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Psychologists have been warning U.S. parents for 15 years about research that shows having a large family tends to lower the IQs of children. A study out today challenges that belief. Women with low IQs do have more babies than the more mentally able, and so their children are likely to have low IQs. But adding kids to any single family does not lower the intellectual capacity of its youngsters, the large national report shows. Mothers with high IQs will tend to have kids with high IQs--whether they have one or six--and the children's intelligence scores typically will be fairly similar, no matter how many there are, says University of Oklahoma psychologist Joseph Lee Rodgers.
Bibliography Citation
Elias, Marilyn. "Mom's IQ, Not Family Size, Key to Kids' Smarts." USA Today, June 12, 2000, LIFE; Pg. 1D.
1815. Elias, Marilyn
To A Larger Degree, More Girls Make College Plans
USA Today, August 20, 2001, Life; Pg. 6D
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: USA Today
Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Colleges; Education; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Gender

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Article reports on a study which utilizes NLSY data to show that more girls than boys intend to enroll in college, suggesting that male college attendance rates will continue to decline.
Bibliography Citation
Elias, Marilyn. "To A Larger Degree, More Girls Make College Plans." USA Today, August 20, 2001, Life; Pg. 6D.
1816. Eliason, Scott R.
Young Adult Labor Force Careers in the U.S., 1979-1985: An Analysis of the Initial Stratification and Attainment Process
Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1989. DAI-A 50/10, p. 3374, Apr 1990
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Industrial Sector; Job Patterns; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Local Labor Market; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Transition, School to Work; Wages

This thesis involves an analysis of initial labor force careers of young adults in the U.S. from 1979-1985. The conceptual model of the career process is informed by competing socioeconomic theories or research traditions, including the status attainment tradition, neoclassical economic theory, segmented labor market theory, and various other structural theories, with an emphasis on the career process as a life course phenomenon. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 14-22 are used to estimate (1) latent class models to determine the structure/form of initial labor market positions, (2) multinomial logit models for the initial labor market positions, (3) a Box-Cox specification of the conditional hazard model for transitions to a subsequent labor market position, and (4) sample selection type regression models for labor market wages after the initial and subsequent positions attained. Some important findings include (1) initial labor market positions can be adequately characterized by an industry measure which allows for error in the classification scheme, (2) homogeneous-market models of wage attainment, such as the human capital model, are found to be in most cases inadequate in describing the wage attainment process in the early labor force career, (3) the labor market behavior the year immediately following the completion of schooling in large part determines the initial and subsequent labor market positions attained during the initial labor force career, and (4) the level of education an individual attains is only weakly tied to the initial labor market attainment process. Differences between race/sex groups in the initial labor force career process are emphasized throughout the thesis.
Bibliography Citation
Eliason, Scott R. Young Adult Labor Force Careers in the U.S., 1979-1985: An Analysis of the Initial Stratification and Attainment Process. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1989. DAI-A 50/10, p. 3374, Apr 1990.
1817. Ellingson, Jarrod M.
Goodnight, Jackson A.
Van Hulle, Carol A.
Waldman, Irwin D.
D'Onofrio, Brian M.
A Sibling-Comparison Study of Smoking During Pregnancy and Childhood Psychological Traits
Behavior Genetics 44,1 (January 2014): 25-35.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-013-9618-6
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Behavior Genetics Association
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Health; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Siblings; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Temperament

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Prenatal exposure to substances of abuse is associated with numerous psychological problems in offspring, but quasi-experimental studies controlling for co-occurring risk factors suggest that familial factors (e.g., genetic and environmental effects shared among siblings) confound many associations with maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP). Few of the quasi-experimental studies in this area have explored normative psychological traits in early childhood or developmental changes across the lifespan, however. The current study used multilevel growth curve models with a large, nationally-representative sample in the United States to investigate for potential effects of SDP on the developmental trajectories of cognitive functioning, temperament/personality, and disruptive behavior across childhood, while accounting for shared familial confounds by comparing differentially exposed siblings and statistically controlling for offspring-specific covariates. Maternal SDP predicted the intercept (but not change over time) for all cognitive and externalizing outcomes. Accounting for familial confounds, however, attenuated the association between SDP exposure and all outcomes, except the intercept (age 5) for reading recognition. These findings, which are commensurate with previous quasi-experimental research on more severe indices of adolescent and adult problems, suggest that the associations between SDP and developmental traits in childhood are due primarily to confounding factors and not a causal association.
Bibliography Citation
Ellingson, Jarrod M., Jackson A. Goodnight, Carol A. Van Hulle, Irwin D. Waldman and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "A Sibling-Comparison Study of Smoking During Pregnancy and Childhood Psychological Traits." Behavior Genetics 44,1 (January 2014): 25-35.
1818. Elliot, John F.
Factors Related to the Decisions of Rural Public High School Students to Participate in Vocational Education
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Rural/Urban Differences; Schooling, Post-secondary; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Vocational Education; Vocational Preparation

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors related to the decisions of rural high school students to participate in vocational education. Two national longitudinal data bases, High School and Beyond (HS&B) and the NLSY, provided the bases for the regression analysis. In addition, a face-to-face interview and a questionnaire which replicated questions from the National Longitudinal Surveys were administered to a randomly selected sample of Ohio students who planned to enroll in vocational education courses in their junior year. Rural individuals who completed high proportions of vocational education were more likely to score lower on achievement tests and be from lower SES families than those graduates who completed lower proportions of vocational education. The rural sample in Ohio was white. Students enrolled in vocational education courses at home comprehensive schools felt a sense of belonging. Few people not associated with Joint (Area) Vocational Schools (JVS) spoke highly of them. In addition to the clustering of vocational students in lower SES and ability quartiles, further clustering occurred within vocational education. When compared to home school vocational students, students attending JVS's were significantly lower in ability and SES. Job preparation ranked as the number one reason (58%) why Ohio students enrolled in vocational education courses. Enjoyment of vocational subject matter and the environment in which the vocational education courses were taught ranked second (52%). Other reasons to enroll in vocational education courses are included and renked.
Bibliography Citation
Elliot, John F. Factors Related to the Decisions of Rural Public High School Students to Participate in Vocational Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1988.
1819. Elliott, Marta E.
Impact of Work, Family, and Welfare Receipt on Women's Self-Esteem in Young Adulthood
Social Psychology Quarterly 59,1 (March 1996): 80-95.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2787120
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Employment; Family Influences; Marital Status; Marriage; Motherhood; Self-Esteem; Welfare; Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Analyzed the impact of work, family, and welfare on change in 3,076 White women's self-esteem from 1980, when the Ss were aged 15-23 yrs to 1987 when they were aged 22-30 yrs. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data are used to test the effects of work, family, and welfare roles, conditions, and length of role occupancy on change in self-esteem during the transition to adulthood. Results show that marriage tends to improve self- esteem, whereas motherhood and welfare receipt depress it. The effect of being employed interacts with age and motherhood: the positive effect of being employed on change in self-esteem is strongest for younger mothers; the effect is slightly negative for older, childless Ss. Several conditions of work and family mediate the effects of role occupancy on change in self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1996 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Elliott, Marta E. "Impact of Work, Family, and Welfare Receipt on Women's Self-Esteem in Young Adulthood." Social Psychology Quarterly 59,1 (March 1996): 80-95.
1820. Elliott, Marta E.
Work, Family and Self-Esteem During the Transition to Adulthood
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1995
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Divorce; Family Studies; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Parenthood; Self-Esteem; Transfers, Financial; Transition Rates, Activity to Work; Welfare; Women's Studies; Work Attitudes

This study assesses the impact of women's work and family roles on change in their self-esteem as they make the transition to adulthood. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), supplemented with information from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) are used to study the determinants of change in self-esteem between 1980 and 1987 among a sample of white women aged 22-29 in 1987. They show that self-esteem changes modestly as women make the transitions to work, marriage and parenthood in their twenties. Self-esteem drifted upward by about one-third of a standard deviation unit between 1980 and 1987. The strongest predictor of positive change in self-esteem was for the woman to be employed in 1987. Among employed women, those earning higher wages enjoyed greater gains in self-esteem, while those working more hours and/or doing relatively repetitive work experienced losses. Time out of the labor force depressed self-esteem, but only temporarily since self-esteem rebounded when women returned to work. Married women had higher self-esteem, on average, than non-married women, regardless of a history of divorce, separation or widowhood. Being a mother, however, led to loss of self-esteem over the 7 year period. This effect increased in strength the longer a woman had children. Among women who were employed, however, the negative impact of motherhood was much weaker, suggesting that the employee role protects mothers from social isolation and financial strains. Receipt of government transfer payments had a continuous and accumulating toll on self-esteem, in that the longer a woman received unemployment compensation or food stamps, the lower her self-esteem became. These effects, unlike that of being out of the labor force, did not disappear when women stopped receiving government assistance, indicating that being a welfare recipient has a lasting negative impact on self-image. The results of this study have implications for how women may combine work and family to optimize their overall psychological well-being. Furthermore, the findings underscore the importance for society of improving opportunities for all women to participate in the paid labor force.
Bibliography Citation
Elliott, Marta E. Work, Family and Self-Esteem During the Transition to Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1995.
1821. Elliott, Marta E.
Parcel, Toby L.
Career Disruption Effects on Early Wages: A Comparison of Mothers and Women Without Children
Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Dual Economic Theory; Earnings; Human Capital Theory; Labor Market, Secondary; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Occupational Segregation; Occupations; Wages, Women

This paper examines differences between mothers and non-mothers in the relative disruption of careers and the process of earnings attainment. Combining human capital and dual labor market theories, the author hypothesizes that: (1) mothers' and non-mothers' careers diverge both with respect to accumulated human capital, and to the occupational labor market characteristics of their jobs; and (2) these variations are reflected in differential patterns of earnings attainment between the two groups. These hypotheses are tested on a sample of 5,314 women drawn from the NLSY who worked at any time between 1984 and 1987 (85% of the sample). Descriptive results reveal that mothers' careers are substantially more disrupted than the careers of non-mothers, and are characterized by lower wage jobs entailing less substantively complex work in occupational labor markets more heavily dominated by women and minorities. OLS analyses of earnings run separately for mothers and non-mothers indicates that while human capital accumulation plays the most important role in determining non-mothers' wages, occupational content and labor market composition outweigh human capital as determinants of mothers' wages. The disappearance of the negative effect of number of children on mothers' wages when indicators of career disruption are controlled suggests that motherhood is detrimental to women's earnings primarily because of its effects on labor force participation patterns.
Bibliography Citation
Elliott, Marta E. and Toby L. Parcel. "Career Disruption Effects on Early Wages: A Comparison of Mothers and Women Without Children." Presented: Cincinnati, OH, American Statistical Association Annual Meetings, August 1991.
1822. Elliott, Marta E.
Parcel, Toby L.
The Determinants of Young Women's Wages: Comparing the Effects of Individual and Occupational Labor Market Characteristics
Social Science Research 25,3 (September 1996): 240-259.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X96900113
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Human Capital; Mobility; Mobility, Labor Market; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Wage Gap; Wages; Women

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of individual resources and occupational labor market characteristics on the wages of young women. Findings indicated that both individual- and occupational-level factors have significant effects on the wage attainment process, with young women's wages being determined partly by their own human capital but also by characteristics of their occupations. Mothers tend to be paid less than non-mothers, but the negative effect on wages of being a mother holds for non-black women only. These results are employed to inform theory concerning the effects of market relative to human capital characteristics on wages and to comprehend how young, non-black mothers are at a particular disadvantage in the wage attainment process.
Bibliography Citation
Elliott, Marta E. and Toby L. Parcel. "The Determinants of Young Women's Wages: Comparing the Effects of Individual and Occupational Labor Market Characteristics." Social Science Research 25,3 (September 1996): 240-259.
1823. Ellwood, David T.
Wilde, Elizabeth T. Y.
Batchelder, Lily
The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels
RFS Working Paper, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, January 2009.
Also: https://www.russellsage.org/publications/category/working-papers
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Keyword(s): Fertility; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Differentials

This paper explores how the wage and career consequences of motherhood differ by skill and timing. Past work has often found smaller or even negligible effects for high skill women. This paper finds the opposite. Wage trajectories diverge sharply for high scoring women after (but not before) they have children, while there is little change for low skill women. There is some evidence that the costs of childbearing for high skill women are reduced by delaying children. Factors such as remaining in the same job and keeping interruptions short reduce the costs to women, but costs remain high for high scoring women. Men show far less impacts. As a result it appears that the lifetime costs of childbearing, especially early childbearing are particularly high for skilled women. These differential costs of childbearing may account for the far greater tendency of high skill women to delay childbearing or avoid it altogether.
Bibliography Citation
Ellwood, David T., Elizabeth T. Y. Wilde and Lily Batchelder. "The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels." RFS Working Paper, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, January 2009.
1824. Elminejad, Ali
Havranek, Tomas
Horvath, Roman
Irsova, Zuzana
Intertemporal Substitution in Labor Supply: A Meta-Analysis
Review of Economic Dynamics 51 (December 2023): 1095-1113.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2023.10.001
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Economic Dynamics
Keyword(s): Economic Behaviors; Economic Conditions; Government Policy; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Labor Supply, Elasticity of; Work Attitudes; Work Histories; Work, Willingness to

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The intertemporal substitution (Frisch) elasticity of labor supply governs how structural models predict changes in people's willingness to work in response to changes in economic conditions or government fiscal policy. We show that the mean reported estimates of the elasticity are exaggerated due to publication bias. For both the intensive and extensive margins the literature provides over 700 estimates, with a mean of 0.5 in both cases. Correcting for publication bias and emphasizing quasi-experimental evidence reduces the mean intensive margin elasticity to 0.2 and renders the extensive margin elasticity tiny. A total hours elasticity of about 0.25 is the most consistent with empirical evidence. To trace the differences in reported elasticities to differences in estimation context, we collect 23 variables reflecting study design and employ Bayesian and frequentist model averaging to address model uncertainty. On both margins the elasticity is systematically larger for women and workers near retirement, but not enough to support a total hours elasticity above 0.5.
Bibliography Citation
Elminejad, Ali, Tomas Havranek, Roman Horvath and Zuzana Irsova. "Intertemporal Substitution in Labor Supply: A Meta-Analysis." Review of Economic Dynamics 51 (December 2023): 1095-1113.
1825. Elster, Arthur B.
Ketterlinus, Robert D.
Lamb, Michael E.
Association Between Parenthood and Problem Behavior in a National Sample of Adolescent Women
Pediatrics 85,6 (June 1990): 1044-1050.
Also: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/6/1044
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavioral Problems; Deviance; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Mothers; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Runaways; Rural Sociology; Rural Youth; Rural/Urban Differences; School Suspension/Expulsion; Substance Use; Truancy

The association between problem behaviors and parental status was studied among 1263 urban and 388 rural 15- to 17-year old teens from the NLSY. The three parental status groups appeared ordered in risk, with school-age mothers having engaged in the most problem behaviors, followed, in turn, by young adult mothers (those who had a child between 19-21 years of age) and then women who had not had a child by age 21. When individual behaviors were analyzed, school-age mothers were more likely than either young adult mothers or non-mothers to have reported school suspension, truancy, runaway, smoking marijuana and fighting. Urban women, overall, engaged in more problem behaviors than did rural women, and blacks reported fewer problem behaviors than did whites.
Bibliography Citation
Elster, Arthur B., Robert D. Ketterlinus and Michael E. Lamb. "Association Between Parenthood and Problem Behavior in a National Sample of Adolescent Women." Pediatrics 85,6 (June 1990): 1044-1050.
1826. Elster, Arthur B.
Lamb, Michael E.
Tavare, Jane
Association Between Behavioral and School Problems and Fatherhood in a National Sample of Adolescent Youths
Journal of Pediatrics 111,6, Pt 1 (December 1987): 932-936.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347687802226
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Mosby
Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Fatherhood; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Substance Use; Support Networks; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The relation between fatherhood and behavioral and school problems was studied in a nationally representative sample of adolescent youths. Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth (NLSY). Of the 6400 youths interviewed in 1980, 367 (5.7%) reported that they had fathered a child before the age of 19 years. This group was compared with 1000 non-fathers selected at random from the same data set. The groups differed by race and family socioeconomic characteristics. Academic, drug, and conduct problems were significantly more common among adolescent fathers than among non-fathers. Race and family income, and fatherhood status were independently related to various problem behaviors. These results confirm previous findings demonstrating a relation between delinquency and adolescent fatherhood.
Bibliography Citation
Elster, Arthur B., Michael E. Lamb and Jane Tavare. "Association Between Behavioral and School Problems and Fatherhood in a National Sample of Adolescent Youths." Journal of Pediatrics 111,6, Pt 1 (December 1987): 932-936.
1827. Emery, Robert E.
Rogers, Karen Coulter
Economic Consequences of Divorce for Children
Working Paper, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 1990
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Psychology , University of Virginia
Keyword(s): Children; Divorce; Fathers, Absence; Household Composition; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Paper analyzes economic change over time according to family status and the economic consequences of separation/divorce for the children in the sample. The research asks two basic question: 1. What are the economic consequences of divorce for children in this sample? We are examining this by doing an event history analysis, looking at changes and income before and after the event of separation. Also of interest are economic selection into divorce and the economic consequences of remarriage. 2. The second question concerns economic change and children\'s adjustment. We are examining the economic changes described above as predictors of children\'s adjustment 1986 assessments.
Bibliography Citation
Emery, Robert E. and Karen Coulter Rogers. "Economic Consequences of Divorce for Children." Working Paper, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 1990.
1828. Emery, Robert E.
Waldron, Mary
Kitzmann, Katherine M.
Aaron, Jeffrey
Delinquent Behavior, Future Divorce or Nonmarital Childbearing, and Externalizing Behavior Among Offspring: A 14-Year Prospective Study
Journal of Family Psychology 13,4 (December 1999): 568-579.
Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/fam/13/4/568/
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Childbearing; Children, Behavioral Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Divorce; Family Income; Family Studies; Marital Status; Mothers, Behavior; Parents, Single; Poverty; Racial Differences

In a longitudinal study of a national sample, more externalizing behavior problems were found among 222 children from never-married and 142 children from divorced families than among 840 children from married families. However, delinquent behavior reported when future mothers were single, childless adolescents prospectively predicted their future marital status and behavior problems among their offspring 14 years later. Maternal history of delinquent behavior accounted for much, but not all, of the relationship between marital status and children's externalizing behavior. Divorce and nonmarital childbirth do not occur at random, and these findings demonstrate that marital status is predicted by individual characteristics as well as by demographic factors. These findings highlight the importance of cautiously interpreting the much-discussed correlation between marital status and children's behavior problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Emery, Robert E., Mary Waldron, Katherine M. Kitzmann and Jeffrey Aaron. "Delinquent Behavior, Future Divorce or Nonmarital Childbearing, and Externalizing Behavior Among Offspring: A 14-Year Prospective Study." Journal of Family Psychology 13,4 (December 1999): 568-579.
1829. Employment Policies Institute
Just Getting By? Income Dependence on Minimum Wage Jobs
Policy Brief, Washington, DC: Employment Policies Institute, March 2011.
Also: http://epionline.org/studies/Schiller_Policy_Brief.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Employment Policies Institute
Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC); Employment, Part-Time; Family Income; Job Satisfaction; Minimum Wage; Wage Growth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), Schiller looks at employment and family income for minimum wage workers between the ages of 33 and 50, in the years between 1998 and 2006 when the federal minimum wage was unchanged at $5.15 an hour.
Bibliography Citation
Employment Policies Institute. "Just Getting By? Income Dependence on Minimum Wage Jobs." Policy Brief, Washington, DC: Employment Policies Institute, March 2011.
1830. Engelhardt, Bryan
The Effect of Employment Frictions on Crime
Journal of Labor Economics 28,3 (July 2010): 677-718.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/651541
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Crime; Incarceration/Jail; Job Search; Training, On-the-Job; Unemployment

This article provides estimates on how long it takes for released inmates to find a job and, when they find a job, how less likely they are to be incarcerated. An on-the-job search model with crime is used to model criminal behavior, derive the estimation method, and analyze policies including a job placement program. The results show that the unemployed are incarcerated twice as fast as the employed and take on average 6 months to find a job. The article demonstrates that reducing the average unemployment spell of previously incarcerated criminals by 3 months reduces crime and recidivism by more than 5%.
Bibliography Citation
Engelhardt, Bryan. "The Effect of Employment Frictions on Crime." Journal of Labor Economics 28,3 (July 2010): 677-718.
1831. Engelhardt, Gary V.
Housing Markets and Labor Mobility
Working Paper, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College and NBER, October 1998
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Mobility, Labor Market

An important theme in corporate finance and macroeconomics is the effect of collateral constraints on asset price fluctuations. Temporary economic shocks that depress the value of assets used both for productive purposes and collateral can reduce the net worth of firms, reduce the asset demand for constrained firms, and result in lower asset prices, which then further reduces net worth and feeds back into prices. This link between asset prices and collateral has been examined recently by Kiyotaki and Moore (1997), Kashyap Scharfstein, and Weil (1990), and Shleifer and Vishny (1992), among others. Stein (1995) has examined this behavior in housing markets. Because most home purchases are mortgage-financed, housing is a relatively highly-leveraged asset. Large price fluctuations can affect equity and the demand for housing greatly. In particular, an adverse shock to prices decreases equity, results in collateral-constrained households that cannot move, which decreases demand, and results in further price declines that further constrain household mobility. Interestingly, this model is able to explain housing market behavior that cannot be explained by the standard asset-market model of Poterba (1984), e.g., rapid prices swings, the strong positive correlation of prices and trading volume over the housing cycle, and the observed reluctance of prospective sellers to reduce asking prices in down markets.
Bibliography Citation
Engelhardt, Gary V. "Housing Markets and Labor Mobility." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College and NBER, October 1998.
1832. Engelhardt, Gary V.
Income and Wealth in the NLSY79
Presented: Washington DC, NLSY79 Redesign Conference, September 1998
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Income; Variables, Instrumental; Wealth

This reports evaluates the NLSY79 survey instrument's questions on income and wealth.
Bibliography Citation
Engelhardt, Gary V. "Income and Wealth in the NLSY79." Presented: Washington DC, NLSY79 Redesign Conference, September 1998.
1833. Engelhardt, Gary V.
Nominal Loss Aversion, Housing Equity Constraints, and Household Mobility: Evidence from the United States
Working Paper No. 42, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University, August 27, 2001.
Also: http://www-cpr.maxwell.syr.edu/faculty/engelhardt/nomloss.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University
Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Household Models; Household Structure; Mobility; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper exploits the significant recent variation in U.S. house prices to empirically examine the effect on housing equity constraints and nominal loss aversion on household mobility. The analysis uses unique, detailed data from 1985-1996 on household characteristics, mobility, and wealth from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) matched with house price data from 149 metropolitan areas to estimate semi-parametric proportional hazard models of intra- and inter-metropolitan mobility. There are five principal findings. First, household intra-metropolitan own-to-own mobility responds differently to nominal housing losses than to gains. Second, nominal loss aversion is significantly less pronounced in intra-metropolitan own-to-rent and inter-metropolitan mobility, respectively. Third, there is some evidence of binding equity constraints in intra-metropolitan own-to-own mobility. Fourth, there is little evidence that low equity constrains intra-metropolitan own-to-rent and inter-metropolitan mobility, respectively. Fifth, a comparison of the estimated effects indicates that nominal loss aversion has a more dominant effect than equity constraints in restricting household mobility: roughly two-and-a-half to three times the impact of equity constraints.
Bibliography Citation
Engelhardt, Gary V. "Nominal Loss Aversion, Housing Equity Constraints, and Household Mobility: Evidence from the United States." Working Paper No. 42, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University, August 27, 2001.
1834. Engelhardt, Gary V.
Nominal Loss Aversion, Housing Equity Constraints, and Household Mobility: Evidence from the United States
Journal of Urban Economics 53,1 (January 2003): 171-195.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119002005119
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Mobility

This paper exploits the recent variation in US house prices to examine the effect of equity constraints and nominal loss aversion on household mobility. Detailed data from the 1985-1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) were matched with house price data from 149 metropolitan areas to estimate instrumental variables linear probability and semi-parametric proportional hazard models of intra-metropolitan mobility. Household mobility is significantly influenced by nominal loss aversion. There is little evidence that low equity because of fallen house prices constrains mobility. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier]
Bibliography Citation
Engelhardt, Gary V. "Nominal Loss Aversion, Housing Equity Constraints, and Household Mobility: Evidence from the United States." Journal of Urban Economics 53,1 (January 2003): 171-195.
1835. England, Paula A.
Bearak, Jonathan M.
Budig, Michelle Jean
Hodges, Melissa J.
Do Highly Paid, Highly Skilled Women Experience the Largest Motherhood Penalty?
American Sociological Review 81,6 (December 2016): 1161-1189.
Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/81/6/1161.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Motherhood; Wage Levels; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Motherhood reduces women's wages. But does the size of this penalty differ between more and less advantaged women? To answer this, we use unconditional quantile regression models with person-fixed effects, and panel data from the 1979 to 2010 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). We find that among white women, the most privileged--women with high skills and high wages--experience the highest total penalties, estimated to include effects mediated through lost experience. Although highly skilled, highly paid women have fairly continuous experience, their high returns to experience make even the small amounts of time some of them take out of employment for childrearing costly. By contrast, penalties net of experience, which may represent employer discrimination or effects of motherhood on job performance, are not distinctive for highly skilled women with high wages.
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Jonathan M. Bearak, Michelle Jean Budig and Melissa J. Hodges. "Do Highly Paid, Highly Skilled Women Experience the Largest Motherhood Penalty?" American Sociological Review 81,6 (December 2016): 1161-1189.
1836. England, Paula A.
Bearak, Jonathan M.
Budig, Michelle Jean
Hodges, Melissa J.
Is the Motherhood Wage Penalty Worse at the Top or Bottom?
Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages, Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, we ask whether motherhood wage penalties are higher for women at the top or bottom of skill, wage, and race hierarchies. Two recent papers that address the issue of how the penalties vary by skill and wage present a puzzle. In an unpublished but widely cited NBER paper, Wilde, Batchelder, and Ellwood (2010), using the AFQT cognitive skill test as a measure of skill, find the motherhood penalty to be much higher for higher skilled women before and after controls for experience. This makes sense if we think that the jobs that high-skilled women can get are the hardest to combine with the demands of motherhood without performance being affected. Budig and Hodges (2010), using the same (National Longitudinal Analysis of Youth 1979) dataset, and deploying quantile regression, show that the penalty for motherhood (as a proportion of wage) is much larger for low wage women. Part of this is simply that low wage women drop out the most, and thus, when they re-enter, pay a penalty for their lost experience. But even after adjustments for experience, Budig and Hodges found lower wage women to have them to have higher penalties, possibly reflecting the less family-friendly firms they work for, and/or their low bargaining power on matters of flexibility. Because individuals’ skills and their wages are moderately positively correlated, it is a puzzle that low skill women have lower penalties while low wage women have higher penalties. Research has also examined whether black and white women differ in their motherhood penalties with mixed findings (e.g. Budig and England 2001 find no difference while Waldfogel 1997 finds lower penalties for black women). We examine whether the wage penalty for motherhood is proportionately higher or lower for women at higher points in cognitive skill, wage, and race hierarchies. One animating puzzle is that a paper by Ellwood and colleagues found higher penalties for more cognitively skilled women, while a paper using the same data by Budig and Hodges found higher penalties at lower wage levels; given the correlation between skill and wage, it is surprising if both are true. We use all waves of the NLSY79 with fixed effects models and quantile regression. We assess whether penalties (because of and net of experience) are higher for those scoring higher on the AFQT, for those with lower wages, and for black women. We assess the role of marital status in explaining black/white differences in penalties. We attempt a comprehensive portrait of how motherhood penalties vary by advantage.
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Jonathan M. Bearak, Michelle Jean Budig and Melissa J. Hodges. "Is the Motherhood Wage Penalty Worse at the Top or Bottom?" Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012.
1837. England, Paula A.
Budig, Michelle Jean
Folbre, Nancy
Wages Of Virtue: The Relative Pay of Care Work
Social Problems 49,4 (November 2002): 455-474.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.455
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of California Press
Keyword(s): Modeling, Fixed Effects; Occupational Status; Occupations; Wage Determination; Wage Growth; Wage Rates; Wages

We examine the relative pay of occupations involving care, such as teaching, counseling, providing health services, or supervising children. We use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth covering workers between 17 and 35 years of age. Care work pays less than other occupations after controlling for the education and employment experience of the workers, many occupation and industry characteristics, and (via individual fixed effects) unmeasured, stable characteristics of those who hold the jobs. Both men and women in care work pay this relative wage penalty. However, more women than men pay the penalty, since more women than men do this kind of work.
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Michelle Jean Budig and Nancy Folbre. "Wages Of Virtue: The Relative Pay of Care Work." Social Problems 49,4 (November 2002): 455-474.
1838. England, Paula A.
McClintock, Elizabeth
Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons
Birth Control Use and Early, Unintended Births: Evidence for a Class Gradient
In: Social Class and Changing Families in an Unequal America. Marcia J. Carlson and Paula England, eds., Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011: 21-49
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Contraception; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Mothers, Education; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Socioeconomic Status (SES)

In this chapter we focus on a more causally �upstream� set of causes for class differences in family patterns. As we will show, more-advantaged youths begin engaging in intercourse slightly later and, as young adults, use birth control (contraception and abortion) more consistently. As a result, they are much less likely to become parents early, or to have unintended births at any age. While early births are not always unintended, and not all unintended pregnancies are early, the two phenomena are empirically linked: a national survey asking women about their childbearing between 1997 and 2002 found that 78 percent of births to women under age 20 resulted from unintended pregnancies, compared to 45 percent among women 20� 24, and 24 percent among women 25� 44 (Kissin et al. 2008). This is probably because few see the teen years as appropriate for childbearing, and because anyone who has a high propensity for unplanned pregnancies because of inconsistent contraceptive use will probably have an unplanned pregnancy shortly after the initiation of sexual activity. As Bongaarts (1978) has pointed out, sex and birth control are the proximate determinants of fertility. It follows that class differences affecting early fertility must operate through these proximate determinants. Once premarital sex is ubiquitous, unintended fertility is particularly likely to flow from lack of consistent use of birth control.
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Elizabeth McClintock and Emily Fitzgibbons Shafer. "Birth Control Use and Early, Unintended Births: Evidence for a Class Gradient" In: Social Class and Changing Families in an Unequal America. Marcia J. Carlson and Paula England, eds., Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011: 21-49
1839. England, Paula A.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Kilbourne, Barbara Stanek
The Effect of the Sex Composition of Jobs on Starting Wages in an Organization: Findings from the NLSY
Demography 33,4 (November 1996): 511-521.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/24423kln0q8x0658/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Benefits; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Human Capital Theory; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Wage Theory

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is shown that individuals in a job with a higher percentage of males earn lower starting wages with an employing organization. This holds true with controls for individuals' human capital, job demands for skill or difficult working conditions, and detailed industry. A measure of sex composition is used that applies to detailed jobs: cells in a 3-digit census occupation by 3-digit census industry matrix. Pooled panel data from the 1979-1987 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used. The unit of analysis is the spell--the time in which a person worked for one organization. The dependent variable is the first wage in the spell. Models with fixed-effects are used to control for unmeasured, unchanging individual characteristics. In addition, results from OLS and weighted models are shown for comparison. The negative effect on wages of the percentage female in one's job is robust across procedures for black women, white women, and white men. For black men, the sign is always negative, but the coefficient is often nonsignificant. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Lori Lynn Reid and Barbara Stanek Kilbourne. "The Effect of the Sex Composition of Jobs on Starting Wages in an Organization: Findings from the NLSY." Demography 33,4 (November 1996): 511-521.
1840. England, Paula A.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Kilbourne, Barbara Stanek
Farkas, George
Devaluation of Female Jobs: Findings from the NLSY
Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Comparable Worth; Economics of Gender; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Job Analysis; Job Requirements; Occupational Segregation; Occupations, Female; Sexual Division of Labor; Skills; Wage Determination; Wage Levels; Wages, Women; Women's Studies; Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research on comparable worth suggests that employers do not set the wage band for a job according to job content alone, but rather that the sex or race composition of job incumbents biases this assessment. Here, tested is the hypothesis that, net of individuals' human capital, and net of job demands (for skill or difficult working conditions), jobs with a higher proportion of women offer lower wages to all workers in the job. The analysis uses measures of sex composition that pertain to more detailed job categories than used in prior research. Estimated are the net effects of the % female in these categories, using pooled panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1987. It is concluded that jobs are devalued when they contain more females; employers offer lower wages in such jobs than in more heavily male jobs with comparable characteristics. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
England, Paula A., Lori Lynn Reid, Barbara Stanek Kilbourne and George Farkas. "Devaluation of Female Jobs: Findings from the NLSY." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995.
1841. Erosa, Andres
Fuster, Luisa
Restuccia, Diego
A Quantitative Theory of the Gender Gap in Wages
Working Paper 05-09, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond and University of Toronto, September 2005.
Also: http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/economic_research/working_papers/pdfs/wp05-9.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
Keyword(s): Birth Rate; Fertility; Human Capital Theory; Maternal Employment; Wage Gap; Wage Models; Wage Theory; Wages, Men; Wages, Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we document that gender differences in wages almost double during the first 20 years of labor market experience and that there are substantial gender differences in employment and hours of work during the life cycle. A large portion of gender differences in labor market attachment can be traced to the impact of children on the labor supply of women. We develop a quantitative life-cycle model of fertility, labor supply, and human capital accumulation decisions. We use this model to assess the role of fertility on gender differences in labor supply and wages over the life cycle. In our model, fertility lowers the lifetime intensity of market activity, reducing the incentives for human capital accumulation and wage growth over the life cycle of females relative to males. We calibrate the model to panel data of men and to fertility and child related labor market histories of women. We find that fertility accounts for most of the gender differences in labor supply and wages during the life cycle documented in the NLSY data.
Bibliography Citation
Erosa, Andres, Luisa Fuster and Diego Restuccia. "A Quantitative Theory of the Gender Gap in Wages." Working Paper 05-09, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond and University of Toronto, September 2005.
1842. Erosa, Andres
Fuster, Luisa
Restuccia, Diego
A Quantitative Theory of the Gender Gap in Wages
European Economic Review 85 (June 2016): 165-187.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429211630023X
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Children; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Wage Gap; Work Hours/Schedule

This paper measures how much of the gender wage gap over the life cycle is due to the fact that working hours are lower for women than for men. We build a quantitative theory of fertility, labor supply, and human capital accumulation decisions to measure gender differences in human capital investments over the life cycle. We assume that there are no gender differences in the human capital technology and calibrate this technology using wage-age profiles of men. The calibration of females assumes that children involves a forced reduction in hours of work that falls on females rather than on males and that there is an exogenous gender gap in hours of work. We find that our theory accounts for all of the increase in the gender wage gap over the life cycle in the NLSY79 data. The impact of children on the labor supply of females accounts for 56% and 45% of the increase in the gender wage gap over the life cycle among non-college and college females, while the rest is due to the exogenous gender differences in hours of work.
Bibliography Citation
Erosa, Andres, Luisa Fuster and Diego Restuccia. "A Quantitative Theory of the Gender Gap in Wages." European Economic Review 85 (June 2016): 165-187.
1843. Escamilla, Sandra
Santhiveeran, Janaki
Power of Teen Motherhood in Predicting Later Educational Attainment
The Social Policy Journal 4,1 (2005): 65-79
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Marriage; Educational Attainment; Motherhood; Mothers, Adolescent; Poverty; Teenagers; Welfare

This article investigates the power of teen motherhood in predicting later educational attainment. Data for mothers are extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). Findings show that teen motherhood is inversely related to later educational attainment. Poverty, welfare receipt and the number of children have a direct influence on later educational attainment. Employment, the age of the woman at the time of her first marriage, and being married currently, had a direct positive influence on educational attainment. The implications for social work practice are discussed
Bibliography Citation
Escamilla, Sandra and Janaki Santhiveeran. "Power of Teen Motherhood in Predicting Later Educational Attainment." The Social Policy Journal 4,1 (2005): 65-79.
1844. Eschleman, Kevin J.
LaHuis, David
Advancing Occupational Stress and Health Research and Interventions Using Latent Difference Score Modeling
International Journal of Stress Management 21,1 (February 2014): 112-136.
Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/str/21/1/112.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Modeling; Occupations; Research Methodology; Stress

Occupational stress theories are rooted in the dynamic nature of the stress process, but few researchers examine intraindividual changes in the stress and well-being process. Analyses of intraindividual change over time enable researchers to evaluate theoretical propositions and build models that may be misspecified by cross-sectional data. We introduce a longitudinal data analysis method that can be used to advance stress theories and more accurately evaluate current organizational interventions. Specifically, latent difference score (LDS; J. J. McArdle, 2001, A latent difference score approach to longitudinal dynamic structural analysis. In R. Cudek, S. DuToit, & D. Sörbom, Eds., Structural equation modeling: Present and future, pp. 342–380, Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International) modeling has recently emerged as a versatile tool for investigating intraindividual change in measured variables in clinical and developmental research (C. D. Kouros & E. M. Cummings, 2010, Longitudinal associations between husbands’ and wives’ depressive symptoms, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 72, pp. 135–147; I. Schindler, U. M. Staudinger, & J. R. Nesselroade, 2006, Development and structural dynamics of personal life investment in old age, Psychology and Aging, Vol. 21, pp. 737–753). Organizational or occupational health researchers, however, have yet to take advantage of the LDS approach. We discuss potential implications for the LDS approach in evaluating organizational interventions and stress theories and provide a didactic illustration of LDS modeling using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Eschleman, Kevin J. and David LaHuis. "Advancing Occupational Stress and Health Research and Interventions Using Latent Difference Score Modeling." International Journal of Stress Management 21,1 (February 2014): 112-136.
1845. Eshaghnia, Seyed Mohammad Sadegh
Essays on Human Capital, Fertility, and Child Development
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Arizona State University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Children; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility; Gender; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In chapter two, I study the impact of females' perceptions regarding their future fertility behavior on their human capital investments and labor market outcomes. I exploit a natural experiment to study the causal effect of fertility anticipation on individual's investments in human capital. I use the arguably exogenous variation in gender mix of children as an exogenous shock to the probability of further fertility. I document that having two children of the same gender is associated with about 5% lower wages for the mother compared to having two children of the opposite sexes. Mothers with same-sex children perceive themselves as more likely to bear one more child, and so less attached to the labor market, so invest less in human capital, and this is reflected in wages today.
Bibliography Citation
Eshaghnia, Seyed Mohammad Sadegh. Essays on Human Capital, Fertility, and Child Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Arizona State University, 2019.
1846. Esposito, Michael H.
Income's Role in Explaining Black-White Differences in the Educational Gradient in Health: Evidence from the NLSY79 and G-Computation
Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Bayesian; Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Income; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although it is well-established that the association among health and education is less strong for Non-Hispanic U.S Blacks than it is for Non-Hispanic U.S Whites, little empirical work has been produced to explain why said racial difference exists. The aim of this paper then, is to clarify the role of one of the more popular explanations of why the health returns to education vary by race: income. In this endeavor, we employ a combination of rich data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, and G-Computation, a technique which allows us to quantify the role income plays in maintaining Black-White differences in educational gradients while avoiding post-treatment bias. In addition, to alleviate the model specification concerns that come with a G-Computation approach, we make use of a nonparametric machine-learning algorithm (Bayesian Additive Regression Trees) to estimate the regression models necessary to the G-Computation process.
Bibliography Citation
Esposito, Michael H. "Income's Role in Explaining Black-White Differences in the Educational Gradient in Health: Evidence from the NLSY79 and G-Computation." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015.
1847. Evans, Martin G.
On the Asymmetry of g
Psychological Reports 85,3f (December 1999): 1059-1069.
Also: http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3f.1059
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Ammons Scientific, Ltd.
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Development; g Factor; High School Students; Intelligence

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper the strength of general intelligence at different levels of g is explored.
Bibliography Citation
Evans, Martin G. "On the Asymmetry of g." Psychological Reports 85,3f (December 1999): 1059-1069.
1848. Evans, William N.
Oates, Wallace E.
Schwab, Robert M.
Measuring Peer Group Teenage Behavior: A Study of Teenage Behavior
Journal of Political Economy 100,5 (October 1992): 966-991.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138631
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Endogeneity; Neighborhood Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; School Dropouts

Individuals or households often have some scope for choice of peer groups, whether through the selection of neighborhood of residence, school, or friends. This study addresses the estimation of peer group effects in cases in which measures of peer group influence are potentially endogenous variables. Using a rich data set on individual behavior, the paper explores teenage pregnancy and school dropout behavior . For both cases, the estimation of a straightforward single-equation model yields statistically significant peer group effects; however, these effects disappear under simultaneous equation estimation. The results are robust and suggest the need for careful modeling of the choice of peer groups. (ABI/Inform)
Bibliography Citation
Evans, William N., Wallace E. Oates and Robert M. Schwab. "Measuring Peer Group Teenage Behavior: A Study of Teenage Behavior." Journal of Political Economy 100,5 (October 1992): 966-991.
1849. Even, William E.
MacPherson, David A.
Employer Size and Labor Turnover: The Role of Pensions
Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49,4 (July 1996): 707-728.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2524518
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University
Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Firm Size; Job Turnover; Pensions; Quality of Employment Survey (QES)

The well-documented lower labor turnover in large firms than in smaller firms has been cited as evidence that large firms pay workers above their opportunity wage. This study investigates whether the relationship between firm size and turnover can instead be accounted for in part by size-related differences in the availability, portability, or generosity of pension plans. Analyzing extensive data for the years 1973-93, the authors find that pension coverage was associated with a greater reduction in worker turnover in large firms than in small firms. They also find that when appropriate controls for worker characteristics are employed, there is virtually no association between firm size and labor turnover for workers not covered by a pension. (Copyright New York State School of Industrial & Labor Relations 1996)
Bibliography Citation
Even, William E. and David A. MacPherson. "Employer Size and Labor Turnover: The Role of Pensions." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49,4 (July 1996): 707-728.
1850. Evertsson, Marie
Grunow, Daniela
Aisenbrey, Silke
Work Interruptions and Young Women’s Career Prospects in Germany, Sweden and the US
Work, Employment and Society 30,2 (April 2016): 291-308.
Also: http://wes.sagepub.com/content/30/2/291
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; German Life History Study; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Mobility, Occupational; Swedish Level of Living Survey; Unemployment; Work Histories

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article assesses the impact of discontinuous work histories on young women's occupational mobility in Germany, Sweden and the US. Women with continuous work histories are compared with those with gaps due to family leave, unemployment, or other reasons. The German Life History Study, the Swedish Level of Living Survey and the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to estimate Cox regression models of the transition rate to downward or upward occupational mobility. The results indicate that US women face increased downward mobility with increasing duration of both family leave and unemployment. German women with unemployment experience are also more likely to encounter downward mobility, but no such relationship is found for family leave. In Sweden, family leave experience reduces the chances of upward mobility. Results question the human capital approach, according to which skills should deteriorate at the same rate independent of the reason for the leave.
Bibliography Citation
Evertsson, Marie, Daniela Grunow and Silke Aisenbrey. "Work Interruptions and Young Women’s Career Prospects in Germany, Sweden and the US." Work, Employment and Society 30,2 (April 2016): 291-308.
1851. Ewing, Bradley T.
A Note on School Size and Wages
Atlantic Economic Journal 23,3 (September 1995): 236.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/a12875xp2j25ph07/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Education Indicators; Human Capital; School Quality; Schooling; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Much has been written on whether it is school quality or quantity that really matters in determining wages. The traditional human capital wage equation controls for the quantity of education (i.e., years of schooling) and generally ignores quality of education. The idea that quality might matter is not new. Hanushek JEL, 1986 reports that standard measures of school quality have no effect on wages of men in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY, including faculty-to-student ratio, teacher salaries, expenditures, and so forth). However, some have successfully argued that school quality is at least as important as quantity by incorporating scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) in the wage model as a proxy for quality Maxwell, ILR, 1994; O'Neill, JEP, 1990!. This note considers one factor overlooked: what is the effect of high school size on wages controlling for quantity and quality? The hypothesis is that students at large schools must deal with a more diverse set of circumstances and that for a given quality and quantity level, they will fare better in the labor market than students from smaller schools. Having been exposed to more people and potentially more diverse cultures and situations, these students are better equipped to deal with the myriad of work-related situations, such as working in teams and in a culturally diverse environment that they will inevitably encounter.
Bibliography Citation
Ewing, Bradley T. "A Note on School Size and Wages." Atlantic Economic Journal 23,3 (September 1995): 236.
1852. Ewing, Bradley T.
Athletes and Work
Economics Letters 59,1 (April 1998): 113-117.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176598000068
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); High School; Labor Market Outcomes; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Unions

The paper has added to the literature by providing new empirical evidence on the labor market effects of participating in high school athletics using the 1990 wave of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) data set which allowed us to examine several measures of work attainment and provided a rich set of control variables. The major finding of this study is that former high school athletes are more likely to be in jobs that are associated with better labor market outcomes than their nonathlete counterparts. Copyright: Elsevier Science S. A.
Bibliography Citation
Ewing, Bradley T. "Athletes and Work." Economics Letters 59,1 (April 1998): 113-117.
1853. Ewing, Bradley T.
High School Athletes and Marijuana Use
Journal of Drug Education 28,2 (1998): 147-157.
Also: http://baywood.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,5,6;journal,54,163;linkingpublicationresults,1:300320,1
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Baywood Publishing Co.
Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Drug Use; Gender Differences; High School Students; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Identifying groups of young people that might be especially susceptible to marijuana use would aid in the design and implementation of drug policy programs. This article examines whether those who participated in high school athletics have a different pattern of marijuana use than comparable non-athletes. The results indicate that male athletes have a higher incidence of marijuana use than non-athletes. The same is not true for female athletes, who actually engage in less marijuana use than their non-athlete counterparts. However, female athletes are more likely than non-athletes to wait until their post-high school years to try the drug for the first time.
Bibliography Citation
Ewing, Bradley T. "High School Athletes and Marijuana Use." Journal of Drug Education 28,2 (1998): 147-157.
1854. Ewing, Bradley T.
High School Athletics and the Wages of Black Males
The Review of Black Political Economy 24,1 (Summer 1995): 65-78.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/hl451370n61785t5/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Economic Association
Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Black Youth; High School; Human Capital; Modeling; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Wage Differentials; Wage Effects; Wage Models

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article examines the effects of high school athletic participation on the future wages of black males. Our evidence suggests that former black male athletes receive significantly greater wages than their otherwise comparable counterparts. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used for the analysis and allows for comparisons of the athlete premium to be made at different points in time. Both the human capital and signaling models are discussed. There appears to be a once and for all enhancement to human capital that accrues to black males who participated in high school athletics. The article adds to the literature on determinants of black male wages and on the earnings effects of athletic participation.
Bibliography Citation
Ewing, Bradley T. "High School Athletics and the Wages of Black Males." The Review of Black Political Economy 24,1 (Summer 1995): 65-78.
1855. Ewing, Bradley T.
Labor Market Effects of High School Athletic Participation: Evidence from Wage and Fringe Benefit Differentials
Journal of Sports Economics 8,3 (June 2007): 255-265
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Athletics (see SPORTS); Benefits, Fringe; High School; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Skills; Sports (also see ATHLETICS); Wage Differentials; Wage Levels

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article provides new empirical evidence on the labor market effects of participating in high school athletics. The study uses the 1990 wave of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data set, which allows for the examination of a broad set of fringe benefits and provides a rich set of control variables. The major finding of this study is that former high school athletes fare better in terms of both components of the compensation structure (i.e., wages and fringe benefits) than their nonathlete counterparts.
Bibliography Citation
Ewing, Bradley T. "Labor Market Effects of High School Athletic Participation: Evidence from Wage and Fringe Benefit Differentials." Journal of Sports Economics 8,3 (June 2007): 255-265.
1856. Ewing, Bradley T.
Wages and Performance-Based Pay: Evidence from the NLSY
Economics Letters 51,2 (May 1996): 241-246.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016517659500775X
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Performance pay; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Determination

The link between performance and pay should be strongest where performance is more accurately observed, Brown ("Industrial and Labor Relations Review," 1990, 43, 1655-1825; "RAND Journal of Economics," 1992, 23, 366-75). More productive workers self-select into jobs with performance-based pay. Consequently, workers whose pay is based on performance should earn more than those whose pay is not based on such measures. This paper adds to the literature on the subject by providing new empirical evidence for Brown's model using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) data.
Bibliography Citation
Ewing, Bradley T. "Wages and Performance-Based Pay: Evidence from the NLSY." Economics Letters 51,2 (May 1996): 241-246.
1857. Ewing, Bradley T.
Payne, James E.
The Trade-Off Between Supervision and Wages: Evidence of Efficiency Wages from the NLSY
Southern Economic Journal 66,2 (October 1999): 424-432.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1057002
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Southern Economic Association
Keyword(s): Earnings; Wage Models; Wage Theory; Wages

Standard efficiency wage models suggest that workers employed in places with lower probabilities of identifying shirking will earn more, as will workers who have better alternative opportunities. This paper provides new empirical evidence in support of efficiency wage theory using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data. The empirical results support the prediction of the model that workers employed in larger work groups are paid more, a finding consistent with a supervision-wage trade-off. Additional evidence supports the prediction that workers with better alternative opportunities earn more.
Bibliography Citation
Ewing, Bradley T. and James E. Payne. "The Trade-Off Between Supervision and Wages: Evidence of Efficiency Wages from the NLSY." Southern Economic Journal 66,2 (October 1999): 424-432.
1858. Faden, Vivian B.
Graubard, Barry I.
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Infant Birth Weight
Annals of Epidemiology 4,4 (July 1994): 279-284.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1047279794900833
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Variables, Independent - Covariate

Heavy maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy has been consistently linked to decreased infant birth weight but the effects of low and moderate levels of drinking on infant birth weight remain unclear. This study addresses the relationship of low to moderate alcohol consumption and birth weight in a nationally representative cohort sample (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, n = 4409 births). Statistical methods that account for the complex sample design were used in the analysis. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used to adjust the relationship between drinking and birth weight for relevant covariates. Results of this study revealed a nonstatistically significant trend in the direction of greater numbers of low-birth-weight babies born to mothers who drank more frequently during pregnancy. A significant interaction between drinking and smoking was found in which the negative effects on birth weight of smoking were less for those women who drank more heavily (P = 0.046).
Bibliography Citation
Faden, Vivian B. and Barry I. Graubard. "Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Infant Birth Weight." Annals of Epidemiology 4,4 (July 1994): 279-284.
1859. Fagan, Patrick F.
Family and Faith: The Roots of Prosperity, Stability and Freedom
Working Paper, The Heritage Foundation, WebMemo 1, March 21, 2000.
Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Family/WM1.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: The Heritage Foundation
Keyword(s): Income Level; Religion; Sexual Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Fagan's WebMemo on the detrimental impacts resulting from the deterioration of the family and the "Culture of Rejection and Alienation" cites NLSY79 data to show that "religious worship by men in their twenties has quite an impact on their capacity to sustain their own virginity." Additionally, NLSY79 data is used to support a correlation between young men's church attendance and income levels achieved later in life. Fagan concludes that "the highest income group consisted of young men who were raised in intact families that worshipped weekly."
Bibliography Citation
Fagan, Patrick F. "Family and Faith: The Roots of Prosperity, Stability and Freedom." Working Paper, The Heritage Foundation, WebMemo 1, March 21, 2000.
1860. Fagan, Patrick F.
The Child Abuse Crisis: The Disintegration of Marriage, Family, and the American Community
Backgrounder #1115 Report, The Heritage Foundation, May 15, 1997.
Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Family/BG1115.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: The Heritage Foundation
Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Marriage; Parents, Single

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article links single parent households and out of wedlock births to incidents of child abuse. NLSY79 data is cited as establishing that the absence of stable marriages result in problems concerning health, education, drug use, welfare dependency, crime, and job success and that these negative effects are "compounding from generation to generation."
Bibliography Citation
Fagan, Patrick F. "The Child Abuse Crisis: The Disintegration of Marriage, Family, and the American Community." Backgrounder #1115 Report, The Heritage Foundation, May 15, 1997.
1861. Fagan, Patrick F.
The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community
Backgrounder #1026 Report, The Heritage Foundation, March 17, 1995.
Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Crime/BG1026.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: The Heritage Foundation
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Marriage; Parents, Single

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper analyzes the connection between single parent families and incidents of youth involvement in violent crime. Merry Morash's study of NLSY79 data is cited, specifically her findings that "[The] mother's [young] age is related to delinquency primarily through its association with low hopes for education, negative school experiences, father absence, and limited monitoring of the child."
Bibliography Citation
Fagan, Patrick F. "The Real Root Causes of Violent Crime: The Breakdown of Marriage, Family, and Community." Backgrounder #1026 Report, The Heritage Foundation, March 17, 1995.
1862. Fagan, Patrick F.
Why Religion Matters
Working Paper, The Heritage Foundation, January 25, 1996.
Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Religion/BG1064.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: The Heritage Foundation
Keyword(s): Religion; Religious Influences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper on the positive effects of religious practices cites studies of NLSY79 data indicating that the absence of religious practices leads to higher incidents of premarital sex. Also cited are studies indicating that poor families that practice a religion have higher income levels than those who do not.
Bibliography Citation
Fagan, Patrick F. "Why Religion Matters." Working Paper, The Heritage Foundation, January 25, 1996.
1863. Fagan, Thomas
Encouraging Marriage and Discouraging Divorce
Backgrounder #1421 Report, The Heritage Foundation, March 26, 2001.
Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Family/BG1421.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: The Heritage Foundation
Keyword(s): Children; Crime; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Influence; Marriage; Parents, Single

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper argues that marriage is more successful than government programs in preventing and treating social ills and that children in married families are "healthier, perform better in school, and are involved less frequently in crime or other destructive behavior." The criminality argument is evidenced by Harper and McLanahan's study of NLSY79 data which found that children who grew up without their biological father in the home were roughly three times more likely to commit a crime that led to incarceration than were children from intact families.
Bibliography Citation
Fagan, Thomas. "Encouraging Marriage and Discouraging Divorce." Backgrounder #1421 Report, The Heritage Foundation, March 26, 2001.
1864. Fairley, Shakesha
Associations Between Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Interactions and Adolescent Sexual Behaviors
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Walden University, 2016
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Contraception; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Sexual risk behaviors among U.S. adolescents is a major public health concern. Adolescents are contracting sexually transmitted diseases at alarming rates. The purpose of this research was to identify factors related to parent-child interactions that influence adolescent sexual behaviors. A combination of attachment theory and family systems theory was used to help explain how adolescent sexual choices (age of sexual debut, use of birth control, use of condoms, multiple sex partners in a 12-month period) are affected by the perceived quality of parent-child interactions (maternal/parental closeness, monitoring, communication, and involvement). Archival data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics National Longitudinal Survey of Child and Young Adult cohort 1979 (NLSY79) was used for this research. A sample of 11,504 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, and their biological mothers who participated in the longitudinal survey, was drawn. Nonparametric analyses revealed significant differences in adolescent perceptions of maternal and paternal closeness and maternal perceptions of maternal and paternal closeness. Logistic regression analyses revealed that adolescents' perceptions of parental engagement (maternal and paternal closeness, monitoring, communication, and involvement) significantly affected their sexual choices (age of sexual debut, use of birth control, condoms, and multiple partners). The results of this study can be used to initiate positive social change by informing parents, program developers, and researchers. Developing strategies to guide parents and adolescents to develop positive perceptions of the interactions, closing the gap between adolescent and parental perceptions of interactions, will help reduce adolescent risky sexual behaviors, thereby benefiting the individuals, families, and the community.
Bibliography Citation
Fairley, Shakesha. Associations Between Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Interactions and Adolescent Sexual Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Walden University, 2016.
1865. Fairlie, Robert W.
Does Business Ownership Provide a Source of Upward Mobility for Blacks and Hispanics?
Presented: Syracuse, NY, Maxwell Policy Research Symposium, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University, April 2001.
Also: http://econ.ucsc.edu/~fairlie/papers/mingrowth10.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University
Keyword(s): Earnings; Hispanics; Minority Groups; Mobility; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Employed Workers; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Academicians and policymakers have argued that self-employment provides a route out of poverty and an alternative to unemployment or discrimination in the labor market. Existing research, however, provides very little evidence from longitudinal data on the relationship between business ownership and economic advancement for disadvantaged minority groups. I use data from the 1979-1998 National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY) to examine the earnings patterns of young black and Hispanic business owners and make comparisons to young black and Hispanic wage/salary workers. Using fixed-effects earnings regressions, I find some evidence suggesting that self-employed Hispanic men experience faster earnings growth than Hispanic men employed in the wage/salary sector. All of the estimated coefficients for this group are large and positive, but only a few are statistically significant. I also find large and positive relative self-employment earnings growth coefficients for black men, but none are statistically significant at conventional levels. The results for black and Hispanic women are less consistent, possibly due to small sample sizes. Finally, I find that minority business owners generally experience more unemployment than wage/salary workers, with the main exception being black male business owners.
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Does Business Ownership Provide a Source of Upward Mobility for Blacks and Hispanics?" Presented: Syracuse, NY, Maxwell Policy Research Symposium, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University, April 2001.
1866. Fairlie, Robert W.
Does Business Ownership Provide a Source of Upward Mobility for Blacks and Hispanics?
In: Public Policy and the Economics of Entrepreneurship. D. Holtz-Eakin and H.S. Rosen, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2004: pp. 153-179.
Also: http://people.ucsc.edu/~rfairlie/papers/published/mit%202004%20-%20minority%20self-employment%20growth.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: MIT Press
Keyword(s): Earnings; Hispanics; Minority Groups; Mobility; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Self-Employed Workers; Unemployment

This chapter examines the earnings patterns of young black and hispanic business owners. Date from the NLSY79 are used to examine the long-term earning patterns (1979-1998) of young self-employed blacks and hispanics. Earnings patterns of young black and hispanic wage/salary workers are placed in context with young white self-employed and wage/salary workers. The key question is whether black and hispanic youths who are self-employed early in their careers experience faster earnings growth that their counterparts employed in the wage/salary sector. [Paraphrased from Introduction to the .pdf file]
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Does Business Ownership Provide a Source of Upward Mobility for Blacks and Hispanics?" In: Public Policy and the Economics of Entrepreneurship. D. Holtz-Eakin and H.S. Rosen, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2004: pp. 153-179.
1867. Fairlie, Robert W.
Drug Dealing and Legitimate Self-Employment
JCPR Working Paper 88, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, April 1999.
Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/fairlie_selfemployment.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research
Keyword(s): Crime; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Self-Employed Workers; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Theoretical models of self-employment posit that attitudes toward risk, entrepreneurial ability, and preferences for autonomy are central to the individual's decision between self-employment and wage/salary work. None of the studies in the rapidly growing empirical literature on self-employment, however, have been able to test whether these factors are important determinants of self-employment. I explore this hypothesis by examining the relationship between drug dealing and legitimate self-employment. A review of ethnographic studies in the criminology literature indicates that drug dealing represents a good proxy for low risk aversion, entrepreneurial ability, and a preference for autonomy. The 1980 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) contained a special section on participation in illegal activities, including questions on selling marijuana and other "hard" drugs. I use the answers to these questions and data from subsequent years of the NLSY to examine the relationship between drug dealing as a youth and legitimate self-employment in later years. Using various definitions of drug dealing and specifications of the econometric model, I find that drug dealers are 11 to 21 percent more likely to choose self-employment than non drug dealers, all else equal. I also find that drug dealers who sold more frequently, used drugs less frequently, or reported receiving income from drug dealing are more likely to choose self-employment than other drug dealers. I interpret these results as providing evidence that low risk aversion, entrepreneurial ability, and a preference for autonomy are important determinants of self-employment. I also provide evidence against a few alternative explanations of the positive relationship between drug dealing and self-employment.
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Drug Dealing and Legitimate Self-Employment." JCPR Working Paper 88, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, April 1999.
1868. Fairlie, Robert W.
Drug Dealing and Legitimate Self-Employment
Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002): 538-567.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/339610
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Drug Use; Employment; Employment, Youth; Risk-Taking; Self-Employed Workers

Theoretical models of self-employment posit that attitudes toward risk, entrepreneurial ability, and preferences for autonomy are central to the individual's decision between self-employment and wage/salary work. I provide indirect evidence on this hypothesis by examining the relationship between drug dealing as a youth and legitimate self-employment in later years using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I find that drug dealers are 11%-21% more likely to choose self-employment than non-drug-dealers, all else equal. After ruling out a few alternative explanations, I interpret these results as providing indirect evidence supporting the hypothesis.
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Drug Dealing and Legitimate Self-Employment." Journal of Labor Economics 20,3 (July 2002): 538-567.
1869. Fairlie, Robert W.
Earnings Growth Among Disadvantaged Business Owners
NTIS Report PB2002101029. Sponsored by the Small Business Administration, Washington, DC. 14 Sep 2001
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the 1979-98 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this report examines the long-term earnings patterns of young disadvantaged business owners and makes comparisons to young wage/salary workers. The analysis focuses on several disadvantaged groups -- less educated young men and women, blacks, and Hispanics. All of these groups have relatively low earnings in the labor market, limited financial resources, and low rates of business ownership.
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Earnings Growth Among Disadvantaged Business Owners." NTIS Report PB2002101029. Sponsored by the Small Business Administration, Washington, DC. 14 Sep 2001.
1870. Fairlie, Robert W.
Earnings Growth among Young Less-Educated Business Owners
JCPR Working Paper 207, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, October 2000.
Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/fairlie10_2000.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Job; Earnings; Economics of Discrimination; Education; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Growth; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Academicians and policymakers have argued that self-employment provides a route out of poverty and an alternative to unemployment or discrimination in the labor market. Existing research, however, provides little evidence from longitudinal data on the relationship between business ownership and economic advancement for disadvantaged groups. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY) to examine the earnings patterns of young less-educated business owners and make comparisons to young less-educated wage/salary workers. Using fixed-effects earnings regressions, I find that the self-employed experience faster earnings growth on average than wage/salary workers after a few initial years of slower growth. Simulations based on these estimates indicate that earnings grow by $771 and $1157 more per year for self-employed men and women, respectively, than for their wage/salary counterparts. I also find that a relatively high percentage of less-educated business owners, especially men, experience either rapid earnings growth or large annual losses. For example, 19 percent of self-employed men experience earnings growth of more than $3,000 per year and 16 percent experience losses of $3,000 or more per year. In contrast, only 14 percent of male wage/salary workers experience levels of earnings growth that fall in this range.
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Earnings Growth among Young Less-Educated Business Owners." JCPR Working Paper 207, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, October 2000.
1871. Fairlie, Robert W.
Earnings Growth Among Young Less-Educated Business Owners
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 43,3 (July 2004): 634-660.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2004.00353.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley
Keyword(s): Education; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Growth; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I examine the earnings patterns of young less-educated business owners and make comparisons with young less-educated wage/salary workers. Estimates from fixed-effects earnings regressions indicate that the self-employed experience faster earnings growth on average than wage/salary workers after a few initial years of slower growth. I also find some evidence suggesting that a relatively high percentage of less-educated business owners, especially men, experience either rapid earnings growth or large annual losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Earnings Growth Among Young Less-Educated Business Owners." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 43,3 (July 2004): 634-660.
1872. Fairlie, Robert W.
Entrepreneurship and Earnings among Young Adults from Disadvantaged Families
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Cruz, June 2003.
Also: http://econ.ucsc.edu/~fairlie/papers/family6.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz
Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Earnings; Economic Changes/Recession; Self-Employed Workers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Academicians and policymakers have argued that entrepreneurship provides a route out of poverty and an alternative to unemployment or discrimination in the labor market. Existing research, however, provides little evidence from longitudinal data on the relationship between business ownership and economic advancement for disadvantaged groups. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY) to examine the earnings of young business owners from disadvantaged families and make comparisons to young wage/salary workers from disadvantaged families. For young men from disadvantaged families, I find some evidence that self-employed business owners earn more than wage/salary workers. In contrast, I find that for young women from disadvantaged families business owners earn less than wage/salary workers. The results from these earnings comparisons are somewhat sensitive to the use of different measures of income and econometric models.
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Entrepreneurship and Earnings among Young Adults from Disadvantaged Families." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Santa Cruz, June 2003.
1873. Fairlie, Robert W.
Entrepreneurship and Earnings among Young Adults from Disadvantaged Families
Small Business Economics 25,3 (October 2005): 223-236.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/f816378j56570267/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Gender Differences; Self-Employed Workers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Academicians and policymakers have argued that entrepreneurship provides a route out of poverty and an alternative to unemployment or discrimination in the labor market. Existing research, however, provides little evidence from longitudinal data on the relationship between business ownership and economic advancement for disadvantaged groups. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine the earnings of young business owners from disadvantaged families and make comparisons to young wage/salary workers from disadvantaged families. For young men from disadvantaged families, I find some evidence that self-employed business owners earn more than wage/salary workers. In contrast, I find that for young women from disadvantaged families business owners earn less than wage/salary workers. The results from these earnings comparisons are somewhat sensitive to the use of different measures of income and econometric models.
Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Entrepreneurship and Earnings among Young Adults from Disadvantaged Families." Small Business Economics 25,3 (October 2005): 223-236.
1874. Fairlie, Robert W.
Self-employment, Entrepreneurship, and the NLSY79
Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 40-47.
Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/02/art6exc.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Earnings; Longitudinal Surveys; Self-Employed Workers

Researchers have used the rich data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate the relationship between self-employment and various job and earnings outcomes; future inquiry may afford valuable insights into other interesting consequences of self-employment.

The NLSY79 is an excellent source of data for conducting research on self-employment and entrepreneurship. The wealth of information available in the survey allows one to build rich empirical models of the entrepreneurial process. Measures of previous wage and salary, self-employment, and unemployment experience can be created, and the NLSY79 contains several uncommon variables, such as those associated with detailed asset categories, family background information, data on criminal activities, Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) scores, and psychological characteristics. Furthermore, a plethora of measures of the dynamics of self-employment may be extracted from the longitudinal data in the survey. For example, measures of transitions to and from self-employment, number of years of self-employment, and whether an individual ever tries self-employment can easily be created. Finally, the returns to self-employment, measured as earnings, job satisfaction, net worth, or other outcomes, can be estimated. Changes over time in labor market status can be used to identify the effects of self-employment, potentially removing biases created by unobserved heterogeneity across individuals. Given these advantages, it is somewhat surprising that more researchers have not used the NLSY79 to study self-employment. In the sections that follow, this article presents estimates of self-employment from the NLSY79, reviews findings from previous studies that used the survey, and discusses some of the merits of the data sets making up the survey.

Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. "Self-employment, Entrepreneurship, and the NLSY79." Monthly Labor Review 128,2 (February 2005): 40-47.
1875. Fairlie, Robert W.
Woodruff, Christopher M.
Mexican-American Entrepreneurship
B.E. Journals of Economic Analysis and Policy: Frontiers of Economic Analysis and Policy 10,1 (2010).
Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=907681
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Berkeley Electronic Press (bpress)
Keyword(s): Census of Population; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Immigrants

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We conduct a comprehensive analysis of Mexican-American entrepreneurship. We find that low levels of education and wealth explain the entire gap between Mexican immigrants and non- Latino whites in business formation rates; together with language ability, these factors explain nearly the entire gap in business income. Legal status represents an additional barrier for Mexican immigrants, reducing business ownership rates by 0.7 percentage points. Human and financial capital deficiencies limit business ownership and business success among second and third-generation Mexican-Americans to a lesser extent. These findings have implications for the debates over the assimilation of Mexican-Americans in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Editor's note:] Synthetic control groups are created using Census, CPS and the NLSY data for comparison to undocumented Mexican immigrants in the LPS [Legalized Population Survey] data.

Bibliography Citation
Fairlie, Robert W. and Christopher M. Woodruff. "Mexican-American Entrepreneurship." B.E. Journals of Economic Analysis and Policy: Frontiers of Economic Analysis and Policy 10,1 (2010).
1876. Faith, Myles S.
Heo, Moonseong
Kral, Tanja V.E.
Sherry, Bettylou
Compliant Eating of Maternally Prompted Food Predicts Increased Body Mass Index z-Score Gain in Girls: Results from a Population-Based Sample
Childhood Obesity 9,5 (October 2013): 427-436.
Also: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/chi.2012.0098
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Mothers, Health; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Poorer "division of responsibility" (DoR) feeding, characterized by high parental control and reduced child food choice, may promote pediatric obesity, although population-based prospective data are lacking. We tested whether poorer DoR feeding predicts childhood overweight/obesity onset and BMI z-score gain, over 10 years in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth.

Methods: We studied 302 girls and 316 boys, with mean ages 52.24 and 52.35 months, respectively, in 1986, who were followed for 10 years. We excluded children who were initially overweight/obese. Mothers completed three DoR feeding questions in 1986: (1) child eating compliance of prompted foods; (2) child eating compliance of initially refused foods; and (3) mother-allotted child food choice. Child BMI (kg/m2) was calculated from measured weights and heights in 1986, 1988, 1992, 1994, and 1996.

Results: Daughters who complied with maternal food prompts [odds ratio (OR), 2.01] and those who obeyed maternal prompts to consume initially rejected foods (OR, 2.29) "most of the time" were significantly more likely than daughters who complied less frequently to become overweight/obese after 8 years. Also, more frequent eating compliance (p<0.001) and more frequent compliance of initially rejected foods (p=0.003) predicted greater BMI z-score gain in girls. These associations were not found for boys. Maternal obesity consistently predicted overweight/obesity risk in girls (ORs, 2.48–8.63) and boys (ORs, 2.27– 4.03).

Bibliography Citation
Faith, Myles S., Moonseong Heo, Tanja V.E. Kral and Bettylou Sherry. "Compliant Eating of Maternally Prompted Food Predicts Increased Body Mass Index z-Score Gain in Girls: Results from a Population-Based Sample." Childhood Obesity 9,5 (October 2013): 427-436.
1877. Faith, Myles S.
Heshka, Stanley
Keller, Kathleen, L.
Sherry, Bettylou
Matz, Patty E.
Pietrobelli, Angelo
Allison, David B.
Maternal-Child Feeding Patterns and Child Body Weight: Findings from a Population-Based Sample
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157,9 (September 2003): 926-932.
Also: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/157/9/919
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: American Medical Association
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Children, Behavioral Development; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Racial Differences; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objective: Certain mother-child feeding patterns (MCFPs) may promote childhood obesity and/or disordered eating. The objectives of this study were to assess the demographic correlates of select MCFPs and to test whether differences in these MCFPs are associated with child body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) z-scores in a population-based study.

Design: A secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) Main and Child Cohorts was conducted on more than 1,000 Hispanic, African American, and non-Hispanic/non-African American? (NHNAA) children, aged 3?6 years. MCFPs were measured by three interview questions probing mother-allotted child food choice, child compliance during meals, and child obedience during meals.

Results: Mothers of NHNAA children allotted greater food choice than mothers of African American or Hispanic children. Maternal BMI and other demographic measures were unrelated to MCFPs. The lowest levels of mother-allotted child food choice and child eating compliance were associated with reduced child BMI, with mean BMI z-scores = -.36 and -.41 respectively. Effect sizes were small, however, and MCFPs did not discriminate children who were overweight or at-risk for overweight from children who were not (p> .05).

Conclusions: Feeding strategies providing the least child food choice were associated with reduced child BMI. However, feeding relations did not relate to child overweight status.

Bibliography Citation
Faith, Myles S., Stanley Heshka, Kathleen Keller, Bettylou Sherry, Patty E. Matz, Angelo Pietrobelli and David B. Allison. "Maternal-Child Feeding Patterns and Child Body Weight: Findings from a Population-Based Sample." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157,9 (September 2003): 926-932.
1878. Faith, Myles S.
Heshka, Stanley
Matz, Patty E.
Pletrobelli, A.
Allison, David B.
Distribution of Maternal Feeding Practices in the United States: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Obesity Research 8,Supplement_1 (October 2000): 48s -
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO)
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Child Health; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Gender; Hispanics; Obesity; Temperament; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Maternal overcontrol during feeding is associated with poorer caloric regulation in children and may be a risk factor for childhood obesity. However, studies investigating these associations have relied upon relatively small and primarily Caucasian samples. There are almost no data on the distribution of maternal feeding practices (MFP), especially feeding overcontrol, on a population level. In the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative and ethnically diverse sample, mothers of children 3 - 6 years old were asked 'How much choice is your child allowed in deciding what foods he/she eats at breakfast and lunch?" Responses ranged from 1 ('A Great Deal") to 4 (`None"). Questions asking about child obedience during feeding were also assessed. We tested whether the distribution of reported MFP varies as a function of child gender, ethnicity, age, maternal body mass index (BMI), and family income. Subjects in the present study were > 1,000 Hispanic, African American, and "non-Hispanic non-African American" (i.e., primarily Caucasian) children of the original NLSY cohort. With respect to the question addressing child choice during eating, analyses indicated a significant ethnicity effect (p<.0001) such that mothers of non-Hispanic/non-African American children were more likely to report allowing their children "great choice" in deciding what foods to eat (32%) compared to mothers of Hispanic (20%) and African American (22%) children. By contrast, mothers of Hispanic (27%) and African American (24%) children were more likely to report allowing "none" or "little" food choice compared to mothers of non-Hispanic/non-African American children (13%). Choice was also related to family income in certain analyses (p<.0001), such that increasing income was associated with increased child food choice. Child gender, maternal BMI, and other demographic variables were not significant. Questions reflecting child obedience during eating did not differ by child gender or ethnicity. In summary, child food choice may be somewhat reduced in Hispanic, African American and poorer families, but unrelated to child gender and maternal BMI. Results appear consistent with certain population-level differences in obesity prevalence and the potential role of feeding overcontrol in childhood obesity onset. (Funded by grants from NIMH & ATPM-CDC).
Bibliography Citation
Faith, Myles S., Stanley Heshka, Patty E. Matz, A. Pletrobelli and David B. Allison. "Distribution of Maternal Feeding Practices in the United States: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Obesity Research 8,Supplement_1 (October 2000): 48s - .
1879. Faith, Myles S.
Manibay, Elizabeth
Kravitz, Meredyth
Griffith, John
Allison, David B.
Relative Body Weight and Self-Esteem Among African Americans in Four Nationally Representative Samples
Obesity Research 6,6 (November 1998): 430-437.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9845233
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO)
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Gender Differences; Longitudinal Data Sets; Obesity; Racial Equality/Inequality; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is an increasingly common health problem among African Americans, especially women, in the United States. However, limited data are available on the psychological correlates of obesity in this population. This study examined the association between self-esteem and relative body weight (RBW) in four large nationally representative samples of African American individuals. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Data from The Adolescent Health Care Evaluation Study, The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, The High School and Beyond, and The National Survey of Black Americans were analyzed. Within each database, regression analyses tested the association between RBW and self-esteem while adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS: In three of the four databases, there was no significant association between RBW and self-esteem. In the only database detecting a statistically significant effect, the magnitude of the effect was small. The combined effects of RBW and its interact ion with age and sex accounted for <2% of the variance in self-esteem across databases. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that elevated RBW is not associated with a poorer general self-concept, on average, among African American individuals. Copyright: NAASO
Bibliography Citation
Faith, Myles S., Elizabeth Manibay, Meredyth Kravitz, John Griffith and David B. Allison. "Relative Body Weight and Self-Esteem Among African Americans in Four Nationally Representative Samples." Obesity Research 6,6 (November 1998): 430-437.
1880. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Migration and Wages of Young Men
Journal of Human Resources 23,4 (Fall 1988): 514-534.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145811
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Migration; Regions; Wages, Young Men

This report specifies a two-period nested logit migration model with selectivity. The model is estimated using a sample of young male workers from the NLSY. The respondent's choices among the nine U.S. Census divisions during the first two years after leaving full-time schooling are studied. The author addresses several methodological issues and documents that wages significantly affect the migration decisions of young workers.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. "Migration and Wages of Young Men." Journal of Human Resources 23,4 (Fall 1988): 514-534.
1881. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Leveling the Peaks and Troughs of the Demographic Cycle: An Application to School Enrollment Rates: A Comment
Review of Economics and Statistics 73,3 (August 1991): 572-575.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109589
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Keyword(s): Behavior; Demography; Income; Labor Supply; Schooling; Unemployment; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We present new evidence which rejects Wachter and Wascher's (1984) timing hypothesis of the effect of the demographic cycle on schooling. e formalize the timing hypothesis in the context of a statistical model and argue that the timing hypothesis implies certain restrictions on the parameters of the model. Using more detailed data than those used by Wachter and Wascher, we estimate the model, test the restrictions, and reject the timing hypothesis. The study of Wachter and Wascher has enhanced our understanding of the effects of the demographic cycle on individual behavior by showing that individuals do not passively suffer the adverse consequences of a baby boom on their economic well-being, but they alter their investment in schooling in response to such a demographic phenomenon. We have further explored and clarified the relation between the demographic cycle, schooling attainment and the timing of its completion.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Leveling the Peaks and Troughs of the Demographic Cycle: An Application to School Enrollment Rates: A Comment." Review of Economics and Statistics 73,3 (August 1991): 572-575.
1882. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
New Evidence on the Effect of the Demographic Cycle on the Timing of School Completion
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Delaware
Keyword(s): Behavior; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Gender Differences; Modeling; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper presents new evidence which rejects the timing hypothesis of the effect of the demographic cycle on schooling which was proposed by Wachter and Wascher (1984). The authors formalize the timing hypothesis in the context of a statistical model and argue that the timing hypothesis implies certain restrictions on the parameters of this model. Using more detailed data than those used by Wachter and Wascher, we estimate the model, test the restrictions, and reject the timing hypothesis. The study of Wachter and Wascher has enhanced our understanding of the effects of the demographic cycle on individual behavior by showing that individuals do not passively suffer any adverse consequences of a baby boom on their economic well-being but they alter their investment in schooling in response to such a demographic phenomenon. This research clarifies the relation between the demographic cycle, schooling attainment and the timing of its completion.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "New Evidence on the Effect of the Demographic Cycle on the Timing of School Completion." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, 1988.
1883. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Responses of Female Labor Supply and Fertility to the Demographic Cycle
NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-9, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1989.
Also: Final Report, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989.
Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Fertility; First Birth; Labor Supply; Wages; Women

This paper proposes a model according to which women alter the timing of the first birth and the return to work following that birth in order to mitigate any adverse effects of the demographic cycle on their wage profiles. The authors predict that women who were born during the upswing of the demographic cycle would have an incentive to have their first birth earlier and to return to work more quickly (holding schooling constant) than would women who were born during the downswing of the demographic cycle. The empirical evidence confirms these predictions.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Responses of Female Labor Supply and Fertility to the Demographic Cycle." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-9, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1989.
1884. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Responses of Female Labor Supply and Fertility to the Demographic Cycle
Research in Population Economics 8 (1996): 63-89.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12320269
Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: JAI Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Demography; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Labor Supply; Labor Turnover; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Wages

We propose a model in which women alter the timing of childbearing and duration of time not working following childbearing in order to mitigate any adverse effects of the demographic cycle on their lifetime wages. The responses to the demographic cycle include both a standard opportunity cost argument women are more likely to leave the labor force when wages are low and a more complicated and forward looking cohort choice effect in which the timing of labor force participation can enable a woman to join a labor market cohort with a more favorable lifetime wage profile. We explore the reduced-form empirical implications of our model and estimate the importance of these two responses utilizing data from three cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience which include women born from 1918-1964. The hazard rate estimates of the timing of the first birth and the return to work following that birth indicate that women who were born during the upswing of the demographic cycle begin childbearing earlier and return to work more quickly (holding schooling constant) than do women who were born during the downswing of the demographic cycle. These results imply that when responding to the demographic cycle, the cohort choice effect is more important than the opportunity cost effect.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Responses of Female Labor Supply and Fertility to the Demographic Cycle." Research in Population Economics 8 (1996): 63-89.
1885. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Schooling Choices and Demographic Cycles
Journal of Human Resources 27,4 (Fall 1992): 551-574.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146075
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Demography; Educational Attainment; Life Cycle Research; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); School Completion; Schooling

This paper examines the effect of demographic cycles on schooling choices and the timing of school completion. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience and from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find that men and women born during the upswing of a demographic cycle obtain more schooling and take longer to finish a year of schooling than comparable individuals born during the downswing of a demographic cycle. The patterns that we document are more complex than would be predicted by any of the theoretical models of educational responses to demographic cycles that have been presented in the literature.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Schooling Choices and Demographic Cycles." Journal of Human Resources 27,4 (Fall 1992): 551-574.
1886. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Survey Attrition and Schooling Choices
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, February 1994
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Delaware
Keyword(s): Attrition; Data Quality/Consistency; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Life Cycle Research; Longitudinal Surveys; Modeling; Nonresponse; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is well known that longitudinal surveys lose parts of their samples over time to attrition (or nonresponse). Little is known, however, about the effect of survey attrition on the estimates of statistical models which are obtained using longitudinal data. In this paper we propose a new method of studying the effect of survey attrition on estimates of statistical models. We apply his method to the study of schooling choices. The present paper uses data from an earlier paper (Falaris and Peters 1992) and investigates the effect of survey attrition on regressions of both schooling attainment of individuals and of the age of school completion on exogenous characteristics. This is accomplished by comparing baseline regressions estimated using all observations on individuals who were observed at a certain point in the life cycle wide regressions based on samples which exclude individuals who missed any interviews either before or after that point. In the life cycle and up to the most recent observation period which is available to us now. We use data from tie Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience Young Men, Young Women and Youth.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Survey Attrition and Schooling Choices." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, February 1994.
1887. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Survey Attrition and Schooling Choices
Journal of Human Resources 33,2 (Spring 1998): 531-554.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/146440
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Attrition; Behavior; Family Background and Culture; Modeling; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling

We use data from three cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of L abor Market Experience and from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to study the effect of survey attrition on estimates of statistical models of schooling choices. We estimate regressions using data on people who always respond to the surveys (stayers) and on people who miss some surveys (attritors) and test whether the same statistical model describes the behavior of stayers and attritors. In general (with a few exceptions) we find that attrition either has no effect on the regression estimates or only affects the estimates of the intercept (and sometimes the coefficients of birth year dummies) and does not affect estimates of family background slope coefficients.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Survey Attrition and Schooling Choices." Journal of Human Resources 33,2 (Spring 1998): 531-554.
1888. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
The Effect of Demographic Factors on Schooling and Entry Wages
In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research
Keyword(s): Demography; Schooling; Wage Levels; Wages

Chapter Five discusses the effect of demographic factors on schooling and entry wages.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "The Effect of Demographic Factors on Schooling and Entry Wages." In: Pathways to the Future, Volume V: A Report on the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience in 1983, P.Baker, ed., Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1985.
1889. Falaris, Evangelos M.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
The Effect of the Demographic Cycle on Schooling and Entry Wages
Working Paper, University of Delaware, 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Delaware
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the effect of the demographic cycle on schooling attainment, age at school completion, and the level of entry wages. Unlike most previous studies which assume that schooling is exogenous, the authors explicitly treat schooling attainment and the age at school completion as choice variables. The direct effect of cohort size on entry wages and its indirect effect on wages through the schooling choices of individuals are studied. It was found that both men and women change their schooling attainment and age at school completion in response to the demographic cycle. These changes lead to significant indirect effects of cohort size on the entry wages of men and of women which tend to mitigate the adverse direct effects on entry wages of an increase in cohort size.
Bibliography Citation
Falaris, Evangelos M. and H. Elizabeth Peters. "The Effect of the Demographic Cycle on Schooling and Entry Wages." Working Paper, University of Delaware, 1988.
1890. Falci, Christina
Family Structure, Closeness to Residential and Nonresidential Parents, and Psychological Distress in Early and Middle Adolescence
Sociological Quarterly 47,1 (Winter 2006): 123-146.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2006.00040.x/abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Depression (see also CESD); Family Income; Family Structure; Household Composition; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

American adolescents currently live in a variety of different family structures, with the vast majority of adolescents living in intact, blended, divorced, and never-married families. Previous research shows that family structure correlates both with the quality of parent-adolescent relationships and adolescent psychological distress. The quality of parent-adolescent relationships also correlates with adolescent distress. This research hypothesizes that the observed differences in adolescent distress across family structure might result from differences in the quality of parent-adolescent relationships across family structure. Analyses, using data on 1,443 youth in early and middle adolescence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), indicate that when the variations in both the quality of parent-adolescent relationships and background characteristics across family structure are controlled, the association between family structure and adolescent psychological distress is significantly reduced. Further analyses revealed that the quality of residential parent adolescent relationships explained the most variation in adolescent psychological distress. The quality of relationships with nonresidential fathers only had a significant association with adolescent psychological distress for adolescents in blended families.
Bibliography Citation
Falci, Christina. "Family Structure, Closeness to Residential and Nonresidential Parents, and Psychological Distress in Early and Middle Adolescence." Sociological Quarterly 47,1 (Winter 2006): 123-146.
1891. Falci, Christina
The Effects of Family Structure and Family Process on the Psychological Well-Being of Children: From the Children's Point of View
M.A. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1997
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Depression (see also CESD); Family Income; Family Structure; Household Composition; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem)

The impact of family structure on children's outcomes is a highly debated topic in literature on the family. This research made an attempt to engage in this debate by testing the family process perspective. Theorists who favor this perspective believe that the effects of family structure on children can be mediated by the family processes occurring within families, such as the quality of parent-child relationships. The psychological wellbeing of children from six family structures were compared. After controlling for family processes and background variables the majority of the effects of family structure on children's psychological well-being disappeared. Only children from stepfamilies had significantly lower levels of psychological well-being than children from intact homes. Stepfamilies, however, are a very complex family form and this research could not account for the possible unique processes occurring within stepfamilies. Finally, children from divorced homes did not have significantly lower levels of psychological well-being even before family processes and background variables were controlled. Overall, this research shows support for the family process perspective.
Bibliography Citation
Falci, Christina. The Effects of Family Structure and Family Process on the Psychological Well-Being of Children: From the Children's Point of View. M.A. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1997.
1892. Fallick, Bruce C.
Currie, Janet
The Minimum Wage and the Employment of Teenagers. Recent Research
ERIC Document No. ED397242, Clearinghouse No. CE072037, June 1993.
Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/jhr/1996ab/currie2.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ERIC
Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Employment, Youth; High School; Higher Education; Minimum Wage; Unemployment; Vocational Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A study used individual-level data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the effects of changes in the federal minimum wage on teenage employment. Individuals in the sample were classified as either likely or unlikely to be affected by these increases in the federal minimum wage on the basis of their wage rates and industry of employment. An estimation, concentrated on teenagers, showed that workers whose wages were between the old and new minimum wage and whose wages were raised by the increase in the minimum were 3-4 percent more likely to lose their jobs in the following year than individuals not directly affected. Even after controlling for the differences among teenage workers, the study concluded that the simple fact of working at a wage below the new minimum raised the probability of unemployment. (YLB)
Bibliography Citation
Fallick, Bruce C. and Janet Currie. "The Minimum Wage and the Employment of Teenagers. Recent Research." ERIC Document No. ED397242, Clearinghouse No. CE072037, June 1993.
1893. Fan, C. Simon
Wei, Xiangdong
Zhang, Junsen
Soft Skills, Hard Skills, and the Black/White Wage Gap
Economic Inquiry 55,2 (April 2017): 1032-1053.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecin.12406/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Noncognitive Skills; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examines the relative importance of soft skills versus hard skills across occupations and its impact on the observed wage gap between Blacks and Whites in the United States. It posits that the Black/White pay gap may vary across occupations that require the use of different types of skills. We classify occupations into hard-skill intensive versus soft-skill intensive jobs using the skill content measures of different occupations from the Occupational Information Network (O*Net). We then use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and Current Population Survey (CPS) to investigate the impact of job skill type on the wage gap. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we show that this wage gap in white-collar jobs is smaller for hard-skills jobs than it is for soft-skills jobs. Moreover, we demonstrate that, in response to variations in the wage gap across different occupations, Blacks are more likely to self-select themselves into hard-skills jobs, ceteris paribus. This shows not only that discrimination against Blacks varies across occupations, but also that such discrimination induces the self-selection of Blacks into certain occupations. Moreover, this finding highlights the role played by co-worker/customer discrimination in explaining the racial wage gap in the U.S. labor market.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, C. Simon, Xiangdong Wei and Junsen Zhang. "Soft Skills, Hard Skills, and the Black/White Wage Gap." Economic Inquiry 55,2 (April 2017): 1032-1053.
1894. Fan, Maoyong
Do Food Stamps Contribute to Obesity in Low-Income Women? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979
American Journal of Agricultural Economics 92,4 (July 2010): 1165-1180.
Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/bsu/wpaper/201005.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Economics of Gender; Family Planning; Fertility; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Income; Obesity; Poverty; Wages, Women

This article estimates the effects of food stamp benefits on obesity, overweight and body mass index of low-income women. My analysis differs from previous research in three aspects. First, we exploit a rich longitudinal dataset, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, to distinguish between full-time and part-time participation. Second, instead of making parametric assumptions on outcomes, we employ a variety of difference-in-difference matching estimators to control for selection bias. Third, we estimate both short-term (one-year participation) and long-term (three-year participation) treatment effects. We find little evidence that food stamps are responsible for obesity in female participants.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Maoyong. "Do Food Stamps Contribute to Obesity in Low-Income Women? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 92,4 (July 2010): 1165-1180.
1895. Fan, Maoyong
Essays on Health Economics and Agricultural Labor Migration
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2009
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Obesity; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The first essay of the dissertation, entitled "Do Food Stamps Contribute to Obesity in Low-Income Women?" estimates the effects of food stamps on obesity, overweight and body mass index (BMI) of low-income women. This question is particularly important because participants are substantially more likely to be obese than are nonparticipants. Our analysis differs from previous research in three aspects. First, we exploit a rich longitudinal data set, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), to distinguish between full-time and part-time participation. Second, instead of making parametric assumptions on outcomes, we employ a variety of difference-in-difference matching estimators to control for selection bias. Third, we estimate both short-term (one year of participation) and long-term (three years of participation) treatment effects. Empirical results show that, after controlling for selection bias and defining the treatment and comparison groups carefully, there is little evidence that food stamps are responsible for obesity or higher BMI in female participants. Our estimates are robust to different definitions of the treatment and comparison groups and to various matching algorithms. We further examine prior studies and apply their methods to our samples. We repeat analyses of previous studies using our sample and find that prior studies significantly overstate the causal relationship between the FSP and obesity.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Maoyong. Essays on Health Economics and Agricultural Labor Migration. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2009.
1896. Fan, Maoyong
Jin, Yanhong
Obesity and Self-control: Food Consumption, Physical Activity, and Weight-loss Intention
Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 36,1 (2014): 125-145.
Also: http://aepp.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/1/125
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA)
Keyword(s): Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); Body Mass Index (BMI); Exercise; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Self-Control/Self-Regulation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We find that despite a stronger intention to lose weight, overweight and obese individuals in the United States are less likely to meet the federal recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption, energy and nutrient intakes, and physical activity than are normal-weight individuals. By utilizing the Rotter score that measures self-control capability, we find that obese individuals exhibit a lower degree of self-control than normal-weight individuals, and that this lack of self-control is associated with poor eating and exercise behaviors, as well as increased Body Mass Index and obesity risk. We discuss three mechanisms that are regularly employed to overcome self-control problems: physician advice, improvement in the built environment, and commitment devices. Our results suggest that knowledge-based anti-obesity intervention policies are likely to have limited effects.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Maoyong and Yanhong Jin. "Obesity and Self-control: Food Consumption, Physical Activity, and Weight-loss Intention." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 36,1 (2014): 125-145.
1897. Fan, Pi-Ling
Gender and Wage Attainment at Entry into the Labor Market: Cohort and Racial Comparisons
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Human Capital; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Job Aspirations; Labor Market Demographics; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences; Wage Dynamics; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The goal of this research is to achieve a better understanding of gender differences in the process of wage attainment at entry into the U.S. labor force. I define labor market entry as entry into the first full-time civilian job held after first leaving full-time education in order to exclude short-term and partial attachments to the labor force during the schooling process. I examine the gender gap in wages at labor market entry and evaluate alternative explanations of the wage gap. I consider the effects of gender differences in worker characteristics, including human capital, family structure, work and family aspirations, and the role of employing organizations and social networks in allocating women and men to different jobs within the occupational and industrial structure. Based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience, I find that the gender gap in wages declined 10.3 percent among whites and 2.3 percent among blacks over the period o f a little more than a decade separating the two cohorts. The analysis indicates that reduced gender differences in occupational aspiration, family structure, and human capital all contributed to reduction of the gender gap in wages for blacks and whites, whereas changes in the external influences of employing organizations and network processes on occupational and industrial placement widened the gender gap in wages. I also document that the ratio of female-to-male wages at labor market entry was 85 percent for whites, 85 percent for blacks, and 88 percent for Hispanics for the NLSY. I find that gender differences in human capital, occupational aspirations, and occupational and industrial placement all play an important role in explanation of the gender differences in wages at labor market entry. Differences in the relative importance of these alternative explanatory mechanisms across racial and ethnic groups provide insight into the kinds of changes needed to reduce the gender gap in wages.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Pi-Ling. Gender and Wage Attainment at Entry into the Labor Market: Cohort and Racial Comparisons. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1996.
1898. Fan, Pi-Ling
Marini, Margaret Mooney
Change in the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry
Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Family Structure; Gender Differences; Human Capital; Income; Job Aspirations; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Work Attachment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Measures the amount of change in the gender gap in earnings at career entry between the birth cohorts of 1944-1954 & 1957-1965. Career entry is defined as entry into the first full-time civilian job held after first leaving full-time education in order to exclude short-term & partial attachments to the labor force during the schooling process. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience indicate that the gender gap in earnings at career entry delined [sic] from 74.8% to 85.1% among whites & from 82.9% to 85.2% among blacks over the period studied. The relative importance of alternative explanatory mechanisms in accounting for change in the gender gap in earnings for each racial group is examined. Also considered are the effects of change in gender differences in worker characteristics, including human capital, family structure, & occupational aspirations, & change in the external influences of employing organizations & social networks on the gender difference in occupational & industrial placement. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Pi-Ling and Margaret Mooney Marini. "Change in the Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry." Presented: Washington, DC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 1995.
1899. Fan, Pi-Ling
Marini, Margaret Mooney
Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry: Racial and Ethnic Variation
Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Ethnic Differences; Family Influences; Gender Differences; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Demographics; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Choice; Racial Differences; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines gender differences in the process of wage attainment at entry into the U.S. labor force across racial and ethnic groups. We define career entry as entry into the first full-time civilian job held after first leaving full-time education in order to exclude short-term and partial attachments to the labor force during the schooling process. We examine the gender gap in earnings at career entry and evaluate alternative explanations of the wage gap at that point. In addition to traditional measures of human capital, we consider the effects of work and family aspirations, family structure, and access to job-relevant information. We also consider the extent to which occupational and industrial placement is not attributable to the measured characteristics of individuals and may therefore represent the effect of differential treatment by employers. The analysis is carried out using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We analyze data collected from 1979 to 1991 for the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population of youth. For individuals, we merge characteristics of occupations and industries from other sources. Our findings show that gender differences in human capital, occupational aspirations, and occupational and industrial placement all play an important role in explanation of the gender gap in earnings. However, the relative importance of alternative explanatory mechanisms varies for racial and ethnic groups.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Pi-Ling and Margaret Mooney Marini. "Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry: Racial and Ethnic Variation." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995.
1900. Fan, Pi-Ling
Marini, Margaret Mooney
Influences on Gender-Role Attitudes during the Transition to Adulthood
Social Science Research 29,2 (June 2000): 258-283.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X99906695
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Transition, Adulthood

We use longitudinal data for a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth to study intergenerational and intragenerational influences on the gender-role attitudes of young women and men. We find that during the period between 1979 and 1987 young women had more egalitarian attitudes than young men but that the gender-role attitudes of both sexes were similarly influenced by family background. Although there was considerable stability in gender-role attitudes during the transition to adulthood, both sexes experienced change in an egalitarian direction with age. Young men experienced more change than young women, making their attitudes more similar to those of young women over time. Gender-role attitudes were also influenced by particular experiences and role changes during the transition to adulthood, including the continuation of education, movement into and out of the labor force, entry into marriage, and becoming a parent.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Pi-Ling and Margaret Mooney Marini. "Influences on Gender-Role Attitudes during the Transition to Adulthood." Social Science Research 29,2 (June 2000): 258-283.
1901. Fan, Xiaodong
DeVaro, Jed
Job Hopping and Adverse Selection in the Labor Market
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 36,1 (March 2020): 84-138.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/jleo/article/36/1/84/5673596
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Job Tenure; Wages; Workers Ability

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A model of employer learning (both symmetric and asymmetric) about worker ability from job histories is constructed, and testable implications are derived to detect asymmetric learning empirically. The model predicts that early-career bad job matches are particularly damaging when learning is asymmetric. Analysis of NLSY79 data reveals that job hopping is associated with lower wages for college graduates, controlling for measured ability, labor market experience, and current job tenure. Suggestive of asymmetric learning, the effect is strongest for job tenures less than one year and for early-career workers, and mitigated when job hopping severs matches that were formed during economic downturns.
Bibliography Citation
Fan, Xiaodong and Jed DeVaro. "Job Hopping and Adverse Selection in the Labor Market." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 36,1 (March 2020): 84-138.
1902. Fang, Hanming
Silverman, Daniel Susman
Measuring Time-inconsistency: Evidence from Work-Welfare Decisions in NLSY
Working Paper, Department of Economics, Yale University, February 2001.
Also: http://www.econ.yale.edu/seminars/apmicro/am01/fang-010213.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, Yale University
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Time Inconsistency; Time Preference; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper applies a model of potentially time-inconsistent preferences to the problem of dynamic labor supply and welfare program participation. From panel data on the choices of single women with children, we provide estimates of the degree of time-inconsistency. With these estimates we can quantify the utility loss stemming from the inability to commit to future decisions, and the potential value of commitment mechanisms such as welfare time limits.
Bibliography Citation
Fang, Hanming and Daniel Susman Silverman. "Measuring Time-inconsistency: Evidence from Work-Welfare Decisions in NLSY." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Yale University, February 2001.
1903. Fang, Hanming
Silverman, Daniel Susman
Time-Inconsistency and Welfare Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY
International Economic Review 50,4 (November 2009): 1043-1077.
Also: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1495267
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Parents, Single; Time Inconsistency; Time Preference; Welfare

We empirically implement a dynamic structural model of labor supply and welfare program participation for agents with potentially time-inconsistent preferences. Using panel data on the choices of single women with children from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLSY) 1979, we provide estimates of the degree of time-inconsistency, and of its influence on the welfare take-up decision. With these estimates, we conduct counterfactual experiments to quantify a measure of the utility loss stemming from the inability to commit to future decisions, and the potential gains from commitment mechanisms such as welfare time limits and work requirements.
Bibliography Citation
Fang, Hanming and Daniel Susman Silverman. "Time-Inconsistency and Welfare Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY ." International Economic Review 50,4 (November 2009): 1043-1077.
1904. Fang, Hanming
Silverman, Daniel Susman
Time-Inconsistency and Welfare Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY
Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1465, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, July 2005.
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Cowles Foundation for Research and Economics, Yale University
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Time Inconsistency; Time Preference; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We empirically implement a dynamic structural model of labor supply and welfare program participation for agents with potentially time-inconsistent preferences. Using panel data on the choices of single women with children from the NLSY 1979, we provide estimates of the degree of time-inconsistency, and of its influence on the welfare take-up decision. With these estimates, we conduct counterfactual experiments to quantify the utility loss stemming from the inability to commit to future decisions, and the potential utility gains from commitment mechanisms such as welfare time limits and work requirements.
Bibliography Citation
Fang, Hanming and Daniel Susman Silverman. "Time-Inconsistency and Welfare Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY." Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1465, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, July 2005.
1905. Fang, Mei-Chi
Risk-Taking Behavior and Well-Being of Young Baby Boomers
Ph.D. Dissertation, Family Resource Management, Ohio State University, 2009
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Economic Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Financial Investments; Gender Differences; Home Ownership; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Well-being of the baby boomer generation has been a concern for decades, particularly regarding retirement well-being. An unbalanced attention, however, has been concentrated on old baby boomers, motivating the current study to model well-being of young baby boomers in economic, physical, and psychological dimensions, where the predictors of well-being such as risk-taking behavior in different domains were simultaneously endogenously determined within the theoretical framework.

The data used for this study were from the 1979, 1980, 1981, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Well-being in each dimension, investment in risky financial assets, and investment in education are jointly modeled using simultaneous equations models.

In the first equation of the simultaneous equations model, years of schooling which was an indicator of education investment was predicted by one's risk tolerance and a set of preference characteristics. Objective risk tolerance under the drug use and sales domain was found to have a significantly negative impact on years of schooling, which means less risk tolerant persons invest more in themselves via education. Consistently, females, Hispanics, and Blacks who were commonly considered less risk tolerant or more economically disadvantaged were found to have more years of schooling. The findings provide evidence for the argument that investment in education may be viewed as one type of insurance, rather than as risky investment, by the young baby boomer generation. Young baby boomers who were not married or did not have any children also had more years of schooling, reflecting the fact that investment in education involves considerable opportunity costs. Therefore, the young boomers who were comparatively short of time tended to invest less in education. Notice that parental education and education of the oldest sibling affected education attainment of the young baby boomers, implying a lasting and extensive effect of education investment that spreads not only from generation to generation but also within generations.

The second equation in the simultaneous equations model was to examine potential factors that explained any discrepancy in risky financial investments across the young boomers. Empirical results supported the hypothesis that investment in education is a significant predictor variable, which means the young baby boomers who have more schooling allocate their money in the financial market in the form of holding more stocks or possessing a higher ratio of risky financial assets to financial assets, including stocks, corporate bonds or government securities, and mutual funds. Economic indicators such as net worth and total family income had a positive effect, regardless of the definitions of risky financial investments, which implies risky financial assets are normal goods. Home ownership was also a significant predictor for both risky financial investment measures, suggestive of a mechanism of diversification provided by home ownership that helps to minimize the risk from any investment. Objective measures and survey-based measures of risk tolerance, however, failed to account for multi-dimensional nature of risk.

The last equation in the simultaneous equations model was to examine the determinants of individual well-being in particular dimensions. Empirical evidence demonstrated the importance of risky financial investment in determining the difference in economic well-being and the significance of education investment in predicting the discrepancy in economic well-being and psychological well-being, namely self-esteem. Total family income partially explained the disparity in psychological well-being. Note that preference characteristics played different roles across well-being dimensions, accounting for a larger proportion of variation in economic, physical, and psychological well-being. These results are suggestive of multi-dimensional well-being that cannot be predicted by one single common factor, implying the necessity of diversity of government policies and programs.

Based on the empirical results, theoretical and policy implications were drawn. These findings suggest that the original Capital Asset Pricing Model partially explained demand for risky financial assets. Deviations from the model emphasize the importance of adding human capital and other types of assets to the explanation of demand for risky financial assets. The current study has several implications for practitioner, policy makers, and researchers. These implications pertain to allocation time and money on investments in different domains, appropriate guidance to meet clients' financial goals in terms of their time-varying, conditional risk tolerance, instant transfer and tax policies for subsidizing education investment, and development of assessment instruments including multi-dimensional situations and scenarios in each specific domain to assess risk tolerance of individuals.

Bibliography Citation
Fang, Mei-Chi. Risk-Taking Behavior and Well-Being of Young Baby Boomers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Family Resource Management, Ohio State University, 2009.
1906. Farber, Henry S.
Evaluating Competing Theories of Interfirm Worker Mobility
NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-5, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992.
Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl920020.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Search; Job Turnover; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Work Histories

The plan of this in-progress research which will utilize data from the NLSY is to develop and carry out an extensive set of tests of competing theories of mobility including theories of (1) the accumulation of firm-specific human capital, (2) individual heterogeneity in the propensity to change jobs, (3) job/match heterogeneity, and (4) the maturation of relatively mobile young workers into more stable workers. The tests will be based primarily on (1) the discrete pattern of prior mobility, (2) mobility during the first year on the job, (3) mobility subsequent to involuntary job changes, and (4) the relationship between the method of job finding (general search vs. referral) and mobility, both prior and subsequent.
Bibliography Citation
Farber, Henry S. "Evaluating Competing Theories of Interfirm Worker Mobility." NLS Discussion Paper No. 92-5, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992.
1907. Farber, Henry S.
The Analysis of Inter-Firm Worker Mobility
NBER Working Paper No. 4262, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1993.
Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/w4262
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Economics, Demographic; Job Tenure; Labor Economics; Mobility, Interfirm; Mobility, Job

I use a sample of over fourteen thousand full-time jobs held by workers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine mobility patterns and to evaluate theories of inter-firm worker mobility. The roles of both heterogeneity and state dependence in determining mobility rates for young workers are investigated, and both are found to be very important. There are three main findings. First, mobility is strongly positively related to the frequency of job change prior to the start of the job. Second, job change in the most recent year prior to the start of the job is more strongly related than earlier job change to mobility on the current job. Third, the monthly hazard of job ending is not monotonically decreasing in tenure as most earlier work using annual data has found, but it increases to a maximum at three months and declines thereafter. The first two findings suggest that there is important heterogeneity in mobility but that this heterogeneity is not fixed over time (workers might mature). The third finding is consistent with models of heterogeneous match quality that cannot be observed ex ante. I also find that females hold fewer jobs per year in the labor force than males and that this result is driven by a lower exit rate for females from the first job after entry.
Bibliography Citation
Farber, Henry S. "The Analysis of Inter-Firm Worker Mobility." NBER Working Paper No. 4262, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1993.
1908. Farber, Henry S.
The Analysis of Interfirm Worker Mobility
Journal of Labor Economics 12,4 (October 1994): 554-593.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535260
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Economics, Demographic; Job Tenure; Labor Economics; Mobility, Interfirm; Mobility, Job

A large sample of jobs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to examine job mobility patterns and to evaluate theories of interfirm worker mobility. There are three main findings. First, the monthly hazard of job ending is not monotonically decreasing in tenure as most earlier work using annual data has found, but it increases to a maximum at 3 months and declines thereafter. Second, mobility is strongly positively related to the frequency of job change prior to the start of the job. Finally, job change in the most recent year prior to the start of the job is more strongly related than earlier job change to mobility on the current Job.
Bibliography Citation
Farber, Henry S. "The Analysis of Interfirm Worker Mobility." Journal of Labor Economics 12,4 (October 1994): 554-593.
1909. Farber, Henry S.
Gibbons, Robert
Learning and Wage Dynamics
NBER Working Paper No. 3764, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1991.
Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W3764
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Job Training; Learning Hypothesis; Wage Dynamics

The authors develop a dynamic model of learning and wage determination: education may convey initial information about ability, but subsequent observations of performance are also informative. Although the role of schooling declines as performance observations accumulate, its effect on wages is independent of labor market experience. Evidence from the NLSY is generally consistent with all the predictors of the model. The authors conclude that a blend of the learning model with an on-the-job training model is more plausible than either model alone.
Bibliography Citation
Farber, Henry S. and Robert Gibbons. "Learning and Wage Dynamics." NBER Working Paper No. 3764, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1991.
1910. Farber, Henry S.
Gibbons, Robert
Learning and Wage Dynamics
Quarterly Journal of Economics 111,4 (November 1996): 1007-1047.
Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/111/4/1007.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Human Capital; Job Tenure; Job Training; Labor Economics; Labor Market, Secondary; Modeling; Schooling; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training, Occupational; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Levels

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The authors develop a dynamic model of learning about worker ability in a competitive labor market. The model produces three testable implications regarding wage dynamics: (1) although the role of schooling in the labor market's inference process declines as performance observations accumulate, the estimated effect of schooling on the level of wages is independent of labor-market experience; (2) time invariant variables correlated with ability but unobserved by employers (such as certain test scores) are increasingly correlated with wages as experience increases; and (3) wage residuals are a martingale. The authors present evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth that is broadly consistent with the model's predictions.
Bibliography Citation
Farber, Henry S. and Robert Gibbons. "Learning and Wage Dynamics." Quarterly Journal of Economics 111,4 (November 1996): 1007-1047.
1911. Farja, Yanay
Tillman, Avi
Zax, Ori
The Gender Gap: Looking at the Entire Distribution
Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics published online (15 September 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0260107920938544.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0260107920938544
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Research Methodology; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We propose a new method of estimating wage differences among individuals from different populations, which is based on looking at the distribution of fixed effects from a wage regression. We use this method to compare males' and females' wage distribution at different levels of education and at different ages. In most cases, unobserved, time-constant factors increase the wage of males, compared to that of females, by a constant share. But this is not true when looking at the tails of the distribution. We also discuss the advantages of our method.
Bibliography Citation
Farja, Yanay, Avi Tillman and Ori Zax. "The Gender Gap: Looking at the Entire Distribution." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics published online (15 September 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0260107920938544.
1912. Farkas, George
England, Paula A.
Vicknair, Keven
Kilbourne, Barbara Stanek
Cognitive Skill, Skill Demands of Jobs, and Earnings Among Young European American, African American, and Mexican American Workers
Social Forces 75, 3 (March 1997): 913-940.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2580524
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Education; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wage Gap; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Do the cognitive skills possessed by an individual affect access to more cognitively demanding occupations and hence to the associated higher earnings? To what extent do difference between African Americans, U.S.-born Mexican Americans, and European Americans (Whites) in average cognitive skills account for the lower-skilled jobs and lower earnings of African Americans and Mexican Americans? From analyses of 1991 National Longitudinal Survey (NLSY) data for six groups defined by ethnicity and gender, we found that individual cognitive skill level (as standardized test scores) affects access to occupations requiring more cognitive skill and affects wages levels, even when controlling for education, work experience and other factors. Most of the effect of cognitive skills on earnings is direct; a smaller portion is indirect, through access to occupations requiring more cognitive skill. The lower average cognitive skill levels for African Americans and Mexican Americans explain a substantial proportion of the earnings gaps between these groups European Americans. By contrast, cognition skills explain none of the gender gap in pay within ethnic groups. We conclude that to understand or alter racial or ethnic inequalities in earnings, scholars and policy-maters must attend to social sources of group differences in cognition skills, such as school, family, and neighborhood experiences.
Bibliography Citation
Farkas, George, Paula A. England, Keven Vicknair and Barbara Stanek Kilbourne. "Cognitive Skill, Skill Demands of Jobs, and Earnings Among Young European American, African American, and Mexican American Workers." Social Forces 75, 3 (March 1997): 913-940.
1913. Farkas, George
Vicknair, Keven
Appropriate Tests of Racial Wage Discrimination Require Controls for Cognitive Skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume
American Sociological Review 61,4 (August 1996): 557-560.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096392
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Modeling; Racial Differences; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In "Reconsidering the Declining Significance of Race: Racial Differences in Early Career Wages" (see abstract), A. Silvia Cancio, T. David Evans, & David J. Maume, Jr., claim that racial wage discrimination increased after 1976. Here, it is argued that Cancio, Evans, & Maume omitted a key control variable - cognitive skill - from the regression performed. Analysis is based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on male workers ages 26-33 who held full-time jobs in 1991 (N not specified). A regression model that controls for cognitive skill, measured by tests conducted in 1980 when Ss were ages 15-22, is found to explain 109% of the wage gap, thus eliminating the finding of race discrimination against black men. 1 Table. B. Jones (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Farkas, George and Keven Vicknair. "Appropriate Tests of Racial Wage Discrimination Require Controls for Cognitive Skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume." American Sociological Review 61,4 (August 1996): 557-560.
1914. Farkas, Karen
Blondes Aren't Dumb, Ohio State Study Says
Metro News, Plain Dealer, March 22, 2016.
Also: http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2016/03/blondes_arent_dumb_new_study_s.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Plain Dealer Publishing Co.
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); I.Q.; Physical Characteristics

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[excerpted from news article] The "dumb blonde" stereotype is simply wrong, according to a new national study of young baby boomers. The study of 10,878 Americans found that white women who said their natural hair color was blonde had an average IQ score within 3 points of women with brown, red and black hair. [Based on research by Zagorsky, Jay L. "Are Blondes Really Dumb?" Economics Bulletin 36,1 (2016): 401-410]
Bibliography Citation
Farkas, Karen. "Blondes Aren't Dumb, Ohio State Study Says." Metro News, Plain Dealer, March 22, 2016.
1915. Farré-Olalla, Lídia
Vella, Francis
Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes and its Implications for Female Labor Force Participation
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2802, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2007
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Parental Influences; Women's Roles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using a sample of mother-child pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the Young Adults of the NLSY79 we explore the relationship between a woman's attitudes towards the role of females in the labor market and the attitudes of her children. We also examine whether this intergenerational cultural link has implications for the labor market behavior of the females in the NLSY79. We find that a woman's attitudes have a statistically significant effect on her children's views towards working women. Furthermore we find that this cultural transmission influences female labor market decisions. Our results imply that a woman's view regarding the role of females in the labor market and family not only affects the labor market force participation decision of her daughter, but also has an equally strong association with the labor force participation of the wife of her son. These results indicate that the transmission of gender role attitudes contributes to the persistence of economic status across generations.
Bibliography Citation
Farré-Olalla, Lídia and Francis Vella. "Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes and its Implications for Female Labor Force Participation." IZA Discussion Paper No. 2802, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), May 2007.
1916. Farré, Lídia
Klein, Roger
Vella, Francis
A Parametric Control Function Approach to Estimating the Returns to Schooling in the Absence of Exclusion Restrictions: An Application to the NLSY
Empirical Economics 44,1 (February 2013):111-133.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00181-010-0376-5
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Endogeneity; Schooling; Variables, Instrumental

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

An innovation which bypasses the need for instruments when estimating endogenous treatment effects is identification via conditional second moments. The most general of these approaches is Klein and Vella (J Econom 154:154–164, 2010), which models the conditional variances semiparametrically. While this is attractive, as identification is not reliant on parametric assumptions for variances, the nonparametric aspect of the estimation may discourage practitioners from its use. This paper outlines how the estimator can be implemented parametrically. The use of parametric assumptions is accompanied by a large reduction in computational and programming demands. We illustrate the approach by estimating the return to education using a sample drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Accounting for endogeneity increases the estimate of the return to education from 6.8 to 11.2%.
Bibliography Citation
Farré, Lídia, Roger Klein and Francis Vella. "A Parametric Control Function Approach to Estimating the Returns to Schooling in the Absence of Exclusion Restrictions: An Application to the NLSY." Empirical Economics 44,1 (February 2013):111-133.
1917. Farré, Lídia
Vella, Francis
The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes and its Implications for Female Labour Force Participation
Economica 80, 318 (April 2013): 219-247.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecca.12008/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences

Using a sample of mother–child pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we study the economics of cultural transmission regarding women's roles. We find that a mother's attitudes have a statistically significant effect on those of her children. Furthermore, we find a strong association between the attitudes of sons in their youth and their wives' labour supply as adults. For daughters, the association between their own attitudes and adult work outcomes is weaker and seems to operate through the educational channel. Our findings indicate that cultural transmission contributes to heterogeneity in the labour supply of women.
Bibliography Citation
Farré, Lídia and Francis Vella. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes and its Implications for Female Labour Force Participation." Economica 80, 318 (April 2013): 219-247.
1918. Farzana, Sadia
Family and Friends: The Driving Forces Behind Our Academic Success and Skill Development
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2022
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Mothers, Education; Noncognitive Skills; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In Chapter 2, we estimate within-generational and inter-generational spillover effects in educational attainment based on data from the NLSY surveys. This study finds that a one-year increase in first-born's education causes a significant increase of 4.5 months in younger sibling’s schooling and a one-year increase in maternal education significantly increases child's education by around 3 months. It also finds that the higher the birth order, the smaller the maternal and first-born's spillover effects. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence that maternal education is passed on to children through family income as well as child rearing practices. Higher maternal education leads to higher family income as well as better cognitive stimulation and emotional support for the children that, in turn, influence children’s educational attainment. These findings emphasize the importance of both mother's and sibling's education in understanding the human capital production function and estimating education externalities.

The third chapter studies the contemporaneous effects of family income and maternal employment on the cognitive and noncognitive skills of children ages 5-16. By using legislative changes associated with income tax liabilities and interstate banking as exogenous sources of variation in family income and maternal labor supply, this study makes important improvements to the methodologies existing in the literature. It shows that on a child's cognitive achievements family income has a significant positive effect, but maternal labor supply has a negative effect. Family income has no significant effect on a child's noncognitive development, whereas maternal work has a significant effect although the direction of effect varies among different sub-scales. These findings confirm the existence of the trade-off between time and money that mothers face. The trade-off arises because maternal working hours, with its negative direct effects, may yield positive indirect effects through income. Furthermore, our extensive investigation on mechanisms suggests that that the available sources of care as an alternative to parental care may not be as conducive to producing non-cognitive skills as they are to producing cognitive skills. With an increase in income, families could afford a better school or a better after-school activity but these alternative sources may be better only at producing cognitive skills. Thus, even with an increase in income families have little scope to switch to a more productive alternative care conducive to non-cognitive skills, resulting in an insignificant effect of income.

Bibliography Citation
Farzana, Sadia. Family and Friends: The Driving Forces Behind Our Academic Success and Skill Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2022.
1919. Fasang, Anette
Aisenbrey, Silke
Uncovering Social Stratification: Intersectional Inequalities in Work and Family Life Courses by Gender and Race
Social Forces published online (28 December 2021): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soab151.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sf/soab151/6485026
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Constraints; Family History; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Work Histories

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Enduring and accumulated advantages and disadvantages in work and family lives remain invisible in studies focusing on single outcomes. Further, single outcome studies tend to conflate labor market inequalities related to gender, race, and family situation. We combine an intersectional and quantitative life course perspective to analyze parallel work and family lives for Black and White men and women aged 22-44. Results using sequence analysis and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) show that White men enjoy privileged opportunities to combine work and family life and elicit specific gendered and racialized constraints for Black men and women and White women. Black women experience the strongest interdependence between work and family life: events in their work lives constrain and condition their family lives and vice versa. For Black men, stable partnerships and career success mutually support and sustain each other over the life course. In contrast, for Black women, occupational success goes along with the absence of stable partnerships. Precarious and unstable employment is associated with early single parenthood for all groups supporting instability spillovers between life domains that are most prevalent among Black women, followed by Black men. The findings highlight a sizeable group of resourceful Black single mothers who hold stable middle-class jobs and have often gone unnoticed in previous research. We conclude that economic interventions to equalize opportunities in education, employment, and earnings, particularly early in life, are more promising for reducing intersectional inequalities in work-family life courses than attempting to intervene in family lives.
Bibliography Citation
Fasang, Anette and Silke Aisenbrey. "Uncovering Social Stratification: Intersectional Inequalities in Work and Family Life Courses by Gender and Race ." Social Forces published online (28 December 2021): DOI: 10.1093/sf/soab151.
1920. Fasang, Anette
Aisenbrey, Silke
Grunow, Daniela
The Interplay of Family Formation and Early Work Careers in Germany and the United States
Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Family Formation; German Life History Study; Maternal Employment; Occupational Status

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

How do men and women combine work and family in different welfare state contexts? In comparison to Germany, the US labor market has low employment security and low occupational boundaries. At the same time, Germany classifies as a single breadwinner welfare state, whereas the US is a dual-earner / dual-career welfare state that generally provides better options for women combine work and family. We use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) and the German Life History Study (GLHS) to study work-family trajectories of men and women in these two institutional contexts. Results from multichannel sequence analysis show distinct work-family patterns for men and women that can be related to occupational status.
Bibliography Citation
Fasang, Anette, Silke Aisenbrey and Daniela Grunow. "The Interplay of Family Formation and Early Work Careers in Germany and the United States." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013.
1921. Featherman, David L.
Issues for Manpower Research on Youth in the Transition from School to Work
Journal of Economics and Business 32,2 (Winter 1980): 118-125
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Temple University Press
Keyword(s): Behavior; Data Quality/Consistency; High School Completion/Graduates; Life Cycle Research; Research Methodology; Sample Selection; Schooling; Transition, School to Work; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study/H.S. Panel Study (WLS); Work History

Unemployment and job search among youth are conceptualized as behavioral components of the transition into adulthood. Within this life-cycle perspective, recommendations are made for the design and content of empirical studies of the labor force activities of young persons, using the development of the NLS of Young Men as an illustration.
Bibliography Citation
Featherman, David L. "Issues for Manpower Research on Youth in the Transition from School to Work." Journal of Economics and Business 32,2 (Winter 1980): 118-125.
1922. Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics
Nurturing Fatherhood: Improving Data and Research on Male Fertility, Family Formation and Fatherhood
Report, Washington DC: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, June 1998.
Also: http://aspe.hhs.gov/search/fatherhood/htdocs/CFSForum/front.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics
Keyword(s): Family Formation; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fertility

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Full report available on-line: http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/fathers/cfsforum/front.htm. The report contains a summary of the proceedings from the March 1997 conference on improving data and research on fathering, fertility, and family formation. In addition, the report also contains the research papers written for the conference and the recommendations for data collection activities endorsed by the Forum. The report represents the collaborative work of federal staff, noted researchers, advocates and foundation partners.
Bibliography Citation
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. "Nurturing Fatherhood: Improving Data and Research on Male Fertility, Family Formation and Fatherhood." Report, Washington DC: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, June 1998.
1923. Fedor, Theresa M.
Berry, Eddy Helen
Reither, Eric N.
Disparities in Birth Weight between Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites: The Effect of Rural Residency
Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Birthweight; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Racial Differences; Rural/Urban Differences; Support Networks

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research assesses the prevalence of low birth weight among non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites along the rural/urban continuum. Degree of social isolation and lack of social support are proposed mechanisms for explaining the high prevalence of low birth weight observed among Blacks in rural counties. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child data, the relative odds of low birth weight were estimated for Black and White women via logistic regression. Living in a predominately rural county exacerbates disparities in birth weight outcomes between Blacks and Whites. Logistic regression models also revealed that racial disparities in low birth weight were almost completely accounted for by the presence of the father in the household. Our results highlight the importance of place of residence and family structures for health outcomes among racial minorities.
Bibliography Citation
Fedor, Theresa M., Eddy Helen Berry and Eric N. Reither. "Disparities in Birth Weight between Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites: The Effect of Rural Residency." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010.
1924. Fedor, Theresa Marie
Disparities in Birth Weight Between Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites: The Effect of Rural Residency
MS Thesis, Utah State University, 2009.
Also: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1424&context=etd
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Children, Poverty; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Geographical Variation; Household Composition; Poverty; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of low birth weight among non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites along the rural/urban continuum, as well as the combined effect of being both non-Hispanic Black and residing in a completely rural county. Degree of social isolation and lack of support are proposed mechanisms for explaining disparities in low birth weight for Blacks in rural counties. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child (NLSY79-C) datasets, logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of low birth weight. Key variables employed in these models include race/ethnicity, a five category measure of counties by degree of rural versus urban residence, interaction terms for race by county categorization, measures of the degree of community level support or isolation, household composition as a measure of the family support structure, access to medical care, maternal SES, birth characteristics, and maternal pregnancy behavior. Results demonstrate that Blacks have much higher odds of low birth weight than Whites and living in a completely rural county exacerbates disadvantage in birth weight outcomes for non-Hispanic Blacks but not for non-Hispanic Whites. The community and household level support measures have little mediating effect on the magnitude of the negative birth weight outcomes found for non-Hispanic Blacks in the most rural counties. However, the first order effect for non-Hispanic Blacks was almost completely explained by the presence of the father in the household when interaction effects for race and place of residence were also included in the model.
Bibliography Citation
Fedor, Theresa Marie. Disparities in Birth Weight Between Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites: The Effect of Rural Residency. MS Thesis, Utah State University, 2009..
1925. Fedor, Theresa Marie
Lee, Sang Lim
A Longitudinal Study of Past Influences on Migration
Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91777
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Life Cycle Research; Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Migration literature usually describes the age pattern of adult migration frequency as highest in young adulthood, with a subsequent gradual decline in the frequency of migration events with age. This tapering off in a person's life describes an assumed universal, life cycle of migration. There is also an embedded assumption that each migration event in an individual's life is independent of all other migration events and that each migration is simply a result of the costs and benefits of a move at that point in time. The idea that each move is independent of other moves, coupled with a universally applied life cycle of migration for an individual has partially stemmed from data limitations bred from cross-sectional studies. This research utilizes longitudinal data that enables a more thorough analysis of the two assumptions listed above.

We hypothesize that each migration event is correlated to other migration events in an individual's life. A migration event is defined as a change in county of residence, defined by federal information processing standards codes (FIPS codes). This study shows that the age of an individual's first adult migration differentially influences subsequent migration events. The frequency of primary migration events declines with age, meaning that there are fewer total numbers of primary migrations at later ages. But those who experience a primary migration at age 28 as opposed to age 18, for example, will begin their migration life cycle at that point, leading to a higher chance of subsequent migrations. By grouping cases by age at first migration, or primary migration, new patterns emerge that give a more detailed description of how migration occurs. Disaggregation by age group of first migration event reveals that the universally applied life cycle of migration as a gradual taper with age, no longer remains true. In fact, the same pattern as described in the life cycle of migration still occurs on the individual level, but this pattern begins at different time points based on the age of primary migration.

Bibliography Citation
Fedor, Theresa Marie and Sang Lim Lee. "A Longitudinal Study of Past Influences on Migration." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
1926. Feigelman, William
Adopted Adults: Comparisons with Persons Raised in Conventional Families
Marriage and Family Review 25,3/4 (1997): 199-223.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J002v25n03_05
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Adoption; Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Family Studies; Marital Stability

With archival data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, this study compares the adult behavior patterns of adoptees (N = 101) and children raised in all other types of attenuated nuclear families (N = 3,949) with those raised till age 18 by both biological parents (N = 6,258). Both adoptees from intact two-parent families and those raised in all other types of disrupted nuclear families showed a higher incidence of problem behaviors during adolescence than children raised exclusively by both big-parents. This was in terms of the following dimensions: delinquency, youth crime, and the use of alcohol and drugs. Later, during adulthood, the educational attainments, job statuses, and levels of marital stability of those growing up in all types of disrupted nuclear families lagged behind those raised by both birth parents. At the time when most respondents were entering their thirties, those growing up in attenuated nuclear families were also more likely to report symptoms of depression. Adoptees, too, showed some, but much less clear evidence of long-term difficulties arising from their more turbulent adolescent experiences, compared to those growing up with both big-parents. By their late twenties and early thirties adoptees reported more instances of cohabitation prior to marriage and more females seemed to report lower levels of marital happiness. Yet, in most all other aspects surveyed-such as the recent use of drugs, educational attainments, job holding, employment successes, asset accumulations, home ownership and marital stability, they appeared much like those raised in intact big-parent families. Like their counterparts from all types of disrupted nuclear families, adoptees showed a need for greater social services-especially during adolescence--to overcome psycho-social problems emerging at that time. In the absence of having such care, long-term dysfunctional consequences are more likely to occur, especially for those raised in all other types of attenuated nuclear families. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@haworth.com]
Bibliography Citation
Feigelman, William. "Adopted Adults: Comparisons with Persons Raised in Conventional Families." Marriage and Family Review 25,3/4 (1997): 199-223.
1927. Feigelman, William
Cigarette Smoking Among Former Military Service Personnel. A Neglected Social Issue
Preventive Medicine 23,2 (March 1994): 235-241.
Also: http://www.idealibrary.com/links/artid/pmed.1994.1032
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Behavior; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); General Social Survey (GSS); Military Personnel; Military Service; Veterans

Based on secondary analysis of archival data from the General Social Surveys and the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, this article examines smoking among active military personnel, veterans, and comparable civilian populations. Results conformed with past research and indicated higher smoking rates for currently active military personnel than for contemporary civilians. Findings among men and women who were in their thirties during the early 1980s suggest that military personnel and civilians alike exhibited the same tendency toward cigarette use and initiated smoking at approximately the same ages. Military smoking did not appear to be a situational behavior which occurred only during a recruit's tour of duty; results also suggest that previous military experience was associated with higher lifelong patterns of cigarette consumption, compared to those who had never been in the armed services.
Bibliography Citation
Feigelman, William. "Cigarette Smoking Among Former Military Service Personnel. A Neglected Social Issue." Preventive Medicine 23,2 (March 1994): 235-241.
1928. Feigelman, William
Hands on Sociology: Revised and Expanded Edition
New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc, 1999
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Keyword(s): Behavioral Problems; Crime; Data Analysis; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Studies; General Social Survey (GSS); Risk-Taking; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Urbanization/Urban Living

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The idea of a microcomputer workbook designed for beginning sociology students is by no means a novel one. There have been a fair number of such programs and learning packages created in recent years. Practically every publisher can boast of having at least one such supplement, which it often offers free to users of its main texts. However, most of the programs and workbooks have remained underutilized, having sunk deep into the paper pile on professors' desks, where they remain, gathering dust. Unlike some of the many programs built around studying imaginary societies or simulation models, the present book is based upon real social data. It draws from a variety of archival sociological data sources: the General Social Surveys; the National Longitudinal Study of Youth; the Chicago Homicides Study; and The American National Election Studies, among others.
Bibliography Citation
Feigelman, William. Hands on Sociology: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc, 1999.
1929. Fellay, Giulio
Gallipoli, Giovanni
Education and Crime Over the Life Cycle
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, [N.D.].
Also: http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/ggallipoli/papers/fella_gallipoli.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of British Columbia
Keyword(s): Crime; Education; Endogeneity; Heterogeneity; High School Completion/Graduates; Life Cycle Research; Poverty; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We develop an overlapping-generation, life-cycle model with endogenous education and crime choices. Education and crime depend on different dimensions of heterogeneity. We apply the model to property crime and calibrate it to U.S. data. We compare two policies: subsidizing high school completion and increasing the length of prison sentences. We find that targeting crime reductions through increases in high school graduation rates entails large efficiency and welfare gains. These gains are absent if the same crime reduction is achieved by increasing the length of sentences. The cost-effectiveness of high school subsidies increases significantly if they are targeted at the wealth poor. We find that general equilibrium effects explain half of the reduction in crime from subsidizing high school and are non-negligible even for interventions targeted at low levels of wealth. Crucially, the effect of small equilibrium price changes is magnified by their interaction with the underlying individual heterogeneity.
Bibliography Citation
Fellay, Giulio and Giovanni Gallipoli. "Education and Crime Over the Life Cycle." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, [N.D.].
1930. Fendrich, Michael
Longitudinal Analysis of Retest Artifact in NLSY Drug Use Reporting
Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, Health and Retirement Study, Institute for Social Research, Conference on Data Quality Issues in Longitudinal Surveys, 1998.
Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/faculty/cv-fendrich.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan
Keyword(s): Interviewer Characteristics; Interviewing Method; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Social Environment; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We examined three follow-up waves of data in order to estimate the prevalence and explore the correlates of retest artifact (denial) of drug use among NLSY respondents who disclosed lifetime cocaine and marijuana use in 1984. In the cocaine use cohort, 42% denied lifetime drug use during at least one follow-up wave. In the marijuana use cohort, about 29% denied lifetime drug use during at least one follow-up wave. (mixed model) and cross sectional logistic regression models were estimated to evaluate the correlates of this phenomenon. Although we hypothesized linear time effects, we found that denial either leveled off (cocaine) or diminished (marijuana) between the second and third interviews. Longitudinal models suggested that individuals were fairly consistent with respect to disclosure propensities. The most consistent predictors of denial in both longitudinal and cross sectional models and across substances were race and marital status. Other predictors of denial included interviewer characteristics (social attribution), interview mode, and drug salience. Interpretation of findings with respect to time are made in light of recent shifts in drug disclosure norms. Implications for theories of survey reporting, for research design, and for the interpretation and analysis of longitudinal drug use data are also discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Fendrich, Michael. "Longitudinal Analysis of Retest Artifact in NLSY Drug Use Reporting." Presented: Ann Arbor, MI, Health and Retirement Study, Institute for Social Research, Conference on Data Quality Issues in Longitudinal Surveys, 1998.
1931. Fendrich, Michael
Kim, Julia Yun Soo
Multiwave Analysis of Retest Artifact in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Drug Use
Drug and Alcohol Dependence 62,3 (May 2001): 239-253.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871600001770
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Interviewer Characteristics; Interviewing Method; Marital Status; Racial Differences

We examined follow-up data from surveys in 1988, 1992 and 1994 in order to estimate the prevalence and explore the correlates of retest artifact (denial) of drug use among National Longitudinal Survey of Youth respondents who disclosed lifetime cocaine or marijuana use in 1984. In the cocaine use cohort, 42% denied lifetime cocaine use during at least one follow-up wave. In the marijuana use cohort, about 29% denied lifetime marijuana use during at least one follow-up wave. Denial either leveled off (cocaine) or diminished (marijuana) between the second and third follow-up interviews. The most consistent predictors of denial in both longitudinal and cross-sectional models and across substances were race/ethnicity (black informants had increased rates of denial) and marital status (married respondents had increased rates of denial). Other predictors of denial included interviewer characteristics (social attribution), interview mode, and drug salience. The findings with respect to marijuana reporting trends parallel increased willingness of public officials to retrospectively disclose this behavior in the popular press.
Bibliography Citation
Fendrich, Michael and Julia Yun Soo Kim. "Multiwave Analysis of Retest Artifact in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Drug Use." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 62,3 (May 2001): 239-253.
1932. Fendrich, Michael
Kim, Julia Yun Soo
Wislar, Joseph S.
Longitudinal Analysis of Retest Artifact in NLSY Drug Use Reporting
Working Paper, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, October 1998
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for Juvenile Research (IJR)
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Interviewer Characteristics; Interviewing Method; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Social Environment; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Also presented: University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan): Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference on Longitudinal Data Quality. October 1998.

We examined three follow-up waves of data in order to estimate the prevalence and explore the correlates of retest artifact (denial) of drug use among NLSY respondents who disclosed lifetime cocaine and marijuana use in 1984. In the cocaine use cohort, 42% denied lifetime drug use during at least one follow-up wave. In the marijuana use cohort, about 29% denied lifetime drug use during at least one follow-up wave. (mixed model) and cross sectional logistic regression models were estimated to evaluate the correlates of this phenomenon. Although we hypothesized linear time effects, we found that denial either leveled off (cocaine) or diminished (marijuana) between the second and third interviews. Longitudinal models suggested that individuals were fairly consistent with respect to disclosure propensities. The most consistent predictors of denial in both longitudinal and cross sectional models and across substances were race and marital status. Other predictors of denial included interviewer characteristics (social attribution), interview mode, and drug salience. Interpretation of findings with respect to time are made in light of recent shifts in drug disclosure norms. Implications for theories of survey reporting, for research design, and for the interpretation and analysis of longitudinal drug use data are also discussed.

Bibliography Citation
Fendrich, Michael, Julia Yun Soo Kim and Joseph S. Wislar. "Longitudinal Analysis of Retest Artifact in NLSY Drug Use Reporting." Working Paper, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, October 1998.
1933. Fendrich, Michael
Mackesy-Amiti, Mary Ellen
Inconsistencies in Lifetime Cocaine and Marijuana Use Reports: Impact on Prevalence and Incidence
Addiction 90,1 (January 1995): 111-118.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90111114.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Ethnic Differences; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Substance Use; Underreporting

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We evaluated inconsistencies in responses to questions about lifetime cocaine and marijuana use asked of nearly 10,000 respondents from the United States in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1984 and 1988. Our analyses showed that 14% of all responses on cocaine use and 17% of all responses on marijuana use were inconsistent in some way. The types of inconsistencies varied according to the substance; cocaine reports yielded more inconsistencies with regard to timing of first use, while for Marconi most of the inconsistencies were with respect to use disclosure. For both substances, lower level users were more likely to be inconsistent in their reports of drug use. Alternative methods for handling inconsistencies affected estimates of incidence and prevalence. Inconsistencies also varied according to respondent race/ethnicity. Implications of these findings for program evaluation are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Fendrich, Michael and Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti. "Inconsistencies in Lifetime Cocaine and Marijuana Use Reports: Impact on Prevalence and Incidence." Addiction 90,1 (January 1995): 111-118.
1934. Fendrich, Michael
Vaughn, Connie
Diminished Lifetime Substance Use Over Time: A Validated Inquiry Into Differential Underreporting
Public Opinion Quarterly 58,1 (Spring 1994): 96-123.
Also: http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/1/96.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Interviewing Method; Minorities; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Substance Use; Underreporting

This study investigated underreporting of lifetime marijuana and cocaine use in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Unlike previous studies of substance use underreporting, this study validated reports by using responses provided at the initial interview as criteria. Comparing responses provided in 1988 with responses provided in 1984, this study evaluated the prevalence and correlates of two indicators of underreporting, including use denial and use reduction. At follow-up in 1988, a high rate of underreporting was evident for both marijuana and cocaine, with rates of use reduction observed for just under one-third of all 1984 marijuana users and just over one third of all 1984 cocaine users. Outright denial of use in 1988 was almost twice as prevalent among cocaine users as it was among marijuana users; nearly 19% of all cocaine users denied use at follow-up, compared to nearly 12% of all marijuana users. Correlates of underreporting varied by substance and by measure of underreporting. The most consistent correlates of underreporting were interview mode, race/ethnicity, and educational status. Those interviewed by telephone, minority respondents, and those with lower levels of education were more likely to underreport. Race/ethnicity effects were particularly striking in our analyses. Black respondents had at least twice the odds of underreporting compared to white/other respondents for every indicator of underreporting. Findings are compared to other recent research on underreporting and are discussed in the context of recent substance use prevalence findings.
Bibliography Citation
Fendrich, Michael and Connie Vaughn. "Diminished Lifetime Substance Use Over Time: A Validated Inquiry Into Differential Underreporting." Public Opinion Quarterly 58,1 (Spring 1994): 96-123.
1935. Feng, Jie
Allen, David G.
Seibert, Scott E.
Once an Entrepreneur, Always an Entrepreneur? Entrepreneurial Identity, Job Characteristics, and Voluntary Turnover of Former Entrepreneurs in Paid Employment
Personnel Psychology published online (29 April 2021): DOI: 10.1111/peps.12455.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/peps.12455
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Personnel Psychology
Keyword(s): Entrepreneurship; Job Characteristics; Job Turnover; Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We focus on former entrepreneurs' employment in established firms. Understanding the retention of former entrepreneurs--those who were previously founders of business ventures--is important to firms hoping to reap the benefits of their entrepreneurial experience. We compare the duration of their retention to other employees without entrepreneurial experience and propose a theoretical model in which entrepreneurial identity and job characteristics play a central role. The time‐dependent risk of voluntary turnover was estimated using survival analysis. Results from a primary survey collected from multiple firms in 2015-2018 (Study 1) reveal that former entrepreneurs quit sooner than others, and this effect was mediated by entrepreneurial identity. A second study using the NLSY79 and Net longitudinal dataset (Study 2) again supports this mediated relationship and further shows that the indirect effect through entrepreneurial identity was moderated such that employees with entrepreneurial identity stayed longer in jobs with favorable characteristics (i.e., high levels of work autonomy and more entrepreneurial opportunities) than other jobs. In Study 2, we were able to observe individuals' careers over decades to capture the patterns of individual mobility--the back‐and‐forth exploration between businesses owned by self and others. The supplementary analysis provides additional evidence regarding turnover destinations. The findings offer implications for firms endeavoring to retain entrepreneurial talent and individuals pursuing a career that may involve both paid employment and entrepreneurship.
Bibliography Citation
Feng, Jie, David G. Allen and Scott E. Seibert. "Once an Entrepreneur, Always an Entrepreneur? Entrepreneurial Identity, Job Characteristics, and Voluntary Turnover of Former Entrepreneurs in Paid Employment." Personnel Psychology published online (29 April 2021): DOI: 10.1111/peps.12455.
1936. Feng, Peihong
The Impacts of Children's Disability on Mothers' Labor Supply and Marital Status
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Economics, 2006. DAI-A 67/05, Nov 2006.
Also: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1142442563
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Asthma; Child Health; Children, Illness; Disability; Labor Supply; Marital Disruption; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Marital Status; Maternal Employment; Parenthood; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Work History

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The first essay explores the differential impacts of child disability on maternal labor supply due to both episodic conditions such as asthma and other health limitations that do not have episodic symptomology. This is the first study in the literature that child disabilities are broken down into asthma and non-asthma types and episodic versus nonepisodic types of health limitations. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), the differential impacts of child disability on maternal working hours are estimated using Wooldridge's (1995) method. The estimation takes account of unobserved individual effects and sample selection associated with mothers who choose not to work. The empirical results show that single mothers do not experience decreased working hours when they have a child with a health condition other than asthma, but their annual working hours decrease by 165 hours when there is an asthmatic child in the household. Married mothers have the same labor market response to both types of disabilities as their counterparts with healthy children.

The second essay examines the effects of a disabled child on the mother's marital durations. This is the first study that provides a complete picture on how child disability affects different types of marital durations by examining whether child disability has a disruptive effect on the mother's marriage duration, whether child disability deters divorced mothers from being remarried, and how child disability affects never-married mothers' likelihood of starting a marriage. This study also investigates multiple married or unmarried spells to obtain more insight of how a child in poor health affects the mother's marital status in the long term, beyond the first marriage and the first divorce. Using data from NLSY79, the vast majority of individuals of the sample are followed for more than 20 years. The study uses a duration model, which has the advantage of taking into acco unt of time-varying covariates and censored observations. The estimation procedure also allows unobserved heterogeneity. The results show that a single mother with a disabled child has a significantly lower likelihood of starting a new marriage than her counterparts. Simulations show that child disability deters divorced and never-married mothers from a (re)marriage by an average of 15 months or 14 months, respectively, compared to the situation when the child is in good health. However, the results do not show any evidence that a disabled child has a disruptive effect on the parents' existing marriage.

Bibliography Citation
Feng, Peihong. The Impacts of Children's Disability on Mothers' Labor Supply and Marital Status. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Economics, 2006. DAI-A 67/05, Nov 2006..
1937. Feng, Qi
Return-To-School Decisions of Adults in the Workforce
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northern Illinois University, 2007. DAI-A 69/02, Aug 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Dropouts; Education, Adult; Educational Attainment; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Minority Groups; Schooling, Post-secondary

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation examines the decision by adults to return to school after they have spent some time in the workforce. Studies of higher education enrollment have long focused on the enrollment behavior of students who enter college immediately following high school graduation. However, there is also a need to better understand the enrollment behavior of adults who decide to return to school after spending time in the workforce. This in turn may provide insights to policy-makers who are in a position to help less-educated individuals get the education they deserve. Currently there is little work reported in the economics literature that attempts to study the decision by adults to return to school.

This dissertation is intended to contribute to our understanding of the decisions made by adults to return to school. Using information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), the following primary questions are addressed: Does labor income, age, or tuition decrease the likelihood that an adult will return to school? Do expected gains from further education increase the likelihood that an adult will return to school? Do other factors such as family income, race and gender affect the likelihood that an adult will return to school?

The findings of the empirical analyses indicate that if a less-educated adult belongs to a racial minority, is male, is relatively older, lives in a poor family, or earns lower-than-median income, then he/she is less likely to return to school. Among persons from poor families or earning low incomes, an increase in income would actually discourage investment in further education instead of making it more affordable for them to return to school. Those who return to school tend to have higher-paying jobs or belong to relatively richer families. Females are more likely to return to school the longer the time that has elapsed since their high school graduation, while minorities are more likely to enroll in college immediately after or within a relatively short period after graduation from high school.

Bibliography Citation
Feng, Qi. Return-To-School Decisions of Adults in the Workforce. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northern Illinois University, 2007. DAI-A 69/02, Aug 2008.
1938. Feng, Shuaizhang
Essays on Employer Size, Search, and Racial Differences in the United States Labor Market
Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2006. DAI-A 67/05, Nov 2006
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Firm Size; Labor Market Segmentation; Racial Differences; Wage Growth; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation studies the relationships of employer size, wages, return to training, and racial differences in the U.S. Labor market. In addition to the empirical investigations, which are based on data from National Longitudinal Surveys 1979 Youth Cohort (NLSY79), I provide a theoretical model that explains the relationship between employer size and wage return to training from an equilibrium search perspective.

Using NLSY79, the first chapter shows that return to training is higher in small than in large establishments. This new empirical finding is not explained by the existing theories which are based on competitive assumptions. An equilibrium search model is constructed to interpret this empirical regularity. With suitable parameters, the model generates an equilibrium characterized by wage dispersion and one in which (1) large firms pay more to their workers, (2) they train a higher proportion of their workers, and (3) wage return to training is lower in large firms.

The second chapter analyzes the determinants of wage growth for blacks and whites and decomposes the difference in their growth rates. The average difference in black-white wage growth can be almost entirely attributed to the differences in endowments, with pre-market factors---schooling and AFQT---explaining two-thirds and general labor market experience accounting for another third of the differential. The role of labor market discrimination appears to be small.

Chapter three discusses changes in black-white inequality in relation to establishment size. Important aspects of the employment relationship are examined, including job initiation, fringe benefits, on-the-job training, wages, and job separations. The chapter shows that overall racial discrimination in the U.S. labor market does not diminish as establishment size increases, except in the case of hiring. In addition, relative preferential treatment for blacks in terms of hiring is solely responsible for the overrepresentation of blacks in large establishments.

The last chapter summarizes main findings in the dissertation in the unifying framework of equilibrium search theory. It is argued that perfect competition assumptions do not accord with the U.S. labor market well and search is an effective alternative to model the decentralized market.

Bibliography Citation
Feng, Shuaizhang. Essays on Employer Size, Search, and Racial Differences in the United States Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2006. DAI-A 67/05, Nov 2006.
1939. Feng, Xiang-Nan
Wu, Hai-Tian
Song, Xin-Yuan
Bayesian Regularized Multivariate Generalized Latent Variable Models
Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 24,3 (2017): 341-358.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10705511.2016.1257353
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Bayesian; Modeling; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Feng, Xiang-Nan, Hai-Tian Wu and Xin-Yuan Song. "Bayesian Regularized Multivariate Generalized Latent Variable Models." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 24,3 (2017): 341-358.
1940. Ferber, Marianne A.
Waldfogel, Jane
Long-Term Consequences of Nontraditional Employment
Monthly Labor Review 121,5 (May 1998): 3-12.
Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1998/05/art1abs.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Benefits; Earnings; Employment; Human Capital; Manpower Research; Occupational Choice; Occupational Investment; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Growth; Work Experience

An article used 15 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the possible effects of nontraditional employment and nontraditional work experience over time. It also examined the effects of changes in nontraditional employment on wage growth, to control for unobserved variation between those who are currently in, or ever have been in, nontraditional, as opposed to traditional, jobs. The results confirm that both men and women in nontraditional employment tend to have different earnings and benefits than those in traditional employment, whether or not other characteristics are controlled for.
Bibliography Citation
Ferber, Marianne A. and Jane Waldfogel. "Long-Term Consequences of Nontraditional Employment." Monthly Labor Review 121,5 (May 1998): 3-12.
1941. Ferdman, Roberto A.
One of America's Healthiest Trends Has Had a Pretty Unexpected Side Effect
Washington Post, May 24, 2016, Wonkblog
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Washington Post
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Obesity; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This newspaper blog article discusses the Baum and Chou journal article "Why Has the Prevalence of Obesity Doubled?" (published in Review of Economics of the Household, Volume 14, Issue 2, 2016). In particular, the blog author highlights the findings showing that decreases in cigarette smoking might explain some of the increases in obesity and BMI.
Bibliography Citation
Ferdman, Roberto A. "One of America's Healthiest Trends Has Had a Pretty Unexpected Side Effect." Washington Post, May 24, 2016, Wonkblog.
1942. Ferguson, Ronald F.
New Evidence on the Growing Value of Skill and Consequences for Racial Disparity and Returns to Schooling
Working Paper R93-34, John F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research, Harvard University, September 1993
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: John F. Kennedy School of Government
Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Educational Returns; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Training; Training, On-the-Job; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wage Levels

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses test scores to establish that the market value of basic reading and math skills rose during the 1980's. Further, the rising price of skill accounts for two patterns over which labor economists have puzzled since the late 1980's: growth in the return to schooling for young men and increases in the wage gap between young black and white adult males. The gap in skill between young black and white males was narrowing during the 1980's, but not rapidly enough to offset growth in the price of skill. Hence, disparity rose. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Panel. Most of the study focuses on one age level in order to avoid ambiguity associated with mixing age groups. Estimating a series of overlapping cross-section regressions, each using three years of data, the paper shows a smooth but nonlinear trend in which most of the increase in the price of skill came in the first half of the decade.
Bibliography Citation
Ferguson, Ronald F. "New Evidence on the Growing Value of Skill and Consequences for Racial Disparity and Returns to Schooling." Working Paper R93-34, John F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research, Harvard University, September 1993.
1943. Ferguson, Ronald F.
Shifting Challenges: Fifty Years of Economic Change Toward Black-White Earnings Equality
In: An American Dilemma Revisited: Race Relations in a Changing World. C. Obie, Jr., ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996: pp. 76-111
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Keyword(s): Affirmative Action; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Education; Employment; Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO); Illegal Activities; Migration; Migration Patterns; Racial Differences; Regions; Schooling; Skills; Unions; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Wages

Argues that wage & employment differentials between whites & blacks are explained by the fact that basic skills of young black workers are not, on average, as well matched to shifting patterns in the market demand for labor as are their white counterparts, controlling for schooling levels and regional differences. A review of black employment 1940-1975 suggests that progress made by blacks in those years was due to black migration away from southern states, improvements in quality of education, and the dismantling of overt discrimination in the labor market. However, it is observed that such progress has been stifled since 1975 due to skills-based market changes to which whites have reacted better than blacks. Data from the 1980 Armed Forces Qualifications Test component of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are consulted to demonstrate that disparities in reading & math skills account for much of the wage differential between whites and blacks. However, it is also noted that the skill differential between whites and blacks has been declining, which suggests that either the value of skill rose faster than the gap closed, or blacks were earning more than whites with similar skills in the pre-1975 period. 2 Tables, 8 Figures. D. M. Smith (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bibliography Citation
Ferguson, Ronald F. "Shifting Challenges: Fifty Years of Economic Change Toward Black-White Earnings Equality" In: An American Dilemma Revisited: Race Relations in a Changing World. C. Obie, Jr., ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996: pp. 76-111
1944. Ferrall, Christopher
Unemployment Insurance Eligibility and the Transition from School to Work in Canada and the United States
Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15,2 (April 1997): 115-129.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1392300
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Benefits, Insurance; Job Search; Labor Market Demographics; Transition, School to Work; Unemployment Insurance

To study how the design of unemployment insurance affects people leaving school to find jobs, a model of job search in the presence of UI is developed and estimated for the U.S. and Canada. The level of UI benefits depends upon previous earnings, a fact which creates opposing incentives for unemployed people not receiving benefits. Which of these opposing incentives dominates the other is found to differ across demographic groups within each country. Changes in UI policy therefore can have very different effects on different individuals. The major differences found in the transition from school to work in Canada and the U.S. are a lower rate of job offer arrivals and a lower rate of offer rejections in Canada. Within each country, offer arrival rates differ across individuals much more than offer rejection rates.
Bibliography Citation
Ferrall, Christopher. "Unemployment Insurance Eligibility and the Transition from School to Work in Canada and the United States." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15,2 (April 1997): 115-129.
1945. Ferrell, Brandon
Analyzing the Human Sex Ratio at Birth
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, 2013.
Also: https://shareok.org/handle/11244/7903?show=full
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma
Keyword(s): Birth Order; Gender; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status; Sex Ratios

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The effect of income, education, employment, marital status, age, race, birth order, and national economic conditions on the sex ratio at birth were analyzed for the N = 21,597 children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 participants. These data were analyzed for individual births using a logistic regression model, treating the sex of each child as the outcome variable, and were analyzed for families using a linear regression model, treating the proportion of male children in each family as the outcome variable. No variable was statistically significantly related to the sex ratio. These findings suggest that the sex ratio at birth may not be affected by the individual- and population-level factors commonly examined in past research.
Bibliography Citation
Ferrell, Brandon. Analyzing the Human Sex Ratio at Birth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, 2013..
1946. Fertig, Angela R.
Watson, Tara Elizabeth
Minimum Drinking Age Laws and Infant Health Outcomes
Journal of Health Ecomomics 28,3 (May 2009): 737-747.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629609000319
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Abortion; Alcohol Use; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Sexual Behavior; State-Level Data/Policy

Alcohol policies have potentially far-reaching impacts on risky sexual behavior, prenatal health behaviors, and subsequent outcomes for infants. After finding initial evidence in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) that changes in the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) are related to prenatal drinking, we examine whether the drinking age influences birth outcomes. Using data from the National Vital Statistics (NVS) for the years 1978-1988, we find that a drinking age of 18 is associated with adverse outcomes among births to young mothers-including higher incidences of low birth weight and premature birth, but not congenital anomalies. The effects are largest among black women. We also report evidence that the MLDA laws alter the composition of births that occur. In states with lenient drinking laws, young black mothers are less likely to report paternal information on the birth certificate, particularly in states with restrictive abortion policies. The evidence suggests that lenient drinking laws generate poor birth outcomes in part because they increase the number of unplanned pregnancies.

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Bibliography Citation
Fertig, Angela R. and Tara Elizabeth Watson. "Minimum Drinking Age Laws and Infant Health Outcomes." Journal of Health Ecomomics 28,3 (May 2009): 737-747.
1947. Fertig, Angela R.
Watson, Tara Elizabeth
State Liquor Policies, Maternal Substance Use, and Child Outcomes
Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference,"Economics of Population Health", June 2006.
Also: http://healtheconomics.us/conference/2006/abstracts/06/06/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Society of Health Economists (ASHE)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Fertility; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Record Linkage (also see Data Linkage); Sexual Behavior; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); State-Level Data/Policy; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

State regulations on the consumption of alcohol by minors are widely credited with reducing teen drinking and alcohol-related traffic fatalities. Less often emphasized is the potential effect of these laws on pregnancy and drinking while pregnant, and subsequent outcomes for infants. Surprisingly little is known about whether, by reducing drinking by young women, these regulations also improve birth and infant outcomes. We focus on the changes in minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws that occurred in many states in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The principal objective of the study is to evaluate the consequences of drinking laws and maternal substance use on birth and infant outcomes. There are two channels by which substance use among teenagers affects the health of the next generation. First, by increasing risky sexual behavior, youth alcohol consumption could change the composition of births towards younger mothers and unintended pregnancies. Second, dependent of the compositional effect, drinking alcohol during pregnancy may directly cause poor health outcomes. Because alcohol and tobacco are often used jointly, minimum drinking age laws may affect maternal smoking as well. The specific aims of our project are: 1. To estimate the effects of MLDA laws and enforcement on substance use, with a particular emphasis on alcohol and tobacco use by young women and pregnant women. 2. To estimate the effects of MLDA laws and enforcement on sexual behavior, pregnancies, and births to young women. 3. To evaluate the impact of maternal alcohol and tobacco consumption on birth and early childhood outcomes, using changes in MLDA laws as a source of exogenous variation in alcohol and tobacco use. We use both the restricted version of the NLSY 79 (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) and Vital Statistics microdata to address these questions. Preliminary results are as follows: 1. MLDA laws reduce alcohol and tobacco use for affected cohorts, and reduce drinking among pregnant young women (see Table 1). 2. The effect of MLDA laws on sexual activity and births is small, but may be larger for some sub-groups. 3. MLDA laws are associated with reduced incidence of low birthweight among infants born to affected cohorts (see Table 2).
Bibliography Citation
Fertig, Angela R. and Tara Elizabeth Watson. "State Liquor Policies, Maternal Substance Use, and Child Outcomes." Presented: Madison, WI, American Society of Health Economics (ASHE), Inaugural Conference,"Economics of Population Health", June 2006.
1948. Feulner, Edwin J.
Altared States
Working Paper, The Heritage Foundation, August 26, 2002.
Also: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/ed082602b.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: The Heritage Foundation
Keyword(s): Children, Poverty; Education; Marriage; Parents, Single; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This opinion piece argues in favor of President Bush proposal to fund a program encouraging unwed welfare recipients to marry. The author argues that marriage is more effective than maternal education in lifting children out of poverty, and buttresses the claim with Rector and Johnson's study of NLSY79 data. Specifically, their study finds that children raised by never-married mothers are nine times more likely to live in poverty than children raised by two parents in an intact marriage and that the poverty levels of children raised by never-married mothers remain high even if the mother has a high school or college degree.
Bibliography Citation
Feulner, Edwin J. "Altared States." Working Paper, The Heritage Foundation, August 26, 2002.
1949. Ficano, Carlena K. Cochi
Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) and Mandatory Work/Training: Identifying the Fertility and Exit Effects
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Fertility; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Quits; State Welfare; Training, Occupational; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the fertility and exit responses of welfare recipients to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) work training initiatives in place between 1979 and 1992. Assuming that mandatory work/training represents a net increase in the cost of welfare receipt, conventional search theory predicts a behavioral response once a woman's youngest child reaches the age at which work/training program participation becomes mandatory. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and state welfare policy data, I estimate the probability of two potential responses, birth and welfare exit, as a function of the age of a recipient's youngest child. The empirical analysis employs a competing risk hazard model in which I control separately for 1) variation in the age of the youngest child exemption, and 2) recipiency status. Estimation results provide theoretically consistent evidence of a birth response to mandated work/training and a weak exit response which runs counter to theoretical predictions.
Bibliography Citation
Ficano, Carlena K. Cochi. "Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) and Mandatory Work/Training: Identifying the Fertility and Exit Effects." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Meetings, March 1997.
1950. Fiel, Jeremy E.
Different Sides of the Track, or Different Tracks? Socioeconomic Disparities in Processes of Development and Educational Attainment
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2015
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Depression (see also CESD); Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Siblings; Skill Formation; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Temperament

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Most educational stratification research treats social background as an indirect influence operating through disparities in factors that more directly affect educational outcomes. Children from disparate backgrounds are born on "different sides of the track," with unequal opportunities to acquire what it takes to succeed. I argue that social background also modifies the attainment process, as the contexts of children from disparate backgrounds alter the ways they develop important skills and transform them into educational success. Children from unequal backgrounds are thus born on "different tracks," facing distinct routes to educational success. Analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child and Young Adult cohorts (NLSCYA) indicate that early skill development has stronger effects on long-term educational achievements such as high school grades and college completion among more socioeconomically advantaged youth. This appears due to the fact that early skills are better reinforced by complementary investments in more advantaged homes.

Additional analyses link these differences to ways SES modifies within-family developmental dynamics. Disadvantaged families invest more in developmentally advanced than less advanced children in early childhood, while advantaged families invest more equally across children. Such dynamics may exacerbate socioeconomic inequality among children who face early developmentally challenges. As children mature, these differences either disappear or reverse, reinforcing socioeconomic disparities among more skilled children.

Decomposition analyses using these same data trace a substantial degree of inequality in educational outcomes to the fact that high-SES children not only have more of the skills, resources, and experiences that promote educational success, but also derive greater benefits from these factors. The same holds in an experimental analysis of a social capital-building developmental intervention, wh ich primarily benefitted the most socioeconomically advantaged families and children in the study.

In sum, efforts to understand and address intergenerational inequality must account for the fact that socioeconomic disparities between families alter integral aspects of the processes that shape children's developmental and educational trajectories. Whether the goal is to promote upward mobility, reduce inequality, or make educational and developmental interventions more efficient or effective, it is important to consider how socioeconomic background modifies children's environments and experiences.

Bibliography Citation
Fiel, Jeremy E. Different Sides of the Track, or Different Tracks? Socioeconomic Disparities in Processes of Development and Educational Attainment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2015.
1951. Fiel, Jeremy E.
Great Equalizer or Great Selector? Reconsidering Education as a Moderator of Intergenerational Transmissions
Sociology of Education published online (2 June 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0038040720927886.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0038040720927886
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A long-standing consensus among sociologists holds that educational attainment has an equalizing effect that increases mobility by moderating other avenues of intergenerational status transmission. This study argues that the evidence supporting this consensus may be distorted by two problems: measurement error in parents' socioeconomic standing and the educational system's tendency to progressively select people predisposed for mobility rather than to actually affect mobility. Analyses of family income mobility that address both of these problems in three longitudinal surveys converge on new findings. Intergenerational mobility is significantly lower among high school dropouts than among others, but there are no significant differences in mobility across higher education levels. This is consistent with compensatory advantage processes among the least educated in which individuals from advantaged backgrounds use family-based resources to compensate for their lack of human capital.
Bibliography Citation
Fiel, Jeremy E. "Great Equalizer or Great Selector? Reconsidering Education as a Moderator of Intergenerational Transmissions." Sociology of Education published online (2 June 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0038040720927886.
1952. Fiel, Jeremy E.
SES-Based Effect Modification and Intergenerational Educational Stratification
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Education; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study claims that an important aspect of intergenerational educational stratification is the way socioeconomic background modifies the effects of important determinants of attainment. With longitudinal data on recent cohorts of children, I use semiparametric decomposition methods to show that differential returns to children's skills and circumstances, beyond disparities in these attributes, are important contributors to intergenerational educational inequality. This is particularly consequential for bachelor's degree attainment, as the weaker returns to the attributes of low-SES than high-SES youth exacerbate inequality and may stifle efforts to promote upward mobility. The findings also show that problematic parametric assumptions in typical linear models obscure this modification.
Bibliography Citation
Fiel, Jeremy E. "SES-Based Effect Modification and Intergenerational Educational Stratification." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1953. Fiel, Jeremy E.
Diaz, Christina
When Size Matters: The Influence of Sibship Size on Attainment
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, Mature Women, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, Older Men, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Size; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Children with more siblings fare worse on a variety of developmental and socioeconomic outcomes. Because socioeconomically disadvantaged children tend to have more siblings than their more advantaged counterparts, sibship size is considered a significant driver of intergenerational inequality. However, recent scholarship outside of the U.S. context has challenged these causal claims, arguing that effects of additional siblings on attainment are trivial. Such studies use multiple births as a natural experiment—where increases in sibship size are used to estimate the human capital accumulation among older children. We follow these recent developments (e.g. De Haan 2010), and use multiple births to isolate the causal effect of additional siblings on older siblings' educational attainment. We pool five nationally representative surveys in the U.S. to meet the necessary data requirements. Results indicate that the presence of an additional fourth or fifth child significantly decreases older siblings attainment between one-fourth and three-fourths of a year.
Bibliography Citation
Fiel, Jeremy E. and Christina Diaz. "When Size Matters: The Influence of Sibship Size on Attainment." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1954. Filiz, S. Elif
Mothers' Involuntary Job Loss and Children's Academic Achievement
Journal of Labor Research 37,1 (March 2016): 98-127.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-015-9218-8/fulltext.html
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Displaced Workers; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Maternal Employment; Parental Influences; Parents, Single; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using matched mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I examine the impact of mothers' involuntary job loss on children's academic achievement. Single mothers' job displacement affects children's math and reading test scores negatively and statistically significantly in the short run. Displacement of married mothers has no impact on their children's test scores. The decline in income and a worsening of child's behavioral problems are two channels through which single mothers' job loss impacts test scores.
Bibliography Citation
Filiz, S. Elif. "Mothers' Involuntary Job Loss and Children's Academic Achievement." Journal of Labor Research 37,1 (March 2016): 98-127.
1955. Finch, Stephen J.
Farberman, Harvey A.
Neus, Jordan
Adams, Richard E.
Price-Baker, Deirdre
Differential Test Performance in the American Educational System: The Impact of Race and Gender
Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 29,3 (September 2002): 89-108.
Also: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol29/iss3/6/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Western Michigan University School of Social Work
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; I.Q.; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Contrary to Herrnstein and Murray (1994) who claim that racial groups have different cognitive endowments and that these best explain differential test score achievements, our regression analyses document that there is less improvement in test scores per year of education for African-Americans and women. That is, the observed group test score differences do not appear to be due to racial cognitive differences but rather to other factors associated with group-linked experiences in the educational system. We found that 666 of the subjects in the Herrnstein-Murray database had actual IQ scores derived from school records. Using these as independent controls for IQ, we document that each of the test components that were the basis of the Herrnstein-Murray "IQ" scores was significantly associated with education level (p< .001). Consequently, their IQ score appears to be an education-related measure rather than an IQ test, and thus challenges the validity of their analysis.
Bibliography Citation
Finch, Stephen J., Harvey A. Farberman, Jordan Neus, Richard E. Adams and Deirdre Price-Baker. "Differential Test Performance in the American Educational System: The Impact of Race and Gender." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 29,3 (September 2002): 89-108.
1956. Fineman, Susan
In Some Families, It Pays to Be a Teen
Washtington Post, January 22, 2000, Prince William Extra; Pg. V02
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Washington Post
Keyword(s): Allowance, Pocket Money; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article is a reading comprehension exercise for children. The subject is NLSY data indicating that teens who receive an allowance "typically" receive $50 per week. A quote from a Columbus area teen who reports a $100 per week allowance is used to buttress the NLSY data.
Bibliography Citation
Fineman, Susan. "In Some Families, It Pays to Be a Teen." Washtington Post, January 22, 2000, Prince William Extra; Pg. V02.
1957. Finer, Hampton Sequoia Carlos
Wage Determination and Firm Performance in the Presence of Individual and Firm Heterogeneity
Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Collective Bargaining; Firm Size; Firms; Heterogeneity; Mobility; Unemployment Insurance; Wage Determination

The first chapter examines mobility and wage determination patterns in the presence of firm and worker heterogeneity. The data comes from a confidential but non-proprietary quarterly wage sample gathered by the Washington State Unemployment Insurance System. The data contain wage and hours data, along with firm and worker identifiers. Wage components are estimated using a regression-based approach that exploits the presence of repeated observations on several mobile workers in each firm. These estimates are aggregated into employer size and industry groups to examine the components of industry and firm-size wage variation. It is found that both individual and firm heterogeneity is important with individual heterogeneity being somewhat more important. The second chapter is an analysis of the relationship between unobserved firm and worker wage components and broad market-based and financial performance of the firm. This essay exploits a brand-new data source I have built with John Abowd under a joint agreement between the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Center for Human Resources Research and the National Opinion Research Center. The project matches the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth respondents' self-reported employer names with sources of company information on publicly and privately held firms. The data covers the survey years from 1986- 1994 and includes annual data for roughly 10,000 respondents and 200,000 employer-years. Firm and individual effects are estimated using a variety of statistical techniques. These components are then related to financial and market data for the publicly held sub-sample of employers. The third and final chapter of my thesis is an investigation of firm investment behavior and collective bargaining outcomes. Wage data is taken from a sample of contracts collected by the Bureau of National Affairs. The contracts are linked to balance sheet information on firm performance and investment behavior for firms in each contract. A simultaneous system of equations for realized bargaining power and investment demand is estimated under an assumption of efficient contracts and Nash-bargaining over enterprise quasi-rents. There is a small but significant disincentive to invest as union bargaining power increases, but the effect is smaller than previous studies have suggested.
Bibliography Citation
Finer, Hampton Sequoia Carlos. Wage Determination and Firm Performance in the Presence of Individual and Firm Heterogeneity. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1998.
1958. Finger, Reginald
Thelen, Tonya
Vessey, John T.
Mohn, Joanna K.
Mann, Joshua R.
Association of Virginity at Age 18 with Educational, Economic, Social, and Health Outcomes in Middle Adulthood
Adolescent and Family Health 3,4 (2005): 164-170.
Also: http://www.afhjournal.org/docs/030405.asp
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for Youth Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Education; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Finger, Reginald, Tonya Thelen, John T. Vessey, Joanna K. Mohn and Joshua R. Mann. "Association of Virginity at Age 18 with Educational, Economic, Social, and Health Outcomes in Middle Adulthood." Adolescent and Family Health 3,4 (2005): 164-170.
1959. Finke, Michael S.
Behavioral Determinants of Household Financial Choice: Three Essays
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri, July 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Assets; Cognitive Ability; Financial Investments; I.Q.; Pearlin Mastery Scale; Pensions; Self-Perception; Self-Regulation/Self-Control; Taxes

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation examines household characteristics the impact financial decision making. The first essay explores the role of cognitive ability in numeracy, risk tolerance, credit decisions, wealth and retirement savings and asset allocation and finds that cognitive ability is an important predictor of financial decisions. The second essay develops a new instrument to measure time discounting and models asset accumulation and asset allocation and finds that a factor score of intertemporal behaviors is significantly related to both asset accumulation and asset allocation. The third essay documents the decline in basic financial knowledge among households over 60 using a new financial literacy instrument developed to more accurately capture a household's ability to make effective balance sheet, credit, investment, and insurance choices.
Bibliography Citation
Finke, Michael S. Behavioral Determinants of Household Financial Choice: Three Essays. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri, July 2011.
1960. Finkelstein, Eric A.
Ostbye, Truls
Malhotra, Rahul
Body Mass Trajectories through Mid-Life among Adults with Class I Obesity
Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 9,4 (July-August 2013): 547-553.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550728912000123
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Obesity; Weight

Background: Little is known about body mass trajectories for adults with Class I obesity.

Objectives: To map body mass trajectories through mid-life for young adults with Class I obesity.

Setting: United States.

Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 was utilized to generate a cohort of 1058 males and females, aged 25-33 years with Class I obesity in 1990. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify the number and shape of body mass index (BMI) trajectories from 1990 to 2008 for this cohort.

Results: By 2008, around 15% of males and females with Class I obesity in 1990 experienced a BMI increase beyond 40 kg/m2. The trajectory analyses showed that roughly 1/3rd of the sample were on one of two BMI trajectory groups that culminated with average BMI values well above 35 kg/m2.

Conclusions: The large majority of young adults with Class I obesity are likely to gain weight over time. For many, the weight gain will be significant and greatly increase their risk of obesity related comorbidities and reduced life expectancy. As a result, bariatric surgery or other intensive weight management options may be warranted.

Bibliography Citation
Finkelstein, Eric A., Truls Ostbye and Rahul Malhotra. "Body Mass Trajectories through Mid-Life among Adults with Class I Obesity." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 9,4 (July-August 2013): 547-553.
1961. Finken, Laura Lei
A Developmental Extension of the Propensity-Event Theory to Adolescents' Reckless Behavior
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1996
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Deviance; Modeling; Parenthood; Time Use; Work Hours/Schedule

The present study explored the relationship among adolescents' reckless behaviors (i.e., alcohol use and non-normative behaviors), parenting practices, adolescents' employment, and adolescents' opportunities for risk-taking (i.e., time-use and money). The study was designed to provide empirical evidence of the propensity-event theory. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the opportunity variables would mediate the effects of the other explanatory variables on adolescents' participation in the reckless behaviors. The data from the children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) respondents were utilized for this project. For the cross-sectional analyses, a series of path analytic models tested the relationships among the variables for each wave of data. As predicted by the propensity-event theory, the between-individual analyses revealed the existence of an indirect effect of age on adolescents' alcohol use through work and money. Specifically, older ado lescents reported working more hours per week than did younger adolescents. The adolescents who worked more reported having more money that, in turn, was associated with higher levels of alcohol use. The longitudinal analyses used pooled time-series methods to measure the change in the variables over time. As hypothesized, the within-individual analysis demonstrated an indirect effect of age on the developmental changes in adolescents' drinking behavior over time through work and time-use. Older adolescents reported working more hours per week than did younger adolescents. Changes in adolescents' work hours predicted changes in their time-use. Specifically, as an adolescent's work hours increased over time, she reported spending more time in situations that were favorable to reckless behaviors and this time use was related to increased alcohol use over time. The implications of this study for the propensity-event theory are discussed along with its limitations. Finally, directions for further research in this area are presented.
Bibliography Citation
Finken, Laura Lei. A Developmental Extension of the Propensity-Event Theory to Adolescents' Reckless Behavior. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1996.
1962. Finney, Miles M.
Kohlhase, Janet E.
The Effect of Urbanization on Labor Turnover
Journal of Regional Science 48,2 (May 2008): 311-328.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00553.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Labor Market Demographics; Urbanization/Urban Living

The paper empirically examines labor market matching as a source of urban agglomeration economies. We work from the hypothesis that job turnover leads to tighter labor matches and estimate the relationship between urbanization and the job mobility of young men. Using a panel from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find evidence that young men change jobs more frequently in their early career if they live in larger or in more educated urban areas. The sensitivity of the results to whether the young men were "movers" or "stayers" suggests the possible endogeneity of location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Regional Science is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)

Bibliography Citation
Finney, Miles M. and Janet E. Kohlhase. "The Effect of Urbanization on Labor Turnover." Journal of Regional Science 48,2 (May 2008): 311-328.
1963. Finnie, Ross
Tenure, Experience, and Men's and Women's Wages: Panel Estimates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Quebec: Department d'economique. Universite Laval. Groupe de recherche en politique economique. Cahier 30,2, 1992
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Groupe de recherche en politique economique
Keyword(s): Heterogeneity; Job Tenure; Wage Growth; Wage Models; Wages, Men

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research builds on some recent work by Abraham and Barber, Altonji and Shakotko, and Topei to develop and estimate empirical wage models which focus on general labour market experience and specific job tenure effects in the face of omitted individual, job, and match heterogeneity. The models are estimated for young, white workers from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Tenure effects are found to be smaller and experience effects somewhat larger under the alternative estimation procedures as compared to ordinary least squares estimates. OLS procedures thus appear to misallocate the portions of wage growth associated with tenure and experience, overstate the total effect, and also confuse gender patterns for these key wage equation variables. Tenure and experience are left with a relatively small role to play in the gender wage gap for this sample of workers. Methods and findings are compared with those of the other researchers.
Bibliography Citation
Finnie, Ross. "Tenure, Experience, and Men's and Women's Wages: Panel Estimates from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Quebec: Department d'economique. Universite Laval. Groupe de recherche en politique economique. Cahier 30,2, 1992.
1964. Finnie, Ross
Mont, Daniel
Male-Female Differences in Job Turnover Behavior: a Competing Risk Hazard Model Approach Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Quebec: Department d'economique. Universite Laval. Groupe de recherche en politique economique. Cahier 22, 1991
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Groupe de recherche en politique economique
Keyword(s): Fertility; Gender Differences; Job Turnover; Layoffs; Marital Status; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Quits

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper reports the results of an empirical investigation of the job turnover patterns of younger male and female workers which uses a continuous-time competing risk hazard model approach and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data. We find general similarity in the quit behaviour of the men and women in our sample with respect to key job characteristics such as wages and accumulated job tenure, while individual characteristics such as marital status and fertility have very small effects on quits. We also find that turnover behaviour is significantly different for quits and layoffs, thus validating our competing risk approach.
Bibliography Citation
Finnie, Ross and Daniel Mont. "Male-Female Differences in Job Turnover Behavior: a Competing Risk Hazard Model Approach Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Quebec: Department d'economique. Universite Laval. Groupe de recherche en politique economique. Cahier 22, 1991.
1965. Finnigan, Ryan
Childhood Family Structure, Education, and Intergenerational Mobility in the United States
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Structure; General Social Survey (GSS); Mobility, Occupational

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite voluminous research on the long-term effects of childhood family structure in the United States, empirical assessments of its salience for intergenerational income mobility have been sparse. Bloome’s (2017) recent study found intergenerational income persistence was stronger for children of two-parent families than for children from outside them. However, this ostensibly greater mobility was driven by downward mobility among children of high-income non-two-parent families. This builds on past research in four ways: examining education as a mechanism for income mobility differences by family structure; comparing patterns of income mobility with occupational status mobility; predicting children’s educational attainment with an interaction between childhood family structure and parental income/occupational status; and testing for cohort differences in the family-structure occupational mobility difference. I find education explains only a minority of the family-structure difference in income mobility in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Educational explains almost the entire difference in occupational status mobility in the General Social Survey. Family-structure differences in educational attainment primarily reflect a lower probability of attaining a college degree for children from high-income non-two-parent families compared to high-income two-parent families in both surveys. Finally, I find some evidence family-structure differences in occupational status mobility have increased across birth cohorts.
Bibliography Citation
Finnigan, Ryan. "Childhood Family Structure, Education, and Intergenerational Mobility in the United States." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
1966. Fiorino, Susan
Nontraditional Occupational Aspirations and Attainment of Potential Female Recruits
Feminist Issues 14,2 (Fall 1994): 73-90
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Transaction Publishers
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Military Recruitment; Military Service; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Choice

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Describes the pool of potential female recruits to the United States military in terms of their occupational aspirations and attainment, qualifications for military service and propensity to enlist. Selection of subjects; Use of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth; Occupational assignment process in the military; Women's occupational choices. EBSCO: Full text available online.
Bibliography Citation
Fiorino, Susan. "Nontraditional Occupational Aspirations and Attainment of Potential Female Recruits." Feminist Issues 14,2 (Fall 1994): 73-90.
1967. Firebaugh, Glenn
Warner, Cody
Massoglia, Michael
Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Hybrid Models for Causal Analysis
In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 113-132
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Modeling; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Random Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Longitudinal data are becoming increasingly common in social science research. In this chapter, we discuss methods for exploiting the features of longitudinal data to study causal effects. The methods we discuss are broadly termed fixed effects and random effects models. We begin by discussing some of the advantages of fixed effects models over traditional regression approaches and then present a basic notation for the fixed effects model. This notation serves also as a baseline for introducing the random effects model, a common alternative to the fixed effects approach. After comparing fixed effects and random effects models – paying particular attention to their underlying assumptions – we describe hybrid models that combine attractive features of each. To provide a deeper understanding of these models, and to help researchers determine the most appropriate approach to use when analyzing longitudinal data, we provide three empirical examples. We also briefly discuss several extensions of fixed/random effects models. We conclude by suggesting additional literature that readers may find helpful.
Bibliography Citation
Firebaugh, Glenn, Cody Warner and Michael Massoglia. "Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Hybrid Models for Causal Analysis" In: Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research. S. Morgan, ed., New York: Springer, 2013: 113-132
1968. Firestone, Juanita M.
The All Volunteer Force and American Youth: An Attitudinal and Demographic Comparison
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1984. DAI-A 46/04, p. 1105, Oct 1985
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): All-Volunteer Force (AVF); Military Personnel; Military Recruitment; Sex Roles; Well-Being

The primary focus of this research is on the variabilities in attitudes among civilian and military youth in America. Under conscription, military service was seen as an act of citizenship and contribution to the collective well-being. The emerging all-volunteer structure replaces this sense of duty with motivations based on labor market considerations: pay, benefits, alternative employment opportunities, etc. Data for analysis were obtained from the youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of the Youth Labor Market Experience conducted by the Center for Human Resource Research of Ohio State University. A comparison of the demographic profiles of civilian and military youth revealed several important differences. As expected, blacks are overrepresented and women are severely underrepresented. The Military group is somewhat older than the civilian group. Individuals in the military with the exception of white males are more likely to have completed high school but less likely to continue their education beyond a high school degree. The military group is also underrepresentative of white males with at least a high school diploma. Next we compare attitudes about job satisfaction and sex appropriate roles using multivariate analysis. We found that overall job satisfaction was lower in the military sample, and that interaction patterns for each group were different. The analyses of attitudes towards sex roles revealed that military status itself did not directly affect perceptions of sex appropriate roles. However, being in the military interacted with the other control variables to reinforce and intensify present attitudes. Thus, women in the military held less traditional sex role attitudes than civilian women, while military men had more traditional sex role attitudes than civilian men. Our conclusions are that criteria affecting the attitudinal dimensions inherent in choosing a job or occupation are not universal constants (ie., always guided by market place standards), but are specific to the organizational environment. In other words, the present format for recruitment and retention in the All Volunteer Force--economic incentives--may not be the best means of insuring a representative and voluntary military.
Bibliography Citation
Firestone, Juanita M. The All Volunteer Force and American Youth: An Attitudinal and Demographic Comparison. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1984. DAI-A 46/04, p. 1105, Oct 1985.
1969. Fischer, Claude S.
Hout, Michael
Jankowski, Martin Sanchez
Lucas, Samuel
Swidler, Ann
Voss, Kim
Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth
Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1996.
Also: http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/5877.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups; I.Q.; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Poverty; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality; Racial Studies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The strongest recent statement that inequality in America is the natural result of a free market came in "The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life" by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray. These authors argued that intelligence determines how well people do in life, and the rich are rich largely because they are intelligent, the poor largely because they are not, and the middle class in middle circumstances mainly because they are of middling intelligence. The "Bell Curve" also attributed the strong connection of inequality to race and ethnicity to the fact that minorities, by nature, are not as intelligent as the dominant society. This book uses the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth used by Herrnstein and Murray to demonstrate that, contrary to their conclusions, inequality in America is not the inevitable result of free markets operating on natural intelligence, but that it is a social construction molded by social environment and conscious social policy. Americans have created inequality and they maintain it. Specific chapters examine arguments of "The Bell Curve" and show that inequality can be changed, and has, in fact, been changed to some extent already. (Contains 3 tables, 24 figures, and 446 references.) (SLD) (Abstract from ERIC)
Bibliography Citation
Fischer, Claude S., Michael Hout, Martin Sanchez Jankowski, Samuel Lucas, Ann Swidler and Kim Voss. Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1996..
1970. Fischer, Claude S.
Hout, Michael
Jankowski, Martin Sanchez
Lucas, Samuel
Swidler, Ann
Voss, Kim
Arum, Richard
Response to Nielsen's Review of Inequality by Design
Social Forces 76,4 (June 1998): 1539-1543.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3005844
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Intelligence

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article is a response to François Nielsen's critical review of the book "Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth," by Claude S. Fischer, Michael Hout, Martin Sánchez Jankowski, Samuel R. Lucas, Ann Swidler and Kim Voss. According to the authors, first Nielsen largely ignores the central argument of the book, one that is stated regularly: Explaining who gets ahead and who falls behind in the race for success explains nothing about systems of inequality. Second, Nielsen focuses on one chapter in IBD: chapter 4, "Who Wins, Who Loses?" It examines the "Bell Curve's" statistical analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In defending "The Bell Curve" on this point, Nielsen misrepresents the analysis. He also slides in a critical but dubious assumption: that the AFQT is a measure of innate "cognitive ability" or "intelligence." Nielsen has two major criticisms of the re-modeling the NLSY data. First, he states that the corrected models fail to erase the AFQT score as a significant predictor of poverty. This is irrelevant. The issue is whether the AFQT score "dominates" other factors in explaining individual outcomes. Second, Nielsen charges that we use control variables especially years of schooling that are effects of "cognitive ability" and so bias the models given by the authors against the AFQT predictor.
Bibliography Citation
Fischer, Claude S., Michael Hout, Martin Sanchez Jankowski, Samuel Lucas, Ann Swidler, Kim Voss and Richard Arum. "Response to Nielsen's Review of Inequality by Design." Social Forces 76,4 (June 1998): 1539-1543.
1971. Fisher, Jonas D. M.
Gervais, Martin
Why Has Home Ownership Fallen Among the Young?
International Economic Review 52,3 (August 2011): 883-912.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2011.00653.x/full
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Modeling

We document that home ownership of households with “heads” aged 25–44 years fell substantially between 1980 and 2000 and recovered only partially during the 2001–5 housing boom. The 1980–2000 decline in young home ownership occurred as improvements in mortgage opportunities seemingly made it easier to purchase a home. This article uses an equilibrium life-cycle model calibrated to micro and macro evidence to understand these developments. A trend toward marrying later mechanically lowers young home ownership after 1980. We show that the large rise in earnings risk that occurred after 1980 can easily account for the remaining decline in young home ownership.
Bibliography Citation
Fisher, Jonas D. M. and Martin Gervais. "Why Has Home Ownership Fallen Among the Young? ." International Economic Review 52,3 (August 2011): 883-912.
1972. Flashman, Jennifer A.
Luthra, Renee
Who Benefits Most from a University Degree? A Cross-National Comparison of Selection and Wage Returns in the U.S., U.K. and Germany
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; Cross-national Analysis; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); NCDS - National Child Development Study (British); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Given limited resources and an extended recession, it is critical to understand what is gained from investments in post-secondary education. In this paper, we study the heterogeneous returns to post-secondary education across three unique country contexts. Drawing on panel data and matching techniques, we compare parallel analyses of the US, the UK, and Germany to discover how wage returns to a college degree differ depending on individuals’ propensities to complete university. Studying men in their later careers, we find important variation across countries. In both the UK and Germany, we find negative selection into university; those least likely to complete benefit most from completion. By contrast, in the US, at later ages, those most likely to complete benefit most from completion. In supplementary analysis, we show that at least some of this variation can be explained by differences in the size and prevalence of academic post-secondary sectors in each country.
Bibliography Citation
Flashman, Jennifer A. and Renee Luthra. "Who Benefits Most from a University Degree? A Cross-National Comparison of Selection and Wage Returns in the U.S., U.K. and Germany." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1973. Fletcher, Erin K.
Averett, Susan L.
Does Fat Beget Fat? The Relationship between Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI and Preschool Obesity
Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Mothers; Obesity; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The increasing prevalence of obesity during pregnancy raises concerns over the intergenerational transmission of obesity and its potential to exacerbate the current obesity epidemic. The fetal origins hypothesis posits that the intrauterine environment may have lasting effects on children's outcomes and mother's pre-pregnancy obesity has been associated with pediatric obesity. However, previous research is largely based on comparing individuals across families and hence cannot control for unobservable factors associated with both maternal and child obesity. We use within-family comparisons and instrumental variables to identify the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity on obesity in children. Consistent with extant research, OLS models that rely on across-family comparisons indicate a significant correlation between maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and child obesity. However, maternal fixed effects render those associations insignificant. Instrumenting for mother’s BMI with her sisters' BMI confirms the null result indicating that the in utero transmission of obesity is likely not driving the increase in childhood obesity.
Bibliography Citation
Fletcher, Erin K. and Susan L. Averett. "Does Fat Beget Fat? The Relationship between Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI and Preschool Obesity." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015.
1974. Fletcher, Erin K.
Averett, Susan L.
Obesity during Pregnancy and Children's Outcomes
Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Childhood; Mothers, Health; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Maternal obesity has been linked to adverse outcomes for mothers throughout pregnancy and childbirth and is a strong predictor of both infant and maternal mortality. Despite a wide array documenting these effets, the lasting effects of obesity on birth outcomes and childhood cognition has yet to be studied in depth. In this paper, we exploit the longitudinal nature of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the effect of maternal obesity on birth and early childhood outcomes. Our preliminary results show a strongly negative association between obesity and standardized test scores given to young children as well as increased risk for high birth weight.
Bibliography Citation
Fletcher, Erin K. and Susan L. Averett. "Obesity during Pregnancy and Children's Outcomes." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014.
1975. Fletcher, Jason
Vidal-Fernández, Marian
Wolfe, Barbara L.
Dynamic and Heterogeneous Effects of Sibling Death on Children's Outcomes
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 115,1 (2 January 2018): 115-120.
Also: http://www.pnas.org/content/115/1/115.abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences (NAS), United States
Keyword(s): Cognitive Development; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Trauma/Death in family

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper explores the effects of experiencing the death of a sibling on children's developmental outcomes. Recent work has shown that experiencing a sibling death is common and long-term effects are large. We extend understanding of these effects by estimating dynamic effects on surviving siblings' cognitive and socioemotional outcomes, as well as emotional and cognitive support by parents. Using the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (CNLSY79), we find large initial effects on cognitive and noncognitive outcomes that decline over time. We also provide evidence that the effects are larger if the surviving child is older and less prominent if the deceased child was either disabled or an infant, suggesting sensitive periods of exposure. Auxiliary results show that parental investments in the emotional support of surviving children decline following the death of their child.
Bibliography Citation
Fletcher, Jason, Marian Vidal-Fernández and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Dynamic and Heterogeneous Effects of Sibling Death on Children's Outcomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 115,1 (2 January 2018): 115-120.
1976. Fletcher, Jason
Vidal-Fernández, Marian
Wolfe, Barbara L.
Dynamic Effects of Sibling Death on Children’s Outcomes
Working Paper, University of New South Wales, Centre for Applied Economic Research, January 2013.
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: University of New South Wales
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at First Birth; Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mortality; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Trauma/Death in family

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper explores the effects of experiencing the death of a sibling on children’s outcomes. Recent work has shown that experiencing a sibling death is common and the long-term effects are large. We extend our understanding by estimating the dynamic effects on cognitive, non- cognitive and home environmental measures as the surviving children age using the Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). We first examine the family level predictors of experiencing the death of a child. Because families who experience a death may differ from other families, we compare the trajectories of children before and after experiencing a sibling death only among families who experience a death. We find large initial effects on cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes that decline over time and also provide evidence that the effects are larger if the surviving child is older, suggesting sensitive periods of exposure. Auxiliary results suggest that parental inputs decline following the death but also that, for some families, children’s outcomes rebound following the death of a sibling who had significant disabilities.
Bibliography Citation
Fletcher, Jason, Marian Vidal-Fernández and Barbara L. Wolfe. "Dynamic Effects of Sibling Death on Children’s Outcomes." Working Paper, University of New South Wales, Centre for Applied Economic Research, January 2013..
1977. Fletcher, Michael A.
Many in U.S. Slip from Middle Class, Study Finds
Washington Post, September 6, 2011, Business
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Washington Post
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Divorce; Drug Use; Economic Changes/Recession; Education; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Excerpts from newspaper article] Nearly one in three Americans who grew up middle-class has slipped down the income ladder as an adult, according to a new report by the Pew Charitable Trusts.

Downward mobility is most common among middle-class people who are divorced or separated from their spouses, did not attend college, scored poorly on standardized tests, or used hard drugs, the report says.

Overall, African American men have a particularly hard time clinging to middle-class status. Thirty-eight percent of black men who grew up middle-class are downwardly mobile, nearly double the rate of white men, the report says. Hispanic men are slightly more likely than white males to fall down the economic ladder, but the difference was not statistically significant.

The findings in the report are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a group of 12,000 interviews that researchers have followed since 1979.

Bibliography Citation
Fletcher, Michael A. "Many in U.S. Slip from Middle Class, Study Finds." Washington Post, September 6, 2011, Business.
1978. Flinn, Christopher Jay
Equilibrium Wage and Dismissal Processes
Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15,2 (April 1997): 221-236.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1392307
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Wage Dynamics; Wage Equations; Wage Theory; Wages

An equilibrium model is developed and estimated of the labor market in which inefficient employees are systematically eliminated from the sector of the market characterized by asymmetric information and moral hazard. Systematic selection on the distribution of productivity characteristics produces wage sequences that are increasing in tenure for employees never previously terminated even in the absence of long-term contracting between employees and individual firms. Sufficient conditions are provided for there to exist a unique termination-contract type of equilibrium. The equilibrium model is estimated using microlevel data from the national Longitudinal Survey of Youth panel. Photocopy available from ABI/INFORM
Bibliography Citation
Flinn, Christopher Jay. "Equilibrium Wage and Dismissal Processes." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15,2 (April 1997): 221-236.
1979. Flinn, Christopher Jay
Kulka, Richard
Moffitt, Robert A.
Introduction to the Journal of Human Resources Special Issue on Data Quality
Journal of Human Resources 36,3 (Summer 2001): 413-625.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069624
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI); Data Quality/Consistency; Longitudinal Data Sets; Modeling; Nonresponse

A conference entitled "Data Quality Issues in Longitudinal Surveys" was held at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan on October 28-29, 1998. The papers included in this symposium are revised versions of seven of the papers that were presented. Topics discussed include reducing panel attrition and the search for effective policy instruments; an analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 recall experiment; controlling for seam problems in duration model estimates with application to the current population survey and the computer aided telephone interview/computer aided personal interview overlap survey; correcting for selective nonresponse in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth using multiple imputation; comparing data quality of fertility and first sexual intercourse histories; attrition and follow-up in the Indonesia Family Life Survey; and the quality of retrospective data, based on an examination of long-term recall in a developing country
Bibliography Citation
Flinn, Christopher Jay, Richard Kulka and Robert A. Moffitt. "Introduction to the Journal of Human Resources Special Issue on Data Quality ." Journal of Human Resources 36,3 (Summer 2001): 413-625.
1980. Florence, Curtis Samuel, II
Three Essays on Job Search Methods and Search Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 1997
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Endogeneity; Job Search; Job Status; Job Tenure; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance; Wage Growth; Wages

This dissertation is comprised of three essays that examine the relationship between job search methods and job outcomes for unemployed workers. All three essays utilize data from a sample of unemployed young men in the 1986 panel of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first essay examines job search choices and outcomes over time. Forty-nine percent of searchers who are unemployed for more than one month change the job search methods they use during an unemployment spell. Estimates of the arrival rate of job offers suggest that searchers choose methods systematically by starting with the most productive methods and then adding less productive methods. However, searchers who use public employment agencies after trying other methods first have shorter jobless duration than other searchers. This suggests that public employment agencies may be a productive method for searchers if they are not initially successful in finding a job with other methods. In the second essay I estima te two models of job search outcomes that control for the endogeneity of search choices. The first model jointly estimates equations for search method use and the arrival of job offers. The second model jointly estimates equations for search method use, the receipt of unemployment insurance, and the hazard rate for exit from unemployment. The results show that private employment agencies, personal contacts, newspaper advertisements and direct applications increase the number of job offers. However, personal contacts and direct application are the only methods that decrease jobless duration. Receiving unemployment insurance increases jobless duration by almost three months. In the third essay, I estimate the effect of job search choices on subsequent job quality. The results reveal several interesting relationships between search methods and job quality. Using public employment agencies has a negative effect on the starting wage and wage growth, but a small positive effect on the duration of the job. Using personal contacts has a negative effect on starting wages and a small positive effect on wage growth and job duration. Direct application increases job duration by over one and a half months. Receiving unemployment insurance increases starting wages by about nine percent.
Bibliography Citation
Florence, Curtis Samuel, II. Three Essays on Job Search Methods and Search Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 1997.
1981. Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso
Light, Audrey L.
Identifying Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, April 2004.
Also: http://gsbwww.uchicago.edu/labor/flores2004.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago
Keyword(s): Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Schooling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Exerpt from Introduction] In this study, we ask how to interpret the range of estimated sheepskin effects that arise from different model specifications. We begin with the observation that sheepskin effects are identified because individuals with a given amount of schooling differ in their degree attainment or, stated differently, because S varies among individuals within a given degree category. It is important to recognize that the variation needed for identification can represent 'signal,' 'noise,' or a combination of both, and that the source of variation determines which parameters are identified and how we should interpret the estimates. To illustrate the identification issues, suppose we observe variation in S among individuals who hold a bachelor's degree. This variation might accurately reflect the underlying behavioral process if, for example, some college students choose full-time (or even part- time) employment at the expense of more rapid progress toward a degree. The variation might also reflect measurement error: data that cross-classify individuals as college graduates with only 12, 13 or 14 years of school should certainly be met with suspicion, and even reports that appear more logical can be error-ridden. Variation in S within degree category is essential if we wish to identify S-D interactions in a wage model, but it is equally important to consider the source of variation. Under the first scenario, we might predict that the sheepskin effect increases with S because S is positively correlated with omitted in-school work experience, however, the estimate should be interpreted as a reward for work experience rather than evidence that employers use degrees to screen for unobserved traits. If the variation arises primarily from measurement error, it might pay to restrict the functional form of our wage model rather than rely on 'noise' for identification.
Bibliography Citation
Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso and Audrey L. Light. "Identifying Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, April 2004.
1982. Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso
Light, Audrey L.
Interpreting Degree Effects in the Returns to Education
Discussion Paper No. 4169, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) (May 2009).
Also: Working Paper 20 (December 2009), China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics.
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Graduates; Educational Returns; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; Modeling; Schooling, Post-secondary; Wage Equations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Researchers often identify degree effects by including degree attainment (D) and years of schooling (S) in a wage model, yet the source of independent variation in these measures is not well understood. We argue that S is negatively correlated with ability among degree holders because the most able graduate the fastest, while a positive correlation exists among dropouts because the most able benefit from increased schooling. Using data from the NLSY79, we find support for this explanation, and we reject the notion that the independent variation in S and D reflects reporting error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso and Audrey L. Light. "Interpreting Degree Effects in the Returns to Education." Discussion Paper No. 4169, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) (May 2009).
1983. Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso
Light, Audrey L.
Interpreting Degree Effects in the Returns to Education
Journal of Human Resources 45,2 (March 2010): 439-467.
Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/45/2/439.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): College Dropouts; College Graduates; Educational Returns; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Modeling; Schooling, Post-secondary; Wage Equations

Researchers often identify degree effects by including degree attainment (D) and years of schooling (S) in a wage model, yet the source of independent variation in these measures is not well understood. We argue that S is negatively correlated with ability among degree-holders because the most able graduate the fastest, but positively correlated among dropouts because the most able benefit from increased schooling. Using NLSY79 data, we find support for this argument; our findings also suggest that highest grade completed is the preferred measure of S for dropouts, while age at school exit is a more informative measure for degree-holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bibliography Citation
Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso and Audrey L. Light. "Interpreting Degree Effects in the Returns to Education." Journal of Human Resources 45,2 (March 2010): 439-467.
1984. Florian, Sandra M.
Diverging Fertility Patterns? Racial and Educational Differences in Fertility Behaviors and their Implications for Socioeconomic Mobility
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, 2016.
Also: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll40/id/229012/rec/17
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Southern California
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Fertility; Mobility, Social; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this dissertation I analyze the trends and patterns in fertility behaviors in the U.S. from 1973 until 2013, including age at first birth, fertility rates, and levels of childlessness. I identify the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with these trends and evaluate how they vary by race/ethnicity and social class. Then, I investigate the effects of fertility on women’s opportunities for social mobility. The analyses were performed using two nationally representative datasets: (i) the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), from 1973 until 2010–2013, and (ii) the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, (NLSY79) 1979–2012.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. Diverging Fertility Patterns? Racial and Educational Differences in Fertility Behaviors and their Implications for Socioeconomic Mobility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, 2016..
1985. Florian, Sandra M.
Intersectionality at Work: Racial Variation in Women's Employment after First Birth
Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A vast literature has shown that having children reduces women's employment. Yet, less attention has been paid to the racial disparities in employment transitions following the entrance into motherhood. Moreover, although it has been well-documented that disadvantaged minority groups begin childbearing at earlier stages of the life course than Whites, little research has investigated how the disparities in the onset of childbearing shape the racial differences in female employment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979-2012, this study draws from the life course and intersectionality perspectives to assess the racial variation in women's employment status following the first birth among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks, and investigate the factors associated with probability of transitioning from non-employment to full-time and part-time employment. Preliminary findings indicate that Hispanic and, particularly, African American women are less likely than Whites to be employed following their first birth mostly because they become mothers at younger ages and are less likely to be employed before the onset of childbearing. Surprisingly, the results reveal that Black women who were full-time employed before having children are less likely to exit full-time employment after their first birth than Latinas and Whites. This study provides evidence of the multiple dimensions of intersectionality shaping racial differences in female employment across stages of the life course.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Intersectionality at Work: Racial Variation in Women's Employment after First Birth." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017.
1986. Florian, Sandra M.
Intersectionality at Work: The Effect of Fertility on the Employment Trajectories of White, Latina, and Black Women
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research has shown that having children reduces women's employment; yet, how this effect differs for racial minorities has received less attention. Using random effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 4,526), this study investigates the association between motherhood and employment among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks over women's entire reproductive span. Results indicate that having children reduces labor force participation primarily by deterring full-time employment. This effect is stronger and lasts longer among Whites, smaller and shorter among Hispanics, and brief among Blacks. Motherhood reduces part-time employment for young mothers, but increases it for older mothers. Early childbearing partly explains Blacks' and Hispanics' low employment rates at young ages. Surprisingly, the evidence indicates that Blacks' and Hispanics' employment prospects would benefit the most from delaying childbearing. This study highlights the relevance of intersectionality and the life course perspective for investigating inequality in the labor market.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Intersectionality at Work: The Effect of Fertility on the Employment Trajectories of White, Latina, and Black Women." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
1987. Florian, Sandra M.
Motherhood and Employment Among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks: A Life Course Approach
Journal of Marriage and Family 80,1 (February 2018): 134-149.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12448/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Ethnic Differences; Life Course; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Random Effects; Motherhood; Racial Differences

Research has shown that having children reduces women's employment; yet how this effect differs for racial minorities has received less attention. Using random effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 4,526), this study investigates the association between motherhood and employment among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks over women's entire reproductive span. Results indicate that having children reduces labor force participation primarily by deterring full-time employment. This effect is stronger and lasts longer among Whites, smaller and shorter among Hispanics, and brief among Blacks. Motherhood reduces part-time employment for young mothers, but temporarily increases it for older mothers. Early childbearing partly explains Black and Hispanic women's low employment rates at young ages; interestingly, the evidence indicates that their employment prospects would benefit the most from delaying childbearing. This study highlights the relevance of intersectionality and the life course perspective for investigating inequality in the labor market.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Motherhood and Employment Among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks: A Life Course Approach." Journal of Marriage and Family 80,1 (February 2018): 134-149.
1988. Florian, Sandra M.
Racial Variation in the Effect of Motherhood on Women's Employment: Temporary or Enduring Effect?
Social Science Research 73 (July 2018): 80-91.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17305938
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Experience

Part of the motherhood wage penalty results from mothers' loss of work experience, yet little research has investigated whether this loss is temporary or accumulates over time. Using growth curve models and data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1979), I examine the extent to which motherhood reduces work experience over the life course among White, Black, and Hispanic women. Results indicate that motherhood slows the accretion of experience in full-time work for all racial-ethnic groups, having an enduring effect on women's employment. The effect is stronger among Whites and mothers with two or more children, remaining sizeable as women approach retirement age. By age 50, White and Hispanic mothers with two or more children exhibit between two to seven fewer years of experience in full-time employment. Among Blacks, only mothers with three or more children experience a significant reduction, averaging five fewer years of experience in full-time work.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Racial Variation in the Effect of Motherhood on Women's Employment: Temporary or Enduring Effect?" Social Science Research 73 (July 2018): 80-91.
1989. Florian, Sandra M.
Racial Variations in the Effect of Fertility on Women's Employment: Declining or Enduring Effects?
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using fixed effects models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, NLSY 1979–2012, this study assesses the effect of fertility on women's labor force participation and cumulative years of work experience by race. The analyses reveal declining effects of children on labor force participation over time, but enduring effects on cumulative years of full-time work experience. Children discourage full-time employment during the 20s and 30s, but encourage employment by the early 50s. These effects are stronger among Whites than Latinas, however, motherhood does not deter employment among Blacks. Children reduce years of full-time work experience regardless of race; these effects become evident by the 30s, being more pronounced for Whites, Latinas, and women with two or more children. White mothers' advantage in work experience results from gains in part-time work. Findings reveal that aggregating these effects over time and across racial groups obscures these significant variations.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. "Racial Variations in the Effect of Fertility on Women's Employment: Declining or Enduring Effects?" Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1990. Florian, Sandra M.
Casper, Lynne M.
The Impact of Fertility on Women's Work Experience: Evaluating the Motherhood Penalty among Mature Women
Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Since the 1970s women's labor force participation significantly increased driven by the rise in the number of mothers who remained employed. The entrance of mothers to the labor market helped reduced the gender gap in labor force participation and occupational outcomes. However, since the 1990s this progress has stalled. Women still experience a series of obstacles to combine work and family life once they become mothers. In this paper, I evaluate the extent to which fertility reduces women's work experience using fixed effects models and recent data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, NLSY 1979-2012. The results indicate that, on average, having children decreases women's work experience by nearly one year per child. However, this effect varies by parity and over the life course, increasing through ages 45-49, then it slightly decreasing but only for parities 2 and lower. The effect of parity continues increasing for higher parity orders. The results suggest that women who have 2 or fewer children are able to make up some of their lost work experience when children grow up. By ages 50-55, having 1 child is associated with 8 fewer months of work experience, and having two children with 1.1 fewer years of work experience. By contrast having 3 or more children is associated with 3.4 fewer years of work experience. Contrary to the specialization theory, being married is instead associated with increased women's work experience.
Bibliography Citation
Florian, Sandra M. and Lynne M. Casper. "The Impact of Fertility on Women's Work Experience: Evaluating the Motherhood Penalty among Mature Women." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015.
1991. Fohl Bailey, Mary Elizabeth
Individual Differences in the Trajectories of Early Adolescent Development and in the Adjustment to the Transition of Adolescence
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1996
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavioral Problems; Children, Behavioral Development; Drug Use; Family Environment; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Self-Esteem; Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC); Youth Problems

The purpose of the present study was to create trajectories of early adolescent development in the areas of self-esteem and problem behaviors and to assess the ability of several family environment factors and previous self-esteem/problem behaviors to discriminate between trajectories of early adolescent development. Information collected from 1986 to 1990 from 271 adolescents and their mothers were analyzed. The family environment factors measured included: family life events, maternal adjustment, and parent-child relationship. A 4-cluster solution of self-esteem trajectories and a 6-cluster solution of problem behavior trajectories were created using 1988 and 1990 data. Results indicated that previous self-esteem/problem behaviors and the parent-child relationship discriminated between self-esteem and problem behavior trajectories of development. Previous self-esteem and frequency of parent-child discussions were higher in the consistently high group than in the other three groups. Follow-forward analyses of problem behavior trajectories revealed that a higher, previous level of problem behaviors and more frequent parent-child arguments differentiated the consistently high, average to high increase, and consistently average-slight clusters from the consistently average-slight increase, average to low decrease, and consistently low clusters. Follow-back examination of trajectories demonstrated that both self-esteem and problem behavior trajectories were discriminated by 1990 report of parent-child discussions and arguments. Adolescents in the low to lower decrease self-esteem cluster had less frequent parent-child discussions and more frequent parent-child arguments than adolescents in the other three clusters. Less frequent parent-child discussions and more frequent parent-child arguments discriminated the consistently high, consistently average-slight decrease, and consistently low problem behavior trajectories from the consistently average-slight increase, average to low decrease, and average to high increase problem behavior trajectories. Results were discussed in terms of previous research findings. Finally, several suggestions were made about future studies of early adolescent development.
Bibliography Citation
Fohl Bailey, Mary Elizabeth. Individual Differences in the Trajectories of Early Adolescent Development and in the Adjustment to the Transition of Adolescence. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1996.
1992. Folks, Albert Luke
Inter-Industry Wage Differentials and Government Regulation: An Empirical Analysis
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1991. DAI-A 52/06, p. 2235, Dec 1991
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Firms; Government Regulation; Wage Differentials

Conflicting theories have been developed and several empirical studies have been done that leave unresolved whether rate of return regulated firms pay higher wages than other firms after considering industry and individual characteristics. This analysis attempts to reconcile the results of the previous studies by estimating wage equations using the NLSY data sample to discover whether workers in industries that were regulated with the rate of return form of regulation controlling for individual background and industry characteristics had higher wages than their non-regulated counterparts. In addition, recent inter-industry wage differential studies have identified problems with using OLS estimation of individual wage equations, which was used in the previous studies, but have not looked at the impact of government regulation on wages. This paper will also apply the alternative estimation techniques from the inter-industry wage differential studies to the wage equations to discover whether the problems with OLS make a significant difference in the results. In conclusion, the OLS results while reconciling the previous studies indicate for a sample of workers for all industries and controlling for industry characteristics a positive impact on wages from employment in a rate of return regulated industry. Furthermore, after considering some problems with OLS estimates of individual wage equations with industry average characteristics that the recent inter-industry wage literature has discussed, the results of the analysis indicate that some of the inter-industry wage differentials can still be explained by the existence of the rate of return form of government regulation. This conclusion was made after a comparison of the results from the OLS and GLS estimates of individual wage equations to the estimates from a two step approach which had industry level data determined that the estimates from the two step methodology were inefficient since they provided similar point estimates of the impact of employment in rate of return regulated industries but larger standard errors. [UMI 91-32565]
Bibliography Citation
Folks, Albert Luke. Inter-Industry Wage Differentials and Government Regulation: An Empirical Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1991. DAI-A 52/06, p. 2235, Dec 1991.
1993. Fomby, Paula
Cherlin, Andrew J.
Family Instability and Selection Effects on Children
Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Divorce; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family History; Family Structure; Household Composition; Household Structure; Marital Instability; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A growing body of literature suggests that children who experience multiple transitions in family structure may fare worse developmentally than children raised in stable two-parent families and perhaps even than children raised in stable, single-parent families. This body of research presents what we call the instability hypothesis, the prediction that children are affected by disruption and changes in family structure as much as (or even more than) by the type of family structures they experience. A plausible alternative is that multiple transitions and negative child outcomes may be associated with each other through common causal factors reflected in the parents' antecedent behaviors and attributes. We call this the selection hypothesis. We test the selection hypothesis against the instability hypothesis in a statistical analysis of nationally representative longitudinal data (NLSY79 and its mother-child supplement, the CNLSY) that includes detailed information on children's behavioral and cognitive development, family history, and mother's background prior to the child's birth.
Bibliography Citation
Fomby, Paula and Andrew J. Cherlin. "Family Instability and Selection Effects on Children." Presented: Philadelphia, PA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2005.
1994. Fomby, Paula
Sennott, Christie A.
Family Structure Instability and Mobility: The Consequences for Adolescents’ Problem Behavior
Social Science Research 42,1 (January 2013): 186-201.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12001743
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Household Composition; Mobility; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Progress; Social Capital

Adolescents who experience changes in parents’ union status are more likely than adolescents in stable family structures to engage in problem behavior. We ask whether the link between family structure transitions and problem behavior in adolescence may be explained in part by the residential and school mobility that co-occur with family structure change. Our analysis uses nationally-representative data from a two-generation study to assess the relative effects of family instability and mobility on the self-reported problem behavior of adolescents who were 12–17 years old in 2006. Residential and school mobility only minimally attenuate the association of family structure changes with behavior problems for younger girls and older adolescents. Exposure to peer pressure has a larger attenuating effect. We conclude that although mobility often co-occurs with family structure change, it has independent effects on problem behavior.
Bibliography Citation
Fomby, Paula and Christie A. Sennott. "Family Structure Instability and Mobility: The Consequences for Adolescents’ Problem Behavior." Social Science Research 42,1 (January 2013): 186-201.
1995. Fomby, Paula
Sennott, Christie A.
Family Structure Instability and Residential and School Mobility: The Consequences for Adolescents' Behavior
Working Paper Series WP-09-08, Bowling Green State University, National Center for Family and Marriage Research, July 2009
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Center for Family and Marriage Research
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Bias Decomposition; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Household Composition; Mobility; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; School Characteristics/Rating/Safety; School Progress; Social Capital

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Adolescents who experience repeated change in family structure as parents begin and end romantic unions are more likely than adolescents in stable family structures to engage in aggressive, antisocial, or delinquent behavior. We ask whether the link between family structure instability and behavior in adolescence may be explained in part by the residential and school mobility that are often associated with family structure change. Our analysis uses nationally-representative data from a two-generation study to assess the relative effects of instability and mobility on the mother-reported externalizing behavior and self-reported delinquent behavior of adolescents who were 12 to 17 years old in 2006. We find that residential and school mobility explain the association of family structure instability with each outcome, and these factors in turn are explained by children's exposure to poor peer networks.
Bibliography Citation
Fomby, Paula and Christie A. Sennott. "Family Structure Instability and Residential and School Mobility: The Consequences for Adolescents' Behavior." Working Paper Series WP-09-08, Bowling Green State University, National Center for Family and Marriage Research, July 2009.
1996. Fong, Christina Margareta
Essays on Endogenous Preferences and Public Generosity
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 2000. DAI, 61, no. 09A (2000): 3669
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Earnings; Income; Income Distribution; Modeling

This dissertation is a collection of four essays that question the behavioral assumptions of economics and aim to provide a richer model of redistributive politics than that based on traditional assumptions of exogenous, self-regarding, and outcome-oriented preferences. I argue that an enriched model of redistribution is necessary, and attempt to provide empirical evidence of endogenous, other-regarding, and non-outcome-oriented preferences that might explain puzzles which the traditional model cannot.

The assumption of self-interest is particularly ill-suited for the study of redistributive politics. Preferences for redistribution may be influenced by values and beliefs about distributive justice as well as by self-interest. People may prefer more redistribution to the poor if they believe that poverty is caused by circumstances beyond individual control. Alternatively, the effect of these beliefs on redistributive preferences may be spurious if they are correlated with income, and self-interest is not properly controlled for. They may also measure incentive cost concerns. In Chapter 1, using survey data from the 1998 Gallup Poll Social Audit, I find that self-interest and incentive costs concerns cannot explain the effect of these beliefs on redistributive preferences.

I then report three studies designed to investigate the effects of economic experiences and institutions on preferences and behavior. In Chapter II I investigate how beliefs about the effects of effort, luck, and opportunity on income are updated. I model how people may update their beliefs based on comparisons of their actual earnings with expected income. I test the model using the National Longitudinal Surveys. In Chapter III I conduct an experimental test of the effect of minor differences in lottery procedures that which should have no effect according to expected utility theory on bidding behavior. In Chapter IV I investigate the effect of competition among players who bargain over the division of a sum of money on the inequality of the outcome. In these three chapters I find that beliefs about justice may be shaped by poor earnings relative to others, that procedural manipulations of the degree of involvement in income generating procedures may have significant effects on behavior, and that competition may undermine fair behavior.

Bibliography Citation
Fong, Christina Margareta. Essays on Endogenous Preferences and Public Generosity. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 2000. DAI, 61, no. 09A (2000): 3669.
1997. Forster, Andrea G.
van de Werfhorst, Herman G.
Leopold, Thomas
Who Benefits Most from College? Dimensions of Selection and Heterogeneous Returns to Higher Education in the United States and the Netherlands
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility published online (1 April 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100607.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562421000275
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): College Degree; Cross-national Analysis; Educational Returns

There has been ample debate about heterogeneous returns to a college degree, and so far, findings have been mixed on the question of whether individuals who attend college are also those who benefit most from it (positive selection), whether returns would be larger for those who never went (negative selection), or whether there is heterogeneity in returns at all. We argue that these diverging findings have two sources: First, they may arise from different conceptualizations of selection into college. We argue that different selection mechanisms have to be distinguished. We separate the college selection process into two meaningful dimensions, one capturing school-irrelevant factors related to social origin and the other capturing school-relevant factors related to individual capabilities. We, then, study heterogeneous returns to a college degree for the two dimensions separately. Second, the structure of the educational system and the labor market might contribute to different patterns of returns to college. We study heterogeneous returns to a college degree in the United States and the Netherlands, two countries with strong differences in how education and labor market are structured. Overall, we find returns to college to be rather homogeneous instead of heterogeneous. For the school-relevant dimension of selection, we do see a tendency towards positive selection for US-men and a tendency towards negative selection for US-women. For the Netherlands, we find that returns are truly homogeneous.
Bibliography Citation
Forster, Andrea G., Herman G. van de Werfhorst and Thomas Leopold. "Who Benefits Most from College? Dimensions of Selection and Heterogeneous Returns to Higher Education in the United States and the Netherlands." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility published online (1 April 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100607.
1998. Fowler-Brown, Angela G.
Ngo, Long H.
Wee, Cristina C.
The Relationship Between Symptoms of Depression and Body Weight in Younger Adults
Obesity 20,9 (September 2012): 1922-1928.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.311
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A bidirectional relationship between obesity and depression may exist, though previous results are conflicting. The objectives of our study were to determine whether there is a bidirectional relationship between obesity and symptoms of depression in younger adults and whether this relationship varies with sociodemographic factors. We used data from 7,980 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to examine whether baseline depressive symptoms (score ≥ 10 on a seven-item subscale of the CES-D) in 1992, predicted adjusted percent change in BMI between 1992 and 1994. We then examined whether obesity in 1992 predicted the development of symptoms of depression in 1994, after adjustment for confounders. We found that the presence of baseline depressive symptoms was not prospectively associated with increase in percent BMI, except in Hispanic women. Additionally, baseline obesity was not associated with higher risk of future symptoms of depression in the sample overall (adjusted risk ratio (RR) 1.20; 99% CI 0.91-1.60). However, in those of higher socioeconomic status, obesity was associated with almost double the risk of depressive symptoms compared to nonobese (highest income category: adjusted RR 1.97; 99% CI 1.14–3.40). We concluded that although obesity was not associated with risk of depression symptoms in the population overall, obesity was associated with an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms in those of higher socioeconomic status. Sociodemographic factors may be important modifiers of the relationship between obesity and depression.
Bibliography Citation
Fowler-Brown, Angela G., Long H. Ngo and Cristina C. Wee. "The Relationship Between Symptoms of Depression and Body Weight in Younger Adults." Obesity 20,9 (September 2012): 1922-1928.
1999. Fox, Liana E.
Three Papers on the Black-White Mobility Gap in the United States
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Columbia University, 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Family Income; Mobility, Economic; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Racial Differences; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Paper 2: Measuring the Black-White Mobility Gap: A Comparison of Datasets and Methods. Chapter 3 utilizes both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to analyze the magnitude and nature of black-white gaps in intergenerational earnings and income mobility in the United States. This chapter finds that relying on different datasets or measures will lead to different conclusions about the relative magnitudes of black versus white elasticities and correlations, but using directional mobility matrices consistently reveals a sizable mobility gap between black and white families, with low-income black families disproportionately trapped at the bottom of the income distribution and more advantaged black children more likely to lose that advantage in adulthood than similarly situated white children. I find the family income analyses to be most consistent and estimate the upward mobility gap as between 19.1 and 20.3 percentage points and the downward gap between -20.9 and -21.0. Additionally, I find that racial disparities are much greater among sons than daughters and that incarceration and being raised in a female-headed household have much larger impacts on the mobility prospects of blacks than whites.
Bibliography Citation
Fox, Liana E. Three Papers on the Black-White Mobility Gap in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Columbia University, 2013.
2000. Fox, Liana E.
Hutto, Nathan
The Effect of Obesity on Intergenerational Income Mobility
Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family History; Family Income; Gender; Income; Mobility; Obesity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this paper examines the likelihood of upward and downward mobility by obesity status (normal, overweight, and obese) and gender. Using temporal ordering to establish a direction of causality, we examine parental income when the child was living at home, BMI in early adulthood, and adult family income at age 38-43. We find that obesity both dampens upward mobility and increases the likelihood of downward mobility for women. We do not find the same trends for obese men, who alternatively have a greater likelihood of upward mobility. This research finds that obesity in early adulthood places women on a poor income trajectory throughout adulthood relative to parental income. The health consequences and social stigma of obesity perpetuate and deepen economic disparities among women. The lasting impact of obesity highlights the need for intervention in adolescence and early adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Fox, Liana E. and Nathan Hutto. "The Effect of Obesity on Intergenerational Income Mobility." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010.