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ignoring parameter: Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School
Cohort: NLSY97
Resulting in 2270 citations.
1001. Ikramullah, Erum N.
Manlove, Jennifer S.
Cui, Carol
Moore, Kristin Anderson
Parents Matter: The Role of Parents in Teens' Decisions About Sex
Publication #2009-45, Child Trends Research Brief, Child Trends, Inc, November 2009.
Also: http://www.childtrends.org/Files//Child_Trends-2009_11_11_RB_Parents&TeenSex.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Child Trends, Inc.
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Gender Differences; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Risk-Taking

Overview. Adolescents are influenced by a variety of social factors and institutions. Prior research confirms what many of us know instinctively: that parents can be one of the strongest influences in adolescents' lives. For example, higher levels of parental involvement in their adolescents' lives are linked with lower levels of delinquency, violent behavior, high-school dropout, and drug abuse, as well as with higher levels of educational attainment. In this Research Brief, we look specifically at whether parental involvement in adolescence reduces the chances of teens being sexually active at a young age. Compelling reasons exist for exploring this topic. Early adolescent sexual experience is linked with a variety of risky outcomes, including acquiring a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and having an unintended pregnancy.5,6 Because of the significant role that parents can potentially play in influencing their teens to delay having sex—thus reducing the risk of negative reproductive health outcomes—it is important to understand whether and how multiple dimensions of parental involvement are associated with the timing of teens' first sexual experience. To further this understanding, Child Trends analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth—1997 cohort to explore how parenting practices that occur before adolescents become sexually experienced are associated with the probability of sexual experience by age 16. This Research Brief reports our key findings. We found that multiple measures of parental involvement and engagement are associated with delayed sex among teens. These measures include positive parent-adolescent relationship quality, high parental awareness and monitoring, and family dinner routines. Specifically, our analyses showed that adolescent girls who reported higher quality relationships with their mothers and fathers, and adolescent boys who reported that they ate dinner with their families every day were less likely to have sexual intercourse at an early age. The same held true for both adolescent girls and adolescent boys who reported that their parents kept close tabs on whom they were with when not at home.
Bibliography Citation
Ikramullah, Erum N., Jennifer S. Manlove, Carol Cui and Kristin Anderson Moore. "Parents Matter: The Role of Parents in Teens' Decisions About Sex." Publication #2009-45, Child Trends Research Brief, Child Trends, Inc, November 2009.
1002. Ilias, Nauman
Essays in Development and Labor Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 05A (2001): 1909
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Endogeneity; Human Capital; Labor Economics; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Logit; Modeling, Multilevel; Skill Formation; Skills

My dissertation consists of three unrelated chapters. The first chapter studies the presence and effect of a serious labor-market distortion in the Surgical Instrument (S.I.) industrial network of Sialkot. The problem arises due to the non-perfect substitutability between family and hired managers. In particular, the firm owners are hesitant to hire managers who can potentially steal their business. As a result, the owners prefer to engage mostly close family relatives into management positions i.e. those who are considered trustworthy. This restriction prevents the firms from optimally choosing the management size. The distortion is manifested by a significant positive correlation between family size of the founder and firm output; firm founders who have more brothers end up with higher output.

The second chapter evaluates a teacher incentives program conducted in Kenyan primary schools in 1998 and 1999. Out of 100 randomly selected schools, 50 were chosen to participate in the program, while the remaining 50 were treated as the control group. The impact of the program on various teacher and student outcomes is studied. We find a positive and significant effect of the program on extra (out of class) coaching by the teachers, but no effect on teacher attendance, homework assignment, and pedagogical practices. We also find a positive impact of the program on student test scores.

The third chapter uses a human capital approach to model juvenile participation in criminal activities and/or legitimate labor market activities. In a two-period setting, the individual decides how to allocate time to crime and labor market in each period. We endogenize skill formation by assuming that the time spent in criminal and labor market activities in the first period determines the investments in the corresponding stocks of human capital. The investments lead to a larger stock of human capital for these activities in the subsequent period, and therefore affect the second-period returns from these activities. The model is tested using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY 97). We implement the model using a multinomial logit framework and find that the data match the predictions fairly well.

Bibliography Citation
Ilias, Nauman. Essays in Development and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2001. DAI, 62, no. 05A (2001): 1909.
1003. Inafuku, Rachel
Only the Fit Survive Recessions: Estimating Labor Market Penalties for the Obese Over the Business Cycle
Health Economics 32, 10 (01 September 2023): 2322-2333.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4731
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Business Cycles; Economic Changes/Recession; Employment; Income; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; Obesity; Young Adults

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The obesity epidemic is a growing concern in the United States. Aside from the detrimental health effects of obesity, previous work has also documented a negative relationship between obesity and various labor market outcomes. Given that the American adult obesity rate is roughly 40%, obesity affects a large portion of the US labor market. In this study, I analyze the impact of obesity on income and employment over business cycle fluctuations. I find that during economic downturns, obese workers experience larger declines in income and employment relative to their healthy weight peers. These effects exist for both genders and are concentrated amongst younger adults.
Bibliography Citation
Inafuku, Rachel. "Only the Fit Survive Recessions: Estimating Labor Market Penalties for the Obese Over the Business Cycle." Health Economics 32, 10 (01 September 2023): 2322-2333.
1004. Indacochea, Daniel
Three Essays in Labour Economics and Applied Econometrics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Toronto (Canada), 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Marriage; Military Service; Veterans

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The dissertation is comprised of three chapters. Chapter 1 investigates the marital behaviour of veterans. I first examine the extent to which military service makes men more marriageable using the NLSY97. I present evidence that non-college blacks enjoy the greatest return to military service in both the labour and marriage market. Second, to explain the relatively high intermarriage rates among veterans, I apply a local log odds framework to Census data to examine the social exchange hypothesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, I find both white and black women demand compensation to intermarry. Third, I present evidence in favour of the contact hypothesis.
Bibliography Citation
Indacochea, Daniel. Three Essays in Labour Economics and Applied Econometrics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Toronto (Canada), 2022.
1005. Ingrum, Adrienne
High School Dropout Determinants: The Effect of Socioeconomic Status and Learning Disabilities
The Park Place Economist, Volume XIV, 73-79. Honors Project Paper 24, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2006.
Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/24
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU)
Keyword(s): Disability; Disadvantaged, Economically; High School Dropouts; Modeling, Logit; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Undergraduate Research

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Considering the growing importance of higher education due to increased global competition, one might wonder why some students still opt to drop out of high school. Previous literature has focused on a number of determinants of high school dropouts, such as socioeconomic status and learning disabilities. However, this literature has not systematically explored the interaction between these two variables. Therefore, my research extends past literature by focusing on this interaction. A logit model is used to predict the dichotomous variable, high school dropouts, and to run simulations with varying values of the independent variables. The results show that low socioeconomic status, learning disabilities, and most importantly the interaction between these two variables increase the likelihood of dropping out of high school for students facing these challenges.
Bibliography Citation
Ingrum, Adrienne. "High School Dropout Determinants: The Effect of Socioeconomic Status and Learning Disabilities." The Park Place Economist, Volume XIV, 73-79. Honors Project Paper 24, Department of Economics, Illinois Wesleyan University, 2006.
1006. Inkpen, Christopher
Assimilation and the Timing of College Enrollment, Graduation, and Disruptive Events
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Background and Culture; Geocoded Data; High School Dropouts; Immigrants; Incarceration/Jail; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation examines upward or downward assimilation by ethno-generation, a classification that considers a respondent's race or ethnicity as well as their generational status. In particular, I consider ethno-generational differences in college enrollment and completion in addition to the disruptive "turning point" events of high school dropout, early childbirth, arrest, and incarceration. This study focuses on distinctions between first and second-generation Mexicans and non-Hispanic whites and blacks. In addition, these analyses contrast first and second-generation Mexicans to third-generation Mexicans. This investigation also includes generational measures for Hispanics of "other" origin. This study analyzes these outcomes while applying tests for a number of theories of assimilation. I consider straight-line assimilation theory, neo-assimilation theory, segmented assimilation theory, and second-generation immigrant optimism theory as potential theoretical frameworks that explain postsecondary success and disruptive life course events. This analysis employs the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children aged 12-17 in 1997 throughout life documenting life course events and their experiences in school and the labor market. In addition to ethno-generational designations, I include measures for individual and family characteristics as well as time-varying life course measures.
Bibliography Citation
Inkpen, Christopher. Assimilation and the Timing of College Enrollment, Graduation, and Disruptive Events. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, 2017.
1007. Inkpen, Christopher
Differences in Time to Reported First Arrest by Race, National Origin, and Immigrant Generation: A Test of Assimilation Theories
Crime and Delinquency published online (1 February 2024).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231225125
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Assimilation; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examines immigrant assimilation theories by focusing on arrest during adolescence and adult life using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children from adolescence through adulthood. The analysis compares outcomes for the first and second-generation of Mexican origin and other parts of Latin America to third- and fourth-plus generation (1) non-Hispanic white, (2) non-Hispanic black, and (3) Hispanic respondents. This investigation employs survival analyses to account for the timing of arrest and other events (e.g., graduation, childbirth, and employment). Results indicate the first generation, both of Mexican and Other Hispanic origin, are less likely to experience arrest than their higher-generation counterparts, regardless of race/ethnicity of the comparison group.
Bibliography Citation
Inkpen, Christopher. "Differences in Time to Reported First Arrest by Race, National Origin, and Immigrant Generation: A Test of Assimilation Theories." Crime and Delinquency published online (1 February 2024).
1008. Inkpen, Christopher
Downward Assimilation for Immigrants and their Children: Arrest, Incarceration, High School Dropout, and Early Childbirth
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Arrests; Ethnic Differences; High School Dropouts; Immigrants; Incarceration/Jail; Pregnancy, Adolescent

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Demographic projections estimate that by 2065 nearly one third of the American population will be comprised of immigrants and their children. Assessing how these groups are assimilating into mainstream society is integral to understanding patterns of ethno-racial stratification. This study examines assimilation by focusing on the disruptive "turning point" events of arrest, incarceration, high school dropout, and adolescent pregnancy. This investigation tests assimilation theories using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children from adolescence through adulthood. In particular, I compare outcomes for first and second-generation Mexicans and other Hispanics to those of non-Hispanic white and black respondents whose parents were born in the United States. This study employs survival analyses and generalized linear models to capture the elements of timing and sequence in experiencing these disruptive events as well as the probability of experiencing different types of events. In addition to testing for ethno-generational differences, I control for individual and family characteristics as well as the timing of certain life course events. Results indicate that members of the first and second generation are less likely to experience arrest or incarceration than their higher-generation counterparts.
Bibliography Citation
Inkpen, Christopher. "Downward Assimilation for Immigrants and their Children: Arrest, Incarceration, High School Dropout, and Early Childbirth." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017.
1009. Inkpen, Christopher
Immigrant Generation, Race, and College: Testing Assimilation Theory with the NLSY97
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Ethnic Differences; Immigrants; Parental Investments; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The "American Dream" is intrinsically tied to immigration and the purposeful search for opportunity in the United States. For immigrants, the "American Dream" frequently involves creating a better life for their children. This study tests three theories of immigrant assimilation as they relate to enrolling in post-secondary educational institutions. Using event history analysis of the 1997 National Longitudinal Study of Youth, this investigation seeks to answer two questions; (1) How does first enrollment in post-secondary education vary by ethno-racial category and immigrant generation? (2) What can an event history analysis of post-secondary enrollment tell us about how different immigrant groups are assimilating in the United States? Analyses find that 2nd generation immigrants have a higher risk of attending post-secondary institutes net of ethno-racial differences. However, this relationship is a gendered one, as 2nd generation females have lower risk of attending post-secondary schooling.
Bibliography Citation
Inkpen, Christopher. "Immigrant Generation, Race, and College: Testing Assimilation Theory with the NLSY97." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1010. Ishak, Ragaa Hope Takla
Relation of Achievement to Religious Participation: Examination of the NLSY Archival Data
Ph.D. Dissertation, Walden University, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Achievement; Religion; Religious Influences; Role Models; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In communities of various socioeconomic levels, youths with low academic achievement may particularly benefit from role models. These role models may be family members, school teachers, or religious leaders. Although past research has examined the relationship between academic achievement and family factors, little research has examined community environment factors such as religious participation and community role models, on academic achievement. Guided by social cognitive theory, which indicates that cognitive abilities of attention, retention, and motivation could be modeled from participation in religious institutions, this quantitative study examined the extent to which religious participation, as measured through attendance rates, was related to achievement, as measured by scholastic achievement test (SAT) scores, among 765 youth records from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. General linear model analyses were conducted to examine the effect of religious attendance, moderated by income, on SAT scores. The results indicated that religious participation, for various socioeconomic levels, explained about 10% of the variance in SAT scores. The implications for social change include, for various socioeconomic groups, the promotion of parents' awareness of the benefits of religious participation in their preferred religious institution and the responsibility of such religious institutions to offer programs encouraging young people to seek higher education.
Bibliography Citation
Ishak, Ragaa Hope Takla. Relation of Achievement to Religious Participation: Examination of the NLSY Archival Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Walden University, 2012.
1011. Ishimaru, Shoya
Essays on Education and Labor Market
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2020
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Education; Educational Outcomes; Geocoded Data; Labor Market Outcomes; Local Area Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The first chapter examines the importance of college and labor market options associated with childhood location in shaping educational and labor market outcomes experienced by a person later in life. I estimate a dynamic model that considers post-high school choices of whether and where to attend college and where to work, subject to home preferences, mobility costs, and spatial search frictions. The estimated model suggests that spatial gaps in local college and labor market options in the United States give rise to a 6 percentage point gap in the college attendance rate and an 11% gap in the wage rate at 10 years of experience between the 90th and 10th percentiles of across-county variation in each outcome.
Bibliography Citation
Ishimaru, Shoya. Essays on Education and Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2020.
1012. Ishizuka, Patrick
Musick, Kelly
Occupational Characteristics and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood
Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Job Characteristics; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Men's and women's divergent employment responses to parenthood have important implications for gender inequality in the labor market. Although scholars theorize that managing the competing demands of work and family should be more difficult in some occupations than in others, we know little about how occupational work demands and resources either facilitate or constrain new mothers' employment. We assess how pre-birth occupational characteristics are associated with women's post-birth employment outcomes using individual-level data from nationally representative panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, merged with data on occupational characteristics from the NLSY97 and O*NET. We find that women working in pre-birth occupations with high autonomy and high advanced schedule notice have significantly higher odds of working full-time following a first birth than women in occupations with low autonomy and low advanced notice. This project highlights the role of occupational structure in shaping individual women's employment decisions.
Bibliography Citation
Ishizuka, Patrick and Kelly Musick. "Occupational Characteristics and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.
1013. Jackson, Heide
Palloni, Alberto
Projecting the Impact of Obesity on a Cohort of School-Aged Hispanic Children
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Health; Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Educational Attainment; Ethnic Groups; High School Completion/Graduates; Hispanic Youth; Obesity; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of childhood obesity has tripled in the United States. Hispanics face a significantly greater risk of becoming obese; 24% of Hispanic children aged 6-11 are obese compared to 17% of the general population. Excess obesity among Hispanics could lead to two significant changes. First, given that obesity is associated with a number of chronic conditions and an increased risk of premature death, the higher prevalence of obesity among Hispanic youth may serve to undo the historic US Hispanic health and mortality advantage. Second, a disproportionate increase in obesity prevalence among Hispanics could compromise their ability to accumulate human capital. Using a number of rich, nationally representative data sources, this paper seeks to: measure trends in Hispanic obesity, ascertain the effects of obesity on human capital development, and determine how changing the projected obesity prevalence will affect human capital.
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Heide and Alberto Palloni. "Projecting the Impact of Obesity on a Cohort of School-Aged Hispanic Children." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1014. Jackson, John W.
VanderWeele, Tyler J.
Decomposition Analysis to Identify Intervention Targets for Reducing Disparities
Epidemiology 29,6 (November 2018): 825-835.
Also: https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2018/11000/Decomposition_Analysis_to_Identify_Intervention.11.aspx
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Wolters Kluwer
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childhood; Educational Attainment; Epidemiology; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

There has been considerable interest in using decomposition methods in epidemiology (mediation analysis) and economics (Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition) to understand how health disparities arise and how they might change upon intervention. It has not been clear when estimates from the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition can be interpreted causally because its implementation does not explicitly address potential confounding of target variables. While mediation analysis does explicitly adjust for confounders of target variables, it typically does so in a way that effectively entails equalizing confounders across racial groups, which may not reflect the intended intervention. Revisiting prior analyses in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on disparities in wages, unemployment, incarceration, and overall health with test scores, taken as a proxy for educational attainment, as a target intervention, we propose and demonstrate a novel decomposition that controls for confounders of test scores (e.g. measures of childhood socioeconomic status [SES]) while leaving their association with race intact. We compare this decomposition with others that use standardization (to equalize childhood SES [the confounders] alone), mediation analysis (to equalize test scores within levels of childhood SES), and one that equalizes both childhood SES and test scores. We also show how these decompositions, including our novel proposals, are equivalent to implementations of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, but provide a more formal causal interpretation for these decompositions.
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, John W. and Tyler J. VanderWeele. "Decomposition Analysis to Identify Intervention Targets for Reducing Disparities." Epidemiology 29,6 (November 2018): 825-835.
1015. Jackson, John W.
Williams, David R.
VanderWeele, Tyler J.
Disparities at the Intersection of Marginalized Groups
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51,10 (October 2016): 1349-1359.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-016-1276-6
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Incarceration/Jail; Socioeconomic Background; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Mental health disparities exist across several dimensions of social inequality, including race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and gender. Most investigations of health disparities focus on one dimension. Recent calls by researchers argue for studying persons who are marginalized in multiple ways, often from the perspective of intersectionality, a theoretical framework applied to qualitative studies in law, sociology, and psychology. Quantitative adaptations are emerging but there is little guidance as to what measures or methods are helpful.
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, John W., David R. Williams and Tyler J. VanderWeele. "Disparities at the Intersection of Marginalized Groups." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51,10 (October 2016): 1349-1359.
1016. Jackson, Kristina M.
Schulenberg, John E.
Alcohol Use During the Transition From Middle School to High School: National Panel Data on Prevalence and Moderators
Developmental Psychology 49,11 (November 2013): 2147-2158.
Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/49/11/2147.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Gender Differences; High School; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Racial Differences

The movement from middle school to high school is a normative transition that is typically associated with increased stress and opportunity in social and academic domains. Theoretically, this transition may reflect a turning point in terms of initiating or sharply increasing heavy alcohol use, a notion that has received little attention in the empirical literature. The present study draws on a nationally representative data set, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), to examine the impact of the high-school transition on increases in alcohol use. The multiwave multicohort design of NLSY97 permits explicit coding of the high-school transition for 3,360 adolescents (48% female; 54% non-Black/non-Hispanic). Using latent transition analysis, we examined transitions among nondrinking, light drinking, and heavy drinking classes to characterize initiation of use and progression to heavier drinking. Non-Black/non-Hispanic youth and those higher on delinquent behaviors were more likely to be involved in alcohol prior to the transition and more likely to rapidly escalate their use with the transition. Although no sex differences were observed prior to the high-school transition, girls were more likely to transition from nondrinking to light drinking, whereas boys were more likely to transition to heavy drinking. High monitoring was associated with greater progression from light drinking in middle school to heavy drinking in high school; low and moderate parental monitoring were associated with initiation of heavy drinking across the transition. The high-school transition is a time of increased risk for many young people, and greater attention to this important school transition as a time to intervene is warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Kristina M. and John E. Schulenberg. "Alcohol Use During the Transition From Middle School to High School: National Panel Data on Prevalence and Moderators." Developmental Psychology 49,11 (November 2013): 2147-2158.
1017. Jackson, Margot I.
Understanding Links Among Adolescent Health, Social Background and Education
Presented: Chicago, IL, The Harris School, University of Chicago, Conference on Health and Attainment Over the Lifecourse: Reciprocal Influences from Before Birth to Old Age, May 16, 2008
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Child Health; Children, Illness; Children, Poverty; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; School Completion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper addresses a topic of growing interest to demographic researchers, who are re-recognizing the potentially significant contribution of children's health to broader population welfare, both within and across generations. Specifically, I examine the ways in which health and social background act together to create and maintain educational disparities in the early life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 97 and the Children/Young Adults of the NLSY79, I address three questions. 1) Is there variation by social background in the link between health and education? 2) What are the social factors that mediate the connection between adolescent health and educational attainment? 3) Does health mediate persistent social and economic achievement gaps? The results suggest that there is a strong association between adolescent health and educational attainment, net of both observed confounders and unobserved, time-invariant characteristics within households. This relationship is explained by academic factors related to school attendance and performance, rather than by psychosocial factors related to educational expectations. The analyses also examine the ways in which health and social background work together to produce disparities in educational achievement and attainment. I find that the negative educational consequences of poor health are not limited to the most socially disadvantaged adolescents, but are instead strongest for non-Hispanic white adolescents. Finally, I find that adolescent health does not play a strong role in explaining achievement gaps by social background, although infant and maternal health offer slightly more purchase.
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Margot I. "Understanding Links Among Adolescent Health, Social Background and Education." Presented: Chicago, IL, The Harris School, University of Chicago, Conference on Health and Attainment Over the Lifecourse: Reciprocal Influences from Before Birth to Old Age, May 16, 2008.
1018. Jackson, Margot I.
Understanding Links Between Adolescent Health and Educational Attainment
Demography 46,4, (November 2009): 671-694.
Also: http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/demography/v046/46.4.jackson.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Academic Development; Child Health; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Ethnic Differences; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Health Factors; Household Models; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The educational and economic consequences of poor health during childhood and adolescence have become increasingly clear, with a resurgence of evidence leading researchers to reconsider the potentially significant contribution of early-life health to population welfare both within and across generations. Meaningful relationships between early-life health and educational attainment raise important questions about how health may influence educational success in young adulthood and beyond, as well as for whom its influence is strongest. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I examine how adolescents' health and social status act together to create educational disparities in young adulthood, focusing on two questions in particular. First, does the link between adolescent health and educational attainment vary across socioeconomic and racial/ethnic groups? Second, what academic factors explain the connection between adolescent health and educational attainment? The findings suggest that poorer health in adolescence is strongly negatively related to educational attainment, net of both observed confounders and unobserved, time-invariant characteristics within households. The reduction in attainment is particularly large for non-Hispanic white adolescents, suggesting that the negative educational consequences of poor health are not limited to only the most socially disadvantaged adolescents. Finally, I find that the link between adolescent health and educational attainment is explained by academic factors related to educational participation and, most importantly, academic performance, rather than by reduced educational expectations. These findings add complexity to our understanding of how the educational consequences of poor health apply across the social hierarchy, as well as why poor health may lead adolescents to complete less schooling.
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Margot I. "Understanding Links Between Adolescent Health and Educational Attainment." Demography 46,4, (November 2009): 671-694.
1019. Jackson, Margot I.
Understanding Links between Children's Health and Education
Working Paper CCPR-014-06, California Center for Population Research, October 2007.
Also: http://computing.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_014_06.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: California Center for Population Research (CCPR)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Child Health; Children, Illness; Children, Poverty; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; School Completion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper has several goals. First, I add to the growing literature documenting the relationship between health during childhood and adolescence and later educational success. Secondly, I examine variation in this relationship by social status. Are the families of children with a health disadvantage more able to mitigate the negative consequences of that condition if they are socially advantaged? Or do children in these families suffer an equal or greater disadvantage? Third, I evaluate the role of two social mechanisms that may mediate the connection between children's health and their educational attainment. Finally, I consider the extent to which health disparities among children account for racial disparities in children's educational achievement.
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Margot I. "Understanding Links between Children's Health and Education." Working Paper CCPR-014-06, California Center for Population Research, October 2007.
1020. Jackson, Margot I.
Why Do Unhealthy Children Do Worse in School? Understanding Links among Children's Health, Education and Race
Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March-April 2006.
Also: http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60390
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Child Health; Children, Illness; Children, Poverty; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; School Completion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper has two goals. First, I evaluate the role of several mechanisms that may mediate the connection between children's health and their educational attainment. Researchers have begun to pay more attention to the possibility that the relationship between health and socioeconomic status is bidirectional. While poor health has often been studied as a consequence of childhood and/or family socioeconomic conditions, it is also clear that illness and poor health during childhood have lasting socioeconomic effects. What is less clear is why poor health during childhood may influence educational outcomes in late childhood/young adulthood. Do children with a health disadvantage graduate from high school at lower rates, for example, because they are less school-ready than other children, or because they develop less productive social relationships and reduced expectations for their future? Secondly, I consider the extent to which health disparities among children account for racial disparities in children's educational achievement. While childhood health disparities may contribute to socioeconomic disparities among the general population, they may also play a role in creating and maintaining the racial achievement gap that is so persistent in American society. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 97 and Child and Young Adult files, I examine these questions. Understanding the role of childhood health in creating and maintaining educational disparities among older children and young adults, as well as the role of race in this process, will facilitate the development of effectively intervention strategies.

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97 and Child/Young Adults (CYA) files provide the basis for this examination of the relationship between health, race and educational attainment/achievement in young adulthood. I use the NLSY97 to examine both the pathways from health to educational attainment, as well as to examine the contribution of health to racial differences in educational achievement. The NLSY79-CYA is used to complement the NLSY97 in the last part of the analysis, where I look at racial differences in educational achievement. The NLSY-CYA contains measures of infant and maternal health, allowing me to consider the contribution of earlier-life health to racial differences in achievement.

Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Margot I. "Why Do Unhealthy Children Do Worse in School? Understanding Links among Children's Health, Education and Race." Presented: Los Angeles, CA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March-April 2006.
1021. Jackson, Nicholas J.
The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Accelerated Longitudinal Designs
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Modeling; Monte Carlo

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Longitudinal designs are the gold standard for researchers studying within-subject changes in age-related development. These designs are typically conducted using a single cohort followed for a fixed period of time. However, single-cohort designs often necessitate a lengthy time commitment from participants, sponsors, and researchers which make them vulnerable to greater attrition and even premature termination. The time commitment for these designs also means that the results may be obsolete by the time they are published, particularly if the outcomes under study are sensitive to generational differences. Bell (1953) proposed the use of an Accelerated Longitudinal Design (ALD) as a means to generate age-based trajectories over a shortened duration to combat these issues. In the ALD multiple birth-cohorts are studied simultaneously in a longitudinal fashion with overlap in the age distributions between the cohorts. In this manner the same age span may be studied while reducing the number of measurements per participant, the study duration, and study costs. These designs also allow for the modeling of between-cohort differences, which are important for researchers interested in developing age-based trajectories that generalize to multiple cohorts. While models that incorporate cultural influence are increasingly relevant, there has not yet been widespread adoption of these designs. Part of the hesitancy to use ALDs stems from their unfamiliarity, as few methodological papers have demonstrated the efficacy of these designs for studying development. We propose the use of cost equations to utilize the cost-savings of the ALD to determine sample sizes that are of equal cost to a single-cohort design. The use of an equal cost sample size allows for ALDs to have N’s that are 10-85% larger than in the single-cohort design, thereby offsetting the potential loss of power in the ALD. We subsequently utilize Monte Carlo simulation methods to demonstrate how the statistical power and bias in the ALD is comparable to that of the single-cohort design for both linear and nonlinear models and discuss considerations for when between-cohort differences in development are present. Lastly, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY 1997) to demonstrate the ability of an ALD to capture both within-person and between-cohort variability in marijuana and tobacco use from the ages of 12 to 32. We additionally discuss considerations for the modeling of cohort membership and alternate strategies for cohort inclusion. Results from the simulations and in the NLSY suggest that ALDs should be the preferred longitudinal design for researchers studying age-related development.
Bibliography Citation
Jackson, Nicholas J. The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Accelerated Longitudinal Designs. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California, 2018.
1022. Jacobs, Molly
Adolescent BMI: The Importance of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
Open Public Health Journal 11 (2018): 147-161.
Also: https://openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/11/PAGE/147/FULLTEXT
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Bentham Open
Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Body Mass Index (BMI); Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: Research shows that weight trends in adolescence persist into adulthood, but do the same factors contribute to weight in adolescence as in adulthood? Are extrinsic factors presumably more important than intrinsic characteristics? This study identifies the correlation between BMI and various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and evaluates their relative importance in BMI development. It compares the primary determinants for adolescents (12-20 years old) and adults (21+ years old).

Methods: Using 15 years of panel data, generalized linear models, we assessed the impact of extrinsic-environmental, biological, geographic and household-and intrinsic-sexual activity, substance use, desire to lose weight, etc.-characteristics on adolescent and adult BMI. Multinomial logit models tested the contribution of these characteristics to weight categories.

Results: Race and age were the most significant BMI correlates at all ages. This remains true for weight classification as well. For young adolescents, intrinsic factors are highly deterministic, while extrinsic factors play no role. As adolescents age into adults, intrinsic factors continue to be deterministic, while extrinsic covariates also emerge as deterministic. Intrinsic determinates of significance include age of first sexual encounter, tobacco experimentation, perspective on general health, and desire to lose weight (or stay the same weight).

Bibliography Citation
Jacobs, Molly. "Adolescent BMI: The Importance of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors." Open Public Health Journal 11 (2018): 147-161.
1023. Jacobs, Molly
Adolescent Smoking: The Relationship between Cigarette Consumption and BMI
Addictive Behaviors Reports 9 (June 2019): 100153.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853218301305
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking)

Studies relating cigarette smoking and body weight yield conflicting results. Weight-lowering effects in women and men have been associated with smoking, however, no effects on weight have been proven. This study examined the association between cigarette smoking and relative weight in adolescent males and females as they age into young adults.
Bibliography Citation
Jacobs, Molly. "Adolescent Smoking: The Relationship between Cigarette Consumption and BMI." Addictive Behaviors Reports 9 (June 2019): 100153.
1024. Jacobs, Molly
Three Essays on Adolescent BMI Growth
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The George Washington University, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Genetics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Socioeconomic Factors; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the interaction between various psychological, environmental, household and genetic factors and body mass index (BMI) growth during the youth's teens and twenties. The first essay examines the socio-economic factors that are correlated with BMI among NLSY97 respondents at two points in time, 1997 and 2010. The youth were 12 to 17 in the first survey year and 25-31 in the last. Covariates of importance in the final year were surprisingly similar to those in the first. Common socio-economic factors had only modest impacts on the respondent's BMI in either year. Consistent with other studies, maternal BMI had a strong, positive effect on adolescent BMI, but also on BMI of the respondents in their late twenties. The impact was systematically larger for biological mothers, which could suggest a genetic factor.

The second essay assesses the determinants of annual BMI growth rates over the entire 14 year period. The strong maternal BMI effect emerges in the annual growth rate estimates as well. The general results are robust to the use of individual and time fixed effects, though th the fixed effect approach does not permit estimation of maternal BMI (only available in 1997) on BMI growth. Growth rates decline with age, as one might expect, and more so at higher levels of initial BMI. Conversely BMI growth rates are less for respondents with initially higher BMI, a result that increases in absolute value as the respondent ages. The modest impacts of the usual socio-economic factors on BMI change between 1997 and 2010 noted in the first essay are confirmed in this annual growth rate data.

The last essay focuses on the decision-making process that underpins these BMI relationships. Weight control is considered as an expected utility maximization decision subject to the usual budget constraint in food and other goods. Of special interest is the impact of the youth's perception of his or her weight-to-height (BMI) status. In the first survey year, males and females appear to use different metrics for judging their height to weight proportionality. Males appear to judge themselves by standards, that are used for adults of the same BMI, females align themselves more closely with the CDC youth standard, which factors in expected growth in BMI until adulthood. Perhaps not surprisingly, males become heavier (higher BMI) by 2010. Misperceptions of weight category become systematic by 2010, with obese young (25-31) men and women reluctant to define themselves as "very overweight." This bias can be found in the 1997 data as well, but is less obvious because of the far fewer obese respondents in the first year. Misperceiving weight has deleterious consequences--those who underestimate increase weight faster and those who overestimate increase weight slower--compared to accurate perceivers.

Bibliography Citation
Jacobs, Molly. Three Essays on Adolescent BMI Growth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The George Washington University, 2016.
1025. Jahan, Murshed
Do Employers’ Offers of Paid Maternity Leave Increase Women’s Job Satisfaction?
Applied Economics published online (17 January 2024).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2303621
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Benefits; Compensation, Non-Wage; Job Satisfaction; Maternity Leave; Maternity Leave, Paid; Women; Women of Childbearing Age

The importance of non-wage compensation like paid maternity leave may vary across workers in that the contribution of paid maternity leave to job satisfaction is more discernible for women of childbearing age than for men and older women. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), this study investigates the relationship between paid maternity leave offers and job satisfaction for women of childbearing age. However, individual-specific preferences for benefits may contribute to job satisfaction and having access to paid maternity leave. This study, therefore, uses an instrumental variable approach to address the presence of endogeneity in the relationship between paid maternity leave and job satisfaction. After instrumenting paid maternity leave variable appropriately, results from the bivariate probit model show that paid maternity leave offers positively contribute to women’s job satisfaction; women with paid maternity leave offers are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than those with unpaid or no maternity leave offers. Furthermore, the findings remain consistent after conditioning the sample age at and above 24 years and firm size between 20 to 500 employees, respectively.
Bibliography Citation
Jahan, Murshed. "Do Employers’ Offers of Paid Maternity Leave Increase Women’s Job Satisfaction?" Applied Economics published online (17 January 2024).
1026. Jahan, Murshed
Three Essays Examining the Impact of Paid Maternity Leave Offers on Women's Labor Market Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northern Illinois University, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Tenure; Labor Market Outcomes; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of three essays on the relationship between paid maternity leave benefit offers and different labor market outcomes of women of childbearing age. The first essay examines the impact of paid maternity leave offers in fringe benefit packages on wages of this particular group of women. Since the access to paid maternity leave and wage can be simultaneously determined by other factors, this essay uses an instrumental variable approach to estimate the effect. The information on access to paid maternity leave and other covariates for this analysis is extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). The findings of this essay suggest that offerings of paid maternity leave in the fringe benefit packages help improve wages of women of childbearing age. Therefore, young working women with access to paid maternity leave benefits earn more than those who do not have access to paid maternity leave but are in the childbearing age.

Using the same dataset, NLSY97, the second essay examines the relationship between paid maternity leave offers and job tenure for women of childbearing age. The possibility of endogeneity in paid maternity leave variable is appropriately checked while estimating the relationship between paid maternity leave offers and job tenure. The results suggest that paid maternity leave offers increase job tenure of women of childbearing age and adding partial wage replacement to the current federal unpaid maternity leave benefit will positively contribute to job attachment for young women.

Finally, the third essay examines the importance of paid maternity leave offers in determining job satisfaction of women of childbearing age. The essay finds that paid maternity leave offers positively contributes to young women's job satisfaction. In all these three essays, the prevalence of the importance of paid maternity leave offers in determining women's wages, job tenure, and job satisfaction are checked for subsamples of firms of similar sizes (based on the number of employees). The significance of the effect of paid maternity leave benefits in determining these three labor market outcomes is maintained in the sub-sample results.

Bibliography Citation
Jahan, Murshed. Three Essays Examining the Impact of Paid Maternity Leave Offers on Women's Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northern Illinois University, 2022.
1027. Jaimovich, Nir
Saporta-Eksten, Itay
Siu, Henry
Yedid-Levi, Yaniv
The Macroeconomics of Automation: Data, Theory, and Policy Analysis
Journal of Monetary Economics published online (8 July 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.06.004.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393221000684
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Displaced Workers; Occupations; Skilled Workers

The decline in middle-wage occupations and rise in automation over the last decades is at the center of policy discussions. We develop an empirically relevant general equilibrium model that features endogenous labor force participation, occupational choice, and automation capital. We use the model to consider two types of policies: the retraining of workers who were adversely affected by automation, and redistribution policies that transfer resources to these workers. Our framework emphasizes general equilibrium effects such as displacement effects of retraining programs, complementarities between the factors of production, and the effects of distortionary taxation that is required to fund these programs.
Bibliography Citation
Jaimovich, Nir, Itay Saporta-Eksten, Henry Siu and Yaniv Yedid-Levi. "The Macroeconomics of Automation: Data, Theory, and Policy Analysis." Journal of Monetary Economics published online (8 July 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.06.004.
1028. Jakubowski, Jessica
Incarceration and Childbearing in a Cohort of Young Adults in the United States
Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Childbearing; Incarceration/Jail; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort, I examine the relationship between incarceration and the timing of childbearing for both men and women. I find that men with a history of incarceration start childbearing earlier than men who have never been incarcerated; however, men who have been incarcerated delay or space-out higher-order births. The amount of time spent incarcerated was not associated with childbearing for men. I found little evidence of an association between childbearing and women’s incarceration. Early childbearing in the incarcerated population could lead to the expansion and persistence of child poverty, as well as exacerbate the disadvantages faced by children born to young parents relative to children born to other young parents.
Bibliography Citation
Jakubowski, Jessica. "Incarceration and Childbearing in a Cohort of Young Adults in the United States." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013.
1029. Jakubowski, Jessica
Incarceration and Family Transitions in Young Adulthood
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Cohabitation; Family Process Measures; Incarceration/Jail; Marital Dissolution; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

I make three contributions to family demographic research on the effects of incarceration on family processes. First, I revisit the question of the influence of incarceration on family formation and family stability using data that are better suited to the measurement of these events than the data used in previous research. Using life history calendar data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (1997-2009), a longitudinal study of 8,984 men and women in the United States, I establish the timing of incarcerations relative to the following family transitions: entry into cohabiting and marital unions and exit from cohabiting and marital unions. Second, I conduct the first prospective study of the consequences of incarceration for the timing of childbearing among adolescents and young adults. Third, I take into account the timing, frequency, and durations of incarcerations to better understand the relationship between incarceration and family processes.
Bibliography Citation
Jakubowski, Jessica. Incarceration and Family Transitions in Young Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013.
1030. Jakubowski, Jessica
Incarceration History and Relationship Transitions in Young Adulthood
Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Divorce; Incarceration/Jail; Marital Instability; Marriage; Relationship Conflict

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using a sample of married and cohabiting unions from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort, I estimate the relationship between incarceration history and romantic relationship transitions; specifically, the transition out of cohabiting relationships through either marriage or dissolution, and the transition out of marriage through divorce or legal separation. I utilized lifetime event histories of marital and cohabiting unions, as well as lifetime histories of incarcerations to conduct dynamic analyses of these relationships. I consider the association between union transitions and multiple dimensions of involvement with the corrections system: incarceration during the span of a union (proximal relationship consequences), average time spent incarcerated prior to the union (severity of criminal behavior), and number of incarcerations prior to the union (instability through frequent contact with corrections). Preliminary findings suggest that both severity and frequency of incarceration prior to marriage are associated with divorce, and cohabiting unions are less likely to transition to marriage when an incarceration occurs during the union.
Bibliography Citation
Jakubowski, Jessica. "Incarceration History and Relationship Transitions in Young Adulthood." Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011.
1031. James, Jonathan
Essays on Dynamic Behavior in Labor Markets
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Modeling; Occupational Choice; Occupations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This Dissertation includes two chapters focusing on understanding dynamic behavior in labor markets. Chapter One studies how workers choose occupations when they are required to learn about their occupation specific experience. Chapter Two discusses an estimation approach which combines structural estimation with reduced form approaches to deal with models when multiple forms of endogeneity are present in dynamic selection models.

Chapter One: The literature on occupational matching has traditionally assumed that an individual's match in one occupation is completely uncorrelated with their match in every other occupation in the economy. In this paper I develop and estimate a model that relaxes this assumption. The key feature of the model is that as an individual learns about their occupation specific ability in one occupation, this experience will be broadly informative about their ability in other occupations. Workers continually process their entire history of information which they use to determine when to change careers, as well as which new career to go to. Endogenizing information in this manner has been computationally prohibitive in the past. I extend new methods of solving dynamic discrete choice models with unobserved heterogeneity in a unique way that facilitates the estimation of an occupational choice model where individuals have correlated unobserved heterogenous ability in every occupation. The model is estimated on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. The results suggest that occupational ability shares a rich correlation structure. While the gains from search are large, a counterfactual shows that search frictions, including: risk aversion, destruction of occupation specific human capital, entry costs, and switching costs, limit worker's ability to find their comparative advantage.

Chapter Two: Economists typically take one of two approaches when estimating models containing omitted variables and measurement error: reduced form methods using instrumental variable, or structural methods that formally model the selection process of individuals. This paper demonstrates a new estimation strategy that conjoins these two methods in a useful way which takes advantage of each approaches individual strengths. The motivating example will focus on the literatures interpretation of the returns to education.

Bibliography Citation
James, Jonathan. Essays on Dynamic Behavior in Labor Markets. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2011.
1032. James, Jonathan
The Surprising Impact of High School Math on Job Market Outcomes
Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2013.
Also: http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/commentary/2013/2013-14.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
Keyword(s): High School Curriculum; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The economic returns to education are well documented. It is also well-known that college graduates with certain majors will earn more than others and find it easier to land a job. But surprisingly, the courses students take in high school also make a difference, when the courses are mathematics. Even among workers with the same level of education, those with more math have higher wages on average and are less likely to be unemployed. These findings suggest that even students ending their formal education after high school can increase their future earnings by investing in more math courses while in high school.
Bibliography Citation
James, Jonathan. "The Surprising Impact of High School Math on Job Market Outcomes." Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2013.
1033. Jang, Bohyun
A Cohort Comparison of the Transition to Adulthood in the United States
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Life Course; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

I use data from the public and geocode files from both the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to examine the transition to adulthood and compare it across cohorts. These data are well suited for this dissertation because both contain a wide range of life course information, and respondents from each dataset have undergone the same developmental stages at different historical times (i.e. their 20s during 1980s and in the 2000s for the NLSY79 and 97 respectively).

This dissertation is separated into three independent studies; first, in chapter 2, I use Latent Class Analysis to investigate distinct patterns in the transition to adulthood for men and women. Results show that young adults in the NLSY97 are more disproportionately distributed to different classes, which indicates their diverse paths to adulthood compared to those of the NLSY79. In the following chapter, I examine the complexity of life course transitions by focusing on mobility and union formation. Findings reveal that life course events are closely related to each other but the relationship differs by cohort, pointing to contextual influence on young adults' life courses. As a decision on the life course is likely made in concert with other life events, chapter 4 examines endogeneity between life course transitions. I find that unobserved characteristics affect the estimation of life course events in both cohorts, and therefore ignoring the factors could misrepresent the actual relationship between life events. From these findings, I address implications of theory, methodology, and social policy for those in the transition to adulthood in chapter 5.

Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun. A Cohort Comparison of the Transition to Adulthood in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, 2014.
1034. Jang, Bohyun
Casterline, John
Snyder, Anastasia R.
Interrelationships between Life Course Events in the United States
Presented: Budapest, Hungary, European Population Conference, June 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: European Association for Population Studies (EAPS)
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Formation; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Life Course; Marriage; Mobility, Residential

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Family events are closely related to residential changes (Kulu & Milewski 2007; Clak & Withers 2007). People consider residential moves in response to changes in family size or in anticipation of new family members. While previous research has demonstrated interrelationships between mobility and fertility (Kulu & Steele 2013), relatively little is known about the association between mobility and union transitions. Union formation (i.e., marriage and cohabitation) may trigger residential changes because of a need for additional space. In addition, mobility may influence union transitions. For example, researchers have found that family formation behaviors are related to housing career and homeownership (Murphy & Sullivan 1985; Mulder & Billari 2010), which mostly require residential changes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we examine how the two life course transitions are linked to each other. We separate union types into marriage and cohabitation and mobility into migration (a between-county move) and residential mobility (a within-county move). As individuals experience multiple union transitions and residential changes over the life course, we use a multi-level, multi-process, competing-risks model allowing for person specific characteristics. In the NLSY97, about 14% of the sample has experienced marriage without cohabitation and 57% have cohabited. Regarding mobility, about 18% have moved within the same county and 59% have changed residence to different county. Preliminary findings from separate estimation of each transition suggest that migration and residential mobility are the most critical determinants for marriage and cohabitation, and vice versa. Moreover, we found significant person specific random effects in each equation. We will estimate two multi-level competing risks models simultaneously for a full model.
Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun, John Casterline and Anastasia R. Snyder. "Interrelationships between Life Course Events in the United States." Presented: Budapest, Hungary, European Population Conference, June 2014.
1035. Jang, Bohyun
Snyder, Anastasia R.
A Cohort Comparison of Life Course Transitions among Young Adults in the United States
Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Education; Employment; Income; Life Course; Marriage; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Transition to adulthood has delayed and become less standardized across cohorts and generational gaps in the transitions have grown. Few studies, however, have accounted for dynamic association between timing and sequences of multiple life-course events. Using comparable datasets from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997, we compare the sequence of 4 life events (education, full-time employment, marriage, and childbirth) during transition to adulthood between two birth cohorts. We use distance measure obtained via optimal matching to cluster similar sequences together in both cohorts. In addition, we will examine how the different pathways influence personal incomes at age 30. Preliminary findings suggest that the life course sequences are more diverse for those from the NLSY79 than their counterparts from the NLSY97. However, only 12% of the NLSY97 sample has completed all of the four life transitions by age 30 while about 28% of the NLSY79 have completed.
Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun and Anastasia R. Snyder. "A Cohort Comparison of Life Course Transitions among Young Adults in the United States." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014.
1036. Jang, Bohyun
Snyder, Anastasia R.
A Cohort Comparison of Relationship between Mobility and Union Formation among Young Adults in the US
Presented: Busan, Republic of Korea, IUSSP International Population Conference, August 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP)
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Geocoded Data; Life Course; Marriage; Migration; Mobility, Residential; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Migration and residential mobility hold significance among young adults in the transition to adulthood, representing a life course event such as a transition to independence from parents and family, a turning point which diverts previous experiences, and an investment behavior for maximizing life chances. Despite several studies on the relationship between mobility and family formation, little is known about the role of mobility in union formation (i.e., marriage and cohabitation) and how that relationship has changed over time. By using two comparable datasets of different birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 (NLSY79 and NLSY97), this study examines how moving events are related to union formation and how the relationship has changed across decades in the United States. As the NLSY studies have collected panel data from nationally representative samples of two birth cohorts, that is, those born in 1957-1964 for the NLSY79 and born in 1980-1984 for the NLSY97, the current study will contribute greatly to understanding the changing role of migration and residential mobility as a life course event in the United States
Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun and Anastasia R. Snyder. "A Cohort Comparison of Relationship between Mobility and Union Formation among Young Adults in the US." Presented: Busan, Republic of Korea, IUSSP International Population Conference, August 2013.
1037. Jang, Bohyun
Snyder, Anastasia R.
Migration, Residential Mobility and Union Formation
Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Geocoded Data; Marriage; Migration; Mobility, Residential

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite the importance of migration and residential mobility as a predictor of other life course events, few studies have accommodated or emphasized the effect of the migration and residential mobility in investigating union formation among young people. By using public and geocode data files from the NLSY97, we estimate discrete time competing risks that examine the relationship between changes in residence and first union formation. The results indicate that change in residence significantly increases the likelihood of union formation; either migration or residential mobility is significantly associated with higher relative risks of cohabitation over remaining single, and residential mobility increases the relative risks of cohabitation versus staying single but decreases the risk of marriage versus cohabitation. An increase in the number of migration slightly raises the relative risks of cohabitation versus remaining single, whereas more residential mobility significantly decreases the relative risks of marriage over either cohabiting or remaining single.
Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun and Anastasia R. Snyder. "Migration, Residential Mobility and Union Formation." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012.
1038. Jang, Bohyun
Snyder, Anastasia R.
Moving and Union Formation in the Transition to Adulthood in the United States
Advances in Life Course Research 23 (March 2015): 44-55.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040260814000367
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Geocoded Data; Life Course; Marriage; Mobility, Residential; Transition, Adulthood

Although previous research has paid attention to profound changes in union formation among young adults, few studies have incorporated moving events in the estimation of union formation. Moreover, less attention has been given to detailed moving experiences in young adults' life course. Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we examine the relationship between moving and first union formation of young adults in the United States. Moving events are aggregated by distance moved, economic conditions in origin and destination places (i.e. moving within the same county, moving to new counties with better or the same economic conditions, and moving to new counties with worse economic conditions) and the time since a move. Our findings suggest that moving events, regardless of type, are significantly related to first union formation for females while the time since a move is important to union formation of males.
Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun and Anastasia R. Snyder. "Moving and Union Formation in the Transition to Adulthood in the United States." Advances in Life Course Research 23 (March 2015): 44-55.
1039. Jang, Bohyun
Snyder, Anastasia R.
Mernitz, Sara E.
The Life Course of High School Dropouts During the Transition to Adulthood
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; High School Dropouts; Life Course; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the United States, about 10% of adolescents did not earn a high school diploma in the late 2000s. The high school dropout results in growing variability in young adult's lives and the beginning of adulthood. Less attention, however, has been given to the life course of those who drop out high school. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we examined the life course of high school dropouts and its association with risk factors. We focused on heavy drinking because it has a wide range of impacts on health and future outcome. Our preliminary findings using a latent class analysis suggested that 4 classes model best described the life course of high school dropouts (traditional pathway, no transition, employed cohabitor, employed single parent). A multinomial logit model showed that those who had heavy drinking at age 18 were less likely to belong to "no transition" class.
Bibliography Citation
Jang, Bohyun, Anastasia R. Snyder and Sara E. Mernitz. "The Life Course of High School Dropouts During the Transition to Adulthood." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1040. Jang, Min
Essays on Education and Health Disparities
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Albany, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Disability; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Health, Chronic Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The third essay [of this dissertation] examines changes in educational outcomes of Americans with disabilities between the late 1970s and the late 1990s. It shows that the gap in educational attainment between the disabled and non-disabled increases over time. For men, the widening gap in educational attainment difference is mainly driven by an increase in the difference in college graduation rates. For women, increases in the gaps appear in high school graduation, college attendance, and college graduation rates. A model of education investment for disabled students suggests two motivating factors for education investment decisions: 1) the cost of obtaining education, 2) the incentive to signal their productivity through education in order to overcome employers' uncertainty about disabled workers. That is, if obtaining education is too burdensome for the disabled, they will lose incentive to obtain education. But, if the effect of the uncertainty is strong, then the incentive to signal will be preserved well or even increase. Consequently, the educational attainment gaps can be affected by the two conflicting forces.
Bibliography Citation
Jang, Min. Essays on Education and Health Disparities. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Albany, 2022.
1041. Jason, Kendra
Sargent, Amanda
Payne, Julianne
The Impact of COVID-19 on Older Black and Hispanic Workers’ Perceptions of their Workplace
Occupational Health Science published online (11 March 2024).
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41542-024-00179-x
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Black Studies; COVID-19/Coronavirus Pandemic; COVID-19/Coronavirus Safety Protocols; Coworker Relationships (Platonic); Experiences, Emotional; Experiences, Interpersonal; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health, Physical; Hispanic Studies; Illnesses; Illnesses, Mental; Work Attitudes; Workplace Health and Safety; Workplace Perceptions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study provides insight into how having COVID-19 shifted Black and older Hispanic adults’ organizational perceptions and experiences. We used data from 30 Black and Hispanic full-time men and women over the age of 45 who have had COVID-19, and most have co-occurring physical and mental chronic illness, to examine how having COVID-19 shapes their perceptions of their workplace and organizational interactions. We examine how older Black and Hispanic adults’ intersectional identities further shape their work experiences. Further, we illuminate how COVID-19-related enhanced safety protocols impacted these workers’ emotional and interpersonal experiences by increasing feelings of safety and support, while simultaneously widening relational gaps among coworkers and increasing mental health concerns. We end with workplace practice recommendations, centering an intersectional and Total Worker Health® (TWH) approach, to reduce work-related health and safety hazards with efforts to promote and improve the well-being of older Black and Hispanic workers.
Bibliography Citation
Jason, Kendra, Amanda Sargent and Julianne Payne. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Older Black and Hispanic Workers’ Perceptions of their Workplace." Occupational Health Science published online (11 March 2024).
1042. Jayaram, Amshula K.
The Impact of Juvenile Incarceration on Employment Prospects for Young Women
Master's Thesis, Georgetown University, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Force Participation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper assesses the impact that prior involvement in the Juvenile Justice system has on future employment prospects for young adult females. The literature on "collateral consequences" which refers to the total "costs" of incarceration and other types of punitive responses to an individual and to a society, has largely focused on young black males. This stands to reason, as they are disproportionately impacted at all levels of the justice system, from "stop-and-frisk" practices to death row. However attention is being increasingly being brought to the rising number of girls and women being arrested and detained. While women are largely incarcerated for non-violent drug or property offenses, girls appear to have a slightly different set of circumstances and are being arrested for running away from home or involvement in domestic disputes classified as "simple assault."

Unfortunately, while the number of females in the system rise, policy measures regarding reentry have largely stayed the same. As women exit the system and attempt to re-build, they will have to deal with the consequences of having a criminal record and face barriers to obtaining housing, public benefits and employment. This paper assesses the extent to which young women are penalized in the labor market specifically, both as a stand-alone impact and in comparison to their male peers, a topic which has received a great deal of attention for males but not nearly enough for females. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a nationwide survey following two cohorts of youth from their teen years into adulthood, I construct logistic regression models to determine whether there is a negative relationship between prior involvement in the justice system and employment status, while controlling for age and race. I observe this relationship within each gender, as well as when males and females are jointly observed. My findings indicate that there is indeed a statistically significant negative relationship between the two, but that the impact for males and females is roughly the same. In other words, females with prior criminal history suffer in the labor market to the same extent as their male peers, but do not suffer additionally as a result of being female.

Bibliography Citation
Jayaram, Amshula K. The Impact of Juvenile Incarceration on Employment Prospects for Young Women. Master's Thesis, Georgetown University, 2012.
1043. Jayawardene, Wasantha P.
Accumulation of Obesogenic and Health-promoting Behaviors in Young Adulthood: A Theory-driven Analysis of Associations and Sequences
Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Indiana University, 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Exercise; Gender Differences; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Television Viewing

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives : (1) To determine accumulation of obesogenic behaviors during young adulthood by examining the relationship between excessive television viewing and inadequate fruit and vegetable intake. (2) To establish the co-occurrence of health-promoting behaviors by examining the relationship between adequate exercise and intake of fruit and vegetables.

Methods : The 1984 birth-cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 was followed at ages 18, 23, and 27 (N=1386). Multinomial logistic regression models, compensated for inflated type-I error (α=0.01) and adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, marital status, and body mass index (BMI), examined behavioral associations. Additionally, 6244 respondents were followed at ages 18-22(Time-1), 23-27(Time-2), and 27-31(Time-3); repeated measures analysis of variance plus multiple regression determined if the transition of exercise frequency between Time-1 and Time-2 was associated with simultaneous and sequential changes in fruit/vegetable intake, controlling for sociodemographic factors and BMI.

Results : Males were more likely to exercise adequately and females to consume fruit/vegetable adequately; lowest rates were among blacks. In females and whites, heavy television viewing at age-18 was associated with inadequate vegetable consumption. In whites, excessive television viewing at age-27 accompanied very low vegetable intake. In females and blacks, excessive television viewing at age-27 co-occurred with inadequate fruit consumption. Moderately high television viewing in males at age-18 was associated with very low vegetable intake 5-years later. Moderately high television viewing in females at age-23 was associated with moderately low fruit intake 4-years later. Exercise frequency transition was linearly associated with concurrent fruit/vegetable intake. A small but significant effect of Time-2 exercise frequency on Time-3 fruit/vegetable intake existed, after accounting for bas eline intakes.

Conclusion : Longitudinal associations reflected the probable effects of television advertisements on fruit/vegetable intake of high-school-age males and post-college-age females. Strong cross-sectional associations emphasized the probable role of mindless eating while watching television. Newly engaging and continuing with exercise behavior over considerable time may help form exercise habits and heuristics that facilitate improved fruit/vegetable consumption behavior. Therefore, a critical need exists for developing novel interventions to counteract food advertisements, converting mindless eating into mindlessly eating better and to facilitate transferring resources from healthy exercise behavior to healthier dietary behavior.

Bibliography Citation
Jayawardene, Wasantha P. Accumulation of Obesogenic and Health-promoting Behaviors in Young Adulthood: A Theory-driven Analysis of Associations and Sequences. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Indiana University, 2014.
1044. Jayawardene, Wasantha P.
Torabi, Mohammad R.
Lohrmann, David K.
Exercise in Young Adulthood with Simultaneous and Future Changes in Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Journal of the American College of Nutrition 35,1 (January 2016): 59-67.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2015.1022268
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Exercise; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: Regarding weight management, changes in exercise behavior can also influence nutrition behavior by application of self-regulatory psychological resources across behaviors (transfer effect). This study aimed to determine: (1) if changes in exercise frequency in young adulthood predict simultaneous changes in fruit/vegetable intake (transfer as co-occurrence); and (2) if exercise frequency affects future fruit/vegetable intake (transfer as carry-over).

Methods: 6244 respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 were followed at ages 18–22 (Time-1), 23–27 (Time-2), and 27–31 (Time-3). Repeated measures analysis of variance and hierarchical multiple regression determined if the change in exercise frequency between Time-1 and Time-2 was associated with simultaneous and sequential changes in fruit/vegetable intake frequency, controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, body mass index, and baseline fruit/vegetable intake.

Results: Only 9% continued exercising for 30 minutes more than 5 days/week, while 15% transitioned to adequate exercise and another 15% transitioned to inadequate exercise; for both fruits and vegetables, intake of once per day or more increased with age. Males were more likely to exercise adequately and females to consume fruits/vegetables adequately. Exercise frequency transition was linearly associated with concurrent fruit/vegetable intake during Time-1 and Time-2. The highest increase in mean fruit/vegetable intake occurred for participants who transitioned from inadequate to adequate exercise. A significant Time-2 exercise frequency effect on Time-3 fruit/vegetable intake emerged, after accounting for baseline intake. Increase in Time-2 exercise by one day/week resulted in increased Time-3 fruit and vegetable intakes by 0.17 and 0.13 times/week, respectively.

Conclusion: Transfer effects, although usually discussed in interventions, may also be applicable to voluntary behavior change processes. Newly engaging in and continuing exercise behavior over time may establish exercise habits that facilitate improved fruit/vegetable consumption. Interventions that facilitate transferring resources across behaviors likely will enhance this effect.

Bibliography Citation
Jayawardene, Wasantha P., Mohammad R. Torabi and David K. Lohrmann. "Exercise in Young Adulthood with Simultaneous and Future Changes in Fruit and Vegetable Intake." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 35,1 (January 2016): 59-67.
1045. Jayson, Sharon
Merely Having an Older Sibling Can Be Bad Influence
USA Today, April 24, 2006
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: USA Today
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birth Order; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Risk-Taking; Sexual Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Don't be so quick to pass along that sage advice to your children about "setting a good example" for a younger brother or sister. New research on birth order suggests that just having an older sibling can be a negative influence on younger children in the family.

The new research by economics professors seeks to understand how teens get involved in risky behaviors that can have long-term economic consequences. It finds that the very existence of an older sibling increases the chances a younger sibling will drink, smoke, use marijuana or have sex.

The published study [ed. note: See, Argys, Laura M.: "Birth Order and Risky Adolescent Behavior", in this bibliography] analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1997 to 1999. It included 7,000 to 8,000 children ages 12 to 16. A second study reviewed data from 1994 to 1996 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, which includes about 20,000 young people in grades seven to 12. Averett says the second study confirmed the results of the first.

Bibliography Citation
Jayson, Sharon. "Merely Having an Older Sibling Can Be Bad Influence." USA Today, April 24, 2006.
1046. Jeon-Slaughter, Haekyung
An Empirical Approach in Decomposing Attributing Factors to Co-occurring Use of Marijuana and Other Forms of Illicit Drug
Presented: Chicago IL, International Conference on Health Policy Statistics, October 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Socioeconomic Background; Substance Use

Background: Use of marijuana and other forms of illicit drugs is often co-occurred, however, few studies have addressed how much of the association between marijuana and other illicit drug use is attributable to characteristics of marijuana users and how much of it is attributable to the substance itself or to other confounding factors.

Methods: The study utilized 14-year follow-up data of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), 4,540 males and 4,320 females in the United States and proposed Oxaca-Blinder-Fairlie decomposition method to decompose attributing factors to co-occurring marijuana and other forms of illicit drug use during young adulthood into observed and unexplained components.

Results: Marijuana users showed about 30% higher rates of other illicit drug use in the young adulthood than marijuana abstainers. Consistently across gender, about one third of this gap in other illicit drug use during young adulthood between marijuana users and abstainers was contributed by differences in predisposing demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and cigarette and alcohol consumption during adolescent years between marijuana users and abstainers with the majority of the contribution from differences in cigarette and alcohol consumption during adolescent years between marijuana users and abstainers. The remaining two thirds of the contribution to the gap were left unexplained by the study’s empirical model.

Conclusions: The proposed Oxaca-Blinder-Fairlie decomposition method deconvoluted factors attributing to co-occurring use of marijuana and other forms of illicit drug and findings provided a data driven guideline to drug policy making and prevention programs.

Bibliography Citation
Jeon-Slaughter, Haekyung. "An Empirical Approach in Decomposing Attributing Factors to Co-occurring Use of Marijuana and Other Forms of Illicit Drug." Presented: Chicago IL, International Conference on Health Policy Statistics, October 2013.
1047. Jeon, Saebom
Seo, Tae Seok
Anthony, James C.
Chung, Hwan
Latent Class Analysis for Repeatedly Measured Multiple Latent Class Variables
Multivariate Behavioral Research published online (25 November 2020): DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2020.1848515.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00273171.2020.1848515
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Statistical Analysis

Research on stage-sequential shifts across multiple latent classes can be challenging in part because it may not be possible to observe the particular stage-sequential pattern of a single latent class variable directly. In addition, one latent class variable may affect or be affected by other latent class variables and the associations among multiple latent class variables are not likely to be directly observed either. To address this difficulty, we propose a multivariate latent class analysis for longitudinal data, joint latent class profile analysis (JLCPA), which provides a principle for the systematic identification of not only associations among multiple discrete latent variables but sequential patterns of those associations. We also propose the recursive formula to the EM algorithm to overcome the computational burden in estimating the model parameters, and our simulation study shows that the proposed algorithm is much faster in computing estimates than the standard EM method. In this work, we apply a JLCPA using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 in order to investigate the multiple drug-taking behavior of early-onset drinkers from their adolescence, via young adulthood, to adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Jeon, Saebom, Tae Seok Seo, James C. Anthony and Hwan Chung. "Latent Class Analysis for Repeatedly Measured Multiple Latent Class Variables." Multivariate Behavioral Research published online (25 November 2020): DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2020.1848515.
1048. Jez, Su Jin
Influence of Wealth and Race in Four-Year College Attendance
Research and Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.18.08, Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California - Berkeley, November 20, 2008.
Also: http://cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/publications.php?s=1
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Center for Studies in Higher Education (CSHE), University of California, Berkley
Keyword(s): Assets; College Education; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Occupational; Mobility, Social; Modeling; Racial Studies; Savings; Social Capital; Socioeconomic Factors; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

College is increasingly essential for economic and social mobility. Current research devotes significant attention to race and socioeconomic factors in college access. Yet wealth's role, as differentiated from income, is largely unexplored. Utilizing a nationally representative dataset, this study analyzes the role of wealth among students who attend four-year colleges. The hypothesis that wealth matters through the provision of differential habitus, social capital, and cultural capital that support the college-going process, is tested through the application of a series of binary logistic regressions. The results indicate that while wealthier students are much more likely to attend a four-year college than their less wealthy peers, the influence of wealth is essentially eliminated once we consider academic achievement, habitus, and social and cultural capital. This indicates that wealthier students garner advantages through increased academic preparation and through the characteristics of their upbringing, such as the type of school attended and parental expectations. Furthermore, controlling for wealth causes the disparities in four-year college attendance associated with race to disappear. Notably, Hispanic students are significantly more likely than white students to attend a four-year college in certain specifications, while black and Asian students are not significantly different from white students in any specification.
Bibliography Citation
Jez, Su Jin. "Influence of Wealth and Race in Four-Year College Attendance." Research and Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.18.08, Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California - Berkeley, November 20, 2008.
1049. Jez, Su Jin
The Differential Impact of Wealth Versus Income in the College-Going Process
Research in Higher Education 55,7 (November 2014): 710-734.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-014-9332-0
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Colleges; Income; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

College is increasingly essential for economic and social mobility. Current research and public policy devotes significant attention to race, income, and socioeconomic factors in college access. Yet, wealth's role, as differentiated from income, is largely unexplored. This paper examines the differences between wealth and income in the college-going process, specifically applying to college, attending college, and what type of college attended (2-year, 4-year, and more or less selective). To examine these relationships, the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1997) is linked to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to create a nationally representative dataset. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions reveal that wealth is consistently more significant in the college choice process than income. Wealth's significance as a predictor for college application and attending a 2-year college versus no college disappears when controls for human capital, habitus, social capital, and cultural capital are added. However, wealth's significance persists for less selective and more selective 4-year college attendance, even after including these controls. K-12 and postsecondary institutions and policymakers, looking to level the playing field and make college more accessible, must address wealth's impact on the college-going process.
Bibliography Citation
Jez, Su Jin. "The Differential Impact of Wealth Versus Income in the College-Going Process." Research in Higher Education 55,7 (November 2014): 710-734.
1050. Ji, Yan
Essays on the Macroeconomic Implications of Financial Frictions
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017.
Also: https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/111365
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Debt/Borrowing; Job Search; Labor Market Outcomes; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This thesis consists of three chapters on the macroeconomic implications of financial frictions. The first chapter investigates the implications of student loan debt on labor market outcomes. I begin by analytically demonstrating that individuals under debt tend to search less and end up with lower-paid jobs. I then develop and estimate a quantitative model with college entry, borrowing, and job search using NLSY97 data to evaluate the proposed mechanism under the fixed repayment plan and the income-based repayment plan (IBR). My simulation suggests that the distortion of debt on job search decisions is large under the fixed repayment plan. IBR alleviates this distortion and improves welfare. In general equilibrium, debt alleviation achieved through IBR effectively offers a tuition subsidy that increases college entry and encourages firms to post more jobs, further improving welfare.
Bibliography Citation
Ji, Yan. Essays on the Macroeconomic Implications of Financial Frictions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017..
1051. Ji, Yan
Job Search under Debt: Aggregate Implications of Student Loans
Journal of Monetary Economics published online (11 May 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.05.002.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393220300672
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Job Search; Student Loans / Student Aid

A dynamic equilibrium model of schooling, borrowing, and job search is developed to quantify the aggregate implications of student loans. In my model, risk-averse agents under debt tend to search less and end up with lower-paid jobs. Calibrating the model using micro data, I show that student loans have significant effects on borrowers' job search decisions under the fixed repayment plan. The income-based repayment plan (IBR) largely alleviates the burden of debt repayment by insuring labor market outcomes, allowing borrowers to conduct a more adequate job search. In general equilibrium, IBR also increases social welfare by encouraging college attendance.
Bibliography Citation
Ji, Yan. "Job Search under Debt: Aggregate Implications of Student Loans." Journal of Monetary Economics published online (11 May 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.05.002.
1052. Jia, Chengye
Essays on Microeconometrics and Labor Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2021
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Racial Differences; Statistical Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Studies of income inequality and intergenerational income mobility have important implications for policy. This dissertation consists of three essays which are contribute to the statistical inference on measures of intergenerational income mobility and the application of distributional decomposition to income inequality. The first two chapters propose semiparametric distribution regression estimators to study the transition matrices and local rank-rank slopes which are two measures of intergenerational income mobility. The third chapter extend the Oaxaca-Bliner decomposition to the distributions of income gap between two groups of people. The first chapter, Inference on Counterfactual Transition Matrices, considers estimation and inference techniques for (i) conditional transition matrices -- transition matrices that are conditional on some vector of covariates, (ii) counterfactual transition matrices -- transition matrices that arise from holding fixed conditional transition matrices but adjusting the distribution of the covariates, and (iii) transition matrix average partial effects. Estimating conditional transition matrices is closely related to estimating conditional distribution functions, and we propose new semiparametric distribution regression estimators that may be of interest in other contexts as well. We also derive uniform inference results for transition matrices that allow researchers to account for issues such as multiple testing that naturally arise when estimating a transition matrix. We use our results to study differences in intergenerational mobility for black families and white families. In the application, we document large differences between the transition matrices of black and white families. We also show that these differences are partially, but not fully, explained by differences in the distributions of other family characteristics.

The second chapter, Semiparametric estimation of Local Rank-Rank Slopes, a local Rank-Rank slope which varies with parental rank and counterfactual Rank-Rank slope which adjusts for differences in the distribution of covariates. We develop new semiparametric distribution regression method to estimate those parameters. To make inference on different values of parental rank, we prove those estimators converge to Gaussian processes and build sup-t confidence bands by nonparametric bootstrap. In order to filter out some important observed characteristics, we sort the composition effects in an ascending order and propose classification analysis method, and also prove these converge to Gaussian processes. We apply our methods to study the differences in LRRS between cohort 79 and cohort 97. We show that the trend of LRRS of cohort 97 is very different from that of cohort 79 and find that children in cohort 97 which have larger composition effects are from higher income families, tend to be male and Nonblack and nonhispanic, and accept more years of education especially in advanced education. Also the difference in the parental education level after high school is unrelated to the composition effects across groups.

Bibliography Citation
Jia, Chengye. Essays on Microeconometrics and Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Temple University, 2021.
1053. Jia, Man
Essays on Human Capital, Expectations and Behaviors
Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeastern University, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior; Education; Expectations/Intentions; Health and Retirement Study (HRS); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Human Capital; Mortality; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While previous theoretical analysis suggests that racial differences in death rates might play an important role in explaining the black-white education gap in the U.S., there is little empirical research to test this implication. This paper estimates the extent to which differences in expected mortality risks prior to entering college can explain differences in adult educational attainment in the 2000s, using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). This study finds that the impact of mortality is not as important as suggested by prior research. Specifically, of the total black-white education gap (roughly 1.12 schooling years), only about 0.05 years or less can be attributed to differences in mortality expectations. As this study confirms, the role of self-reported mortality expectations in explaining black-white education gap is small, and the impacts of death expectations from actual death rates on education are statistically insignificant for reference groups.

The second chapter examines whether individuals are likely to alter personal health-related behaviors once they increase their subjective longevity expectations. To determine if there is a relationship between health behaviors and longevity beliefs, I test one of implications of the Cutler-Glaeser (2009) smoking decision model, which suggests that nonsmokers whose expected survival probabilities have increased are unlikely to start smoking. This study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is conducted every two years, from 1992 to 2010 (Waves 1-10). Specifically, the HRS data show that a certain share (2.13%) of nonsmokers at Wave t-1 whose subjective expected longevity beliefs increased across two waves did start smoking at Wave t. This small percentage is close to the fraction of new smokers who have steady or decreased survival beliefs (1.99% and 2.19%, respectively). This finding also holds true for other behaviors including heavy drinking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Thus, the findings I present based on the HRS data contrasts with the Cutler-Glaeser model.

Using scores from the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), Herrnstein and Murray (1994) reported that intelligence can be a powerful predictor of a range of outcomes related to social behaviors (e.g., incarceration, marriage, out-of-wedlock birth, low birth weight and poverty). In contrast, a recent study found that measured intelligence using the same AFQT scores played a considerably smaller role on an important socioeconomic indicator, namely, hourly wages as measured from 2000 to 2010. My third paper attempts to replicate the Herrnstein and Murray study using a different data set, the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to look into several behaviorally-related social outcomes. The main finding is that, in general, the role of AFQT scores in predicting social behaviors has not substantially changed over the last 20 years. I provide a few possible explanations for this finding.

Bibliography Citation
Jia, Man. Essays on Human Capital, Expectations and Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northeastern University, 2012.
1054. Jiang, Dezhi
Three Essays Examining the Effects of Labor Market Conditions on College Enrollment and Completion
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northern Illinois University, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Degree; College Enrollment; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Economic Changes/Recession

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research explores the causal effects of labor market conditions on college enrollment and attainment of high school graduates and answers the following questions: Does leaving high school in unfavorable labor market conditions cause a higher probability of college enrollment? Is this effect different between gender and across racial/ethnic groups? Does this effect vary regarding cognitive ability? Does this effect change over cohorts/generations? And does the positive effect on college enrollment in the short run translate into a positive effect on college degree attainment later?

The analysis that uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) data suggests that unfavorable labor market conditions at the time of leaving high school increase college enrollment one year after high school. The analysis that uses the Current Population Survey (CPS) data shows this effect has varied significantly over cohorts/generations of the past 40 years. The empirical results from analyzing the NLSY97 also indicate that the positive impact on college enrollment in the short run also translates into positive effects on achieving more educational attainment, either in terms of completing more years of college or attaining a college degree six years after high school. Overall, these effects are not strongly heterogeneous between the sexes; however, these effects are highly disproportional across race/ethnicity and ability subgroups.

Bibliography Citation
Jiang, Dezhi. Three Essays Examining the Effects of Labor Market Conditions on College Enrollment and Completion. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Northern Illinois University, 2022.
1055. Jiang, Shengjun
Essays on College Major, College Curriculum, and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Graduates; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Gender Differences; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Job Characteristics; Job Satisfaction; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupations; Wage Effects; Wage Gap; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the first chapter, I estimate wage effects of double majors and double degrees among a sample of college graduates in their early career, using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). I rely on selection on observables and control for individuals’ test scores, family background, and school characteristics when estimating the wage effects. I further consider whether wage effects of a double major/degree can be explained by two mechanisms: the "skill-enhancing" effect (increase in the depth of knowledge accumulated in college) and the "job-matching" effect (increase in the chance of working in an occupation that is more closely related to one's college major). I examine whether estimated wage effects associated with a double major/degree (after controlling for confounding factors) decrease as a result of controlling for the depth of knowledge accumulated in college and the relatedness between college major and occupation. I find that having a double major does not make a significant difference in one's early-career post-college wages. A double degree is estimated to be associated with a 0.088 increase in log wages after controlling for confounding factors. About a third of this effect can be explained by a combination of both the "skill-enhancing" and "job-matching" effects. In the second chapter, I use the NLSY97 to study whether being mismatched in the first job (meaning the individual's occupation is not among the common occupations to which his/her college major typically leads) has a long-lasting effect on wages. I also investigate wage growth and job change patterns for different types of mismatched workers. I distinguish between demand-side mismatch due to job dissatisfaction and supply-side mismatch due to reasons other than reported job dissatisfaction. I find that both types of mismatched workers have significantly lower wages compared to matched workers, but that demand-side mismatched workers face a larger wage penalty than do supply-side mismatched workers. However, the wage penalty associated with demand-side mismatch reduces about 1.6 times as fast as does the penalty of supply-side mismatch as labor market experience increases. The result is that the estimated log-wage effect of mismatch virtually disappears in six years for both demand-side and supply-side mismatched workers, even though the former face a large wage penalty at the outset. Further, I show that demand-side mismatched workers tend to have more between-job mobility and between-job wage growth than matched workers, whereas supply-side mismatched workers tend to have more within-job mobility and within-job wage growth than matched workers. Overall, job mobility and subsequent wage growth contribute to the closure of the wage gap between matched and mismatched workers. My findings support predictions stemming from the job match literature that wage effects of first-job mismatches are not long-lasting. In the last chapter, I use NLSY97 data to determine the extent to which detailed measures of college-related factors, based on course credits and grades earned in different fields of study, explain the gender wage gap among college graduates in their early career. I start with a standard set of controls and then add my detailed measures of college-related factors to identify the increase in the explained gender wage gap. A decomposition of the gender wage gap reveals that the inclusion of detailed measures of college-related factors along with the standard set of controls increases the explained part of the estimated gender wage gap from 65.6% to 69.1%-77.8%. Among all the pre-market factors, detailed measures of college-related factors have the most explanatory power to the estimated gender wage gap (28.5%-39.1%). My findings imply that gender differences in credits and grades earned in different fields of study capture additional gender differences in skills that cannot be fully represented by gender differences in other factors such as college major and occupation. Compared to gender differences in college major and general academic achievement, gender differences in credits and grades earned in different fields of study are better pre-market measures for differences in skills between college-educated men and women.
Bibliography Citation
Jiang, Shengjun. Essays on College Major, College Curriculum, and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2019.
1056. Johar, Meliyanni
Truong, Jeffrey
Direct and Indirect Effect of Depression in Adolescence on Adult Wages
Applied Economics 46,36 (December 2014): 4431-4444.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2014.962227#.VFjpSWN2Rlc
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Health, Mental/Psychological; Labor Market Outcomes; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages

It is well recognized that a depressive mental state can persist for a long time, and this can adversely impact labour market outcomes. The aim of this article is to examine the direct association between depression status in late-teenage years and adult wages, as well as the indirect association, operating through accumulated education, experience and occupation choice. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data, we find adolescent depression is associated with a wage penalty of around 10-15%, but its mechanics are very different for males and females. For males, about three quarters of the wage penalty is through the direct channel, whilst for females the indirect effect channel is dominant. The indirect channel is driven by lower accumulated education, mostly because depression discourages further study post high school. These results are important because they imply that the association between adolescent depression and wages is stronger than has been estimated in previous cross-sectional studies.
Bibliography Citation
Johar, Meliyanni and Jeffrey Truong. "Direct and Indirect Effect of Depression in Adolescence on Adult Wages." Applied Economics 46,36 (December 2014): 4431-4444.
1057. Johnson, Eric
Reynolds, C. Lockwood
The Effect of Household Hospitalizations on the Educational Attainment of Youth
Economics of Education Review 37 (December 2013): 165-182.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775713001271
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Hospitalization; Household Influences

We utilize data from the NLSY97 to investigate the effect of week-long hospitalizations of household members on the educational attainment of youth. These significant household health events could result in a combination of financial and time constraints on the household, limiting the educational opportunities available to survey respondents. We find that household hospitalizations lead to reductions in the likelihood of completing high school, attending college and completing a bachelor's degree. These negative effects are disproportionately experienced by male respondents. Respondents with higher pre-hospitalization ability appear to be insulated from these health events. Birth-order and the gender composition of siblings also appear to play a role. We find that the oldest children in the household bear the burden of a hospitalization, substantially lowering the educational attainment of these respondents, while insulating their younger siblings. Similarly, the presence of a brother appears to insulate respondents from the negative impacts of household hospitalizations.
Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Eric and C. Lockwood Reynolds. "The Effect of Household Hospitalizations on the Educational Attainment of Youth." Economics of Education Review 37 (December 2013): 165-182.
1058. Johnson, Janna
Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam
Changing Patterns of Geographic Mobility and the Labor Market for Young Adults
Journal of Labor Economics 37,S1 (January 2019): S199-S241.
Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/700887
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Labor Market Outcomes; Migration; Mobility

We assess changing patterns of migration and their association with labor outcomes for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the NLSY. Although the long-distance migration rate is lower in the 1997 cohort, we find that migration fell mostly because return migration fell. We uncover little difference in patterns of selection into migration in the two cohorts, little difference in correlation between migration and labor market outcomes, and little evidence in either cohort of a positive labor market return to migration. Our findings suggest that reductions in geographic mobility do not explain the poor recent labor market performance of young adults.
Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Janna and Sam Schulhofer-Wohl. "Changing Patterns of Geographic Mobility and the Labor Market for Young Adults." Journal of Labor Economics 37,S1 (January 2019): S199-S241.
1059. Johnson, Janna
Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam
Understanding the Labor Market Returns to Mobility for Young Workers
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Young workers are not doing well in the current U.S. economy. In fact, youth labor market outcomes have declined steadily relative to those of their older peers for over 30 years. Over the same period, variation in labor market conditions across cities has increased, while spatial mobility rates of young people have fallen. To attempt to reconcile this puzzling combination, we will compare the mobility and economic outcomes of the two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY): the 1979 (individuals born 1957-65) and 1997 (born 1981-85). We expect to find that young workers in the NLSY97 move at a lower rate to high wage and employment areas than those in the NLSY79. We will investigate whether this is due to changes in relative wage gains and/or migration costs, as well as identify the underlying reasons behind the falling mobility of young workers. Note: Also presented at Washington DC, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2016 and at Chicago ASSA/AEA Annual Meeting, January 2017.
Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Janna and Sam Schulhofer-Wohl. "Understanding the Labor Market Returns to Mobility for Young Workers." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1060. Johnson, Katherine A.
Tyler, Kimberly A.
Adolescent Sexual Onset: An Intergenerational Analysis
Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36,7 (October 2007): 939-949.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p86412573k14132m/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Intercourse; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Adolescents have begun to initiate sexual activity at increasingly early ages in the past few decades. Using a sample of 2,494 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), structural and parental process variables were examined in the prediction of sexual onset. Results indicated that the age at which youth initiate sexual intercourse is related to the structural characteristics of their grandmothers and mothers, as well as puberty, gender, and race. There is support for partial mediation of the effects of these grandmother characteristics via mother characteristics and parental process. Results are discussed within the framework of the life course perspective and provide support for the importance of previous generations in the explanation of adolescent sexual behavior. Implications for families and adolescents are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Youth & Adolescence is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)

Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Katherine A. and Kimberly A. Tyler. "Adolescent Sexual Onset: An Intergenerational Analysis ." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36,7 (October 2007): 939-949.
1061. Johnson, Matthew T.
Borrowing Constraints, College Enrollment, and Delayed Entry
Journal of Labor Economics 31,4 (October 2013): 669-725.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669964
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Assistance; High School Completion/Graduates; Tuition

In this article, I propose and estimate a dynamic model of education, borrowing, and work decisions of high school graduates. I examine the effect of relaxing borrowing constraints on educational attainment by simulating increases in the amount students are permitted to borrow from government-sponsored loan programs. My results indicate that borrowing constraints have a small impact on attainment: the removal of education-related borrowing constraints raises bachelor’s degree completion by 2.4 percentage points. Tuition subsidies are necessary to obtain larger increases: I find that higher subsidies for average-ability students are the most cost effective targeted tuition subsidies.
Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Matthew T. "Borrowing Constraints, College Enrollment, and Delayed Entry." Journal of Labor Economics 31,4 (October 2013): 669-725.
1062. Johnson, Royel Montel
Measuring the Influence of Juvenile Arrest on the Odds of Four-Year College Enrollment for Black Males: An NLSY Analysis
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Educational Studies, The Ohio State University, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: The Ohio State University
Keyword(s): Arrests; Black Youth; College Enrollment; Criminal Justice System

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Black male youth make up 16% of all public school students in the United States, though they constitute 31% of all juvenile arrests. Very little is known from research about the long-term consequences for such contact on their odds of college enrollment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the relationship between Black males' early contact with the criminal justice system through arrest on their probability of enrolling in a four-year college, using a nationally representative sample of approximately 1100 Black males who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1997). Survey data were analyzed using descriptive, chi-square, and hierarchical binomial logistic regression techniques. Results expose pervasive limits on Black males' college-going, reveal the statistically significant influence of early arrest on college entry, and have far-reaching implications for research, policy, and outreach.
Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Royel Montel. Measuring the Influence of Juvenile Arrest on the Odds of Four-Year College Enrollment for Black Males: An NLSY Analysis. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Educational Studies, The Ohio State University, 2015.
1063. Johnson, Royel Montel
Measuring the Influence of Juvenile Arrest on the Odds of Four-Year College Enrollment for Black Males: An NLSY Analysis
Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men 4,1 (Autumn 2015): 49-72.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/spectrum.4.1.04
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Keyword(s): Arrests; Black Youth; College Enrollment; Criminal Justice System

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Black youth make up just 16% of public school students in the United States, though they constitute 31% of all juvenile arrests, with Black males outnumbering females. Very little is known from research about the long-term consequences of such contact on their odds of college enrollment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between Black males' early contact with the criminal justice system through arrest and their probability of enrolling in a four-year college using a nationally representative sample of approximately 1,100 Black males who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1997). Survey data were analyzed using descriptive, chi-square, and hierarchical binomial logistic regression techniques. Results expose pervasive limits on Black males' college enrollment, reveal the statistically significant influence of early arrest on college entry, and have far-reaching implications for research, policy, and outreach.
Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Royel Montel. "Measuring the Influence of Juvenile Arrest on the Odds of Four-Year College Enrollment for Black Males: An NLSY Analysis." Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men 4,1 (Autumn 2015): 49-72.
1064. Johnson, Wilfred Eleazor Ii
Which Demographic, Social, and Environmental Factors Are Associated with the Eating Habits and Exercise Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Ethnic Differences; Exercise; Health Factors; Minorities; Physical Activity (see also Exercise); Racial Differences; Social Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research focused on the factors that contribute to the practice of health promoting behaviors by racial and ethnic minority adolescents has been limited and inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to identify a subset of factors, including demographic, social, and environmental factors that are highly correlated with differences in the eating habits and exercise patterns of racial and ethnic minority adolescents. The study is of public health significance as the results may be used to improve the methods and strategies currently in practice to reduce and eliminate the disparities in health for racial and ethnic minorities.

The sample was drawn from the final sample size for the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort, which numbered 8,984. The study tested the hypothesis that differences in health-promoting behaviors among racial and ethnic minority groups are related to differences in the associations between the influential factors and the health-promoting behavior by racial and ethnic minority group. Body Mass Index was used to measure adolescent health promoting behaviors such as diet and exercise. Multiple imputation and univariate forward stepwise multiple regression analyses found that associations between demographic, social, and environmental factors and the eating habits and exercise patterns of minority adolescents varied by racial and ethnic minority subpopulation.

Study results suggest that policies, programs, and research intent on reducing and/or eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities must capture, analyze, and evaluate information at the racial and ethnic subpopulation level to capture differences between subpopulations. A small sample size due to the removal of non-respondents, the exclusion of health promoting behavior variables from the study due to high non-response rates, and the exclusion of some racial and ethnic subpopulations due to inadequate numbers all served as limitations of the study. Future resear ch should further study the differential impact of the various factors included in the present study, as well as those not examined here, on the dietary and exercise habits of several racial and ethnic adolescent subpopulations and use the findings to inform research, policy and program efforts to reduce and eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities.

Bibliography Citation
Johnson, Wilfred Eleazor Ii. Which Demographic, Social, and Environmental Factors Are Associated with the Eating Habits and Exercise Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minority Adolescents. Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2010.
1065. Jokela, Markus
Religiosity, Psychological Distress, and Wellbeing: Evaluating Familial Confounding with Multicohort Sibling Data
American Journal of Epidemiology published online (16 November 2021): DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab276/6429428.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/aje/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aje/kwab276/6429428
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; Depression (see also CESD); Family Background and Culture; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Mid-Life in the United States (MIDUS); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Religious Influences; Siblings; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Several studies have associated religiosity with better mental health, but these studies have only partially addressed the problem of confounding. The current study pooled data from multiple cohort studies with siblings to examine whether associations between religiosity and mental health are confounded by familial factors (i.e., shared family background and siblings' shared genetics). Data were collected between 1982 and 2017. Mental health was assessed with self-reported psychological distress (including depressive symptoms) and psychological wellbeing. Religious attendance was associated with lower psychological distress (B=-0.14 standard-deviation difference between weekly vs never attendance, CI=-0.19, -0.09; n=24,598 pairs) and this was attenuated by almost half in the sibling analysis (B=-0.08, CI=-0.13, -0.04). Religious attendance was also related to higher wellbeing (B=0.29, CI=0.09, 0.50; n=3,728 pairs) and this estimate remained unchanged in sibling analysis. Results were similar for religiousness. The findings suggest that previous longitudinal studies may have overestimated the association between religiosity and psychological distress, as the sibling estimate was only one-third of the previously reported meta-analytic association (standardized correlation -0.03 vs -0.08).
Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus. "Religiosity, Psychological Distress, and Wellbeing: Evaluating Familial Confounding with Multicohort Sibling Data." American Journal of Epidemiology published online (16 November 2021): DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab276/6429428.
1066. Jokela, Markus
Laakasuo, Michael
Health Trajectories of Individuals Who Quit Active Religious Attendance: Analysis of Four Prospective Cohort Studies in the United States
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology published online (07 June 2023).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02497-x
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Health Behaviors; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Religion; Religious Attendance

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Purpose: To examine whether trajectories of health (depressive symptoms, psychological wellbeing, self-rated health, and body mass index) and health behaviors (smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and cannabis use) changed for individuals who first reported at least monthly religious attendance and then in subsequent study waves reported no active religious attendance.

Methods: Data were from four cohort studies from the United States collected between 1996 and 2018: National Longitudinal Survey of 1997 (NLSY1997); National Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults (NLSY-YA); Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID-TA); and Health and Retirement Study (HRS) with a total n = 6592 individuals and 37,743 person-observations.

Results: None of the 10-year trajectories of health or health behaviors changed for the worse after the change from active to inactive religious attendance. Instead, the adverse trends were observed already during the time of active religious attendance.

Conclusion: These results suggest that religious disengagement is a correlate—not a cause—of a life course characterized by poorer health and health behaviors. The religious decline caused by people leaving their religion is unlikely to influence population health.

Bibliography Citation
Jokela, Markus and Michael Laakasuo. "Health Trajectories of Individuals Who Quit Active Religious Attendance: Analysis of Four Prospective Cohort Studies in the United States." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology published online (07 June 2023).
1067. Jones-Sanpei, Hinckley A.
Day, Randal D.
Holmes, Erin K.
Core Family Process Measures in the NLSY97: Variation by Gender, Race, Income, and Family Structure
Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 140-167.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01494920902733468
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Family Process Measures; Family Studies; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Marital Status; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Single

This article uses data from the NLSY97 to provide a descriptive portrait of core family process measures--family routines, parent-youth relationship, parental monitoring, control and autonomy in parenting adolescents, parenting style, and the parents' marital relationship. This research contributes to our understanding of how family processes vary by gender, race, household income, and family structure. The comparisons were performed using analysis of variance. We found that adolescents with single mothers reported fewer family routines; adolescents reported better relationships with their mothers than their fathers; and adolescents reported less control over limit setting than their parents reported but reported more limit breaking than their parents. Finally, most adolescents reported their parents had an authoritative parenting style. Other findings with respect to gender, race, and income, as well as some interaction effects, were also indicated by the analysis.

Copyright of Marriage & Family Review is the property of Haworth Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliography Citation
Jones-Sanpei, Hinckley A., Randal D. Day and Erin K. Holmes. "Core Family Process Measures in the NLSY97: Variation by Gender, Race, Income, and Family Structure." Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 140-167.
1068. Jones-Sanpei, Hinckley A.
Day, Randal D.
Holmes, Erin K.
van Langeveld, Alisa
Family Process Variables in the NLSY97: A Primer
Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 129-139.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01494920902733393
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Family Income; Family Process Measures; Family Structure; Gender; Racial Differences; Sample Selection; Siblings

The current report addresses several issues regarding family process measures in the NLSY97. We draw particular attention to the numerous sampling strategies available, the strengths and weaknesses of each strategy, the nature of missingness among variables dependent on sampling strategy, and the issue of nonindependence associated with sibling respondents in some, but not all, families sampled. We also include a description of four key variables created to describe variations in the family process measures by gender, race, family income, and family structure.

Copyright of Marriage & Family Review is the property of Haworth Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliography Citation
Jones-Sanpei, Hinckley A., Randal D. Day, Erin K. Holmes and Alisa van Langeveld. "Family Process Variables in the NLSY97: A Primer." Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 129-139.
1069. Jones-Sanpei, Hinckley A.
Holmes, Erin K.
Day, Randal D.
Family Process Environmental Measures in the NLSY97: Variation by Race and Socioeconomic Conditions
Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 168–188.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01494920902733484
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Family Environment; Racial Differences; Religious Influences; Risk-Taking

This article uses data from the NLSY97 to provide a descriptive portrait of family environmental indices—family/home risk, physical environment risk, enriching environments for youth, and family religious practices. The report includes a brief overview of the literature on risk, resilience, and protective factors as they relate to family processes, detailed information about the indices related to family/home risk, physical environment risk, enriching environments for youth, and family religious practices, as well as variations in each of these indices by adolescent gender, race, family income, and family structure. The comparisons were performed using analysis of variance to control for group differences. Results show that White adolescents reported fewer environmental risks and more protective factors than African American adolescents. Parents of African American adolescents reported higher religiosity than parents of Hispanic or White adolescents. Other findings with respect to gender, race, and income, as well as some interaction effects, were also indicated by the analysis.

Copyright of Marriage & Family Review is the property of Haworth Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliography Citation
Jones-Sanpei, Hinckley A., Erin K. Holmes and Randal D. Day. "Family Process Environmental Measures in the NLSY97: Variation by Race and Socioeconomic Conditions." Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 168–188. A.
1070. Jordan, Jeffrey L.
Kostandini, Genti
Mykerezi, Elton
Rural and Urban High School Dropout Rates: Are They Different?
Journal of Research in Rural Education 27,12 (2012): .
Also: http://www.jrre.psu.edu/articles/27-12.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Penn State University Center on Rural Education and Communities
Keyword(s): Assets; Dropouts; Geocoded Data; High School Completion/Graduates; Parental Influences; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study estimates the high school dropout rate in rural and urban areas, the determinants of dropping out, and whether the differences in graduation rates have changed over time. We use geocoded data from two nationally representative panel household surveys (NLSY 97 and NLSY 79) and a novel methodology that corrects for biases in graduation rates (Heckman and La Fontaine, 2010). Our findings suggest that high school graduation rates are very similar across the rural-urban continuum in the early 2000s, and they are lower by 3 percentage points compared to the 1980s, with the decline experienced uniformly across the rural-urban continuum. We find that gender, family assets, the presence of biological parents, and maternal attributes appear to be the main determinants of graduation and influence graduation in a similar way across both urban and rural areas. For years, the research literature has looked at various issues from a perspective of determining how rural and urban areas are different with regard to high school dropout rates. We suggest that once family attributes are accounted for differences in rural and urban areas are small and narrowing.
Bibliography Citation
Jordan, Jeffrey L., Genti Kostandini and Elton Mykerezi. "Rural and Urban High School Dropout Rates: Are They Different? ." Journal of Research in Rural Education 27,12 (2012): .
1071. Joshi, Prathibha V.
Beck, Kris A.
Nsiah, Christian
Student Characteristics Affecting the Decision to Enroll in a Community College: Economic Rationale
Community College Journal of Research and Practice 33,10 (October 2009): 805-822.
Also: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/35385971-3612364/content~db=all~content=a914111976~tab=content~order=page
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Routledge ==> Taylor & Francis (1998)
Keyword(s): Academic Development; College Education; College Enrollment; Employment, In-School; Family Background and Culture; Family Income; School Performance

This study employed a probit model to examine determinants of U.S. college students' choice of attendance at two-year community colleges compared to a four-year college. The empirical work was based on the latest National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). The set of explanatory variables included academic performance, students' involvement in work outside of school, family characteristics, and demographic variables. The marginal effects indicate that students choosing to go to a community college compared to a four-year college are more likely to work longer hours when in college, have lower academic performance, and come from lower income family background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Community College Journal of Research & Practice is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliography Citation
Joshi, Prathibha V., Kris A. Beck and Christian Nsiah. "Student Characteristics Affecting the Decision to Enroll in a Community College: Economic Rationale ." Community College Journal of Research and Practice 33,10 (October 2009): 805-822.
1072. Joyce, Mary
Neumark, David B.
An Introduction to School-to-Work Programs in the NLSY97: How Prevalent Are They, and Which Youths Do They Serve?
NBER Working Paper No. 7733, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2000.
Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7733
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): High School; High School Completion/Graduates; Schooling; Work Experience

In the wake of the 1994 School-to-Work Opportunities Act (STWOA), we introduce and study two new data sources to estimate the extent to which school-to-work programs have been implemented in U.S. high schools, and the extent to which high school students are participating in these programs. The first data source, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97), provides information directly form students on whether they participated in these programs. The second source, the 1996 School Administrators\'s Survey, was administered to schools attended by NLSY97 interviewees, and provides information directly from schools on whether they offered any school-to-work programs. Findings from the 1996 School Administrator\'s Survey show that school-to-work programs are commonly offered, with over 60 percent of schools providing at least one such program. Findings from the NLSY97 show that a fair number of high school students participate in school-to-work programs, with about 38 percent of students reporting participation in at least one program. The findings concerning whether schools with disadvantaged student populations are more likely to offer school-to-work programs, or whether less-advantaged students are more likely to participate in these programs, are mixed.
Bibliography Citation
Joyce, Mary and David B. Neumark. "An Introduction to School-to-Work Programs in the NLSY97: How Prevalent Are They, and Which Youths Do They Serve?" NBER Working Paper No. 7733, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2000.
1073. Joyce, Mary
Neumark, David B.
School-To-Work Programs: Information from Two Surveys
Monthly Labor Review 124,8 (August 2001): 38-50.
Also: http://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/08/art5abs.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; High School; Transition, School to Work; Transitional Programs

Data from the 1996 School Administrator's Survey show that three-fifths of US high schools offer school-to-work programs, while data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey show that nearly two-fifths of students participate in such programs; also, public high school students and those who work are more likely tol participate in school-to-work programs.
Bibliography Citation
Joyce, Mary and David B. Neumark. "School-To-Work Programs: Information from Two Surveys." Monthly Labor Review 124,8 (August 2001): 38-50.
1074. Joyner, Kara
Carmalt, Julie H.
Dunifon, Rachel
Parenting in Vain? Stepfather Influences on Early Transitions to Parenthood
Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=91119
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, we examine the influence of resident fathers' parenting style on early transitions to parenthood. Results differ by gender and for those living with biological vs. stepfathers. We find, overall, fewer family-based predictors of early parenthood for boys, compared to girls, and for those living with a stepfather, compared to those living with a biological father. For girls, having an uninvolved mother or an authoritarian father is associated with an increased risk of early parenthood, but only for those living with a biological father. For boys, there were no effects of maternal parenting style on early parenthood. However, having an uninvolved biological father was associated with an increased risk in early fertility, while the opposite effect was observed for stepfathers, such that having an uninvolved stepfather was associated with a reduced risk of early birth.
Bibliography Citation
Joyner, Kara, Julie H. Carmalt and Rachel Dunifon. "Parenting in Vain? Stepfather Influences on Early Transitions to Parenthood." Presented: Detroit MI, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2009.
1075. Joyner, Kara
Cawley, John
Sobal, Jeffery
Relationships Between Obesity, Romantic Involvement, and Sexual Behavior in Adolescents
Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004.
Also: http://paa2004.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.asp?submissionId=40734
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Contraception; Dating; Fertility; Obesity; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The role of body weight in affecting a host of fertility-related behaviors, including dating, intercourse, contraceptive use, and pregnancy, has been little studied by demographers. This is surprising given the importance to adolescents of appearance in general and weight in particular. Because of the stigmatization of obesity, we hypothesized that heavier boys and girls are less likely to date and have sex than healthy-weight adolescents. We examined these relationships using two large, nationally representative data sets: the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97). Overall, our results confirm our prediction that heavier adolescents, especially girls, are less likely to become romantically involved, to date, and to have sex.
Bibliography Citation
Joyner, Kara, John Cawley and Jeffery Sobal. "Relationships Between Obesity, Romantic Involvement, and Sexual Behavior in Adolescents." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004.
1076. Joyner, Kara
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Hynes, Kathryn
Sikora, Asia
Taber, Jamie Rubenstein
Rendall, Michael S.
The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys
Demography 49,1 (February 2012): 101-124.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/n52u383172070883/
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Census of Population; Data Quality/Consistency; Fathers; Fathers, Biological; Fertility; Methods/Methodology; Monte Carlo; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Researchers continue to question fathers’ willingness to report their biological children in surveys and the ability of surveys to adequately represent fathers. To address these concerns, this study evaluates the quality of men’s fertility data in the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97) and in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Comparing fertility rates in each survey with population rates based on data from Vital Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau, we document how the incomplete reporting of births in different surveys varies according to men’s characteristics, including their age, race, marital status, and birth cohort. In addition, we use Monte Carlo simulations based on the NSFG data to demonstrate how birth underreporting biases associations between early parenthood and its antecedents. We find that in the NSFG, roughly four out of five early births were reported; but in the NLSY79 and NLSY97, almost nine-tenths of early births were reported. In all three surveys, incomplete reporting was especially pronounced for nonmarital births. Our results suggest that the quality of male fertility data is strongly linked to survey design and that it has implications for models of early male fertility.
Bibliography Citation
Joyner, Kara, H. Elizabeth Peters, Kathryn Hynes, Asia Sikora, Jamie Rubenstein Taber and Michael S. Rendall. "The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys ." Demography 49,1 (February 2012): 101-124.
1077. Joyner, Kara
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Sikora, Asia
Hynes, Kathryn
Rubenstein, Jamie C.
The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys
Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Age at Birth; Census of Population; Data Quality/Consistency; Ethnic Differences; Fatherhood; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fertility; Marital Status; Methods/Methodology; Monte Carlo; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Researchers continue to question fathers' willingness to report their biological children in surveys, and the ability of surveys to adequately represent them. To address these concerns, this study evaluates the quality of men's fertility data in the 1979 and 1997 Cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97), and in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Comparing fertility rates in each survey to population rates based on the data from the National Center for Health Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau, we document how the undercount of births to men in different surveys varies according to several of their characteristics, including their age, race/ethnicity, marital status, and birth cohort. In addition, we use Monte Carlo simulations based on the NSFG data to demonstrate how birth undercounting biases associations between early parenthood and its antecedents.
Bibliography Citation
Joyner, Kara, H. Elizabeth Peters, Asia Sikora, Kathryn Hynes and Jamie C. Rubenstein. "The Quality of Male Fertility Data in Major U.S. Surveys." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010.
1078. Jungkunz, Sebastian
Marx, Paul
Income Changes Do Not Influence Political Involvement in Panel Data from Six Countries
European Journal of Political Research published online (5 November 2021): DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12495.
Also: https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6765.12495
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; General Social Survey (GSS); German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Income; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Swiss Household Panel; Voting Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The income gradient in political participation is a widely accepted stylized fact. Based on nine panel datasets from six countries, this research note asks whether income changes trigger short-term effects on political involvement. Irrespective of indicator, specification, and method (hybrid random-effects models, fixed-effects models with lags and leads, and error-correction models) there are few significant short-term effects of income changes. In conjunction with earlier research, this finding suggests that the income gradient in political participation is likely to reflect stable differences between rich and poor voters emerging early in the life-course.
Bibliography Citation
Jungkunz, Sebastian and Paul Marx. "Income Changes Do Not Influence Political Involvement in Panel Data from Six Countries." European Journal of Political Research published online (5 November 2021): DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12495.
1079. Jungkunz, Sebastian
Marx, Paul
Income Changes Do Not Influence Political Participation: Evidence from Comparative Panel Data
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14198, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), March 2021.
Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp14198.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): British Household Panel Survey (BHPS); Cross-national Analysis; General Social Survey (GSS); German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Household Income; Income; Life Cycle Research; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parental Influences; Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Swiss Household Panel

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The income gradient in political participation is a widely accepted stylized fact. This article asks how income effects on political involvement unfold over time. Using nine panel datasets from six countries, it analyzes whether income changes have short-term effects on political involvement, whether effects vary across the life-cycle, and whether parental income has an independent influence. Irrespective of indicator, specification, and method (hybrid models, inclusion of lags and leads, error-correction models), we find neither significant short-term effects of income changes nor life-cycle variation in these effects. However, parental income does seem to affect political socialization. Descriptive evidence and latent-growth-curve modeling based on household panels show that participatory inequality by parental income is already large before voting age. Poorer voters do not catch up with their richer peers in their twenties. This implies an urgent need for research on (political) inequality in youth and childhood.
Bibliography Citation
Jungkunz, Sebastian and Paul Marx. "Income Changes Do Not Influence Political Participation: Evidence from Comparative Panel Data." IZA Discussion Paper No. 14198, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), March 2021.
1080. Junker, Brian
Schofield, Lynne Steuerle
Taylor, Lowell J.
The Use of Cognitive Ability Measures as Explanatory Variables in Regression Analysis
IZA Journal of Labor Economics 1,4 (October 2012): .
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2193-8997-1-4
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Differences; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Cognitive ability measures are often taken as explanatory variables in regression analysis, e.g., as a factor affecting a market outcome such as an individual’s wage, or a decision such as an individual’s education acquisition. Cognitive ability is a latent construct; its true value is unobserved. Nonetheless, researchers often assume that a test score, constructed via standard psychometric practice from individuals’ responses to test items, can be safely used in regression analysis. We examine problems that can arise, and suggest that an alternative approach, a “mixed effects structural equations” (MESE) model, may be more appropriate in many circumstances.
Bibliography Citation
Junker, Brian, Lynne Steuerle Schofield and Lowell J. Taylor. "The Use of Cognitive Ability Measures as Explanatory Variables in Regression Analysis." IZA Journal of Labor Economics 1,4 (October 2012): .
1081. Jurinsky, Jordan
Christie-Mizell, C. André
Variation by Race/Ethnicity-Gender in the Relationship Between Arrest History and Alcohol Use
Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research published online (07 March 2024).
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acer.15285
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Alcohol Use, Impact on Health; Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Health Behaviors; Race/Ethnicity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Alcohol use contributes to the national burden of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Arrest, as a unique form of criminal justice system involvement, may be related to alcohol use from adolescence to adulthood. This study investigates the relationship between arrest and alcohol use across race/ethnicity-gender (R/E-G) status (e.g., Black, Latinx, and White men and women) as youth age.

Methods: Data from 17 waves (1997–2015) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort (N = 8901) were used to explore how variation in R/E-G moderates the relationship between arrest history and alcohol use trajectories from 13 to 30 years old. Multilevel zero-inflated Poisson and Poisson regression were used to assess R/E-G variation in the relationship between arrest history and days of alcohol consumption, drinks per drinking occasion, and days of binge drinking after accounting for covariates, including incarceration.

Results: The findings indicate that an arrest history is associated with alcohol use, and these results varied by R/E-G status, age, and alcohol use outcome. Those with an arrest history reported more days of drinking than their counterparts without an arrest; yet, the magnitude and direction of average drinks per occasion and binge drinking days varied by R/E-G status and age. Paradoxically, Black men, Black women, and Latinx men with an arrest history reported fewer days of binge drinking as they aged than their counterparts without an arrest.

Conclusions: A history of arrest is important for alcohol use from adolescence to adulthood and varies by R/E-G status, age, and alcohol use outcome. This work confirms previous scholarship showing that arrest and alcohol use are socially patterned and R/E-G status is an essential consideration in understanding the relationship. Future work should include additional identities and health behaviors and the consequences related to alcohol use outcomes.

Bibliography Citation
Jurinsky, Jordan and C. André Christie-Mizell. "Variation by Race/Ethnicity-Gender in the Relationship Between Arrest History and Alcohol Use." Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research published online (07 March 2024).
1082. Kaestner, Robert
Grossman, Michael
Effects of Weight on Adolescent Educational Attainment
Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/Research/conferences/NLSYConf/pdf/kaestner.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Modeling; Obesity; Weight

In this paper, we investigate the association between weight and adolescent's educational attainment, as measured by highest grade attended, highest grade completed, and drop out status. Data for the study came from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which contains a large, national sample of teens between the ages of 14 and 18. We obtained estimates of the association between weight and educational attainment using several regression model specifications that controlled for a variety of observed characteristics. Our results suggest that, in general, teens that are overweight or obese have levels of attainment that are about the same as teens with average weight.
Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert and Michael Grossman. "Effects of Weight on Adolescent Educational Attainment." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
1083. Kaestner, Robert
Grossman, Michael
Yarnoff, Benjamin
Effects of Weight on Adolescent Educational Attainment
NBER Working Paper No. 14994, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009 (Revised September 2009).
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14994
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Obesity; Weight

In this paper, we investigate the association between weight and adolescent's educational attainment, as measured by highest grade attended, highest grade completed, and drop out status. Data for the study came from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), which contains a large, national sample of teens between the ages of 14 and 18. We obtained estimates of the association between weight and educational attainment using several regression model specifications that controlled for a variety of observed characteristics. Our results suggest that, in general, teens that are overweight or obese have levels of attainment that are about the same as teens with average weight.
Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert, Michael Grossman and Benjamin Yarnoff. "Effects of Weight on Adolescent Educational Attainment." NBER Working Paper No. 14994, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009 (Revised September 2009).
1084. Kaestner, Robert
Korenman, Sanders D.
O'Neill, June E.
Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 22,2 (Spring 2003): 225-248.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.10115/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Behavior; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Welfare; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts were used to compare welfare use, fertility, educational attainment, and marriage among teenage women in the years before and immediately following welfare reform. The first objective was to document differences between these cohorts in welfare use and outcomes and behavior correlated with entry into welfare and with future economic and social well-being. The second objective was to investigate the causal role of welfare reform in behavioral change. Significant differences were found between cohorts in welfare use and in outcomes related to welfare use. Furthermore, difference-in-differences estimates suggest that welfare reform has been associated with reduced welfare receipt, reduced fertility, and reduced marriage among young women who, because of a disadvantaged family background, are at high risk of welfare receipt. Finally, in the post-welfare reform era, teenage mothers are less likely to receive welfare and are more likely to live with at least one parent than in the pre-reform era. Establishing more definitively that welfare reform is responsible for these changes will require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright: 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert, Sanders D. Korenman and June E. O'Neill. "Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 22,2 (Spring 2003): 225-248.
1085. Kaestner, Robert
Lo Sasso, Anthony
Callison, Kevin
Yarnoff, Benjamin
Youth Employment and Substance Use
Social Science Research 42,1 (January 2013): 169-185.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12001585
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment, In-School; High School Employment; Minimum Wage; Monitoring the Future (MTF); Substance Use; Unemployment; Work Hours/Schedule

A significant portion of teens work while in school and the consequences of that work are of potential concern to society. While there is widespread support for combining work and school, and some evidence that employment has positive effects on youth development, previous research has revealed some potentially harmful consequences of employment among teens. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between teen employment and substance use. We extended this literature by studying two different cohorts of youth, and by exploiting arguably exogenous variation in youth employment and earnings caused by changes in minimum wages and the business cycle (unemployment). Estimates suggest that hours of work are positively associated with alcohol and cigarette use. However, if selection on unobserved variables were equal to selection on observed variables, these associations would be close to zero. With respect to the association between earnings and substance use, the evidence is less clear.
Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert, Anthony Lo Sasso, Kevin Callison and Benjamin Yarnoff. "Youth Employment and Substance Use." Social Science Research 42,1 (January 2013): 169-185.
1086. Kaestner, Robert
O'Neill, June E.
Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?
NBER Working Paper No. 8932, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2002.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8932
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Educational Attainment; Marital Status; Program Participation/Evaluation; Welfare

We use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts to compare welfare use, fertility rates, educational attainment, and marriage rates among teenage women in the years before and the years immediately following welfare reform. Our first objective is to document differences between these cohorts in welfare use and outcomes and behaviors correlated with 'entry' into welfare, and with future economic and social well-being. Our second objective is to investigate the causal role of welfare reform in behavioral change. We find significant differences between cohorts in welfare use and in outcomes related to welfare use. Further, difference-in-differences estimates suggest that welfare reform has been associated with reduced welfare receipt, reduced fertility, reduced marriage, and lower school drop-out among young women who, because of a disadvantaged family background, are at high risk of welfare receipt (relative to those at lower risk). Finally, in the post-welfare reform era, teenage mothers are less likely to receive welfare and are more likely to live with a spouse or to live with at least one parent than in the pre-reform era. Establishing definitively that welfare reform is responsible for these changes among teenagers will require further investigation.
Bibliography Citation
Kaestner, Robert and June E. O'Neill. "Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?" NBER Working Paper No. 8932, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2002.
1087. Kakade, Meghana
Duarte, Cristiane S.
Liu, Xinhua
Fuller, Cordelia J.
Drucker, Ernest
Hoven, Christina W.
Fan, Bin
Wu, Ping
Adolescent Substance Use and Other Illegal Behaviors and Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice System Involvement: Findings From a US National Survey
American Journal of Public Health 102,7 (July 2012): 1307-1310.
Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300699
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We used data from a national survey to examine arrest rate disparities between African American and White adolescents (aged 12–17 years; n = 6725) in relation to drug-related and other illegal behaviors. African American adolescents were less likely than Whites to have engaged in drug use or drug selling, but were more likely to have been arrested. Racial disparities in adolescent arrest appear to result from differential treatment of minority youths and to have long-term negative effects on the lives of affected African American youths.
Bibliography Citation
Kakade, Meghana, Cristiane S. Duarte, Xinhua Liu, Cordelia J. Fuller, Ernest Drucker, Christina W. Hoven, Bin Fan and Ping Wu. "Adolescent Substance Use and Other Illegal Behaviors and Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice System Involvement: Findings From a US National Survey." American Journal of Public Health 102,7 (July 2012): 1307-1310.
1088. Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie
Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff
Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students
BLS Working Papers No. 374, Bureau of Labor Statistics (DOL), Washington DC, July 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; College Education; Family Income; Part-Time Work; Schooling, Post-secondary; Transfers, Parental

College students may participate in market work to finance their college educations. Using data from the NLSY97, three hypotheses are tested. First, smaller parental transfers lead to more hours worked while in school. Second, an increase in the net price of schooling leads to an increase in hours worked. Finally, an increase in hours worked leads to a decrease in a student' GPA. The results indicate that the number of hours a student works per week is unaffected by the schooling-related financial variables and that the number of hours worked per week does not affect a student' GPA. (Abstract by the author.)

Revised several times: See for final http://www.bls.gov/ore/pdf/ec060130.pdf

Bibliography Citation
Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. "Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students." BLS Working Papers No. 374, Bureau of Labor Statistics (DOL), Washington DC, July 2004.
1089. Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie
Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff
Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students
BLS Working Papers No.410, Bureau of Labor Statistics (DOL), Washington DC, August 2006.
Also: http://www.bls.gov/ore/pdf/ec060130.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Academic Development; Achievement; College Education; Family Income; Part-Time Work; Schooling, Post-secondary; Transfers, Parental

Using nationally representative data from the NLSY97 and a simultaneous equations model, this paper analyzes the financial motivations for and the effects of employment on U.S. college students' academic performance. The data confirm the predictions of the theoretical model that lower parental transfers and greater costs of attending college increase the number of hours students work while in school, although students are not very responsive to these financial motivations. They also show that increased hours of work lead to lower grade point averages (GPAs), at least for students attending four-year colleges.
Bibliography Citation
Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. "Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students." BLS Working Papers No.410, Bureau of Labor Statistics (DOL), Washington DC, August 2006.
1090. Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie
Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff
Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students
Journal of Population Economics 23,2 (March 2010): 469-496.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-008-0221-8
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): College Cost; College Education; Educational Outcomes; Employment, In-School; Modeling; Transfers, Parental

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using nationally representative data from the NLSY97 and a simultaneous equations model, this paper analyzes the financial motivations for and the effects of employment on U.S. college students’ academic performance. The data confirm the predictions of the theoretical model that lower parental transfers and greater costs of attending college increase the number of hours students work while in school, although students are not very responsive to these financial motivations. They also provide some evidence that greater hours of work lead to lower grade point averages (GPAs).
Bibliography Citation
Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. "Parental Transfers, Student Achievement, and the Labor Supply of College Students." Journal of Population Economics 23,2 (March 2010): 469-496.
1091. Kalil, Ariel
Khalid, Salma
Accounting for the Intergenerational Elasticity of Education: Cognitive Ability, Socioeconomic Status, Non-Cognitive Skills and Home Environment
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Education; Home Environment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Noncognitive Skills; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper uses data from the NLSY97 (n= 3,459) to explore the intergenerational transmission of education from parents to their children and the factors that mediate this transmission. Children are initially observed in 1997 at ages 12-14, when measures of their cognitive abilities, family backgrounds, non-cognitive skills, and home environments are collected. Educational attainment is measured in 2007. We show a correlation of .43 between parents' and offsprings' years of education. Children's cognitive skills account for 29% of this association. However, when we expand our model to include family economic background, parents' and youth's efficacy and expectations, and measures of the home environment, we explain 60% of this correlation. Family economic background plays a comparatively greater role for less-educated families, whereas expectations figure prominently for higher-educated families. These findings are important insofar as resources, expectations, and home environments may be improved through targeted and effective child and education policy.
Bibliography Citation
Kalil, Ariel and Salma Khalid. "Accounting for the Intergenerational Elasticity of Education: Cognitive Ability, Socioeconomic Status, Non-Cognitive Skills and Home Environment." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.
1092. Kalist, David E.
Siahaan, Freddy
The Association of Obesity with the Likelihood of Arrest for Young Adults
Economics and Human Biology 11,1 (January 2013): 8-17.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X1200007X
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Arrests; Body Mass Index (BMI); Crime; Obesity; Weight

This paper examines whether obesity is associated with the likelihood of arrest. We hypothesize that obese individuals are less likely to commit crime and be arrested because their body weights may prevent them from successfully engaging in certain criminal activities, particularly those that are physically intensive. To test this hypothesis, we use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and panel data techniques and find that obesity is negatively related to arrest. In one specification, for example, we found that the odds of an obese man being arrested are 64 percent of those of a healthy weight man. The social costs of obesity may be overstated if obesity reduces the likelihood of arrest because the obese are less criminally active.
Bibliography Citation
Kalist, David E. and Freddy Siahaan. "The Association of Obesity with the Likelihood of Arrest for Young Adults." Economics and Human Biology 11,1 (January 2013): 8-17.
1093. Kamada, Takuma
Racial Variation in Economic Returns to Gang Participation
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Illegal Activities; Income; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite extensive research on racial income inequality in the labor market, less is known about racial income inequality in illegal markets. I tackle this gap by examining (1) the distribution of illegal income by race, (2) racial variation in economic returns to an illegitimate institution--gangs, and (3) the mechanism of these economic returns. Using the NLSY97 data, I find that gang participation increases illegal income for whites but not blacks or Hispanics. Building on the notion of criminal embeddedness, I provide the following explanation and supporting evidence: Because the distinction between legal and illegal economic activities is sharper for whites than for minorities, they have more to lose in the legitimate market by joining a gang. Gang participation substitutes legal economic activities with illegal ones, increasing criminal commitment, and hence an increase in illegal income. Because illegal income is on average lower for whites than for racial minorities, the results suggest that gang participation serves as a ladder of social mobility in illegal markets for whites.
Bibliography Citation
Kamada, Takuma. "Racial Variation in Economic Returns to Gang Participation." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017.
1094. Kamerdze, Amy
Exploring the Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Arrest within the Forgotten Half
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Arrests; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation uses the first 14 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to examine the relationship between educational attainment and arrest. Regressions were run to assess the effect of educational attainment on arrest for the Forgotten Half, as well as by gender and racial and ethnic group. Results from these zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regressions confirm a relationship, with dropouts being arrested the most, high school graduates the least, and stopouts falling in the middle. Results for both childhood social control theory and identity theory models found that inclusion of concepts from these theories weakened the relationship between stopping out and arrest so much that the relationship became insignificant. Dropping out, on the other hand, was only slightly affected by the addition of these theoretical constructs. The relationship between dropping out and arrest was diminished more by the inclusion of theoretical variables measured during adulthood. The dissertation also considers the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.
Bibliography Citation
Kamerdze, Amy. Exploring the Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Arrest within the Forgotten Half. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, 2017.
1095. Kamerdze, Amy
Exploring the Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Crime
Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; High School Diploma

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Lower levels of education have been associated with several negative life outcomes, such as higher unemployment and public assistance rates, as well as increased levels of substance abuse, delinquency and crime. While prior studies have focused on the relationship between dropping out of high school and delinquency, there has been little research that has explored the association between delinquency and additional levels of educational attainment. This study seeks to further investigate this relationship. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I will examine the relationship between crime and educational attainment for the Forgotten Half, those individuals whose highest level of education is a high school diploma. Implications for theory and policy will be discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Kamerdze, Amy. "Exploring the Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Crime." Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012.
1096. Kamp Dush, Claire M.
Change in Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution over Twenty Years: A Cohort Comparison Using the National Longitudinal Surveys
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Coresidence; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I compare union experiences in young adulthood for two cohorts, approximately twenty years apart. I find that the NLSY79 sample was less likely to survive to age 29 without having entered a union, compared to the NLSY97 sample. The magnitude of the difference was about 0.06. However, I find that the NLSY97 are much more likely to enter a cohabiting union, while the NLSY79 was more likely to enter a marital union. For the conference, I plan to compare the duration of first unions by cohort, and specifically for cohabitation, I plan to examine the duration and outcomes (marriage or breakup) for cohabitation. Race and social class differences will be discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Kamp Dush, Claire M. "Change in Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution over Twenty Years: A Cohort Comparison Using the National Longitudinal Surveys." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.
1097. Kamp Dush, Claire M.
Jang, Bohyun
Snyder, Anastasia R.
A Cohort Comparison of Predictors of Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution in the US
Advances in Life Course Research 38 (December 2018): 37-49.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104026081830056X
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Marital Dissolution; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

The theory of the second demographic transition argues that as educated Americans began valuing self-actualization and individual autonomy, delays in union formation spread through the US. The accelerated adulthood theory suggests that socioeconomic disadvantage distinguishes young adulthood such that those with fewer resources have shorter, more informal (i.e. cohabitation) unions, and those with more resources delay but achieve marriage and have greater union stability. We use two large, nationally representative samples of young adults collected about twenty years apart, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997 cohorts to examine cohort differences in union formation and dissolution and test interaction effects in demographic and socioeconomic correlates. We found that the NLSY97 cohort 1) entered into unions earlier than the NLSY79 cohort, 2) entered direct marriage (marriage without premarital cohabitation) later than the NLSY79 cohort, and 3) entered cohabiting unions earlier than the NLSY79 cohort. A greater proportion of young adults in the NLSY97 cohort dissolved their first union between ages 16 and 30. We found that socioeconomically disadvantaged young adults had earlier unions by some indicators (e.g. lower maternal education) and later unions by other indicators (e.g. unemployment) in both cohorts. We also found that in both cohorts, socioeconomic disadvantage undermined union stability. We also found evidence for interaction effects; some indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g. income, employment, and maternal education) had exacerbated effects on union formation and stability in the NLSY97 as compared to the NLSY79 cohorts perhaps because inequality grew over the twenty years between cohorts.
Bibliography Citation
Kamp Dush, Claire M., Bohyun Jang and Anastasia R. Snyder. "A Cohort Comparison of Predictors of Young Adult Union Formation and Dissolution in the US." Advances in Life Course Research 38 (December 2018): 37-49.
1098. Kang, Timothy
Contemporary Unions and the Age-Crime Curve: Variation across Gender and Race
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Cohabitation; Crime; Gender Differences; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Unions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Scholars have argued that marriage can encourage delinquent adolescents to desist from crime and contribute to explaining the declining slope of the "age-crime curve." Yet, cohabitation has become a prominent feature of the transition to adulthood among contemporary young Americans. Family scholars have documented, moreover, that the process of union formation is significantly gendered, and thus may influence criminal behaviour differently for men and women. There also exist significant racial and ethnic differences in rates of crime and the process of union formation. However, little research has examined whether cohabitation can explain the declining slope of the age crime curve across gender or race/ethnicity. Using prospective data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997) and growth curve modelling techniques, this study examines whether cohabitation is associated with declines in self-reported criminal offending during the transition to adulthood and whether the deterring influences of cohabitation contribute to explaining the age-crime curve. Further, I examine these patterns across gender and race to assess the relative importance of unions for different groups of contemporary young Americans. The implications of the findings for life-course criminology will be discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Kang, Timothy. "Contemporary Unions and the Age-Crime Curve: Variation across Gender and Race." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018.
1099. Kang, Timothy
The Changing Transition to Adulthood for Contemporary Delinquent Adolescents
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The transition to adulthood has changed dramatically during the past half-century in the United States. Since the post-WWII era, young adults take more time to achieve traditional markers of social and economic independence. Completing education and achieving career employment usually takes longer, which also delays leaving the parental home for contemporary young adults. Marriage and childbearing are less common, less connected, and often delayed. There are also new features of the contemporary transition to adulthood, such as the rise in cohabitation and increases in higher education. Yet, the ways that relatively disadvantaged youth, particularly delinquent adolescents, transition to adulthood is less well understood. This has important implications for understanding the ways social bonds and informal controls formed during the transition to adulthood influence the desistance process for contemporary young adults. In this paper, I use multichannel sequence analysis on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to describe the timing and sequencing of the transition to adulthood for delinquent adolescents and examine whether these patterns can help understand trajectories of offending. I will also contrast their experience to that of the general population and quantify how the transition to adulthood has changed over time for delinquent adolescents.
Bibliography Citation
Kang, Timothy. "The Changing Transition to Adulthood for Contemporary Delinquent Adolescents." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting, November 2017.
1100. Kang, Timothy
The Transition to Adulthood of Contemporary Delinquent Adolescents
Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 5,2 (June 2019): 176-202.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40865-019-00115-6
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Arrests; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Labor Force Participation; Marriage; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Purpose: To document how age-graded social bonds, specifically employment and partnering, are timed and sequenced during the transition to adulthood among contemporary delinquent adolescents, and how these trajectories compare with those of non-delinquents to better inform contemporary desistance research.

Methods: Multiple sequence and cluster analyses were conducted using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (n = 8984) to describe the trajectories young adults take through the transition to adulthood. Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict cluster membership by adolescent criminal behavior and arrest history.

Results: Contemporary delinquent adolescents are significantly less likely to experience traditional sources of informal control (e.g., marriage, full-time employment) compared with their non-delinquent counterparts and past cohorts, and those who do experience similar age-graded controls tend to do so later during the transition to adulthood. Crime and arrests during adolescence are also more consequential in determining partnering and employment trajectories for women compared with men.

Bibliography Citation
Kang, Timothy. "The Transition to Adulthood of Contemporary Delinquent Adolescents." Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 5,2 (June 2019): 176-202.
1101. Kantova, Klara
Parental Involvement and Education Outcomes of Their Children
Applied Economics published online (14 February 2024).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2314569
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Education; Educational Outcomes; Family Dynamics; High School; High School Diploma; High School Students; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-School involvement; Parental Involvement with Child

This study investigates the impact of parental involvement on the education outcomes of their children, specifically focusing on the completion of high school. It extends the existing literature by considering the characteristics of both children and parents, and by examining non-school-related parental involvement in a child’s everyday life. The analysis utilizes a publicly available database, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, with a sample of American respondents born between 1983 and 1984 who lived with both birth parents during their early teenage years. The study employs simple logistic regression and subclassification on propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects. The results indicate that higher parental involvement is associated with an increased probability of high school graduation, while stricter parental behaviour is found to decrease the expected likelihood of completing high school.
Bibliography Citation
Kantova, Klara. "Parental Involvement and Education Outcomes of Their Children." Applied Economics published online (14 February 2024).
1102. Kao, Han-Yen
Estimating the Relationships among Education, Cognitive Ability, and Religion: Evidence from NLSY
Working Paper, Department of Economics, Rutgers University, April 2014.
Also: http://economics.rutgers.edu/dmdocuments/Han-YenKao.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Economics, Rutgers University
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Religion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper estimates the effect of education on religion in the United States using NLSY97. I include educational attainment, cognitive ability, and variables measuring religious attendance and beliefs to investigate the relationships among them. I use fixed effect models to find the impact of educational attainment on religion, as well as subsamples grouped by control variables including AFQT scores. While there is a positive relationship between religious attendance and schooling years and highest degrees in cross-sectional OLS estimation, fixed effect estimates show negative results. This suggests that simple OLS omits some factors that push both education and religion. Cognitive ability, represented by AFQT score, has little correlation with church attendance, but it has a negative relationship with the index of religious beliefs.
Bibliography Citation
Kao, Han-Yen. "Estimating the Relationships among Education, Cognitive Ability, and Religion: Evidence from NLSY." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Rutgers University, April 2014.
1103. Kao, Han-Yen
Experimental and Empirical Studies of Belief Formation
Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Religion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation concerns the formation and the consequences of people's beliefs and preferences. Empirically and experimentally, I focus on individuals' beliefs and ideologies through mechanisms such as group dynamics, education, and educational content.

Chapter 3 estimates the causal effect of education on religiosity in the United States using NLSY97. Fixed effects and instrumental variable method are used as identification strategies. Although cross-sectional ordinary least squares estimation shows a positive correlation between religious outcomes and educational attainment, both fixed effect models and IV estimation show statistically significant negative effects of education, even when cognitive test score is controlled. This suggests that conventional OLS omits factors that push both education and religiosity.

Bibliography Citation
Kao, Han-Yen. Experimental and Empirical Studies of Belief Formation. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2017.
1104. Kaplan, Erin
Ignorance and Bliss: Early Onset Mood Disorders, Human Capital Accumulation, and Labor Market Outcomes in Early Adulthood
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh
Keyword(s): Crime; Depression (see also CESD); Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Completion/Graduates; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Marriage; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Though the link between adolescent depression and high school completion has been demonstrated in several previous studies, this paper extends the analysis of early onset mood disorders to include several long-term outcomes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY-97) this study establishes a link between early onset mood disorders and postsecondary education, labor market outcomes, marriage, criminal activity and substance abuse. This paper contributes to the existing literature in two important ways. First, the NLSY-97 follows respondents from high school into early adulthood, enabling me to make an argument against reverse causality. Second, I observe symptoms of depression over time, which provides insight into the mechanisms by which adolescent depression affects long-term outcomes. The results indicate that the long-term effects of early onset depression are significant, and result from both the initial depressive episode as well as recurrent symptoms experienced later in life.
Bibliography Citation
Kaplan, Erin. "Ignorance and Bliss: Early Onset Mood Disorders, Human Capital Accumulation, and Labor Market Outcomes in Early Adulthood." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, 2012.
1105. Kaplan, Erin
Three Essays on Labor Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, December 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Cost; Depression (see also CESD); Divorce; Employment; Fertility; Human Capital; Labor Market Outcomes; Legislation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of three separate chapters on topics in labor economics. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY-97) the first chapter, entitled “Ignorance and Bliss: Early Onset Depression, Human Capital Accumulation and Labor Market Outcomes in Early Adulthood,” establishes a link between early onset mood disorders and post-secondary education, labor market outcomes, marriage, criminal activity and substance abuse. In addition, controlling for contemporaneous depression symptoms provides insight into the mechanisms by which adolescent depression affects long-term outcomes. The results of this analysis indicate that the negative long-term outcomes associated with early onset depression symptoms are significant, and result from both the initial depressive episode as well as recurrent symptoms experienced later in life.

The second chapter, entitled “Student Responses to Changes in the Cost of Pos- Secondary Education,” focuses primarily on the effect of changes in tuition and financial aid on the education and labor market choices of post-secondary students. The existing literature dealing with the cost of education focuses primarily on education outcomes. Given the large proportion of students who work while in school, this focus provides an incomplete picture of how students adapt to changes in the cost of education. In this chapter, I develop a theoretical model to illustrate tradeoffs between formal human capital accumulation and labor market participation, which yields predictions about how college cost affects student employment decisions. My empirical analysis is problematic for several reasons, and I do not find evidence to support the predictions of my theoretical model. Despite the lack of empirical evidence, the theoretical model presented here may be a useful starting point for future researchers.

The third chapter, entitled “The Impact of Divorce Law Changes on Fertility Decisions,” examines the relationship between fertility and unilateral and no-fault divorce laws. The results provide evidence that unilateral divorce laws may have decreased birthrates. Further, we analyze the effect unilateral and no-fault divorce laws have on the birth rate among women with different demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, and level of education. We find that unilateral divorce laws result in a decrease in birthrates among married women. Additionally, there are differing effects of no-fault divorce laws across age groups, with a significant positive effect on women aged 15 to 29. In contrast, it appears that unilateral divorce laws decrease fertility rates of women across all age groups and across all levels of education.

Bibliography Citation
Kaplan, Erin. Three Essays on Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, December 2011.
1106. Kaplan, Greg
Boomerang Kids: Labor Market Dynamics and Moving Back Home
Working Paper 675, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, October 2009.
Also: http://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/WP/WP675.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Keyword(s): Coresidence; Employment; Family Studies; Heterogeneity; Labor Market Outcomes; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Unemployment, Youth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the relationship between the dynamics of parent-youth living arrangements and labor market outcomes for youths who do not go to college in the United States. The data come from a newly constructed panel data set based on retrospective monthly coresidence questions in the NLSY97. This is the first data set containing information on the labor market circumstances of youths at the time of movements in and out of the parental home. Based on estimates from duration models that allow for unobserved heterogeneity, I find that moving from employment to non-employment increases the hazard of moving back home in a given month by 64% for males and 71% for females. These results suggest that labor market factors play an important role in determining the dynamics of parent-youth living arrangements and that coresidence may be an important way in which insurance against labor market shocks takes place within the family.
Bibliography Citation
Kaplan, Greg. "Boomerang Kids: Labor Market Dynamics and Moving Back Home." Working Paper 675, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, October 2009.
1107. Kaplan, Greg
Moving Back Home: Insurance against Labor Market Risk
Journal of Political Economy 120,3 (June 2012): 446-512.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/666588
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Mobility; Mobility, Residential; Parent-Child Interaction; Residence; Wage Growth

This paper demonstrates that the option to move in and out of the parental home is a valuable insurance channel against labor market risk, which facilitates the pursuit of jobs with the potential for high earnings growth. Using monthly panel data, I document an empirical relationship among coresidence, individual labor market events, and subsequent earnings growth. I estimate the parameters of a dynamic game between youths and parents to show that the option to live at home can account for features of aggregate data for low-skilled young workers: small consumption responses to shocks, high labor elasticities, and low savings rates.
Bibliography Citation
Kaplan, Greg. "Moving Back Home: Insurance against Labor Market Risk." Journal of Political Economy 120,3 (June 2012): 446-512.
1108. Karasek, Deborah
Reproductive Decision-making under Uncertainty: Exploring the Relationship of Economic Preferences and Reproductive Health
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2017.
Also: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t84067t
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of California - Berkeley
Keyword(s): Contraception; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Drawing on behavioral economics, this dissertation expands understanding of uncertainty and reproductive health decision-making in several steps. My three papers examine if there are general decision-making constructs, including risk-taking propensity and degree of present bias that may extend beyond financial decisions to health behavior and ultimately reproductive health outcomes. In the first paper, I review the state of the literature on temporal and risk preferences and sexual and reproductive health. Next, I examine how risk preferences are related to sexual behavior and contraceptive use in the National Longitudinal of Youth (NLSY97). Finally, I examine the relationship between national economic uncertainty and pregnancy intentions and outcomes in the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). This work draws on economics, psychology, and social epidemiology.
Bibliography Citation
Karasek, Deborah. Reproductive Decision-making under Uncertainty: Exploring the Relationship of Economic Preferences and Reproductive Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2017..
1109. Karney, Benjamin R.
Beckett, Megan K.
Collins, Rebecca L.
Shaw, Rebecca
Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages A Review of Theory, Research, and Programs
Technical Report Prepared for the Department of Health and Human Services, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, 2007.
Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR488.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Keyword(s): Marriage; Monitoring the Future (MTF); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Transition, Adulthood; Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)

Goals of the Report. To inform current efforts to strengthen the adolescent precursors of healthy marriage, the overarching goal of this report is to synthesize and evaluate the existing basic and applied literature on adolescent romantic relationships, with particular emphasis on experiences in these relationships as precursors of adult marriages. By evaluating the accumulated products of this work to date, the analyses described in this report should provide a foundation for policies to promote healthy marriages through programs aimed at adolescents.

Organization and Methods. The report is organized around three major tasks:
Review descriptions of what adolescent romantic relationships are like. To accomplish this task, the report assembles and reviews research that describes what adolescents believe and value about romantic relationships and marriage in general and how adolescents behave in their own romantic relationships.

Review explanations of the role adolescent romantic relationships may play in adult development. To accomplish this task, the report integrates existing theories of adolescent romantic relationships and adult development and evaluates the degree to which existing theories have received support from the empirical literature on adolescent relationships to date.

Assess interventions designed to make adolescents’ relationships, and their subsequent marriages, better. To accomplish this task, this report reviews a diverse sample of available relationship education curricula targeted at adolescents and describes interviews with practitioners directly involved in this area.

Drawing on the results of these tasks, the report concludes by identifying priorities for future research in this area and offering strategies and suggestions for developing programs and curricula to promote healthy adult marriages during adolescence.

Bibliography Citation
Karney, Benjamin R., Megan K. Beckett, Rebecca L. Collins and Rebecca Shaw. "Adolescent Romantic Relationships as Precursors of Healthy Adult Marriages A Review of Theory, Research, and Programs." Technical Report Prepared for the Department of Health and Human Services, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, 2007.
1110. Katayama, Hajime
Three Essays on Applied Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3416, Mar 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Crime; Heterogeneity; Labor Economics; Modeling, Multilevel; Modeling, Probit

This thesis consists of three essays. The first essay is joint work with Kala Krisha and Susumu Imai. Using data from the National Youth Survey, we examine the relationship of current criminal activity with past criminal activity, past arrests, and other variables. We estimate an ordered probit model, allowing for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that criminal types and non-criminal types behave very differently. An increase in arrests raises current criminal activity only for non-criminal types, while an increase in criminal experience raises current criminal activity for both types. For both types, arrests rise and then fall with age with a peak around age 18. The age crime profile also has this shape for non-criminal types, but for criminal types, it rises with age, suggesting lower apprehension rates for criminal types. The second essay looks at the pattern of young males' criminal activity, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97. A multivariate Tobit model with random effects is estimated to investigate whether current criminal acts of one type affect future criminal activity in the same or other categories. The results indicate such relationships indeed exist. In particular, I find evidence that minor crimes such as vandalism and minor theft are a stepping stone to more serious crimes. This suggests discouraging these will reduce future crime. The third essay is joint work with Shihua Lu and James Tybout. We develop an approach to measuring firms' performances. We assume firms' costs and revenues reflect a Bertrand-Nash equilibrium in a differentiated product industry. Given the demand system parameters, this allows us to impute each firm's unobserved marginal costs and product quality from its observed revenues and costs. Assuming that marginal costs and product quality indices follow vector autoregressive (VAR) processes, we jointly estimate the demand system parameters and VAR parameters using Bayesian techniques. Applying our methodology to panel data on Colombian pulp and paper plants, we find that conventional productivity measures are not closely related to quality measures and are nearly orthogonal to consumer surplus measures, suggesting that they may be poor characterizations of producer performance from a social welfare standpoint.
Bibliography Citation
Katayama, Hajime. Three Essays on Applied Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2003. DAI-A 64/09, p. 3416, Mar 2004.
1111. Kauffman-Berry, Andrea
Examining the Mechanics of Latino Racialization: What Factors Predict How People Racially Classify Self-identified Latinos?
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Hispanics; Mobility, Economic; Mobility, Social; Racial Studies; Research Methodology

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

How are people who self-identify as Latino racially classified by others? Further, what factors predict how a person will racially classify someone who self-identifies as Latino? This study measures the distribution of racial classifications for a sample of individuals who identify as Latino. It then examines the mechanics of Latino racialization by modeling factors that predict how an individual will be racially classified. Data for this study comes from a longitudinal sample of racial classification events occurring in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97). Results of the multinomial logistic regression with random effects demonstrate that the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, such as receiving welfare payments or being incarcerated, as well as the characteristics of racial classifiers, such as having a college degree or being born during or after 1964, predict how Latinos are racially classified. these results suggest that upward or downward socioeconomic mobility may influence the way they are racially classified, particularly as white or other. This finding underscores a difficulty in conducting research on the socioeconomic incorporation of Latinos in the U.S. If Latinos who experience upward socioeconomic mobility are more likely to be racially classified as "white" and those who experience downward socioeconomic mobility are more likely to be racially classified as "other", then these racially-defined groups may be changing in ways that obscure the socioeconomic experiences of Latinos in the U.S. By examining the mechanism of racialization for Latinos this study expands on our understanding of race in the U.S.
Bibliography Citation
Kauffman-Berry, Andrea. "Examining the Mechanics of Latino Racialization: What Factors Predict How People Racially Classify Self-identified Latinos?" Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
1112. Kauffman-Berry, Andrea
How Latino Identity Drives Patterns of Change in Racial Classification Over Time
Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Hispanics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research examines how interviewers go about racially classifying self-identified Latino respondents. To examine the process by which interviewers decide what racial classification to give each respondent, this research asks four questions. First, what are the odds that a racial classification will change from Time N to Time N+1? Second, how are these odds different depending upon the kind of change in racial classification that occurs? For instance, how are the odds of a change from white to other different from the odds of a change from other to black? Third, what role does Latino self-identification play in this process? How do the odds that a racial classification will change vary for respondents who self-identified as Latino in 1997 compared to those who did not? Fourth, if Latino identity is found to drive patterns of change in racial classification, do these changes in racial classification occur randomly among self-identified Latino respondents or do they occur in predictable ways? Do the odds that a self-identified Latino respondent will experience a change in racial classification differ depending on a series of possible independent variables, such as incarceration, arrest, or completion of a B.A. since the date of the last interview? This research systematically models how these factors may predict changes in racial classification over time using multinomial logistic regression models with respondent fixed effects using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997.
Bibliography Citation
Kauffman-Berry, Andrea. "How Latino Identity Drives Patterns of Change in Racial Classification Over Time." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016.
1113. Kauffman-Berry, Andrea
Racial Fluidity, Skin Tone, and Immigrant Status in the NLSY97
Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Immigrants; Racial Studies; Skin Tone

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Building explicitly on the work of Saperstein and Penner (2010, 2012), this study examines changes in racial classification and racial identification at the individual level over time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a dataset including a nationally-representative sample of youths between the ages of 12-17 in December of 1996, with data collected annually through 2011, this research asks two questions. First, do interviewer-reported racial classification and self-reported racial identification change at the individual level over time? Second, if racial classification does change at the individual level over time, how can these changes be characterized? To address the first question, this study uses transition matrices to determine rates of "racial migration" between racial classifications at the individual level over time. Preliminary results demonstrate that racial classification does indeed change at the individual level in the NLSY97 sample. This study makes several theoretical contributions to our understanding of processes of racial classification, racial identification, and racial stratification within the U.S. racial system. First, this analysis has implications for two theories about the role of skin tone in the U.S. racial system: Bonilla-Silva’s notion of "pigmentocracy" and the traditional "one drop rule." Further, this study explores the dynamic processes of racial identification and racial classification among immigrants in the NLSY97. With a representative sample of immigrant youths, this research explores if processes of racial classification and racial identification differ among first and second generation immigrants than among the non-immigrant native born.
Bibliography Citation
Kauffman-Berry, Andrea. "Racial Fluidity, Skin Tone, and Immigrant Status in the NLSY97." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015.
1114. Kauffman-Berry, Andrea
Three Essays on Racial Reclassification: Racial Reclassification in the U.S., Latino Racialization, and Racialized Ethnic Classification
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 2020
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Hispanic Studies; Racial Studies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this dissertation, I examine racial classification, moments when an individual is racially classified by another person as though they belong to a certain racial group. As longitudinal data presenting racial classification changes challenge the treatment of race as an essential trait, researchers often interpret these data as measurement error, rather than racial reclassifications. I begin by asking if racial classification change data present measurement error or if they reveal racial reclassification. I test which conception of race--essential trait or social relatio--best supports analyses of a sample of racial classification events occurring in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97). Employing Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs), I found that racial classification changes occur in predictable ways that indicate they should not be understood as measurement error. This work contributes to the study of race by opening up processes of racial formation to direct quantitative analysis. It also offers empirical evidence to evaluate theories of Latin Americanization of the U.S. racial system. I then directly examined Latino racialization in the U.S. by analyzing what factors predict how self-identified Latinos are racially classified using NLSY97 panel data. Results of GLMMs suggest that upward or downward socioeconomic mobility predicts racial classification as white or non-white, respectively, for self-identified Latinos. My results underscore challenges to studying the socioeconomic incorporation of Latinos in the U.S. and suggest ways that the racial composition of the U.S. population may be changing. Last, I examined how people who are racially classified as white are ethnically classified by others as Latino or not Latino in the U.S. Results of GLMMs suggest that the way a person is ethnically classified tells us something dynamic about their position in a social hierarchy. This research suggests ways that racialized ethnic classification as Latino complicates racial classification as white.
Bibliography Citation
Kauffman-Berry, Andrea. Three Essays on Racial Reclassification: Racial Reclassification in the U.S., Latino Racialization, and Racialized Ethnic Classification. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 2020.
1115. Kaukinen, Catherine
Apel, Robert
The Effect of Variation in Intact Family Forms on Deviant and Antisocial Behavior
American Journal of Criminal Justice 42,2 (June 2017): 350-372.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-016-9361-7
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Structure; Parental Influences; Parental Marital Status

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Family form sets the stage for a host of adolescent behavioral outcomes. We draw on research, theory, and methodology from within Criminology, Demography, and Family Sociology to examines the effect of variation in intact family form on antisocial and deviant behavior. We find higher antisocial and deviant behavior among youth residing in households where one of the parents has a child from a previous relationship and the parents are currently married but were cohabiting at the time of the birth of their eldest child.
Bibliography Citation
Kaukinen, Catherine and Robert Apel. "The Effect of Variation in Intact Family Forms on Deviant and Antisocial Behavior." American Journal of Criminal Justice 42,2 (June 2017): 350-372.
1116. Kautz, Timothy Danna
Essays in the Economics of Education and Skill Development
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Achievement; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Noncognitive Skills; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The second chapter presents results of an evaluation of the General Educational Development (GED) program. The GED is an achievement test that high school dropouts can take to certify that they are equivalent to high school graduates. It reviews the existing evidence on the returns to GED certificates and presents new evidence. After controlling for achievement test scores before high school, GED recipients fare no better than other high school dropouts but lag behind high school graduates, because GED recipients lack non-cognitive skills that are missed by achievement tests.
Bibliography Citation
Kautz, Timothy Danna. Essays in the Economics of Education and Skill Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, 2015.
1117. Kawaguchi, Daiji
Earnings of Self-Employed Workers and Peer Effects Among Teenagers
Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002. DAI-A 63/09, p. 3293, Mar 2003
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Earnings; Endogeneity; Human Capital; Job Satisfaction; Labor Economics; Life Cycle Research; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Self-Employed Workers

This dissertation contains three essays in applied microeconomics. Chapter 1 revisits the empirical results of Lazear and Moore [Edward Lazear and John Moore (1984) "Incentive, Productivity, and Contract" Quarterly Journal of Economics. That paper found that empirical experience-earnings profiles were flatter for self-employed workers and argued that this supported the Lazear contract theory that claim firms use life-cycle backloaded payment systems to work around principal-agent problems between firms and workers. This chapter reproduces the Lazear and Moore result on more modern data, but argues for an alternative interpretation. In particular, this chapter argues that self-employed workers face more wage variation but enjoy a higher return for human capital. A model based on these assumptions can produce flatter experience-earnings profile since self-employed workers start their career with more human capital and due to opportunity cost, they invest less in human capital on the job. The chapter develops implications of the model not found in the Lazear contract model and concludes by developing support for these implications. Chapter 2 attempts to explain the lower earnings among self-employed workers found by Hamilton [Barton Hamilton (2000) "Does entrepreneurship pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Return of Self-Employment" Journal of Political Economy. That paper found 20% lower earnings of self-employed workers with 10 years of business tenure than comparable salaried workers with 10 years of job tenure. This difference in earnings can in principal be explained by the compensating wage differential theory when self-employed jobs have attractive non-monetary aspects. Using the National Longitudinal Survey Youth 79 (NLSY79), this chapter tests whether self-employment is associated with higher global job satisfaction. By looking at changes in job satisfaction for individuals over time, I overcome the difficulty of interpreting differences in subjective job satisfaction scores across individuals that cross-sectional analysis would require. Using my estimates, I calculate the monetary value of the non-monetary aspects of self-employment and find that one dollar earned while a self-employed worker is equivalent to as much as three to four dollars earned as a salary or wage worker. Although the valuation is surprisingly high, the direction of the estimate is consistent with the compensating wage differential hypothesis. Although job satisfaction is a partial component of workers' total utility, the value of self-employment in terms of job satisfaction is sufficiently high to support the compensating differential hypothesis as an explanation for lower earnings among self-employed workers. I also evaluate several other explanations for the surprisingly high valuation of self-employment. Chapter 3 attempts to estimate peer effects on substance usage among teenagers. This chapter first summarizes the problems in the identification of peer effects. The existence of unobserved characteristics of individuals and endogenous sorting into reference groups based on unobserved characteristics causes problems in the identification of peer effects. The solutions for this problem are: (1) To control 'unobservable' through including plenty of explanatory variables using rich data set or using sibling method to difference out unobservable. (2) To use natural experimental situation in which reference group is assigned randomly. (3) To use economic theory to get a prediction that arises only from peer effect but not from contextual or correlated effect. In this chapter, the method 1 was taken. Significant peer effects were found on substance usage among teenagers.
Bibliography Citation
Kawaguchi, Daiji. Earnings of Self-Employed Workers and Peer Effects Among Teenagers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 2002. DAI-A 63/09, p. 3293, Mar 2003.
1118. Kawaguchi, Daiji
Peer Effects on Substance Use Among American Teenagers
Discussion Paper No. 567, Institute of Social and Economic Research - Osaka University, May 2002.
Also: http://www.iser.osaka-u.ac.jp/library/dp/2002/DP0567.PDF
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), Osaka University
Keyword(s): Behavior; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Substance Use; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The widespread use of illicit substances by American teenagers has attracted the interest of both the public and academic researchers. Among the various factors that people believe influence youth substance use, peer effects are identified as a critical determinant; substance use is considered a highly social behavior. Identifying peer effects, however, is not an easy task. Common teenage behaviors can be due to similar unobserved characteristics of the group members or peer effects. Moreover, it is difficult to pinpoint whether a subject is affecting the group members' behaviors or vice versa. In addition, both current substance users and the backgrounds of peer group members may affect an individual's behaviors. Although both types of effects are called "peer effects," each has different policy implications. Distinguishing between these two types of effects, however, is difficult. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties, I estimate peer effects on substance usage among American teenagers using perceived peer behavior in National Longitudinal Survey Youth 97. School and household fixed effect estimation are also employed to ensure the robustness of the results. The data indicate robust peer effects. Moreover, the results do not change substantially in school and household fixed effect estimations.
Bibliography Citation
Kawaguchi, Daiji. "Peer Effects on Substance Use Among American Teenagers." Discussion Paper No. 567, Institute of Social and Economic Research - Osaka University, May 2002.
1119. Kawaguchi, Daiji
Peer Effects on Substance Use Among American Teenagers
Journal of Population Economics 17,2 (June 2004): 351-367.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/de0mre91u975v5qt/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Behavior; Household Models; Modeling; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Substance Use; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The widespread use of illicit substances by American teenagers has attracted the interest of both the general public and academic researchers. Among the various factors that people believe influence youth substance use, peer effects are identified as a critical determinant. Identifying peer effects, however, is known to be a difficult task. In an attempt to overcome known difficulties, I estimate peer effects on substance usage among American teenagers using perceived peer behavior in the National Longitudinal Survey Youth 97. The data indicate robust peer effects. Moreover, the results do not change substantially in school and household fixed effects estimations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Kawaguchi, Daiji. "Peer Effects on Substance Use Among American Teenagers." Journal of Population Economics 17,2 (June 2004): 351-367.
1120. Kaye, Kelleen
Bridging the Data Gap for Marriage and Family Research: Potential Opportunities Within the NLSY97
ASPE Report, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), December 2006.
Also: www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/bridging_data.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Data Sets Documentation; Educational Outcomes; Family Process Measures; Family Studies; Health Factors; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marriage

This paper discusses the richness of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97) for studying these issues, and ways in which its utility for advancing research on marriage and the family could be enhanced. The basis for the recommended improvements comes from the discussion of a panel of experts convened by NORC for the Administration for Children and Families. To put these recommendations into clearer perspective, this paper begins with a review of the promises and current limitations of NLSY97 for studying marriage and family issues and ends with a discussion of first steps one could take in pursuing such enhancements.
Bibliography Citation
Kaye, Kelleen. "Bridging the Data Gap for Marriage and Family Research: Potential Opportunities Within the NLSY97." ASPE Report, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), December 2006.
1121. Kaye, Kelleen
Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hair, Elizabeth Catherine
Hadley, Alena M.
Day, Randal D.
Orthner, Dennis K.
Parent Marital Quality and the Parent–Adolescent Relationship: Effects on Sexual Activity among Adolescents and Youth
Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 270-288.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01494920902733641
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Marital Stability; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Marital Status; Religious Influences; Risk-Taking; Teenagers; Variables, Independent - Covariate

The link between growing up outside of an intact family and the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behaviors as an adolescent has been explored extensively. However, fewer studies examined the likelihood of risky sexual behaviors among adolescents within intact families and what elements of those married-parent families seem to function as protective factors for adolescents. This study looks at relationships within married-parent families—that is, the parent marital relationship, the youth-parent relationship, and the interaction of the two—to identify potential sources of resilience for adolescents that influence their sexual activity. Overall, the youths' relationship with their parents matters more than the parents' relationship with each other, particularly for male youth and youth in stepparent families. Other covariates with notable influence on youths' risky sexual behaviors include parents' marital disruption and religious activity during the teen years. Analyses are based on data from the NLSY97 cohort.

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Bibliography Citation
Kaye, Kelleen, Kristin Anderson Moore, Elizabeth Catherine Hair, Alena M. Hadley, Randal D. Day and Dennis K. Orthner. "Parent Marital Quality and the Parent–Adolescent Relationship: Effects on Sexual Activity among Adolescents and Youth ." Marriage and Family Review 45,2-3 (April 2009): 270-288.
1122. Kearney, Melissa S.
Levine, Phillip B.
Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School
NBER Working Paper No. 20195, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2014.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20195
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS:2002); High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; Income; Income Distribution; Mobility, Social; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Socioeconomic Status (SES)

This paper considers the role that high levels of income inequality and low rates of social mobility play in driving the educational attainment of youth in low-income households in the United States. Using high school degree status from five individual-level surveys, our analysis reveals that low-socioeconomic status (SES) students, and particularly boys, who grow up in locations with greater levels of lower-tail income inequality and lower levels of social mobility are relatively more likely to drop out of high school, conditional on other individual characteristics and contextual factors. The data indicate that this relationship does not reflect alternative characteristics of the place, such as poverty concentration, residential segregation, or public school financing. We propose that the results are consistent with a class of explanations that emphasize a role for perceptions of one’s own identity, position in society, or chances of success. In the end, our empirical results indicate that high levels of lower-tail income inequality and low levels of social mobility hinder educational advancement for disadvantaged youth.
Bibliography Citation
Kearney, Melissa S. and Phillip B. Levine. "Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School." NBER Working Paper No. 20195, National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2014.
1123. Kearney, Melissa S.
Levine, Phillip B.
Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2016): 333-380.
Also: Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Brookings Institution
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Educational Attainment; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Income Distribution; Mobility, Social; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Socioeconomic Background

It is widely documented that places with higher level of income inequality have lower rates of social mobility. But it is an open question whether and how higher levels of inequality actually lead to lower rates of mobility. We propose that one channel through which higher rates of income inequality might lead to lower rates of upward mobility is lower rates of human capital investment among low-income individuals. Specifically, we posit that greater levels of income inequality could lead low-income youth to perceive a lower rate of return on investment in their own human capital. Such an effect would offset any potential "aspirational" effect coming from higher educational wage premiums. The data are consistent with this prediction: Individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to drop out of school if they live in a place with a great gap between the bottom and middle of the income distribution. This finding is robust in relation to a number of specification checks and tests for confounding factors.
Bibliography Citation
Kearney, Melissa S. and Phillip B. Levine. "Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2016): 333-380.
1124. Kelly, Brian C.
Vuolo, Mike
Cognitive Aptitude, Peers, and Trajectories of Marijuana Use from Adolescence through Young Adulthood
PLoS One 14,10 (25 October 2019): e0223152.
Also: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223152
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: PLOS
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Drug Use; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: Using a nationally representative longitudinal cohort, we examine how cognitive aptitude in early adolescence is associated with heterogeneous pathways of marijuana use from age sixteen through young adulthood. We also examine whether this relationship can be explained by the role of cognitive aptitude in the social organization of peer group deviance.

Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we identified 5 latent trajectories of frequency of marijuana use between ages 16 and 26: abstainers, dabblers, early heavy quitters, consistent users, and persistent heavy users. Multinomial regression assessed the relationship of cognitive aptitude in early adolescence with these latent trajectories, including the role of peer group substance use in this relationship.

Results: A one decile increase in cognitive aptitude in early adolescence is associated with greater relative risk of the dabbler trajectory (RR = 1.048; p < .001) and consistent user trajectory (RR = 1.126; p < .001), but lower relative risk of the early heavy quitter trajectory (RR = 0.917; p < .05) in comparison with the abstainer trajectory. There was no effect for the persistent heavy user trajectory. The inclusion of peer group substance use-either via illegal drugs or smoking-had no effect on these relationships.

Bibliography Citation
Kelly, Brian C. and Mike Vuolo. "Cognitive Aptitude, Peers, and Trajectories of Marijuana Use from Adolescence through Young Adulthood." PLoS One 14,10 (25 October 2019): e0223152.
1125. Kelly, Brian
Vuolo, Mike
Marijuana Use Trajectories from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Social and Occupational Outcomes
Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Life Course; Occupational Attainment; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Marijuana use is common as adolescent's transition into young adulthood; a majority of young Americans report lifetime use of marijuana by age 25. Yet, patterns of use vary considerably among youth as they make these life course transitions. We aim to identify types of marijuana use trajectories as well as assess the relationship of such trajectories to social and occupational outcomes at age 26. We utilize the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, an annual nationally representative survey of adolescents aged 12-16 during 1997 (n=8,984). We use data assessing each individual through age 26. Latent trajectory analyses identified 5 primary types of marijuana use across this period: non-users, occasional dabblers, consistent users, persistent heavy users, and early heavy users who quit.
Bibliography Citation
Kelly, Brian and Mike Vuolo. "Marijuana Use Trajectories from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Social and Occupational Outcomes." Presented: Dublin, Ireland, Society for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (SLLS) International Conference, October 2015.
1126. Kelly, Brian
Vuolo, Mike
Trajectories of Marijuana Use and the Transition to Adulthood
Social Science Research 73 (July 2018): 175-188.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.3658
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Transition, Adulthood

Alongside the rise of emerging adulthood, policy contexts for marijuana have rapidly changed, with increases in availability and the number of daily users. We identify heterogeneous pathways of marijuana use from age 16 to 26, and examine how these pathways differentiate adult role transitions by age 28. Latent class analyses identified five trajectories: abstainers, dabblers, consistent users, early heavy quitters, and persistent heavy users. Dabblers are no different from abstainers on educational and labor market outcomes, and both have higher odds of adult role transitions relative to heavier use classes. Dabblers differ from abstainers on certain family transitions, yet remain distinct from the heavier use classes. Besides parenthood, early heavy quitters and persistent heavy users are similar, suggesting that heavy use is particularly detrimental early during transitions to adulthood. Distinct trajectories of marijuana use may differentiate young people into divergent pathways of transitions to adulthood, which may have long-term implications.
Bibliography Citation
Kelly, Brian and Mike Vuolo. "Trajectories of Marijuana Use and the Transition to Adulthood." Social Science Research 73 (July 2018): 175-188.
1127. Kelly, Brian
Vuolo, Mike
Frizzell, Laura C.
Hernandez, Elaine M.
Denormalization, Smoke-free Air Policy, and Tobacco Use among Young Adults
Social Science and Medicine 211 (August 2018): 70-77.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953618302946
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Census of Population; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Geocoded Data; Legislation; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Smoke-free air laws and the denormalization of smoking are important contributors to reductions in smoking during the 21st century. Yet, tobacco policy and denormalization may intersect in numerous ways to affect smoking. We merge data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, American Nonsmokers’ Right Foundation, and Census to produce a unique examination of the intersection of smoking bans and denormalization and their influence on any smoking and heavy smoking among young adults. Operationalizing denormalization as complete unacceptability of smoking within nightlife venues, we examine 1) whether smoking bans and denormalization have independent effects on smoking, 2) whether denormalization mediates the influence of smoking bans on smoking, and 3) whether denormalization moderates the impact of smoking bans on smoking. For any smoking, denormalization has a significant independent effect beyond the influence of smoking bans. For heavy smoking, denormalization mediates the relationship between smoking bans and habitual smoking. Denormalization does not moderate the relationship of smoking bans with either pattern of smoking. This research identifies that the intersection of denormalization and smoking bans plays an important role in lowering smoking, yet they remain distinct in their influences. Notably, smoking bans are efficacious even in locales with lower levels of denormalization, particularly for social smoking.
Bibliography Citation
Kelly, Brian, Mike Vuolo, Laura C. Frizzell and Elaine M. Hernandez. "Denormalization, Smoke-free Air Policy, and Tobacco Use among Young Adults." Social Science and Medicine 211 (August 2018): 70-77.
1128. Kennedy, Kendall J.
Hidden Schooling: Endogenous Measurement Error and Bias in Education and Labor Market Experience
Journal of Population Economics published online (14 September 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s00148-022-00918-w.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-022-00918-w
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Grade Retention/Repeat Grade; Labor Market Outcomes; Methods/Methodology

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Since 1980, 25% of US students repeated a grade during their academic career. Despite this, few economists account for retention when measuring education and experience, causing bias when retention is correlated with other regressors of interest. Rising minimum dropout ages since 1960 have increased retention, causing positive bias in 2SLS estimates of the returns to education. Retention also causes endogenous measurement error in potential experience. In addition to distorting experience-wage profiles across countries, this endogenous measurement error causes the residual Black-White wage gap and the returns to a high school diploma to be overstated. Proxying for age instead of potential experience reduces this bias, suggesting age, not potential experience, should be a standard control variable.
Bibliography Citation
Kennedy, Kendall J. "Hidden Schooling: Endogenous Measurement Error and Bias in Education and Labor Market Experience." Journal of Population Economics published online (14 September 2022): DOI: 10.1007/s00148-022-00918-w.
1129. Kerr, Jelani
Minh, Anita
Siddiqi, Arjumand
Muntaner, Carles
O'Campo, Patricia
A Cross-Country Comparison of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use among Youth Who Are Employed, in School or Out of the Labor Force and School (OLFS)
Journal of Youth Studies 22,5 (2019): 623-641.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13676261.2018.1529862?journalCode=cjys20
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Canada, Canadian; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Cross-national Analysis; Drug Use; Labor Force Participation; Unemployment, Youth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Labor force and school attachment may influence alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use in the US and Canada. Differences in social welfare provision, which provide protections for individuals with insecure attachments to the labor force or education, may in turn impact the behavior and health of youth in these countries. Yet, there is little research to understand the health consequences for youth of being out of the labor force and school (OLFS). Data of 25-29 year old participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (year 2010) and the Canadian Community Health Survey (2009-2010) were used to examine differences in substance use by labor force and school attachment. Logistic regression suggests that OLFS in the US and Canada were less likely to report alcohol uptake and more likely to use tobacco compared to employed youth. Unemployment was differentially associated with substance use behaviors by country. Country of residence and subsequent exposure to social welfare policy does not appear to impact substance use behaviors among OLFS. However, associations of unemployment and gender by country indicates differences in substance use behavior. More research should seek to understand factors that influence alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among OLFS and unemployed youth.
Bibliography Citation
Kerr, Jelani, Anita Minh, Arjumand Siddiqi, Carles Muntaner and Patricia O'Campo. "A Cross-Country Comparison of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use among Youth Who Are Employed, in School or Out of the Labor Force and School (OLFS)." Journal of Youth Studies 22,5 (2019): 623-641.
1130. Khadem Sameni, Mona
Essays on Health and Labor Market Practices in the U.S.
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Health, Mental/Psychological; Job Search; Substance Use; Supervisor Characteristics; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation investigates the link between different aspects of labor market and individuals' health. The first chapter analyzes the relationship between the use of four different substances and nonstandard work schedules. Using the NLSY97 and applying standard panel techniques as well as survival analyses, I find that contrary to most previous evidence, nonstandard work schedule is not necessarily associated with an increase in substance use, and in the case of drinking and binge drinking such correlation is actually negative. Evidence also suggests that drug prone individuals tend to work more at nonstandard schedules. Results are robust to the specification at the intensive margin and accounting for long-term exposure to work at nonstandard schedules. The second chapter investigates the effect of alcohol use on job search behavior of young individuals. Using the age of respondents from the NLSY97 both in the year and month formats and applying regression discontinuity design by utilizing the surge in alcohol consumption at age 21, I find that young adults tend to increase their drinking and binge drinking once they are allowed to legally access alcohol. However, I find that the surge in alcohol use at age 21 does not seem to immediately or directly affect the job search behavior of young individuals while they are employed or unemployed. I also find that it does not seem to affect their lack of desire for work. The third chapter investigates the effects of workers' age, gender, and race relative to those of their supervisors on several measures of the employees' mental wellbeing. Evidence suggests that men show positive mental health signs when they have supervisors of same gender and race. They also seem to like supervisors who are almost the same age. On the contrary, women's mental health seems to be negatively affected when they have female supervisors. When the gender match effect is combined with race, it is magnified. Women also report negative mental health signs when all these demographic characteristic matches are happening at the same time. Additional tests suggest that reverse causality does not seem to be a major issue here.
Bibliography Citation
Khadem Sameni, Mona. Essays on Health and Labor Market Practices in the U.S. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2016.
1131. Khadem Sameni, Mona
The Relationship between Nonstandard Work Schedules and Substance Use: New Evidence From NLSY97
Presented: Chicago IL: American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, October-November 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Shift Workers; Substance Use; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

More than one-fifth of all employed Americans work in the evening, at night, or on a rotating shift. Such increasingly common employment that tends to interrupt daily routines could have important psychological and physiological impacts on the employees. Those health effects might ultimately influence productivity at work, healthcare costs, crime rates and the need for employee assistance programs. The recent reports on the increase in the positive drug use among the American workforce reflected in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2013 together with a September 2014 report by Quest Diagnostics raises suspicions over the association of working at nonstandard schedules and more substance use. Most of the previous studies, however, used non-representative cross sectional data that often suffer from different biases and are unable to track changes and developments in characteristics of the shift workers through time Using 15 consecutive rounds of an American longitudinal dataset for the first time and applying survival analysis in addition to standard panel data techniques to correct for some of the previous problems such as attenuation bias and 'healthy shift-worker survivor bias', it turns out in contrast with the past studies' findings, overall no evidence appear to exist on the relationship between being a shift worker and an increase in substance use and other than the case of cocaine use, almost all other coefficients appear to be negative. Nonetheless none of the correlations imply large effects in absolute terms.
Bibliography Citation
Khadem Sameni, Mona. "The Relationship between Nonstandard Work Schedules and Substance Use: New Evidence From NLSY97." Presented: Chicago IL: American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, October-November 2015.
1132. Khazan, Olga
The Luxury of Waiting for Marriage to Have Kids
The Atlantic, June 17, 2014.
Also: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/06/why-poor-women-dont-wait-for-marriage-to-give-birth/372890/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Atlantic Media
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; College Degree; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Parents, Single

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

For people who don’t have a college degree, having a child in wedlock has become the exception, not the rule. According to [an] analysis presented at the Population Association of America, among parents aged 26 to 31 who didn’t graduate from college, 74 percent of the mothers and 70 percent of the fathers had at least one child outside of marriage. Even among mothers who had high school degrees or some college but no B.A., the majority of births occur among moms who are either single or cohabiting. [News media article based on Cherlin, Andrew J., Elizabeth Talbert and Suzumi Yasutake. "Changing Fertility Regimes and the Transition to Adulthood: Evidence from a Recent Cohort." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014]
Bibliography Citation
Khazan, Olga. "The Luxury of Waiting for Marriage to Have Kids." The Atlantic, June 17, 2014.
1133. Killoren, Sarah E.
Deutsch, Arielle R.
A Longitudinal Examination of Parenting Processes and Latino Youth's Risky Sexual Behaviors
Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43,12 (December 2014): 1982-1993.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-013-0053-z
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Contraception; Gender Differences; Hispanic Studies; Hispanic Youth; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Latino adolescents engage in riskier sexual behaviors compared to their peers, shown by their higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and lower rates of condom usage; therefore, examining the precursors and correlates of these risky sexual behaviors is important for prevention-intervention program development. Based on cultural-ecological, symbolic interaction, and gender socialization perspectives, we examined associations among mothers' and fathers' parenting and Latino youth's sexual risk over a 5 year period. Further, we investigated the direct and moderating roles of acculturation (e.g., language spoken in the home), nativity (e.g., citizenship status), and adolescents' gender. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (N = 1,899 Latino youth; 49 % female), we conducted a multi-level path model controlling for adolescents' age and prior sexual experience. Our findings revealed that more strictness by mothers and less strictness by fathers at Time 1 were related to lower sexual risk for adolescents at Time 2. Additionally, more monitoring by fathers at Time 2 was associated with lower sexual risk for adolescents at Time 3. Significant gender differences were found such that there were stronger associations among parenting processes and sexual risk for girls than for boys. Finally, we found support for the immigrant paradox (foreign-born youth reported lower sexual risk than US-born youth) and greater gender differences (boys had riskier sexual behaviors than girls) for immigrant compared to US-born youth. The findings reveal the complex associations among parenting processes, nativity status, gender, and sexual risk for Latino adolescents.
Bibliography Citation
Killoren, Sarah E. and Arielle R. Deutsch. "A Longitudinal Examination of Parenting Processes and Latino Youth's Risky Sexual Behaviors." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43,12 (December 2014): 1982-1993.
1134. Kim, Jaeok
Bushway, Shawn D.
Using Longitudinal Self-Report Data to Study the Age-Crime Relationship
Journal of Quantitative Criminology 34,2 (June 2018): 367-396.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-017-9338-9
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Self-Reporting; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Given the growing reliance on longitudinal self-report data for making causal inferences about crime, it is essential to investigate whether the within-individual change in criminal involvement exists and is not a measurement artifact driven by attrition or survey fatigue--a very real possibility first identified by Lauritsen (Soc Forces 77(1):127–154, 1998) using the National Youth Survey (NYS). The current study examines whether the same threats to the validity of within-individual change in criminal involvement exist in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY97).
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Jaeok and Shawn D. Bushway. "Using Longitudinal Self-Report Data to Study the Age-Crime Relationship." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 34,2 (June 2018): 367-396.
1135. Kim, Jeannie
The Academic Advantage of Devotion: Measuring Variation in the Value of Weekly Worship in Late Adolescence on Educational Attainment Using Propensity Score Matching
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54,3 (September 2015): 555-574.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jssr.12219/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for the Scientific Study of Religion
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Income; Propensity Scores; Religious Influences

This study measures the effect of regular worship attendance at age 17 on total years of schooling by age 25, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Expanding on previous work, this study estimates differences in the impact of worship attendance by race and family income status using propensity score matching. Individuals who frequently attend religious services complete .69 more years of schooling than similar individuals who do not frequently attend services. There are significantly greater returns to attendance for low-income youth and no significant difference in returns by religious affiliation. These findings suggest that religious observance provides greater benefits for low-income individuals or perhaps provides resources high-income individuals have access to elsewhere. Moreover, this study extends previous work by examining a more recent and nationally representative sample of youth and by using methods that allow for greater causal inference.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Jeannie. "The Academic Advantage of Devotion: Measuring Variation in the Value of Weekly Worship in Late Adolescence on Educational Attainment Using Propensity Score Matching." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54,3 (September 2015): 555-574.
1136. Kim, Keuntae
Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; First Birth; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is well established that the timing of childbearing is transmitted from parents to children in the United States. However, little is known about how the intergenerational link has changed over time and under structural and ideological transformations associated with fertility behaviors. This study first considers changes across two birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) in the extent to which parents� age at first birth is transmitted to their children. The first cohort includes individuals born during the late 1950s through the early 1960s (NLSY79) while the second includes individuals born in the early 1980s (NLSY97). Results from discrete-time event history analyses indicate that the intergenerational transmission of age at first birth between mothers and daughters as well as between mothers and sons significantly increased over the period. Father�s age at first birth had trivial effects on children�s timing of parenthood in both cohorts. These results were confirmed by analyses of data from three cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) on five birth cohorts spanning the same time period. Over this period, age at first childbirth became increasingly younger for children born to teenage mothers and increasingly older for those born to mothers who entered parenthood after age 25. These patterns have important implications for reproductive polarization and the low-fertility trap hypothesis.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Keuntae. "Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1137. Kim, Keuntae
Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys
Population Research and Policy Review 33,5 (October 2014): 649-671.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-014-9328-7
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Fertility; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is well established that the timing of childbearing is transmitted from parents to children in the United States. However, little is known about how the intergenerational link has changed over time and under structural and ideological transformations associated with fertility behaviors. This study first considers changes across two birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in the extent to which parents’ age at first birth is transmitted to their children. The first cohort includes individuals born during the late 1950s through the early 1960s (NLSY79), while the second includes individuals born in the early 1980s (NLSY97). Results from discrete-time event history analyses indicate that the intergenerational transmission of age at first birth significantly increased for both daughters and sons. These results were confirmed by analyses of data from three cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth spanning the same time period. Over this period, age at first childbirth became increasingly younger for children born to teenage mothers and increasingly older for those born to mothers who began parenthood after age 25. These patterns have important implications for the reproductive polarization hypothesis.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Keuntae. "Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth in the United States: Evidence from Multiple Surveys." Population Research and Policy Review 33,5 (October 2014): 649-671.
1138. Kim, Kyung-Nyun
Career Trajectory in High School Dropouts
Social Science Journal 50,3 (September 2013): 306-312.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331913000347
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; High School Dropouts; Job Characteristics; Job Status

This study considers the career trajectories of high school dropouts, which has been given little attention to in the literature. Considering worker heterogeneity for individuals who do not complete high school, we estimate possible career trajectories and investigate the traits related with the decision to drop out. Using latent class growth analysis, three kinds of career trajectories are identified: dead-end, stepping-stone, and advancing careers. Although the majority of dropouts are in the dead-end careers, about 30% are in the process of escaping low-status jobs through acquiring work experience. Individual traits, such as gender, race, and cognitive ability, as well as home computer access are significantly related to the different types of career trajectories.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Kyung-Nyun. "Career Trajectory in High School Dropouts." Social Science Journal 50,3 (September 2013): 306-312.
1139. Kim, Kyung-Nyun
Occupational Constraints and Opportunities Faced by School Dropouts
Education and Urban Society 47,4 (June 2015): 391-411.
Also: http://eus.sagepub.com/content/47/4/391.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Dropouts; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Status; Racial Differences; Vocational Training; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study investigated the relation between building human capital of former dropouts and their occupational standing and the interaction effects with individual characteristics. By applying the growth curve model, this study highlighted the factors that lead high school dropouts to enhance their occupational standing. An increment in the work experience limitedly improved the occupational standing of dropout workers. The acquisition of a vocational certificate pushed dropout workers further toward higher occupational standing but engendered more benefits to female workers than to male workers. The benefit of a vocational certificate accrued to Whites, thereby increasing the racial disparities with Hispanics. The association between work experience and occupational standing did not depend on the demographic characteristics, indicating the presence of social constraints. Parental education level did not affect dropout workers in their acquisition of a higher occupational standing. Work experience was also not a mechanism for dropout workers to obtain better occupation and therefore, other policy interventions should be considered. Dropout workers need to be redirected toward a hidden credential, such as a vocational certificate instead of the General Educational Development test.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Kyung-Nyun. "Occupational Constraints and Opportunities Faced by School Dropouts." Education and Urban Society 47,4 (June 2015): 391-411.
1140. Kim, Kyung-Nyun
Passmore, David L.
The Benefits of High School Experiences on Growth in Occupational Status in U.S.
International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 16,1 (March 2016): 113-136.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10775-015-9290-x/fulltext.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): High School; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Occupational Status; Occupations; Skills

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this study, we investigated high school graduates' school-to-work transition by considering their post-school occupational skill levels. Using an ordinal growth model analysis, occupational status increased in an arch-shaped curve as the number of years after high school graduation also increased. This growth trajectory was further related to the presence of training certificates, parental education levels, cognitive ability, and gender. The course of study did not significantly relate to occupational status. Participation in work-based education, including cooperative and mentor programs, related to the likelihood of students advancing to high-skill-level occupations. Further, we applied propensity score weighting to deal with plausible sample selection bias.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Kyung-Nyun and David L. Passmore. "The Benefits of High School Experiences on Growth in Occupational Status in U.S." International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 16,1 (March 2016): 113-136.
1141. Kim, Minseop
Byrne, Thomas
Jung, Nahri
Family Wealth and College Attendance: Borrowing Constraints or Scholastic Ability?
Presented: Washington DC, Society for Social Work and Research Conference, January 2012:
Also: http://sswr.confex.com/sswr/2012/webprogram/Paper16868.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR)
Keyword(s): Assets; Cognitive Development; College Education; Debt/Borrowing; Family Income; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background and Purpose: This study aims to examine how various forms of family wealth affect college attendance. Family wealth may have an effect on educational attainment over and above the effect of family income that may play a pivotal role in children's future socio-economic status. In light of this, a handful of studies have recently examined the extent to which various forms of wealth (e.g. liquid assets, illiquid assets, and debt) affects post-secondary educational outcomes including college attendance and completion. However, the underlying mechanism that accounts for the relationship still remains unclear. While the borrowing constraint hypothesis considers lack of economic resources to finance college education as a major barrier to college attendance, the ability hypothesis posits that family wealth affects college attendance as it is a crucial determinant of the ability of children to obtain post-secondary education. In other words, whereas the former focuses more on a direct financial effect, the latter emphasizes an indirect effect of family wealth through its impact on the scholastic ability of children. To test these two hypotheses, this study empirically examines a path model in which three forms of family wealth (liquid assets, illiquid assets, and debt) are assumed to have a direct effect on college attendance, and an indirect effect via SAT performance, which is one of the most important criteria in college admission.

Method: We utilize the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), which is the only national dataset that provides detailed reliable information on family wealth, SAT score, and college attendance. The study sample drawn from the NLSY97 consists of children who reported that they had taken the SAT between 1996 and 2003 (N=3,216). We construct wealth variables measuring illiquid assets, liquid assets, and debt. For statistical analysis, we use structural equation modeling (SEM) with SAT scores (verbal and math) serving as indicators of scholastic ability. SEM enables us to simultaneously estimate both direct and indirect effects on college attendance. Results: The SEM results support the ability hypothesis rather than the borrowing constraints hypothesis. Although, as expected, the liquid and illiquid assets have a positive effect, the direct effects are not significant. On the other hand, a family wealth measure, liquid assets shows a meaningful, indirect effect on college attendance through SAT (Odds ratio: 1.014, p<.05). Finally, although it is not of primary interest, family income, a traditional way to measure economic resources, is found to have a direct effect on college attendance (Odds ratio: 1.074, p<.05).

Conclusions and implications: This study suggests that family wealth, especially liquid assets which are easily convertible, is important for children's cognitive development, which is a strong predictor of post-secondary education. This finding suggests that it is important to enhance programs designed to encourage poor families to accumulate assets to promote educational achievement of their children. It should also be noted that given the observed direct effect of family income on college attendance, this study does not contradict current policy which helps youth from lower income families finance post-secondary education through borrowing.

Bibliography Citation
Kim, Minseop, Thomas Byrne and Nahri Jung. "Family Wealth and College Attendance: Borrowing Constraints or Scholastic Ability?." Presented: Washington DC, Society for Social Work and Research Conference, January 2012:.
1142. Kim, Ryang Hui
Adolescent Dating Experience and Delinquency
Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Dating; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Social Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The research literature on adolescent development has discussed adolescent dating in relation to behavioral changes. However, very little discussion has been devoted to theoretical explanations of the intricacies involved in the relationship between the adolescent dating experience and the development of delinquent behavior. Consequently, there seems to be a lack of understanding as to how dating activities in adolescence influence delinquency, aside from a general consensus that adolescent dating tends to be related to deviant behavior.

This dissertation, therefore, aims to add to the current knowledge about the development of adolescent behavior by examining the impact of dating on delinquency from different theoretical perspectives. In particular, I draw upon the social learning and social control perspectives to explore the theoretical influence of dating behavior. While dating can be seen from these perspectives as a criminogenic factor, it may well become normative behavior at later ages and may provide a positive influence on one's behavior by offering intimacy. The relationship between adolescent dating and delinquency can be more complicated when it is viewed from developmental perspectives because of the potential impact of maturation. Consequently, this study will focus on the following empirical questions. Does the influence of adolescent dating on delinquent behavior operate through social learning and control factors? Does the stability of dating relationships matter? Is the impact of dating age-sensitive?

This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to investigate these research questions. Logistic regression and fixed-effects modeling are used to test proposed hypotheses.

Bibliography Citation
Kim, Ryang Hui. Adolescent Dating Experience and Delinquency. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, 2011.
1143. Kim, Ryang Hui
Age-Sensitive Effect of Adolescent Dating Experience on Delinquency and Substance Use
Crime and Delinquency 59,5 (August 2013): 670-696.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/59/5/670.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; Dating; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses a developmental perspective and focuses on examining whether the impact of adolescent dating is age-sensitive. Dating at earlier ages is hypothesized to have a stronger effect on adolescent criminal behavior or substance use, but the effect would be weaker as one ages. The data obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 are used to investigate this research question. The age-sensitive effect is measured by the interaction term between dating and age in the fixed effects modeling. The results show that when an adolescent changes from nondating to dating, the probability of committing criminal activities or using substances increases, but the influence of adolescent dating decreases as one ages. In addition, the dating effect decreases more rapidly among female adolescents than male adolescents.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Ryang Hui. "Age-Sensitive Effect of Adolescent Dating Experience on Delinquency and Substance Use." Crime and Delinquency 59,5 (August 2013): 670-696.
1144. Kim, Sie Won
The Effect of Promoting Access to Community Colleges on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes
Labour Economics 85 (December 2023).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102438
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): College Degree; College Education; College Enrollment; Colleges; Community College; Dynamic Discrete Choice Mode; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Financial Assistance; Higher Education; Income; Labor Economics; Labor Market Outcomes; School Progress; Schooling, Post-secondary; Tuition; Tuition Subsidy

Community colleges offer an affordable postsecondary education and serve as a stepping stone to a four-year college degree. However, it is unclear how increased access to community colleges affects educational and labor market outcomes. To investigate this issue, I estimate a structural model of employment and college choices and evaluate policy interventions designed to promote access to community colleges: tuition subsidies and easier transition from two- to four-year colleges. I find that tuition subsidies at two-year colleges increase enrollment in community colleges and the average lifetime income but decrease four-year college degree attainment. In addition, I show that the transfer policy decreases enrollment in both two- and four-year colleges but increases bachelor’s degree attainment for high-ability students.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Sie Won. "The Effect of Promoting Access to Community Colleges on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes." Labour Economics 85 (December 2023).
1145. Kim, Sun Hyung
Essays in Labor and Information Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; College Graduates; Economic Changes/Recession; Labor Market Outcomes; Noncognitive Skills

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In Chapter 1, I examine how labor market returns to cognitive skills and social skills vary with the business cycle over the past 20 years, using data from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97. Exploiting a comparable set of cognitive and social skill measures across survey waves, I show that an increase in the unemployment rate led to higher demand for cognitive skills in the 2000s. High unemployment also sorted more workers into information use intensive occupations that require computer skills in the 2000s, but it sorted more workers into routine occupations in the 1980s and 1990s. This evidence suggests that recessions accelerate the restructuring of production toward routine-biased technologies. I also find that the returns to social skills increase during periods of high unemployment, though only in terms of the likelihood of full-time employment for experienced workers. Furthermore, an increase in unemployment increases the social skill task intensity of a worker's occupation in the 2000s, while it shows the contrary in the 1980s and 1990s. Based on these results, I argue that routine-biased technological change may not readily substitute for workers in tasks requiring interpersonal interaction, and therefore such technologies demand experienced laborers who have high social skills during recessions.

In Chapter 2, I study the impacts of entry conditions on labor market outcomes to cognitive and social skills for the US college graduating classes of 1979-1989. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I find that Workers with higher cognitive skills are more likely to be employed, find jobs more quickly and have higher-quality employment, while those with higher social skills voluntarily switch jobs more often. I also show that graduating in a worse economy intensifies the roles of social skills, allowing workers with higher social skills to catch up more quickly from poor initial conditions by switching jobs more often. This could partly explain why wage returns to cognitive skills declines but wage returns to social skills increases from graduating in recessions.

Bibliography Citation
Kim, Sun Hyung. Essays in Labor and Information Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2019.
1146. Kim, Sunha
Chang, Mido
Singh, Kusum
Allen, Katherine R.
Patterns and Factors of High School Dropout Risks of Racial and Linguistic Groups
Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) 20,4 (2015): 336-351.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10824669.2015.1047019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; High School Dropouts; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examined the dropout trajectories of racial and linguistic minority students and explored the effects of students' contextual factors on their high school dropout risks. Our motivation was to identify the dropout patterns of Black, Hispanic, and Hispanic English language learner (ELL) students, who have comparatively high dropout rates, and to suggest ways to promote high school completion. We employed a survival analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The results showed that the 3 minority groups displayed significantly higher dropout risks than the White group. The overall pattern of dropout risks increased over time, with the dropout rates of the Black students high in the 1st and 2nd years of high school and the highest dropout rates for Hispanic ELL students in their senior year. A gender difference was found among the students, with male students having higher dropout risks than female students. It was also found that students' positive relationships with their teachers were associated with lower dropout risks.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Sunha, Mido Chang, Kusum Singh and Katherine R. Allen. "Patterns and Factors of High School Dropout Risks of Racial and Linguistic Groups." Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) 20,4 (2015): 336-351.
1147. Kim, Won Ho
The Enrollment Patterns of Higher Education: Do Social Backgrounds Really Matter?
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; High School Completion/Graduates; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The first purpose of this study was to identify different attendance patterns and trajectories from the college-going young adult period onwards as a whole while still maintaining and emphasizing the individualized nature of the trajectory itself. Although social backgrounds affect comparatively different college experiences, few if any studies exist that explore how social background relates differently within the college-going population. Thus the study's second purpose was to explore how social background affects different higher education enrollment trajectories. The study used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to test the research questions. The outcome variable was credits earned, which reflected the cumulative percentage of credits earned toward a BA degree by a respondent in a given year. The outcome variable was rearranged by both age and high school graduation year. This study applied growth mixture modeling (GMM) to explore the variability in the data concerning credits earned. In this way, discrete growth trajectories (classes) were identified, and predictors of membership in those classes were gauged. As a result of GMM analysis, the findings indicate that a quadratic 4-class model based on the high school graduation timing variable, which included traditional and non-traditional trajectories of credits earned, best explained variations in enrollment patterns in higher education in the present sample. This study also investigated whether the credits-earned trajectories within higher education could be differentiated in terms of academic, social, cultural, or economic background factors. The results support the contention that historically disadvantaged students are likely to follow nontraditional college enrollment patterns compared to their advantaged counterparts. Therefore, while existing research has focused on the significant influence of academic, social, cultural, and economic background, this study provides evidence that students follow notably different credits-earned patterns once they have entered the higher education system.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Won Ho. The Enrollment Patterns of Higher Education: Do Social Backgrounds Really Matter? Ph.D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2016.
1148. Kimmes, Jonathan G.
Heckman, Stuart J.
Parenting Styles and College Enrollment: A Path Analysis of Risky Human Capital Decisions
Journal of Family and Economic Issues 38,4 (December 2017): 614-627.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-017-9529-4
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Expectations/Intentions; Human Capital; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this study, we examined how parents influence the higher education decision-making process of young adults. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, results from a path analysis showed that, although parenting styles were not directly linked with college enrollment, they were indirectly associated with college enrollment via their prior associations with a number of variables, including young adults' subjective probability of completing college, time preferences, academic achievement, cognitive ability, and parental expectations. These findings suggest that although parents may be less directly involved with higher education choices of young adults, they still have an important indirect influence on these choices. Parenting style impacts the child's beliefs, expectations, and attitudes, all of which ultimately play a role in the decision of whether or not to enroll in college.
Bibliography Citation
Kimmes, Jonathan G. and Stuart J. Heckman. "Parenting Styles and College Enrollment: A Path Analysis of Risky Human Capital Decisions." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 38,4 (December 2017): 614-627.
1149. King, Michael D.
College as a Great Equalizer? Marriage and Assortative Mating Among First- and Continuing-Generation College Students
Demography published online (27 September 2021): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-9461389.
Also: https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/doi/10.1215/00703370-9461389/210232/College-as-a-Great-Equalizer-Marriage-and
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Assortative Mating; College Education; Mobility, Social; Parental Influences; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

College has been hailed as a "great equalizer" that can substantially reduce the influence of parents' socioeconomic status on their children's subsequent life chances. Do the equalizing effects of college extend beyond the well-studied economic outcomes to other dimensions, in particular, marriage? When and whom one marries have important implications for economic and family stability, with marriage acting as a social safety net, encouraging joint long-term investments, and potentially producing dual-earner families. I focus on the marriage timing and assortative mating patterns of first- and continuing-generation college graduates to test whether college acts as an equalizer for marriage against alternative hypotheses. Using discrete-time event-history methods and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I find small differences between first- and continuing-generation graduates in marriage timing, but larger differences in assortative mating, particularly for women. First-generation women have a substantially lower likelihood of marrying another college graduate than do continuing-generation women, and a higher likelihood of marrying a noncollege graduate. These findings highlight the importance of examining noneconomic outcomes when studying social mobility and offer insight into how inequality may persist across generations, especially for women, despite apparent upward mobility.
Bibliography Citation
King, Michael D. "College as a Great Equalizer? Marriage and Assortative Mating Among First- and Continuing-Generation College Students." Demography published online (27 September 2021): DOI: 10.1215/00703370-9461389.
1150. King, Michael D.
College Characteristics and Assortative Mating Patterns among First-Generation College Students
Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; College Characteristics; College Graduates; Marriage; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A college education has well documented relationships with marriage patterns, including whom someone marries. These partnering patterns have important implications for individuals as well as society. High levels of educational homogamy concentrates (dis)advantage in couples, increasingly levels of inequality. While the implications of high levels of educational homogamy are clear, the components influencing who marries whom are less well understood. Among college graduates, the characteristics of the college attended are likely to play a role in structuring potential marriage markets, both during school and after graduation. The way colleges structure marriage markets, though, may also depend on the characteristics of any given student. In this paper, I examine whether and how college characteristics such as student body composition, selectivity, and distance from home are related to the likelihood of educational homogamy among college graduates. Additionally, I test whether these relationships differ between first- and continuing-generation college graduates. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, I find that the opposite-gender composition of a school is negatively related to the likelihood of marrying someone else with a college degree and that this negative relationship is stronger for first-generation students. I also find evidence that graduates of schools with higher acceptance rates and higher proportions of students receiving federal grant aid are more likely to marry someone with less than a bachelor's degree. While college characteristics do influence the likelihood of educational homogamy, they do little to explain observed differences between first- and continuing generation men and women's patterns of assortative mating. By examining social origin, college characteristics, and marriage outcomes together, this paper helps develop a more comprehensive understanding of their i nterrelationships and begins to move us closer to understanding both persistent social inequalities and potential pathways to social mobility.
Bibliography Citation
King, Michael D. "College Characteristics and Assortative Mating Patterns among First-Generation College Students." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2019.
1151. King, Michael D.
First-Generation College Students and the Timing of Marriage
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; College Education; Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

There has been a considerable amount of research documenting the relationship between educational attainment and union formation as well as the relationship between parental education and children's union formation. In almost all cases, though, these two lines of work are carried out in isolation from each other. This paper fills this void in prior literature by examining the interaction between child and parent education and its influence on the timing of first marriage, paying particular attention to first-generation college students. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I explore if and how marital timing of college graduates varies by parental education. I find that first-generation college attendees marry earlier than other college attendees. However, among those who have not married by the time they complete a bachelor's degree, there are relatively few differences between first- and continuing-generation college students in their marriage timing. These results offer important insight into the complex relationships between social mobility and demographic processes and provide new evidence about the equalizing effects of higher education, research on which has traditionally focused only on economic outcomes.
Bibliography Citation
King, Michael D. "First-Generation College Students and the Timing of Marriage." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
1152. King, Michael D.
Intergenerational Social Mobility and Family Formation in the United States
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2020
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Family Formation; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marital Status; Marriage; Mobility, Social; Mothers and Daughters; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this dissertation, I shift the focus of mainstream social stratification research away from economic and occupational outcomes to incorporate family formation patterns, both as an outcome related to social mobility and as a contributor to social mobility. Across three related papers, I investigate the relationships between social mobility and family formation by focusing on the marriage experiences of first-generation college students and the transmission of status and family structure between mothers and daughters.
Bibliography Citation
King, Michael D. Intergenerational Social Mobility and Family Formation in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2020.
1153. King, MIke
First-Generation College Students and Patterns of Cohabitation and Marriage
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; College Education; Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent work has highlighted the relationship between demographic processes in the parent generation and subsequent intergenerational mobility. Specifically, researchers have illustrated the importance of incorporating demographic mechanisms into models of intergenerational transmission of status. Less work, however, has examined this interplay from the reverse direction. In this paper, I turn the relationship around, asking how experiencing intergenerational mobility might influence subsequent demographic processes. To answer this, I focus on how union formation (both cohabitation and marriage) is related to children earning higher levels of education than their parents (e.g., first-generation college students). Using data from NLSY97, I build discrete-time event history models to test a series of alternative hypotheses about the role of intergenerational educational mobility in union formation patterns. This paper examines heterogeneity in the relationship between educational attainment and union formation while also contributing a new perspective on the interplay between demographic processes, intergenerational mobility, and social reproduction.
Bibliography Citation
King, MIke. "First-Generation College Students and Patterns of Cohabitation and Marriage." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
1154. Kinsler, Josh
Pavan, Ronni
Family Income and Higher Education Choices: The Importance of Accounting for College Quality
Journal of Human Capital 5,4 (Winter 2011): DOI: 10.1086/663649.
Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/663649
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; College Characteristics; Family Income

In the examination of the determinants of educational choices, little attention has been devoted to the relationship between family income and the quality of higher education. Using the 1979 and 1997 waves of the NLSY, we show that family income significantly affects the quality of higher education, especially for high-ability individuals. While the impact of family income on college quality is significant in both samples, it has declined considerably over time for high-ability students. Overall, the trends we observe are highly consistent with increases in tuition across the quality spectrum, coupled with more generous merit-based aid at high-quality institutions.
Bibliography Citation
Kinsler, Josh and Ronni Pavan. "Family Income and Higher Education Choices: The Importance of Accounting for College Quality." Journal of Human Capital 5,4 (Winter 2011): DOI: 10.1086/663649.
1155. Kirkland, Kristen A.
Parental Physical Illness and Adolescents' Engagement in Delinquent Activities and Substance Use
Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Social Welfare, State University of New York at Albany, 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: School of Social Welfare, State University of New York at Albany
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Illnesses; Mothers, Health; Parent-Child Interaction; Parental Influences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Understanding the relationship between parental physical illness and youth outcomes is of vital importance in promoting positive youth development. Given the long-term consequences that delinquency and substance use can have on youth, it is surprising that very little attention has been paid to understanding how having a parent with a serious physical illness influences youth's engagement in these activities. Using data from 2886 adolescents and their mothers from Round 1 and Round 4 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), this research employed the Life Model of Social Work Practice to (1) clarify the relationship between maternal physical illnesses and adolescents' engagement in delinquency and substance use, (2) examine parenting processes, such as engagement in family routines, parental monitoring, and the parent-youth relationship, as mechanisms by which maternal illnesses affected adolescents' outcomes when they were between the ages of 12 to 14, and again when they were between the ages of 15 to 17, and (3) explore gender differences in adolescents' outcomes when mothers were ill. These models were tested with a structural equation modeling program using a full information maximum likelihood estimation approach. Results indicated that maternal illnesses directly increased adolescents' substance use. Disrupted parenting mediated the relationship between maternal illnesses and adolescents' engagement in delinquency and substance use. Additionally, gender differences were identified in the mediation of parental physical illnesses and adolescents' engagement in delinquency, but not for substance use. Specifically, the findings suggested that girls' outcomes were more affected by early parenting disruptions, while boys' outcomes were more affected by later parenting processes. Results also suggested that these relationships were long-term, as evidenced by significant indirect paths between maternal illnesses and adolescents' outcomes when youth were three years older. These findings imply that early experiences with maternal illness and disrupted parenting set into motion maladaptive behaviors which are likely to persist over the long-term. Therefore, preventive interventions should occur early on in the diagnosis of maternal illness to help families anticipate and prepare for disruptions in parenting and enhance parents' abilities to parent effectively.
Bibliography Citation
Kirkland, Kristen A. Parental Physical Illness and Adolescents' Engagement in Delinquent Activities and Substance Use. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Social Welfare, State University of New York at Albany, 2008.
1156. Klerman, Jacob Alex
Data for DoD Manpower Policy Analysis
Technical Report, RAND, Santa Monica CA, 2009. Also: Also: http://www.rand.org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pubs/technical_reports/2009/RAND_TR486.pdf
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Manpower Research; Military Personnel; Military Service

To allow analyses of its personnel practices, the Department of Defense maintains historical administrative data files and administers surveys of military personnel. Military manpower analyses also make use of civilian cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Klerman provides an overview of these data sources and discusses how they can be analyzed with currently underutilized data-matching strategies. These data-matching strategies involve matching DoD administrative data files to (1) civilian administrative data (such as Social Security Administration earnings data); (2) DoD survey data; and (3) civilian survey data. These strategies have the potential for large payoffs in terms of better analysis-and therefore better policy-for DoD. Klerman also discusses the degree to which DoD should help fund a future National Longitudinal Study of Youth, and whether DoD should initiate a new military panel survey. Data for DoD Manpower Policy Analysis maintains that the research questions that these proposed surveys would help answer can instead be explored through data matching. Moreover, streamlining procedures for data matching-that is, making it easier for researchers to analyze the data DoD already has-is likely to be much less expensive than engaging in major new data-collection efforts.

Quote from the report:

    "DoD has now been approached about partnering in the follow-on NLS-Y2010. That survey is projected to select a sample of 8,000 to 12,000 individuals age 12 to 17. They would then be followed and reinterviewed annually.

    Unless the NLS-Y2010 is much larger than currently projected (which seems unlikely) or military enlistment increases sharply (which seems even less likely), the projected number of participating enlistees for the NLS-Y2010 is likely to be about 500. As was just noted, this is simply too small to do serious analysis of the enlistment decision. Thus, concerns about sample size for enlistment analyses are likely to remain."

Contents: Introduction -- Military Administrative Data -- Current Military Cross-Sectional Survey Programs -- Matching DoD Administrative Data to DoD Cross-Sectional Surveys -- Matching DoD Administrative Data to Civilian Administrative Data -- Matching DoD Administrative Data to Civilian Cross-Sectional Surveys -- Civilian Panel Surveys and Choice-Based Sampling -- An Alternative Model for Military Cross-Sectional Surveys -- A Military Panel Survey -- Discussion -- Appendix A: Formal Discussion of Some Technical Issues -- Appendix B: U.S. Census Bureau Residence Rules -- Appendix C: Survey Veteran Questions.

Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex. "Data for DoD Manpower Policy Analysis." Technical Report, RAND, Santa Monica CA, 2009.
1157. Klimek, Jacob
The Dynamics of Health Behaviors, Pregnancies, and Birth Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Birthweight; Drug Use; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Women who smoke and use marijuana during pregnancy are significantly more likely to experience poor birth outcomes than those who don’t. However, little is known about how these behaviors prior to pregnancy impact birth outcomes. Using data that chronicles annual behaviors and pregnancies of women from adolescence through their fecund years, I jointly estimate a set of multiple dynamic equations to examine the impact of health behavior histories on birth outcomes. I use the estimated parameters to simulate counterfactual scenarios consisting of different histories of health behaviors to quantify resulting changes in pregnancy, live birth, gestation length, and birthweight. I find that a woman's history of smoking increases her likelihood of having a low birthweight child after accounting for multiple sources of endogeneity bias associated with selection, simultaneity, and habitual behavior. Conversely, I find no evidence of a history of marijuana use impacting birth outcomes beyond the negative impacts of use during or immediately prior to pregnancy.
Bibliography Citation
Klimek, Jacob. The Dynamics of Health Behaviors, Pregnancies, and Birth Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2022.
1158. Kling, Ryan
Revisiting the Effect of Criminal Justice Involvement on Employment using the NLSY
Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Attrition; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Employment; Sample Selection; Sampling Weights/Weighting; Statistical Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The negative relationship between criminality and involvement with the criminal justice system and employment and wages has been long-studied in particular in the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. While many of the extant studies using the NLSY are observational, at least one uses quasi-experimental methods as an attempt to estimate a causal relationship of criminality and employment and/or wages. However, though prior research has recognized that there is attrition bias in the NLSY, methods used to deal with it have unnecessarily removed large numbers of observations. Alternative methods to attempt to correct for this attrition bias are necessary, especially as the NLSY cohorts mature. Furthermore, even in the quasi-experimental designs, little attention has been paid to the sample design or the sampling weights. Using the NLSY79 and 97, this paper will present estimates of the causal relationship of criminality and criminal justice system involvement using quasi-experimental econometric techniques, using the complex sampling design and sampling weights and exploring statistical adjustments to correct for attrition bias.
Bibliography Citation
Kling, Ryan. "Revisiting the Effect of Criminal Justice Involvement on Employment using the NLSY." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016.
1159. Knapton, Sarah
Being Sole Breadwinner Is Bad for Men's Health but Good for Women
Telegraph, August 19, 2016.
Also: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/08/19/being-sole-breadwinner-is-bad-for-mens-health-but-good-for-women/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: The Telegraph
Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Happiness (see Positive Affect/Optimism); Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A new study suggests that being the sole breadwinner is bad for a man's mental and physical health and sharing the financial burden brings long-term benefits to well-being. In contrast, women's mental health benefits from being the only provider with their overall emotional health and happiness declining as they contributed less to the household. The US researchers conclude that cultural expectations have left men viewing 'breadwinning' as an obligation they must fulfill, while women see it as an achievement. [Media news article based on Munsch, Christin L. and Matthew Rogers. "Is Breadwinning a Health Hazard? The Relationship between Relative Income and Self-Reported Mental and Physical Health." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016]
Bibliography Citation
Knapton, Sarah. "Being Sole Breadwinner Is Bad for Men's Health but Good for Women." Telegraph, August 19, 2016.
1160. Koball, Heather
Living Arrangements and School Dropout among Minor Mothers Following Welfare Reform
Social Science Quarterly 88,5 (December 2007): 1374-1391.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00507.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Coresidence; High School Dropouts; Mothers, Adolescent; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Welfare

Objectives. The 1996 welfare reform laws required that parents under the age of 18 live with their parents or an adult relative and enroll in school to be eligible for welfare benefits. This study examines whether minor mothers were less likely to drop out of school and more likely to live with parents following welfare reform. Methods. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey 1988 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 were used in difference-in-difference analyses. Results. Following welfare reform, minor mothers' co-residence with parents increased and their drop-out rates decreased. Conclusions. Welfare reform requirements are associated with changes in living arrangements and drop-out rates of minor mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited) is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)

Bibliography Citation
Koball, Heather. "Living Arrangements and School Dropout among Minor Mothers Following Welfare Reform." Social Science Quarterly 88,5 (December 2007): 1374-1391.
1161. Koch, David W.
Lee, Jaewon
Lee, Kyunghee
Coloring the War on Drugs: Arrest Disparities in Black, Brown, and White
Race and Social Problems 8,4 (December 2016): 313-325.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12552-016-9185-6
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Arrests; Drug Use; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) data, this study examines racial disparities in arrests for drug offending. Of the total 8984 NLSY97 participants, the study sample was restricted to the 4868 respondents who had ever reported using drugs (black = 1191, Hispanic = 980, white = 2697). The study questions are as follows: (1) Are there racial disparities in arrests for drug use, after controlling for incidence of drug use as well as other socio-demographic variables? (2) Are there racial disparities in arrests for drug dealing, after controlling for incidence of drug dealing as well as other socio-demographic variables? Compared with whites, blacks were more likely to be arrested for drug offending, even after controlling for incidence and other socio-demographic variables. Several socio-demographic variables, particularly gender, were also associated with arrests for drug offending. Bans on racial profiling and other legislative and policy changes are considered as potential strategies to ameliorate drug enforcement disparities.
Bibliography Citation
Koch, David W., Jaewon Lee and Kyunghee Lee. "Coloring the War on Drugs: Arrest Disparities in Black, Brown, and White." Race and Social Problems 8,4 (December 2016): 313-325.
1162. Koch, Wendy
More Runaways Citing Economy
USA Today on-line, 12 June 2010: News | Nation.
Also: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-11-runaways_N.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: USA Today
Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Runaways

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Economic hardship is being cited more often as a reason America's youth run away from home, says a report out today.

[In a study by Michael Pergamit,] Pergamit analyzed the data of 1,168 12-year-olds who were first interviewed in 1997 and then tracked for six years as part of the federally funded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. He found that half of the youth who run away do so before 14 and do so at least twice. He says they include slightly more girls than boys and far more white and black youths than Hispanics. Pergamit says these youth "couch surf" — first staying with friends and relatives before ending up in shelters or on the street. "They get money from friends," he says, adding that most don't resort to panhandling, prostitution or selling drugs. Data on runaways, however, are limited, he says. "We don't really know."

Bibliography Citation
Koch, Wendy. "More Runaways Citing Economy." USA Today on-line, 12 June 2010: News | Nation.
1163. Koch, Wendy
More Runaways Citing Economy; Report: Family Issues Still Top Reason to Flee
USA TODAY, Wednesday, May 12, 2010, FINAL EDITION, NEWS; Pg. 3A.
Also: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-11-runaways_N.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: USA Today
Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Economic Changes/Recession; Runaways

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Economic hardship is being cited more often as a reason America's youth run away from home, says a report out today.

Three times as many teen runaways cited economics as a factor in 2009 as did so in 2000, according to data by the National Runaway Switchboard, a hotline that handles more than 100,000 calls each year and receives public and private funds. The "Why They Run" report is based on caller data and youth interviews.

The weak economy also helps explain why the number of calls from homeless youth doubled from 739 in 2008 to 1,470 last year, says the hotline's executive director, Maureen Blaha. She says some of the youth (up to age 22) or their parents lost jobs or couldn't get work.

Bibliography Citation
Koch, Wendy. "More Runaways Citing Economy; Report: Family Issues Still Top Reason to Flee." USA TODAY, Wednesday, May 12, 2010, FINAL EDITION, NEWS; Pg. 3A.
1164. Koehli, Marianne Bernatzky
Essays on Labor Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2021
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Depression (see also CESD); Family Structure; Fertility; Health, Mental/Psychological; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The first chapter studies the life-cycle behavior of two cohorts of American women: those born in the 1960s and those born in the 1980s. Millennial women are more likely to work full time, work in professional, health, and education-related occupations, and be childless in their mid-thirties than women born in the 1960s. I build a life-cycle model that incorporates labor supply, occupation, and fertility choices, and estimate the model for the older cohort. I analyze the role of two forces in explaining the data patterns: (i) labor market factors, including changes in the wage structure and in the initial joint distribution of workers' skills and occupations' skills requirements, and (ii) family factors, including changes in marital status across cohorts. I find that both mechanisms are important and together are able to (i) explain the changes in occupational sorting across cohorts; (ii) predict 74% of the changes in the share of women in full-time work; (iii) explain 85% of the decrease in the share of women with two children and (iv) explain 81% of the increase in the share of childless women in their mid-thirties.

In the third chapter, which is joint work with Paula Calvo and Zhengren Zhu, we investigate the role of maternal mental health on children's cognitive and mental health development. We propose a model that incorporates maternal mental health as a separate input in the human capital production function, different from cognitive and non-cognitive skills. We employ the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, where we link mothers and their children, to document the empirical patterns that motivate this study: First, poor maternal mental health is positively associated with poor mental health of her child and negatively associated with her child's cognitive development (which includes math and reading recognition). Second, poor maternal mental health is associated with worse parental practices at different ages. Third, children's mental health problems affect their cognitive outcomes in school. Fourth, children with poor mental health are more likely to have mental health problems in adult life, have lower wages and lower educational attainment. Our model incorporates these key mechanisms. We describe the estimation steps and propose counterfactual exercises.

Bibliography Citation
Koehli, Marianne Bernatzky. Essays on Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Yale University, 2021.
1165. Koeppel, Maria D.H.
Bouffard, Leana Allen
The Long-Term Health Consequences of Bullying Victimization
Research Brief, Crime Victims' Institute, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, September 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sam Houston State University
Keyword(s): Bullying/Victimization; Health Care; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research brief provides a summary of results from a recent study designed to examine the relationship between bullying and physical and mental health, health care access and utilization, and health risk behaviors.
Bibliography Citation
Koeppel, Maria D.H. and Leana Allen Bouffard. "The Long-Term Health Consequences of Bullying Victimization." Research Brief, Crime Victims' Institute, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, September 2012.
1166. Kofman, Yelizavetta
Hidden Social Costs of Precarious Employment: Marriage Formation in a Period of Rising Precarity
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Benefits, Fringe; Employment; Gender Differences; Job Characteristics; Job Tenure; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The transition to adulthood has become increasingly prolonged since the late 1970s. Despite widespread public and scientific concern, the exact mechanisms that delay the transition to adulthood are largely unknown. This paper argues that part of the answer lies in examining another key contemporary trend: the rise of precarious employment since the 1970s and the attendant increase in uncertainty and risk for workers. I examine the effects of precarious employment (i.e. jobs with a nonstandard employment relationship, short tenure, and/or lack of benefits) on first marriage, one traditional marker of adulthood. Using data from the NLSY97, I find that the odds of having a first marriage are reduced for women (but not men) that have a nonstandard job or a job with short tenure. Further, having a job that lacks health insurance and retirement benefits reduces the odds of first marriage for both men and women. More work on disentangling the causal effects and mechanisms of precarious employment are necessary as this phenomenon continues to grow.
Bibliography Citation
Kofman, Yelizavetta. "Hidden Social Costs of Precarious Employment: Marriage Formation in a Period of Rising Precarity." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014.
1167. Kofman, Yelizavetta
Life on a Tightrope: The Role of Precarious Employment on Moving Back Home
Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Propensity Scores; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While there is increasing scholarly and public interest in precarious employment--jobs that entail a nonstandard contract, are short term, and/or do not provide fringe benefits--few studies have considered the effects of such employment beyond the workplace. I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (N=6650), and event history and propensity score matching methods, to examine the effect of precarious employment on home return and home leaving during young adulthood (age 25-30). Among young adults that have completed their education, had at least one job spell and one spell of living independently, I find significant negative effects of having a nonstandard contract job and of having a short term job on the probability of moving back home. On the other hand, having a job that provides health insurance and having a job with employer-provided retirement savings has a significant positive effect on leaving the parental home after a spell of living at home. This research suggests that it is not only earnings (which I adjust for in all models) that are important factors shaping young adults' transition to independent living; rather, the uncertainty involved in precarious employment may force young adults to rely on their parents as a safety net well into their late 20s.
Bibliography Citation
Kofman, Yelizavetta. "Life on a Tightrope: The Role of Precarious Employment on Moving Back Home." Presented: Chicago IL, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2015.
1168. Kofman, Yelizavetta
The Hidden Social Costs of Precarious Employment: Parental Co-Residence, Marriage Timing, and Political Participation During Young Adulthood
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles
Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Marital Status; Political Attitudes/Behaviors/Efficacy; Residence, Return to Parental Home/Delayed Homeleaving

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Precarious employment--that is, jobs that entail a nonstandard contract, are short term, and/or do not provide fringe benefits like health insurance and retirement savings--has become a widely discussed topic in the media and a key research topic among scholars. Despite increasing scholarly and public interest in precarious employment, however, few studies have considered the effects of such employment beyond typical work and career outcomes. Using longitudinal panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines the effect of precarious employment on the social and political lives of contemporary young adults.
Bibliography Citation
Kofman, Yelizavetta. The Hidden Social Costs of Precarious Employment: Parental Co-Residence, Marriage Timing, and Political Participation During Young Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2015.
1169. Koon, Justin T.
Father-Daughter Relationship Quality as a Predictor of Sexual Activity in Adolescent Women
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University, 2011.
Also: http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092011-150942/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement; Sexual Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this study I explored the effects of the quality of the father-daughter relationship on the sexual activity of adolescent females. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a representative sample of adolescents, I assessed the odds of a daughter’s engaging in sexual intercourse and early vs. delayed onset of sexual activity as predicted by her perceptions of the levels of support and harshness received from her father. I used binary logistic regression and found partial support for the hypotheses. Specifically, increases in the level of perceived paternal harshness were related to increases in the likelihood that daughters engaged in sexual activity before the age of 15 (early onset). Perceived paternal support was not significantly associated with adolescent daughter sexual activity. Study limitations and strengths, implications for clinical intervention (especially for marriage and family therapy), and future research directions are also discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Koon, Justin T. Father-Daughter Relationship Quality as a Predictor of Sexual Activity in Adolescent Women. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family and Child Sciences, Florida State University, 2011..
1170. Koppera, Vedant
The Female College Boom, Educational Mobility, and Overeducation in the United States
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the second chapter, I estimate the intergenerational transmission of education in the United States between 1980 and 2013. I find that intergenerational persistence in education has increased substantially among blacks in recent years while remaining stable among whites and Hispanics. I observe this trend when using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics as well as the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. I demonstrate that much of the increase in educational persistence among blacks is due to decreases in upward mobility. The increase in black educational persistence is found in both two-parent and single-parent households, and I do not find similar trends and differences when estimating intergenerational income persistence.
Bibliography Citation
Koppera, Vedant. The Female College Boom, Educational Mobility, and Overeducation in the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2016.
1171. Kopycka, Katarzyna
Kiersztyn, Anna
Sawiński, Zbigniew
Bieńkowski, Stefan
Sovpenchuk, Viktoriia
Use of Panel Surveys to Measure Employment Precarity in a Cross-National Framework: An Integrated Approach to Harmonize Research Concepts and Longitudinal Data
Survey Research Methods 17, 3 (13 October 2023): 353-393.
Also: https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/srm/article/view/7989
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: European Survey Reseach Association (ESRA)
Keyword(s): Cross-national Analysis; Employment; Employment Disadvantages; Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Ex-Post Harmonization; German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP); Income; Income Level; Job Separation/Loss; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Measures, Sequence-Based; Panel Surveys; Precarity Index; Unemployment; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this article, we introduce a methodology to measure employment precarity in cross-country research based on individual career data from national panel surveys. First, we propose a measure of employment precarity, which is comparable across countries differing in their institutions, legal regulations and practices concerning the organization of labor relations. To address the comparability issues raised by using fixed-term employment indicators in the study of employment disadvantage, we conceptualize employment precarity in terms of sequences of labor market experiences, which carry a universal meaning as indicators of labor market attachment: non-employment, low income from work, and job separations. Drawing on recent developments in the field of sequence-based indices, we develop a Cross-National Precarity Index (CNPI) and test its performance using data on employment biographies from the German Socio-Economic Panel. We confirm good construct validity of the proposed measure by comparing its distribution across subpopulations as well as by assessing the statistical association between the index and typical correlates of precarious employment identified in the literature: employment status and life satisfaction. Second, we outline a methodological framework for the ex-post harmonization of career data gathered in various types of individual panel studies. Acknowledging the methodological differences between these studies, we propose adopting a common, calendar-based format for longitudinal data organization and constructing harmonization control variables to account for the recall and measurement bias resulting from the specific methodological solutions adopted in domestic surveys.
Bibliography Citation
Kopycka, Katarzyna, Anna Kiersztyn, Zbigniew Sawiński, Stefan Bieńkowski and Viktoriia Sovpenchuk. "Use of Panel Surveys to Measure Employment Precarity in a Cross-National Framework: An Integrated Approach to Harmonize Research Concepts and Longitudinal Data." Survey Research Methods 17, 3 (13 October 2023): 353-393.
1172. Kosteas, Vasilios D.
Job Satisfaction and Employer-sponsored Training
BJIR: An International Journal of Employment Relations published online (18 March 2023): DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12741.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjir.12741
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Job Satisfaction; Job Turnover; Training

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article examines whether participation in employer-sponsored training has a causal impact on job satisfaction by accounting for individual fixed effects, individual-by-employer fixed effects and controlling for promotions in a sub-sample of the data to address the endogeneity of participation arising from within employer job changes. The estimates show a consistent, positive effect of participation in employer-sponsored training on job satisfaction. Conversely, participation in other types of training does not have a significant impact upon job satisfaction. Additionally, participation in employer-sponsored training has a strong, negative correlation with turnover even while controlling for job satisfaction. Training does not exhibit a lasting effect of either job satisfaction or turnover.
Bibliography Citation
Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Job Satisfaction and Employer-sponsored Training." BJIR: An International Journal of Employment Relations published online (18 March 2023): DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12741.
1173. Kourtellos, Andros
Marr, Christa
Tan, Chih Ming
Local Measures of Intergenerational Mobility of Income, Cognitive, and Noncognitive Skills
Presented: Toulouse, France, European Economic Association and Econometric Society Parallel Meetings, August 2014
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: European Economic Association & Econometric Society
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Family Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Noncognitive Skills; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Pearlin Mastery Scale; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using NLSY data we investigate whether the observed patterns of intergenerational persistence in cognitive and non-cognitive abilities are consistent with the predictions of the genetic hypothesis. In doing so we employ the varying coefficient model to estimate nonparametric (local) measures of intergenerational mobility of income, cognitive, and non-cognitive skills as smooth functions of log parent permanent income. Our findings show that intergenerational mobility exhibits nonlinear patterns. Individuals with different parental income are characterized by different degrees of intergenerational mobility. Moreover, we find evidence that suggests that the genetic component in the overall intergenerational transmission mechanism is much stronger than the epigenetic for both sons and daughters.
Bibliography Citation
Kourtellos, Andros, Christa Marr and Chih Ming Tan. "Local Measures of Intergenerational Mobility of Income, Cognitive, and Noncognitive Skills." Presented: Toulouse, France, European Economic Association and Econometric Society Parallel Meetings, August 2014.
1174. Koval, Andrey V.
A Graphical System for Longitudinal Modeling using Dynamic Documents: Application to NLSY97 Religiosity Data
Ph.D. Dissertation, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Religion; Statistical Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation proposes a graphical analysis and presentation system for fitting, evaluating, and reporting longitudinal models in social sciences. The graphical innovations demonstrated here address practical issues that arise in evaluating sequences of statistical models. A progression of nested or otherwise related models in a sequence creates a context for model comparisons. The proposed graphical methods provide the researcher with visualization tools to facilitate model evaluation, using data mapping and interactive document design. The study applies these methods to examine empirical trends of religious involvement using a nationally representative household sample of American youth, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97). Annual measures in the NLSY97 from 2000 to 2011 provided panel data on church attendance from approximately 9,000 individuals born between 1980 and 1984. These data are examined using latent curve models (LCM) to study the nature of change in religious involvement between ages 13 and 31. Data, code, and reproducibility instructions for this study are published as a GitHub repository and are available to the research community.
Bibliography Citation
Koval, Andrey V. A Graphical System for Longitudinal Modeling using Dynamic Documents: Application to NLSY97 Religiosity Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, 2014.
1175. Koval, Andriy
Beasley, William H.
Hararuk, Oleksandra
Rodgers, Joseph Lee
Social Contagion and General Diffusion Models of Adolescent Religious Transitions: A Tutorial, and EMOSA Applications
Journal of Research on Adolescence published online (10 December 2021): DOI: 10.1111/jora.12695.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jora.12695
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Bayesian; Monte Carlo; Religion; Religious Influences; Social Contacts/Social Network

Epidemic Models of the Onset of Social Activities (EMOSA) describe behaviors that spread through social networks. Two social influence methods are represented, social contagion (one-to-one spread) and general diffusion (spread through cultural channels). Past models explain problem behaviors--smoking, drinking, sexuality, and delinquency. We provide review, and a tutorial (including examples). Following, we present new EMOSA models explaining changes in adolescent and young adult religious participation. We fit the model to 10 years of data from the 1997 U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Innovations include a three-stage bi-directional model, Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation, graphical innovations, and empirical validation. General diffusion dominated rapid reduction in church attendance during adolescence; both diffusion and social contagion explained church attendance stability in early adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Koval, Andriy, William H. Beasley, Oleksandra Hararuk and Joseph Lee Rodgers. "Social Contagion and General Diffusion Models of Adolescent Religious Transitions: A Tutorial, and EMOSA Applications." Journal of Research on Adolescence published online (10 December 2021): DOI: 10.1111/jora.12695.
1176. Kramer, Karen
Pak, Sunjin
Park, So Young
Paid Parental Leave Duration, Number of Children, and Income Growth: A Longitudinal Analysis
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Gender Differences; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wage Growth; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

There is a growing awareness in the literature that work-family policies, while allowing employees to better balance work and life outside work, may also result in penalties, or lower rewards for employees who use such policies. In this paper we explore this proposition by examining the effect of paid parental leave use on salary growth of men and women after the birth of their first and second child. In addition, we explore whether the age gap between the first and second child is related to salary growth over time. Using the commitment hypothesis model and the ideal workers norms framework, we hypothesize that parents will be penalized for having children, that they will be further penalized for using paid parental leave, and that men will be penalized more for taking leave. We use the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth for 1979 and 1997 to test our hypotheses with a sample of individuals who worked continuously (returned to work after taking their paid leave). We find that both men and women are penalized in term of their salary growth for having their first child, but only women are penalized for having a second child. Further, we find that taking parental leave results in a significant reduction in the slope of wage growth and that it takes women five to seven years to catch up with the salary growth of employees who did not take parental leave, while for men it takes almost 12 years to catch up. Age gap between children is not significantly related to salary growth. We conclude with implication to theory and future research.
Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen, Sunjin Pak and So Young Park. "Paid Parental Leave Duration, Number of Children, and Income Growth: A Longitudinal Analysis." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
1177. Kramer, Karen
Pak, Sunjin
Park, So Young
The Effect of Parental Leave Duration on Early-career Wage Growth
Human Resource Management Journal published online (7 January 2022): DOI: 10.1111/1748-8583.12428.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1748-8583.12428
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Wage Growth; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Work-family policies are meant to support labor force participants, but they often result in lower rewards for those who use them. Based on the ideal worker norm framework and signalling theory, we hypothesise that parental leave duration will result in lower wage growth, above and beyond that of having children. The 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data from 2000 to 2015 are used to test the hypotheses with a longitudinal sample (14 waves) of individuals in the United States who worked before and after taking parental leave (n = 6723). Discontinuous growth models are used to predict the penalty for parental leave duration for men and women. We find that both men and women suffer from a lower hourly wage growth for taking longer parental leave and that there are more severe penalties for taking paid parental leave than taking unpaid parental leave.
Bibliography Citation
Kramer, Karen, Sunjin Pak and So Young Park. "The Effect of Parental Leave Duration on Early-career Wage Growth." Human Resource Management Journal published online (7 January 2022): DOI: 10.1111/1748-8583.12428.
1178. Kreisman, Daniel M.
Three Essays on Race and Human Capital
Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Black Studies; Discrimination; Employment; Human Capital; Racial Differences; Skin Tone; Wage Differentials; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The following presents three essays on racial disparities in human capital investments and returns to skill over the life-cycle. The first chapter, "The Source of Black-White Inequality in Early Language Acquisition: Evidence from Early Head Start, " addresses the source and timing of divergence in the accumulation of early childhood skills between black and white children. The second chapter, "The Effects of the Jeanes and Rosenwald Funds on Black Education by 1930: Comparing Returns on Investments in Teachers and Schools," estimates the combined and comparative effects of two large philanthropies targeting rural black schools in the segregated South. The third chapter, "Blurring the Color Line: Wages and Employment for Black Males of Different Skin Tones," co-authored with Marcos Rangel, tests for wage differentials within race, across skin color, utilizing a measure of skin tone placed in a prominent social survey. Taken together, these essays evaluate the role race plays in inequality above and beyond what can be explained away by racial disparities in wealth, family circumstances, prior education and other comparable measures. Each essay is written from a human capital perspective, drawing on literature in economics, public policy and education, seeking to broaden our understanding of the incongruous relationship between race and inequality in America.
Bibliography Citation
Kreisman, Daniel M. Three Essays on Race and Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago, 2012.
1179. Kreisman, Daniel M.
Rangel, Marcos A.
On the Blurring of the Color Line: Wages and Employment for Black Males of Different Skin Tones
Review of Economics and Statistics 97,1 (March 2015): 1-13.
Also: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00464
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: MIT Press
Keyword(s): Black Studies; Discrimination; Earnings; Employment; Skin Tone; Wage Gap

We evaluate the role skin color plays in earnings and employment for Black males in the NLSY97. By applying a novel, scaled measure of skin tone to a nationally representative sample, and by estimating the evolution of labor market differentials over time, we bridge a burgeoning literature on skin color with more established literatures on wage differentials and labor market discrimination. We find that while intra-racial wage gaps widen with experience, gaps between the lightest skinned Black workers and Whites remain constant, suggesting that a blurring of the color line elicits subtle yet meaningful variation in earnings differentials over time.
Bibliography Citation
Kreisman, Daniel M. and Marcos A. Rangel. "On the Blurring of the Color Line: Wages and Employment for Black Males of Different Skin Tones." Review of Economics and Statistics 97,1 (March 2015): 1-13.
1180. Kreisman, Daniel M.
Stange, Kevin
Does Vocational Course-Taking Ease School-to-Work Transitions? A Dynamic Choice Model
Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; High School Curriculum; Labor Market Outcomes; Transition, School to Work; Vocational Education

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Vocational courses that prepare students for work are the second-most common type of course taken in American high schools, behind only English. This paper examines the determinants and consequences of vocational course taking during high school using detailed transcript, post-secondary and labor market outcome data from the NLSY97. We develop a dynamic choice model through which students sort into vocational and/or academic coursework. The model simultaneously captures high school curriculum choice, academic performance, postsecondary attainment and earnings to i) delineate the channels through which students sort into vocational coursework, and ii) determine how high school curriculum may impact later life outcomes. Initial reduced-form estimates suggest that students sort into vocational curricula in response to new information about their academic ability and that this coursework is particularly useful in the labor market for students who do not eventually go on to college.
Bibliography Citation
Kreisman, Daniel M. and Kevin Stange. "Does Vocational Course-Taking Ease School-to-Work Transitions? A Dynamic Choice Model." Presented: Albuquerque NM, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) Annual Fall Research Conference, November 2014.
1181. Kreisman, Daniel M.
Stange, Kevin
Vocational and Career Tech Education in American High Schools: The Value of Depth Over Breadth
NBER Working Paper No. 23851, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2017.
Also: http://nber.org/papers/w23851
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Earnings; High School Curriculum; Vocational Education

Vocational education is a large part of the high school curriculum, yet we have little understanding of what drives vocational enrollment or whether these courses help or harm early careers. To address this we develop a framework for curriculum choice, taking into account ability and preferences for academic and vocational work. We test model predictions using detailed transcript and earnings information from the NLSY97. Our results are two-fold. First, students positively sort into vocational courses, suggesting the belief that low ability students are funneled into vocational coursework is unlikely true. Second, we find higher earnings among students taking more upper-level vocational courses -- a nearly 2% wage premium for each additional year, yet we find no gain from introductory vocational courses. These results suggest (a) policies limiting students' ability to take vocational courses may not be welfare enhancing, and (b) the benefits of vocational coursework accrue to those who focus on depth over breadth.
Bibliography Citation
Kreisman, Daniel M. and Kevin Stange. "Vocational and Career Tech Education in American High Schools: The Value of Depth Over Breadth." NBER Working Paper No. 23851, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2017.
1182. Kreisman, Daniel M.
Stange, Kevin
Vocational and Career Tech Education in American High Schools: The Value of Depth Over Breadth
Education Finance and Policy 15,1 (Winter 2020): 11-44.
Also: https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/edfp_a_00266
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: MIT Press
Keyword(s): Earnings; High School Curriculum; High School Transcripts; Vocational Education

Vocational education is a large part of the high school curriculum, yet we have little understanding of what drives vocational enrollment or whether these courses help or harm early careers. To address this we develop a framework for curriculum choice, taking into account ability and preferences for academic and vocational work. We test model predictions using detailed transcript and earnings information from the NLSY97. Our results are two-fold. First, students positively sort into vocational courses, suggesting the belief that low ability students are funneled into vocational coursework is unlikely true. Second, we find higher earnings among students taking more upper-level vocational courses -- a nearly 2% wage premium for each additional year, yet we find no gain from introductory vocational courses. These results suggest (a) policies limiting students' ability to take vocational courses may not be welfare enhancing, and (b) the benefits of vocational coursework accrue to those who focus on depth over breadth.
Bibliography Citation
Kreisman, Daniel M. and Kevin Stange. "Vocational and Career Tech Education in American High Schools: The Value of Depth Over Breadth." Education Finance and Policy 15,1 (Winter 2020): 11-44.
1183. Krishnamurty, Parvati
Daquilanea, Jodie
Fennell, Kyle
Long-Term Effects of Incentives: Results from the NLSY97
Presented: Hollywood, FL, American Association for Public Opinion Research, 64th Annual Conference, May 2009.
Also: http://www3.norc.org/Publications/Long-Term+Effects+of+Incentives+-+Results+from+the+NLSY97.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Association of Public Opinion Research
Keyword(s): Attrition; Disadvantaged, Economically; Interviewing Method

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Krishnamurty, Parvati, Jodie Daquilanea and Kyle Fennell. "Long-Term Effects of Incentives: Results from the NLSY97." Presented: Hollywood, FL, American Association for Public Opinion Research, 64th Annual Conference, May 2009.
1184. Kroeger, Sarah
Why Has the College Gender Gap Expanded?
In: Gender in the Labor Market: Research in Labor Economics 42. S.W. Polacheck et al., eds. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015: 159-203.
Also: http://emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S0147-912120150000042005
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Emerald
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; College Graduates; Gender Differences; Noncognitive Skills

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper uses data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to estimate the changing returns to cognitive and non-cognitive skills with respect to college completion, and quantifies the extent to which gender differences in these skills are driving the college gender gap. The use of two distinct college graduation cohorts allows a dynamic analysis of the widening female advantage in college graduation. I decompose the increase in the college gender gap into three pertinent categories of measurable attributes: family background, cognitive skills, and non-cognitive skills (captured by school suspensions, behavioral problems, and legal infractions). A second decomposition is applied to the change in the gap between the two periods. The results show that roughly half of the observed college graduation gender gap in the NLSY97 is due to female advantages in observable characteristics, and roughly half is "unexplained": due to gender differences in the coefficients. With respect to the change in the gap, approximately 29% of the difference in differences is the "explained" component, attributed to changes in the relative characteristics of men and women. In particular, declining non-cognitive skills in men are associated with about 14% of the increase in the gender gap.
Bibliography Citation
Kroeger, Sarah. "Why Has the College Gender Gap Expanded?" In: Gender in the Labor Market: Research in Labor Economics 42. S.W. Polacheck et al., eds. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015: 159-203.
1185. Kroeger, Sarah
Thompson, Owen
Educational Mobility across Three Generations of American Women
Economics of Education Review 53 (August 2016): 72-86.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775716302552
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Grandchildren; Grandparents; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility

We analyze the intergenerational transmission of education in a three-generation sample of women from the 20th century US. We find strong three-generation educational persistence, with the association between the education of grandmothers and their granddaughters approximately two times stronger than would be expected under the type of first-order autoregressive transmission structure that has been assumed in much of the existing two-generation mobility literature. These findings are robust to using alternative empirical specifications and sample constructions, and are successfully replicated in a second independently drawn data set. Analyses that include males in the youngest and oldest generations produce very similar estimates. A variety of potential mechanisms linking the educational outcomes of grandparents and grandchildren are discussed and where possible tested empirically.
Bibliography Citation
Kroeger, Sarah and Owen Thompson. "Educational Mobility across Three Generations of American Women." Economics of Education Review 53 (August 2016): 72-86.
1186. Kuehn, Daniel
Pergamit, Michael R.
Vericker, Tracy
Vulnerability, Risk, and the Transition to Adulthood
Low-Income Working Families Paper 18. Washington DC: The Urban Institute, August 2011.
Also: http://www.urban.org/publications/412395.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Disconnected Youth; Family Income; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Dropouts; Immigrants; Neighborhood Effects; Parents, Single; Poverty; Risk-Taking; Schooling, Post-secondary; Socioeconomic Background; Transition, Adulthood

Growing up poor strongly predicts poverty and poor adult outcomes. This study explores two primary reasons poverty may persist across generations: risk behavior in adolescence and dropping out of high school. Results suggest that risk behavior and dropping out help perpetuate poor economic outcomes for children from single-parent families but are less important for children who grow up in low-income families. The findings suggest that policies directed at reducing youth risk behavior and dropping out can improve economic outcomes when targeted to youth from single-parent households.
Bibliography Citation
Kuehn, Daniel, Michael R. Pergamit and Tracy Vericker. "Vulnerability, Risk, and the Transition to Adulthood." Low-Income Working Families Paper 18. Washington DC: The Urban Institute, August 2011.
1187. Kuhn, Peter
Mansour, Hani
Is Internet Job Search Still Ineffective?
The Economic Journal 124,581 (December 2014): 1213-1233.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecoj.12119/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Royal Economic Society (RES)
Keyword(s): Computer Use/Internet Access; Job Search; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using NLSY97 data for 2005-2008, we find that unemployed persons who look for work online are re-employed about 25 percent faster than comparable workers who do not search online. This finding contrasts with previous results for 1998-2001 and is robust to controls for cognitive test scores and detailed indicators of Internet access. Internet job search appears to be most effective in reducing unemployment durations when used to contact friends and relatives, to send out resumes or fill out applications, and also to look at ads. We detect a weak positive relationship between IJS and wage growth between jobs.
Bibliography Citation
Kuhn, Peter and Hani Mansour. "Is Internet Job Search Still Ineffective?" The Economic Journal 124,581 (December 2014): 1213-1233.
1188. Kulu, Yusuf Suha
The Effect of Remediation on Two-Year College Students
Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): College Degree; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Three quarter of first year community college students take at least one developmental course and yet their effectiveness remain ambiguous. Developmental education increases years spent in the college and it also better prepares students for the college-level courses. This paper assesses these two opposing impacts by using state developmental education policies as an instrumental variable for developmental course taking. Results using the NLSY97 transcript data indicate that taking developmental courses significantly increases one's probability of obtaining an associate's degree while increasing the total years spent in the college. A sequential model of education is presented to understand more about the complementarities between development and college-level courses.
Bibliography Citation
Kulu, Yusuf Suha. "The Effect of Remediation on Two-Year College Students." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2023.
1189. Kuo, Janet
Long-Term and Short-Term Economic Resources and Marriage Formation: An Insight into Black-White Differences in Marriage Formation among Cohabitors
Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Education; Marriage; Net Worth; Racial Differences; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using male data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY 97), we consider wealth accumulation (i.e., net worth) as one of important components of long-term economic prospects that may facilitate the formation of marriage among cohabitors, net of other relatively short-term economic prospects (i.e., earnings and employment status). Additionally, given the black-white disparity in access to wealth, our thesis is that taking into account wealth accumulation will help us further explain black-white differences in marriage formation among cohabitors.Our preliminary results suggest that long-term economic resources—wealth—is particularly central in marriage formation for cohabitors, whereas short-term economic resources--earnings and employment status are key to remaining cohabiting, relative to dissolution. Education, as a proxy for long-term economic prospect too, is significantly associated with increased risk of marriage and decreased risk of separation. Overall, the inclusion of measures for both short-term and long-term economic prospects helps explain the black-white difference in marriage formation substantially.
Bibliography Citation
Kuo, Janet. "Long-Term and Short-Term Economic Resources and Marriage Formation: An Insight into Black-White Differences in Marriage Formation among Cohabitors." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014.
1190. Kuo, Janet
Who Benefit from College Education? Relationship Outcomes of Cohabitors in the United States
Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; College Education; College Enrollment; Debt/Borrowing; Labor Market Outcomes; Marriage; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the United States, college graduates are more likely to experience patterns of union formation that lead to stable family life. The goal of this proposed study is to extend the existing literature on educational differences in family formation by exploring how varied levels of college experience--with and without attainment of a college degree--interact with loads of college loan debts and labor market outcomes in shaping cohabitors' union transition behavior—progression to marriage or separation. The preliminary results suggest that college enrollment experience can shape union transition behavior of cohabitors beyond degree attainment but the pattern varies by gender. Future analysis will further explore the role that student loan debts and labor market outcomes play in conditioning the association between college enrollment experience and union transitions of cohabitors.
Bibliography Citation
Kuo, Janet. "Who Benefit from College Education? Relationship Outcomes of Cohabitors in the United States." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015.
1191. Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan
Racial and Educational Disparities in Union Transitions of Cohabitors: The Importance of Long-term Economic Prospects
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 2015.
Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/31679
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Texas at Austin
Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Cohabitation; Economic Well-Being; Educational Attainment; Marital History/Transitions; Racial Differences; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that sustain the divergent patterns of union transition behavior among cohabitors of different socioeconomic backgrounds--broadly defined by race and education. First, it asks how racial and educational disparities in cohabitors' union transition behaviors have changed over time. Second, I explore how the first union formation processes based on a variety of indicators for young people's socioeconomic conditions vary between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Third, I investigate to what extent the educational disparities in the odds of transitioning to marriage could be attributed to differences in wealth as well as employment conditions among educational groups.
Bibliography Citation
Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan. Racial and Educational Disparities in Union Transitions of Cohabitors: The Importance of Long-term Economic Prospects. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 2015..
1192. Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan
Racial Differences in First Union Formation
Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study explores how the first union formation processes based on a variety of indicators for young people's socioeconomic conditions vary between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Findings suggest that the process of entering cohabiting unions does differ between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites. That is, non-Hispanic whites who come from disadvantaged family backgrounds, in terms of low levels of parental incomes and education, and who have nonmarital births are more likely to enter cohabiting unions than to stay single, as compared with their non-Hispanic white peers with more advantaged backgrounds and those who have no children born outside of marriage. Yet, African Americans are significantly less likely to enter cohabiting unions and are more likely to stay single, as compared with similarly disadvantaged non-Hispanic whites. I then discuss how the findings on racial differences in the process of entering first unions can shed light on how racial and educational differences in cohabitation outcomes take shape among recent cohorts of cohabitors.
Bibliography Citation
Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan. "Racial Differences in First Union Formation." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016.
1193. Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan
Raley, R. Kelly
Is It All About Money? Work Characteristics and Women’s and Men’s Marriage Formation in Early Adulthood
Journal of Family Issues 37,8 (June 2016): 1046-1073.
Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/37/8/1046.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Control; Earnings; Family Formation; Marital Status; Marriage; Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97, this article investigates how work characteristics (earnings and autonomy) shape young adults' transition to first marriage separately for men and women. The results suggest that earnings are positively associated with marriage and that this association is as strong for women as men in their mid to late 20s. Additionally, occupational autonomy—having the control over one's own work structure—facilitates entry into first marriage for women in their mid to late 20s but, for men, occupational autonomy is not associated with marriage at these ages. These results suggest that even as women's earnings are increasingly important for marriage, other aspects of work are also important for stable family formation.
Bibliography Citation
Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan and R. Kelly Raley. "Is It All About Money? Work Characteristics and Women’s and Men’s Marriage Formation in Early Adulthood." Journal of Family Issues 37,8 (June 2016): 1046-1073.
1194. Kuo, Janet
Raley, Kelly
Job Autonomy and Marriage Formation: A Comparison between Men and Women
Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Income; Marriage; Occupational Choice; Occupational Status

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the NLSY 97, this paper investigates how work-related assets (income, status, and autonomy) shape young adults’ transition to first marriage. We hypothesize that the relationship between work-related assets and marriage varies by age as well as gender and find that for women income is a stronger positive predictor of marriage in the mid-to late-20s than at earlier ages. Additionally, non-monetary aspects of work also matter. Occupational autonomy—being able to structure one’s own work—facilitates entry into first marriage for women in their mid-to late-20s but not in their late teens and early 20s. In contrast, for men, job autonomy has no effect on marriage formation at these ages. When job autonomy and income are taken into account, occupational status does not have a statistically significant association with marriage formation for either women or men.
Bibliography Citation
Kuo, Janet and Kelly Raley. "Job Autonomy and Marriage Formation: A Comparison between Men and Women." Presented: San Francisco CA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2012.
1195. Kuperberg, Arielle
McMillan, Allison
Mazelis, Joan Maya
Are Student Loans Worth It? Stratification in Work-Life Balance, Income, and Family
Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): College Cost; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Assistance; Leisure; Socioeconomic Factors; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

How do student loans and the education that they enable impact young adulthood? Student loans are a potential avenue of social mobility for young adults who may not otherwise be able to attend college, but recent increases to the cost of college have led some to question whether they in fact perpetuate inequality. Drawing upon the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997 cohort) and multiple waves of data covering 1997-2013 when respondents were age 17-33, this study examines selection into student loans and completed education, and stratification in work-life balance, income, marriage and parenthood by education completed by 2013 and whether or not respondents took out students loans. Work-life balance is measured via working hours, employment, working regular overtime, and sentiments about wanting time for relaxation and leisure. We also examine and account for pre-existing differences in leisure by examining engagement in reading and taking extra classes for fun when respondents were teens. We find that education is related to differences in all the measures we examine, and taking out student loans is additionally related to wanting time for leisure in adulthood and reading more and taking more classes in teenagehood, working hours and employment during the younger ages we examined, and with income and weak but growing differences in marriage and parenthood at older ages.
Bibliography Citation
Kuperberg, Arielle, Allison McMillan and Joan Maya Mazelis. "Are Student Loans Worth It? Stratification in Work-Life Balance, Income, and Family." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017.
1196. Kuranz, Seth
Substance Use Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young People: The Role of Neighborhood, School, and Family
Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Public Health, Boston University, 2020
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Geocoded Data; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Sexual Identity; State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Disparities exist between lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) young people and their non-LGB peers, with LGB young people continuing to use alcohol and other drugs into emerging adulthood at higher rates than non-LGB young persons. Our analyses were conducted with data from two nationally representative studies in the US, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). Using Add Health data, a marginal structural model and structural equation model were used to examine the effect of neighborhood economic advantage (N = 15,101 non-LGB and 5,031 LGB young persons) and neighborhood cohesion (N = 15,097 non-LGB and 5,004 LGB young persons) on the occurrence of alcohol and cannabis use disorders and alcohol use disorder symptoms. With the NLSY97, logistic regression models assessed the association between parental support and binge drinking among LGB young persons (N = 302 LGB young persons), and whether living in a state with supportive LGB policies modified this association. We found living in a neighborhood with higher levels of neighborhood economic advantage was associated with a lower risk of alcohol [0.81 (0.72-0.90)] and cannabis use disorders [0.88 (075-1.04)]. Neighborhood advantage had a stronger protective effect for LGB [0.75 (0.58-0.96)] than non-LGB [0.99 (0.81-1.21)] young people when examining cannabis use disorders. Higher levels of neighborhood cohesion were mediated by family and school cohesion and were inversely associated with alcohol use disorder symptoms, with a stronger total effect among LGB [-0.05 (-0.10 - -0.01)] than non-LGB [-0.03 (-0.06 – 0.00)] young persons. Higher parental support was inversely associated with binge drinking among LGB young people [0.85 (0.51-1.43)] with a trend toward a more protective effect among LGB persons living in states with supportive LGB-related policies. Our findings contribute to the published literature by extending the research on neighborhood context and substance use outcomes to an LGB population. Building state-level and neighborhood assets has the potential to reduce substance use and abuse among LGB young persons.
Bibliography Citation
Kuranz, Seth. Substance Use Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young People: The Role of Neighborhood, School, and Family. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Public Health, Boston University, 2020.
1197. Labor Month In Review
Young Adults at 23
Monthly Labor Review 134,2 (February 2011): .2-2.
Also: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/02/mlr201102.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Gender Differences; High School Dropouts; NLS Description

This month, BLS released its latest findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 regarding school enrollment, training, and employment transitions of young people. The survey is a nationally representative study of about 9,000 young men and women who were born from 1980 to 1984. Among its many findings, the report indicates that a gender gap exists in educational attainment, with nearly 1 in 4 women having earned a bachelor’s degree by age 23 but only 1 in 7 men having done so. The data also indicate that the labor force status of 23-year-olds differed significantly by educational attainment--89 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree who were no longer enrolled in school were employed, as compared with 60 percent of high school dropouts. Additional information can be found on the National Longitudinal Surveys Web site at http://www.bls.gov/nls/.
Bibliography Citation
Labor Month In Review. "Young Adults at 23." Monthly Labor Review 134,2 (February 2011): .2-2.
1198. Lach, Jennifer
The Babysitter's Club
American Demographics 21,7 (July 1999): 27
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Demographics Inc.
Keyword(s): Employment, Youth; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Racial Differences

More than half of all 14-year-olds participate in some type of work, from bagging groceries to babysitting the kids next door, according to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. White youths are much more likely to punch in than blacks or Hispanics, and girls work more freelance jobs than boys. Teachers, take heart: Kids aged 14 to 15 who work spend roughly the same amount of time on homework as those who don't have a job.
Bibliography Citation
Lach, Jennifer. "The Babysitter's Club ." American Demographics 21,7 (July 1999): 27.
1199. Lakin, Joni M.
Wai, Jonathan
Spatially Gifted, Academically Inconvenienced: Spatially Talented Students Experience Less Academic Engagement and More Behavioural Issues than other Talented Students
British Journal of Educational Psychology published online (17 February 2020): DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12343.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjep.12343
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: British Psychological Society
Keyword(s): Academic Development; Adolescent Behavior; Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Behavioral Problems; Cognitive Ability; High School and Beyond (HSB); Project Talent

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Aims: The goal of this research was to explore empirical evidence for the claim that spatially talented students would experience more academic struggles than other gifted students. We sought to understand the size of the 'spatially talented' population and their patterns of behavioural and academic struggles in high school. We also looked at long‐term outcomes, including degree completion.

Samples: This article explores characteristics of spatial talent in three US nationally representative data sets: Project Talent (1960), High School and Beyond (1980), and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1997). Combined, these data provide a 60‐year longitudinal study of student outcomes.

Bibliography Citation
Lakin, Joni M. and Jonathan Wai. "Spatially Gifted, Academically Inconvenienced: Spatially Talented Students Experience Less Academic Engagement and More Behavioural Issues than other Talented Students." British Journal of Educational Psychology published online (17 February 2020): DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12343.
1200. Lally, Kathy
Sexual Experience Before 15
Baltimore Sun, May 21, 2003, Telegraph; Pg. 2A
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Baltimore Sun Company
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Newspaper article recounting a report on adolescent sexual behavior that utilizes NLSY97 data. Full report available at www.teenpregnancy.org.
Bibliography Citation
Lally, Kathy. "Sexual Experience Before 15." Baltimore Sun, May 21, 2003, Telegraph; Pg. 2A.
1201. Lambert, Susan
Fugiel, Peter
Henly, Julia
Precarious Work Schedules among Early-Career Employees in the US: A National Snapshot
Research Brief, EINet (Employment Instability, Family Well-being, and Social Policy Network), University of Chicago, August 27, 2014.
Also: https://ssa.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/lambert.fugiel.henly_.precarious_work_schedules.august2014_0.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago
Keyword(s): Employment, Intermittent/Precarious; Job Characteristics; Work Hours/Schedule; Working Conditions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research brief presents an overview of work schedules among a representative sample of early-career adults (26 to 32 years old) in the United States. Based on an analysis of new items included in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), the brief describes the distribution of three dimensions of work schedules--advance schedule notice, fluctuating work hours, and schedule control--across early-career workers in hourly and non-hourly jobs, overall and separated by gender, regular work hours (full-time/part-time), race, and occupation. In addition, the brief gives special consideration to selected groups of hourly workers, including parents, women, workers of color, and workers in low-pay, high-growth occupations, who are at particular risk of precarious work schedules and economic insecurity. Finally, the brief suggests some implications of these descriptive findings for public policy and future research.
Bibliography Citation
Lambert, Susan, Peter Fugiel and Julia Henly. "Precarious Work Schedules among Early-Career Employees in the US: A National Snapshot." Research Brief, EINet (Employment Instability, Family Well-being, and Social Policy Network), University of Chicago, August 27, 2014.
1202. Lambert, Susan
Henly, Julia
Measuring Precarious Work Schedules
Working Paper, The Employment Instability, Family Well-being, and Social Policy Network (EINet), University of Chicago, November 2014.
Also: https://ssascholars.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/einet/files/managingprecariousworkschedules_11.11.2015.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago
Keyword(s): Employment; Well-Being; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this working paper, we suggest new possibilities for measuring unpredictable and fluctuating hours, as well as two other dimensions of work schedules that research has already established hold critical implications for worker and family well-being, namely nostandard work timing and employee control over work schedules. Our recommendations reflect insights gained from analyzing a set of new and revised survey items that were included in a recent round (Round 15) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY97) and that were designed to tap into each of these four dimensions of work schedules.
Bibliography Citation
Lambert, Susan and Julia Henly. "Measuring Precarious Work Schedules." Working Paper, The Employment Instability, Family Well-being, and Social Policy Network (EINet), University of Chicago, November 2014.
1203. Lambert, Susan
Henly, Julia
Fugiel, Peter
The Prevalence of Precarious Work Schedules Among Early-Career Adults in the US
Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR)
Keyword(s): Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper presents findings from national data on precarious scheduling practices in the US labor market. Studies in different nations and industries reveal how the scheduling practices today's employers use to contain outlays for labor often result in unstable and unpredictable work hours that undermine worker well-being and family economic security. Yet, national surveys in the US have not included items to gauge the prevalence of precarious scheduling practices, e.g., most surveys intentionally smooth variation by asking about "usual" hours. The papers' authors worked with the Bureau of Labor Statistics to develop measures of hour fluctuations and advance schedule notice that were included in the most recent round of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). Combined with existing items on schedule input and nonstandard timing, the NLSY now offers a uniquely comprehensive picture of precarious scheduling practices among a nationally representative sample of early-career adults.
Bibliography Citation
Lambert, Susan, Julia Henly and Peter Fugiel. "The Prevalence of Precarious Work Schedules Among Early-Career Adults in the US." Presented: New Orleans LA, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2015.
1204. Lamberton, Chelsi
Zhang, Yan
Does Gender Matter? Effects of Parental Incarceration on Male and Female Juvenile Delinquency
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender; General Strain Theory; Incarceration/Jail; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Due to the era of mass incarceration, millions of children in the United States have experienced parental incarceration. Recently, the body of research on the ways that parental incarceration may affect children and patterns of juvenile delinquency has grown. However, not much focus has been contributed to how gender may influence juvenile delinquency that occurs after a parent is incarcerated. Studies on children of incarcerated parents typically focus on males or do not consider gender, and there is little research on the impact that the incarcerated parent's gender has on their child's delinquent behavior. This study uses data from the NLSY97 and elements of Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) to test two questions about the relationship between gender, juvenile delinquency, and parental incarceration: 1) do males and females engage in gendered delinquent behavior as a result of the strain of parental incarceration? 2) does the gender of a juvenile's incarcerated parent influence the type of delinquent behavior they engage in?
Bibliography Citation
Lamberton, Chelsi and Yan Zhang. "Does Gender Matter? Effects of Parental Incarceration on Male and Female Juvenile Delinquency." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019.
1205. Lamm, Rik Z.
Incorporation of Covariates in Bayesian Piecewise Growth Mixture Models
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Bayesian; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Income; Modeling, MIxture Models/Finite Mixture Models

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The Bayesian Covariate Influenced Piecewise Growth Mixture Model (CI-PGMM) is an extension of the Piecewise Growth Mixture Model (PGMM, Lock et al., 2018) with the incorporation of covariates. This was done by using a piecewise nonlinear trajectory over time, meaning that the slope has a point where the trajectory changes, called a knot. Additionally, the outcome data belong to two or more latent classes with their own mean trajectories, referred to as a mixture model. Covariates were incorporated into the model in two ways. The first was influencing the outcome variable directly, explaining additional random error variance. The second is the influence of the covariates on the class membership directly with the use of multinomial logistic regression. Both uses of covariates can potentially influence the class memberships and along with that, the trajectories and locations of the knot(s). This additional explanation of class memberships and trajectories can provide information on how individuals change, who is likely to belong in certain unknown classes, and how these class memberships can affect when the rapid change of a knot will happen.

The model is shown to be appropriate and effective using two steps. First, a real data application using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to show the motivation for the model. This dataset measures income over time each year for individuals following high school. Covariates of sex and dropout status were used in the class predictive logistic regression model. This resulted in a two-class solution showing effective use of the covariates with the logistic regression coefficients drastically affecting the class memberships.

Bibliography Citation
Lamm, Rik Z. Incorporation of Covariates in Bayesian Piecewise Growth Mixture Models. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, 2022.
1206. Lamont, Andrea E.
Woodlief, Darren Todd
Malone, Patrick S.
Predicting High-risk versus Higher-risk Substance Use during Late Adolescence from Early Adolescent Risk Factors Using Latent Class Analysis
Addiction Research and Theory 22,1 (2014): 78-89.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/16066359.2013.772587
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Much of the existing risk factor literature focuses on identifying predictors of low-levels of substance use versus higher-levels of substance use. In this paper, we explore more nuanced patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use during late adolescence. Our aims were to: 1) identify subgroups of youth with qualitatively different patterns of ATOD use; and 2) explore whether membership among qualitatively distinct, high-risk classes could be predicted based on early adolescent risk factors. Data came from a selected subsample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 1,689). Predictors were measured when youth were about 12 years old; ATOD use was assessed when youth were aged 17 years. Results showed that adolescent ATOD use is not a homogenous behavior. Four distinct classes of adolescent ATOD users were derived. Each class had a qualitatively distinct and discriminable pattern of ATOD use. Ecological predictors were shown to differentiate between latent classes, with peer factors playing a particularly important role in differentiating between high-risk and higher-risk users. Implications for prevention and limitations are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Lamont, Andrea E., Darren Todd Woodlief and Patrick S. Malone. "Predicting High-risk versus Higher-risk Substance Use during Late Adolescence from Early Adolescent Risk Factors Using Latent Class Analysis." Addiction Research and Theory 22,1 (2014): 78-89.
1207. Landers, Monica D.
Mitchell, Ojmarrh
Coates, Erica E.
Teenage Fatherhood as a Potential Turning Point in the Lives of Delinquent Youth
Journal of Child and Family Studies 24,6 (June 2015): 1685-1696.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-014-9971-y
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Arrests; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The present study examines whether fatherhood, generally, and residential fatherhood, specifically, predicts desistance from criminal behavior and reduced contact with the criminal justice system among delinquent teens. Using multiple waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, two models were estimated and analyzed via fixed-effects negative binomial regression comparing periods of residential fatherhood to periods of non-residential fatherhood and non-fatherhood. Results indicated that nonresidential fatherhood placed delinquent teens at greater odds for future arrest compared to residential fatherhood. Further, delinquent teens when residing with their children reported less offending behaviors, such as marijuana use and drug distribution, compared to periods when they did not reside with their children.
Bibliography Citation
Landers, Monica D., Ojmarrh Mitchell and Erica E. Coates. "Teenage Fatherhood as a Potential Turning Point in the Lives of Delinquent Youth." Journal of Child and Family Studies 24,6 (June 2015): 1685-1696.
1208. Landsheer, Johannes A.
The Co-occurrence of Self-observed Norm-conforming Behavior, Reduction of Zero Observations and Remaining Measurement Quality
Quality and Quantity 48,5 (September 2014): 2647-2656.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-013-9914-5
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Data Quality/Consistency; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Statistics

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Norm-violating behavior is characterized by clear social norms which prescribe the non-occurrence of that behavior. From the theoretical framework of Allport it is derived that specifically norm-conformation is consistent, while violating norms is expected to be inconsistent and more circumstantial. This is in contrast to test-theoretic approaches of delinquent behavior that assume that various norm-violating responses form a consistent answer pattern that is scalable and reliable. In this study we study the inter-correlations, scalability and reliability of norm-violating responses and their relation with the reduction of zero observations. In concordance with Allport’s view it is expected that different norm-violating self-report items have limited interrelatedness and are limited in scalability and reliability in the norm-violating sub-population. The NLSY98 self-report data show that a large majority of respondents (69 %) conform systematically to all ten different norms, while only nine percent admits more than two different violations. The results show that in subsamples of norm-violating respondents, the correlations between items become closer to zero, dependent on the amount of zero reduction. Furthermore, both Loevinger’s H coefficient of scalability and scale reliability become unsatisfactorily low, when 35 % or more strict norm-conforming subjects are removed.
Bibliography Citation
Landsheer, Johannes A. "The Co-occurrence of Self-observed Norm-conforming Behavior, Reduction of Zero Observations and Remaining Measurement Quality." Quality and Quantity 48,5 (September 2014): 2647-2656.
1209. Lantis, Robert M.
Essays in Education and Health Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Benefits; Geocoded Data; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment Insurance

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The final essay, written jointly with Brittany Teahan, investigates potential unintended consequences of unemployment insurance (UI) policy on alcohol use and abuse. Using NLSY data supplemented with Geocode data, we estimate the effect of benefit replacement rates on changes in individual alcohol consumption following job loss. Identification relies on variation in replacement rates across states and over time. We find evidence that income effects from increased benefits dominate potential stress reducing benefits of UI. Moreover, we find that increased benefits increase the likelihood an individual abuses alcohol following job loss. Individuals' responsiveness to changes in replacement rates varies based on drinking history. We find that individuals with no history of alcohol abuse are the most sensitive to changes in UI policy.
Bibliography Citation
Lantis, Robert M. Essays in Education and Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Purdue University, 2014.
1210. Lantis, Robert M.
Teahan, Brittany A.
The Effect of Unemployment Insurance on Alcohol Use and Abuse Following Job Loss
Economics and Human Biology 30 (September 2018): 92-103.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X18300480
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Geocoded Data; State-Level Data/Policy; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance

We investigate whether unemployment insurance (UI) policy affects the drinking behavior of the unemployed. Using NLSY data supplemented with Geocode data, we estimate the effect of benefit replacement rates on changes in individual alcohol consumption following job loss. Identification relies on variation in replacement rates across states and over time. Results indicate that a 100% increase in benefit replacement rate, roughly equivalent to a state moving from the lowest to the highest replacement rate, would, on average, result in unemployed individuals consuming 19.1 additional drinks a month. Looking at the change in an individual's binge drinking upon job loss, individuals receiving the highest level of benefits are 14.7% more likely to increase their binge drinking than those receiving the least generous benefits. We find that individuals' responsiveness to changes in replacement rates vary based on drinking history, industry labor market conditions, education, and age.
Bibliography Citation
Lantis, Robert M. and Brittany A. Teahan. "The Effect of Unemployment Insurance on Alcohol Use and Abuse Following Job Loss." Economics and Human Biology 30 (September 2018): 92-103.
1211. Lanza, H. Isabella
Huang, David Y.C.
Murphy, Debra A.
Hser, Yih-Ing
A Latent Class Analysis of Maternal Responsiveness and Autonomy-Granting in Early Adolescence: Prediction to Later Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking
Journal of Early Adolescence 33,3 (April 2013): 404-428.
Also: http://jea.sagepub.com/content/33/3/404.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parental Influences; Risk-Taking; Sexual Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The present study sought to extend empirical inquiry related to the role of parenting on adolescent sexual risk-taking by using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify patterns of adolescent-reported mother responsiveness and autonomy-granting in early adolescence and examine associations with sexual risk-taking in mid- and late-adolescence. Utilizing a sample of 12- to 14-year-old adolescents (N = 4,743) from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), results identified a four-class model of maternal responsiveness and autonomy-granting: low responsiveness/high autonomy-granting, moderate responsiveness/moderate autonomy-granting, high responsiveness/low autonomy-granting, high responsiveness/moderate autonomy-granting. Membership in the low responsiveness/high autonomy-granting class predicted greater sexual risk-taking in mid- and late-adolescence compared to all other classes, and membership in the high responsiveness/ moderate autonomy-granting class predicted lower sexual risk-taking. Gender and ethnic differences in responsiveness and autonomy-granting class membership were also found, potentially informing gender and ethnic disparities of adolescent sexual risk-taking.
Bibliography Citation
Lanza, H. Isabella, David Y.C. Huang, Debra A. Murphy and Yih-Ing Hser. "A Latent Class Analysis of Maternal Responsiveness and Autonomy-Granting in Early Adolescence: Prediction to Later Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking." Journal of Early Adolescence 33,3 (April 2013): 404-428.
1212. Lanza, Stephanie T.
Collins, Linda M.
A New SAS Procedure for Latent Transition Analysis: Transitions in Dating and Sexual Risk Behavior
Developmental Psychology 44,2 (March 2008): 446-456.
Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/44/2/446/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Alcohol Use; Dating; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis

The set of statistical methods available to developmentalists is continually being expanded, allowing for questions about change over time to be addressed in new, informative ways. Indeed, new developments in methods to model change over time create the possibility for new research questions to be posed. Latent transition analysis, a longitudinal extension of latent class analysis, is a method that can be used to model development in discrete latent variables, for example, stage processes, over two or more times. The current article illustrates this approach using a new SAS procedure, PROC LTA, to model change over time in adolescent and young adult dating and sexual risk behavior. Gender differences are examined, and substance use behaviors are included as predictors of initial status in dating and sexual risk behavior and transitions over time.
Bibliography Citation
Lanza, Stephanie T. and Linda M. Collins. "A New SAS Procedure for Latent Transition Analysis: Transitions in Dating and Sexual Risk Behavior ." Developmental Psychology 44,2 (March 2008): 446-456.
1213. Larpcharoen, Assaleenuch
Two Essays on Youth Criminal Behavior and Drug Use
Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University, 2009.
Also: http://gradworks.umi.com/33/65/3365590.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Crime; Drug Use; Employment; Endogeneity; Modeling, Probit; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of two essays on youth criminal behavior and drug use using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). The first essay examines the relationship between youth employment and criminal behavior and drug use allowing for endogeneity of the choice variables. Using a recursive bivariate probit model, the results indicate that whether employment is beneficial or harmful to youths depends on the level of work intensity. While working at high intensity, defined as 20-39 hours per week, encourages involvement in criminal activity and drug use, working at low intensity, defined as 1-9 hours per week, discourages it. The evidence suggests that youths who work are more involved with marijuana use and nonviolent crimes involving drugs and money than violent crimes. Policies designed to limit hours of youth employment or reduce concentration of youths in the workplace in order to minimize negative social interaction can be beneficial to youths who choose to work.

The second essay analyzes the extent to which the School-To-Work (STW) programs impact youth criminal behavior and drug use. In 1994, President Clinton signed the School-To-Work Opportunity Act (STWOA) to address a national skills shortage for students who pursue little or no education beyond high school. Using the Heckman sample selection model, the results indicate four types of program impacts--negative, positive, mixed, and none--where negative indicates a decrease and positive an increase in the probability of engaging in illegal behavior. Mentoring and technical preparation programs lower the probability of committing crimes and using drugs. Programs deemed unfavorable because participation in those programs is positively associated with crimes and drug use are school-sponsored enterprise and cooperative education programs. Two programs that demonstrate mixed results, a negative impact on crimes but a positive impact on drug use, are the job shadowing and the internship programs. The only program not related to youth criminal behavior and drug use is the career major program.

Bibliography Citation
Larpcharoen, Assaleenuch. Two Essays on Youth Criminal Behavior and Drug Use. Ph.D. Dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University, 2009..
1214. Larson, Matthew
Sweeten, Gary
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Romantic Dissolution, Offending, and Substance Use During the Transition to Adulthood
Criminology 50,3 (August 2012): 605-636.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00272.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Crime; Dating; Delinquency/Gang Activity; General Strain Theory; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent studies have directed attention to the nature of romantic involvement and its implications for offending over the life course. However, this body of research has overlooked a defining aspect of nonmarital romantic relationships: Most come to an end. By drawing on insights from general strain theory, the age-graded theory of informal social control, and research on delinquent peer exposure, we explore the impact of romantic dissolution on offending and substance use during late adolescence and emerging adulthood. Using data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we arrive at three general conclusions: 1) Experiencing a breakup is directly related to a range of antisocial outcomes; 2) the effect of a breakup is dependent on post-breakup relationship transitions; and 3) a breakup is associated with increases in offending and substance use among males and in substance use among females. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for the future of research on romantic involvement and crime over the life course.
Bibliography Citation
Larson, Matthew and Gary Sweeten. "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Romantic Dissolution, Offending, and Substance Use During the Transition to Adulthood." Criminology 50,3 (August 2012): 605-636.
1215. Lassi, Nicholas
Extraversion and Low Introversion More Equivalent to High Introversion in Depression During COVID-19
Journal of Personality published online (17 March 2024).
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jopy.12931
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): COVID-19/Coronavirus Pandemic; Depression (see also CESD); Extroversion/Extrovert; Health, Mental/Psychological; Introversion/Introvert; Personality; Psychological Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objective: This study investigated whether forms of extraversion-introversion produced different depression-related outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method: One-way MANCOVAs were conducted to investigate the relationship between extraversion-introversion and depressive symptoms. These data were sourced from the NLSY97, consisting of 4846 individuals born between 1980 and 1984.

Results: During pre-pandemic periods, high introversion increased the risk of depressive symptoms. During the pandemic, the risk for depressive symptoms was more equivalent, or less predominately high-introvert-based, among extraverted/low introverted and high introverted subjects.

Conclusions: Extraversion/low introversion was linked with increased depression, relative to high introversion, during the pandemic. The findings raise significant questions about how individuals with distinct personality traits may experience changes in their psychological well-being during challenging public health events.

Bibliography Citation
Lassi, Nicholas. "Extraversion and Low Introversion More Equivalent to High Introversion in Depression During COVID-19." Journal of Personality published online (17 March 2024).
1216. Lassi, Nicholas
Remote Learning and Parent Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Educational Research Quarterly 46,2 (December 2022): .
Also: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2758123563
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Behavioral Research Press
Keyword(s): Children; COVID-19/Coronavirus Pandemic; Depression (see also CESD); Fathers; Mothers; Schooling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examined the link between remote learning for children and parent depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was an intense shift in how education was delivered during the COVID-19 outbreak, increasing educational obligations for parents. In this study, two education delivery methods, "any remote learning for the household children" and "any in-person classes, at school, for the household children," were examined by six measures of parent depression. The NLSY97 COVID-19 Supplement, collected in the first half of 2021, provided the 1,742-person sample. Remote learning for children was closely linked to parents experiencing increased depression, sadness, lack of focus, feeling that everything is an effort, not able to get "going," and restless sleep. In-person classes, in school, and during the same time, were not linked to higher levels of these parental mental health issues. All tests controlled for general health, whether respondents had been told they had coronavirus, frequency of close contact at work, etc. These results strongly indicate that remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic is closely linked to increased parent depression.
Bibliography Citation
Lassi, Nicholas. "Remote Learning and Parent Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Educational Research Quarterly 46,2 (December 2022): .
1217. Lauderdale, Mitzi K.
Heckman, Stuart J.
Family Background and Higher Education Attainment Among Children of Immigrants
Journal of Family and Economic Issues 38,3 (September 2017): 327-337.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-017-9537-4
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Immigrants; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses a modified form of Perna's educational choice model (Studying college access and choice: A proposed conceptual model, Springer, Berlin, 2006) to examine whether children of immigrants have an "immigrant advantage" related to educational attainment. Children of immigrants represent approximately one in four children in the US and are the fastest growing segment of school-aged children. Using data from all 16 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997-2013), a random effects regression analysis indicated that children with at least one immigrant parent had a higher likelihood of higher education attainment. When separate regressions were run by race/ethnicity, the immigrant advantage was only present for Black and Hispanic respondents. Results presented evidence of omitted variable bias when modeling higher education attainment where parental immigration status was absent.
Bibliography Citation
Lauderdale, Mitzi K. and Stuart J. Heckman. "Family Background and Higher Education Attainment Among Children of Immigrants." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 38,3 (September 2017): 327-337.
1218. Lawson, Derek Richard
Cohabitation as a Young Adult: Examining Relationship Interactions and Outcomes and Financial Characteristics and Economic Well-Being
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Economic Well-Being; Financial Behaviors/Decisions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation employed two different frameworks to investigate the effects that cohabitation and finances have on young adult couples' relationships using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) and the Marriage Matters Panel Survey of Newlywed Couples, Louisiana. Understanding young adults' financial and relationship characteristics and outcomes is increasingly important for the financial planning profession given the shift towards holistic financial planning. Cohabitation has been increasing each decade while research indicates it to have drastic financial and relational consequences. It is important to understand how cohabitation impacts young adults' financial and relational lives.
Bibliography Citation
Lawson, Derek Richard. Cohabitation as a Young Adult: Examining Relationship Interactions and Outcomes and Financial Characteristics and Economic Well-Being. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies and Human Services, Kansas State University, 2019.
1219. Le, Thao N.
Stockdale, Gary D.
Influence of Generational Status on Developmental Trajectories of Delinquency for Asian, African American, Hispanic, and White Youth
Asian American Journal of Psychology 2,4 (December 2011): 306-315.
Also: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2011-24203-001.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Differences; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Racial Differences

Using two nationally representative datasets, the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY97), this study examined the developmental trajectories of delinquency for Asian, African American, Hispanic, and White race/ethnicity, and explored whether generation status and gender influenced these trajectories differently for Asian versus the other groups. Analyses included multigroup modeling using Mplus 5.21 statistical software. In the Add Health dataset, first-generation Asians had lower rates of delinquency than second-generation Asians; this was true for Hispanic race/ethnicity across both datasets. In addition, females started out lower than males in early adolescence across all races. However, all groups, regardless of initial delinquency rates in early adolescence at age 13, eventually converged to low values in young adulthood, at age 25. This convergence was also true when covariates were incorporated in the models. The results lend support to Rowe, Vazsonyi, and Flannery's (1994) assertion that different racial/ethnic groups, including Asians, share similar developmental trajectories for delinquency, as well as to the ideas of the age-crime curve theory.
Bibliography Citation
Le, Thao N. and Gary D. Stockdale. "Influence of Generational Status on Developmental Trajectories of Delinquency for Asian, African American, Hispanic, and White Youth." Asian American Journal of Psychology 2,4 (December 2011): 306-315.
1220. Le, Vincent C.
The Relationship between Household's Risk Preference and the Homeownership Decisions among Young Adults in Changing Housing Market Conditions
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Programs in General Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Home Ownership; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Risk Perception

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

For many decades, the American Dream of homeownership has been a source of pride and one of the traditional ways to improve financial and non-financial well-being for American households. However, during the recent housing crisis, millions of homeowners lost their homes or experienced negative home equity due to job loss, reductions in work hours, or a decline in home values. The recent housing crisis made many individuals and families rethink their American Dream. As with most investments, there are some risks associated with owning a home, especially when housing markets are volatile and the economy is uncertain. Understanding the relationship between household's risk preference and homeownership decisions may help households make better and more informed decisions regarding their housing tenure choice. This study investigates the relationship between household's risk preference and homeownership decisions among young adults made during the stability in the housing market, which occurred around 1993, and during the decline in the housing market, which occurred around 2010. This study also examined demographic and economic characteristics of homeowners during those periods.

Two separate datasets from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 were utilized to address research questions and research hypotheses under the lens of the expected utility theory. The results showed shifts in household's risk preferences, homeownership rates, and demographic and economic characteristics between periods. Compared to households who preferred lowest risk level, households who preferred highest risk level were more likely to own a home in both periods. The relationships between household’s risk preference and homeownership decisions did not change between periods. However, some relationships between household's demographic and economic characteristics and homeownership decisions changed between periods.

Bibliography Citation
Le, Vincent C. The Relationship between Household's Risk Preference and the Homeownership Decisions among Young Adults in Changing Housing Market Conditions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Programs in General Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 2018.
1221. Lee, Bora
Influence of Child Arrest on Parenting
M.A. Thesis, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, 2009
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York
Keyword(s): Arrests; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

" ... the purpose of this study is to consider how the arrest of a youth affects parenting. In order to explore the research question, this study tries to integrate social control and life course theories of delinquency in understanding the link between delinquency and parenting. It uses data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. A sub-sample was used of youths who were 12 years old in 1997. In this study, parenting is defined as emotional and behavioral attachment to parents and parental monitoring. The results of the study are mixed. They show that arrest influences parenting partially. With respect to emotional attachment, arrested children report both mothers and fathers continue to show less closeness with arrested children than non-arrested children a year after the arrest. However, there appears to be positive changes in parental respect by arrested children and parental behavior toward arrested children. On the other hand, there was no evidence of increased parental monitoring after the arrest."
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Bora. Influence of Child Arrest on Parenting. M.A. Thesis, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, 2009.
1222. Lee, Bora
The Association between Parenting Styles and Children's Delinquency
Ph.D. Dissertation, Sam Houston State University, 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Children; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation examined effects and paths between children's delinquent and criminal behaviors and parenting styles using interactional theory. The author used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY 97). In order to determine parenting styles, a hierarchical clustering method was used, together with Baumrind's (1971) categorization of parenting styles as authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. For the main analysis, this study employed path analysis. The results showed that children's criminal and delinquent behaviors had greater effects on parenting styles than parents had on children's delinquent and criminal behaviors. Although this study did not find the hypothesized patterned paths between parenting styles and children's delinquent and criminal behaviors, the results for effects of parenting styles and children's delinquent and criminal behaviors showed how those relationships influence each other.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Bora. The Association between Parenting Styles and Children's Delinquency. Ph.D. Dissertation, Sam Houston State University, 2014.
1223. Lee, Bora
Gerber, Jurg
Cochran, Joseph
Parenting Styles and Children's Delinquency Reconsidered: An Empirical Assessment
Juvenile Family Court Journal published online (11 June 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jfcj.12164.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.12164
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Differences; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

For decades, criminological theories have emphasized the importance of strong parent‐child relationships in preventing children's delinquent behaviors (e.g., Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). In particular, Thornberry’s (1996) interactional theory has catalyzed studies of the critical importance of reciprocal relationships between parents and children. However, though previous studies have examined reciprocal relationships, they typically do not assess changes in those relationships over time (Wiloughby & Hamza, 2011). The purpose of this study is to evaluate how reciprocal relationships vary among parenting styles and how this variance accounts for children's delinquency. In particular, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort study, the present study examines how the authoritative parenting style and different parent's and child's sexes affect the reciprocal parent‐child relationship. It discovers a significant correlation between authoritative parenting styles and a reduction in child delinquency and observes how a parent's sex influences this dynamic.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Bora, Jurg Gerber and Joseph Cochran. "Parenting Styles and Children's Delinquency Reconsidered: An Empirical Assessment." Juvenile Family Court Journal published online (11 June 2020): DOI: 10.1111/jfcj.12164.
1224. Lee, Boram
Longitudinal Relationship Between Tobacco Product Use and Mental Health in Adolescence and Adulthood
Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Public Health, Indiana University, 2020
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Health, Mental/Psychological; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This current dissertation consists of two sub-studies that aimed to expand our limited understanding about directionality and mechanisms in the longitudinal association between tobacco use and mental health, using secondary data of a nationally representative sample of adolescents and adults in the United States.

Sub-Study 2 aimed to investigate how the trajectories of smoking behaviors in developmentally important periods (i.e., adolescence and young adulthood) were associated with subsequent mental health, and to test if alcohol and marijuana use in adulthood might mediate the relationship between smoking trajectories and subsequent mental health. Data were drawn from Round 1 to Round 18 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Group-based multi-trajectory modeling identified seven distinct smoking trajectories based on longitudinal change in multiple indicators of smoking behaviors over 10 years from adolescence to young adulthood. The results from the linear regression model indicated that late-onset moderate smokers, late-onset accelerated smokers, early-onset heavy smokers, and early-onset moderate smokers showed significantly poorer mental health in later adulthood than stable abstainers, even after controlling for baseline mental health condition and covariates. However, the mental health score of quitters in adulthood was not significantly different from that of stable abstainers. Moreover, the results from the joint significance test and causal mediation analysis demonstrated that the use of alcohol and marijuana in adulthood mediated the association between each smoking trajectory and poor mental health. The findings of sub-study 2 suggest that continued smoking, especially early-onset and heavy smoking, from adolescence to young adulthood may have a long-lasting negative impact on mental health, and quitting may mitigate such impact.

Bibliography Citation
Lee, Boram. Longitudinal Relationship Between Tobacco Product Use and Mental Health in Adolescence and Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Public Health, Indiana University, 2020.
1225. Lee, Boram
Levy, Douglas E.
Macy, Jonathan T.
Elam, Kit K.
Bidulescu, Aurelian
Seo, Dong-Chul
Smoking Trajectories from Adolescence to Early Adulthood as a Longitudinal Predictor of Mental Health in Adulthood: Evidence from 21 Years of Nationally Representative Cohort
Addiction published online (24 November 2021): DOI: 10.1111/add.15758.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15758
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Health, Mental/Psychological; Smoking (see Cigarette Use)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Aims: To measure the prospective relationship between smoking trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood and mental health in later adulthood and test whether this relationship was mediated by concurrent co-use of alcohol and marijuana.

Design: Longitudinal study using data drawn from Round 1 to Round 18 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), a nationally representative cohort study spanning 21 years.

Measurements: Mental health in adulthood was measured using the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5; range 0-100) at Round 18. Seven trajectories of smoking from adolescence to young adulthood were identified by group-based multi-trajectory modeling, using data over 11 years from Round 1 to Round 11.

Findings: Late-onset moderate smokers..., late-onset accelerated smokers..., early-onset heavy smokers..., and early-onset moderate smokers...showed poorer regression-adjusted mean MHI-5 scores in later adulthood than stable abstainers, even after controlling for baseline mental health and covariates. Whether or not a difference in MHI-5 scores was present between quitters and stable abstainers was inconclusive. The concurrent co-use of alcohol and marijuana in young adulthood significantly mediated the relationship between smoking trajectory and mental health.

Bibliography Citation
Lee, Boram, Douglas E. Levy, Jonathan T. Macy, Kit K. Elam, Aurelian Bidulescu and Dong-Chul Seo. "Smoking Trajectories from Adolescence to Early Adulthood as a Longitudinal Predictor of Mental Health in Adulthood: Evidence from 21 Years of Nationally Representative Cohort." Addiction published online (24 November 2021): DOI: 10.1111/add.15758.
1226. Lee, Haena
Maternal Employment, Adolescent’s Unhealthy Lifestyle and their Body Mass Index: Evidence from NLSY 97
Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Activities; Body Mass Index (BMI); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Maternal Employment; Obesity; Physical Activity (see also Exercise)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, I examine the question of whether mother’s working status is associated with their adolescent’s body mass index, over and above the impact of adolescent’s unhealthy lifestyle (e.g., breakfast skipping, fruits/vegetables consumption, and spending more time on TV and less time on exercise). I hypothesize that (1) maternal employment may be positively associated with adolescent’s body mass index adjusting for individual socioeconomic status (SES) and that (2) adolescent’s eating habits and physical activities may mediate this association. (3) Partly because adolescent with working mothers may skip breakfast, consume less fruits and vegetables, spend more time on TV and exercise less, responsive to time constraints and less monitoring by working mothers. Using the Logistic Regression Model, data are derived from adolescent aged from 12-17 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97 (NLSY97) round 1 (year 1997). Findings indicate that there is no direct association between maternal employment and childhood obesity than their counterpart non-employed mothers. Rather, a strong impact of individual-level characteristics, such as parent’s net worth and mother’s body mass index (BMI), is founded to play a pivotal role in adolescent BMI. Further, these associations are more unavoidable and are actually mediated entirely by adolescent’s unhealthy eating habits and their sedentary activities. Therefore, prevention and intervention of adolescent’s obesogenic behaviors within the familial context, regardless of their maternal employment status, must be considered in order to prevent further significant increase in the prevalence of adolescent obesity.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Haena. "Maternal Employment, Adolescent’s Unhealthy Lifestyle and their Body Mass Index: Evidence from NLSY 97." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013.
1227. Lee, Hedwig
Lee, Dohoon
Guo, Guang
Harris, Kathleen Mullan
Trends in Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in the United States: 1959–2002
Journal of Adolescent Health 49,6 (December 2011): 601-608.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X11001522
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Gender Differences; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Racial Differences; Weight

Purpose: This study examined trends in body mass index (BMI) during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood by gender and race, using national data from the United States spanning for >40 years from 1959 and 2002. Although past research has investigated BMI trends separately in childhood/adolescence and adulthood, this study uniquely focused on the transition to adulthood (12–26 years) to identify the emergence of the obesity epidemic during this critical life-stage.

Methods: Longitudinal and cross-sectional data were obtained from four nationally representative surveys: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, National Health Interview Survey, and National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79 and NLSY97). The analysis tracked age trends in BMI by time, which allowed for the examination of how BMI changed during the transition to adulthood and whether the patterns of change varied by period. Data best suited for trend analysis were identified. Age trends in BMI by gender and race were graphed and regression analysis was used to test for significant differences in the trends using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

Results: BMI increased sharply in the adolescent ages, beginning in the 1990s and among young adults around 2000. This age pattern of BMI increase was more dramatic among females and blacks, particularly black females.

Conclusions: BMI increased during the transition to adulthood and these increases have grown larger over time. Obesity prevention efforts should focus on this high-risk transition period, particularly among minority populations.

Bibliography Citation
Lee, Hedwig, Dohoon Lee, Guang Guo and Kathleen Mullan Harris. "Trends in Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in the United States: 1959–2002." Journal of Adolescent Health 49,6 (December 2011): 601-608.
1228. Lee, Jin Young
Essays in Labor Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Expectations/Intentions; Labor Force Participation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation focuses on the interrelationship of socioeconomic outcomes of women...In the third chapter, I look at the role of teenage women's anticipated future labor force attachment in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. Combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, the results suggest that teenagers' future work expectations may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jin Young. Essays in Labor Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2012.
1229. Lee, Jin Young
The Upward Trend in Women's College-Going: The Role of Teenagers' Anticipated Future Labour Force Attachment
Applied Economics 50,30 (2018): 3271-3284.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00036846.2017.1420888
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Women
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): College Education; Expectations/Intentions; Labor Force Participation

This article focuses on the role of teenagers' anticipated labour force participation in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. A simple conceptual model implies that individuals with more anticipated lifetime hours of work are more likely to invest in college education. My analysis using data from three National Longitudinal Surveys supports the theoretical implication. This finding, combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jin Young. "The Upward Trend in Women's College-Going: The Role of Teenagers' Anticipated Future Labour Force Attachment." Applied Economics 50,30 (2018): 3271-3284.
1230. Lee, Joanne Jiyun
Essays on High School Accountability and College Readiness
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Education; College Graduates; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; High School; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Curriculum

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation contributes timely evidence to the debate surrounding which policies may be most effective at raising college- and career- readiness in the United States. While over 75% of people in the U.S. graduate from high school, less than 25% of the population possesses a college degree. Over 60% of college students are required to take remedial coursework, which does not count for college credit. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Geocode, we provide a portrait of college readiness in the United States and discuss how it has been affected by popular high school accountability policies. We then examine the returns to education for students who have been impacted by these policies. Part I discusses different measures of college readiness, comparing their predictive power for success in college. Unlike previous research, our data allow us to examine curricular measures of high school and college readiness in addition to binary measures of educational attainment. After an exploratory analysis of these measures, we examine trends in college readiness over time in the U.S., detailed further within various socioeconomic groups and geographic regions. These college readiness measures are shown to provide information that is distinct from high school graduation rates when predicting college remediation and college graduation. Part II focuses on two types of high school accountability policies that emphasize basic proficiency: high school exit exams and consequential accountability. We develop a simple framework of high school behavior to predict how high schools will target their resources after these policies are implemented. We test the predictions of this model for college readiness. Our measures of college readiness are: the difficulty of students' hardest high school math course, high school completion, attending college without taking remedial math (college preparation), and college graduation by age 23. Identification is based on variation in the timing of state policies, controlling for state-invariant factors, time-varying national shocks, and regional time trends. We conclude that both policies decrease high school coursework difficulty and college preparation, but consequential accountability also decreases rates of high school completion and college graduation by age 23. These trends are not due to higher rates of GED attainment or lower college attendance, which suggests that these accountability policies lowered college readiness of college-goers. The last part of this dissertation addresses longer-term outcomes for students by examining how educational attainment and earnings have been impacted by these school accountability policies. After documenting an overall decrease in educational attainment, we find evidence of heterogeneous impacts by student ability prior to high school and school resources that imply increasing inequality in educational attainment across schools. Then, a two-stage least squares approach is used to measure the returns to schooling for students whose educational attainment was impacted by these policies. We find an earnings return to education of about 10% per completed grade, which is in line with previous literature using education policies as instruments for schooling.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Joanne Jiyun. Essays on High School Accountability and College Readiness. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2011.
1231. Lee, Jung Wun
Chung, Hwan
A Multivariate Latent Class Profile Analysis for Longitudinal Data with a Latent Group Variable
Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods 27 (2020): 15-35.
Also: http://www.csam.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.29220/CSAM.2020.27.1.015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Korean Statistical Society
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Parenting Skills/Styles; Statistical Analysis; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In research on behavioral studies, significant attention has been paid to the stage-sequential process for multiple latent class variables. We now explore the stage-sequential process of multiple latent class variables using the multivariate latent class profile analysis (MLCPA). A latent profile variable, representing the stage-sequential process in MLCPA, is formed by a set of repeatedly measured categorical response variables. This paper proposes the extended MLCPA in order to explain an association between the latent profile variable and the latent group variable as a form of a two-dimensional contingency table. We applied the extended MLCPA to the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth 1997 (NLSY97) data to investigate the association between of developmental progression of depression and substance use behaviors among adolescents who experienced Authoritarian parental styles in their youth.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jung Wun and Hwan Chung. "A Multivariate Latent Class Profile Analysis for Longitudinal Data with a Latent Group Variable." Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods 27 (2020): 15-35.
1232. Lee, Jung Wun
Chung, Hwan
Jeon, Saebom
Bayesian Multivariate Latent Class Profile Analysis: Exploring the Developmental Progression of Youth Depression and Substance Use
Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 161 (September 2021): 107261.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947321000955
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Bayesian; Depression (see also CESD); Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Monte Carlo; Statistical Analysis; Substance Use

Multivariate latent class profile analysis (MLCPA) is a useful tool for exploring the stage-sequential process of multiple latent class variables, but the inference can be challenging due to the high-dimensional latent structure of the model. In this paper, a Bayesian approach via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is proposed for MLCPA as an alternative to the maximum-likelihood (ML) method. Compared to the ML solution, Bayesian estimates are less sensitive to the set of initial values as well as easier to obtain standard errors. We also address issues in MCMC such as label-switching problem with a dynamic data-dependent prior and computational complexity with a recursive formula. Simulation studies revealed the validity and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. An empirical analysis of MLCPA using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97 (NLSY97) identified a small number of representative developmental progressions of adolescent depression and substance use.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jung Wun, Hwan Chung and Saebom Jeon. "Bayesian Multivariate Latent Class Profile Analysis: Exploring the Developmental Progression of Youth Depression and Substance Use." Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 161 (September 2021): 107261.
1233. Lee, Jungup
Choi, Mijin
Holland, Margaret M.
Radey, Melissa
Tripodi, Stephen J.
Childhood Bullying Victimization, Substance Use and Criminal Activity among Adolescents: A Multilevel Growth Model Study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20,1 (2023): 770.
Also: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/1/770
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bullying/Victimization; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling, Multilevel; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: This study aims to examine the effects of childhood bullying victimization (CBV) on substance use and criminal activity among adolescents over time. In addition, it identifies the moderating effects of gender and race/ethnicity on the associations of CBV with substance abuse and criminal activity in adolescence and young adulthood.

Methods: This study included 8984 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (Mage = 14.22 years) assessed biennially at four time points utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. The two-level hierarchical linear modeling was employed to test the effects of CBV on substance use and criminal activity.

Results: The incidence of substance use increased over time throughout adolescence to young adulthood, while that of criminal activity decreased. CBV increased the risks of cigarette use, marijuana use, and criminal activity. Gender and race/ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of CBV on alcohol use and alcohol binges. The effect of CBV on alcohol use was stronger among females than males. Among Hispanic adolescents, CBV was more strongly related to alcohol use and binges compared to non-Hispanic White.

Conclusion: Findings suggest the need for early intervention for children at high risk of being bullied to reduce later substance abuse and involvement in criminal activities. Considering the moderating effects of gender and ethnicity on the associations, target-specified intervention and prevention programs are also required. Further studies focusing on the lifelong effects of CBV beyond adolescence are recommended.

Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jungup, Mijin Choi, Margaret M. Holland, Melissa Radey and Stephen J. Tripodi. "Childhood Bullying Victimization, Substance Use and Criminal Activity among Adolescents: A Multilevel Growth Model Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20,1 (2023): 770.
1234. Lee, Jungup
Radey, Melissa
Tripodi, Stephen J.
Does Childhood Victimization Matter: A Longitudinal Study of Substance Use and Criminal Activity From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Presented: San Antonio TX, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bullying/Victimization; Childhood; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Crime; Drug Use; Modeling, Multilevel; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background and Purpose: Childhood victimization is a severe social problem that potentially results in long-lasting consequences for adolescents and young adults (Thomson et al., 2002). Previous research indicates that childhood victimization is associated with subsequent substance use problems and criminal behavior supporting the main propositions of both developmental theory (Moffitt, 1993) and social learning theory (Akers, 1998). The purpose of this study is to build on existing literature by using a multilevel growth approach to examine the effects of repeated bullying victimization (RBV) in childhood on substance use and criminal activity among adolescents over time. Additionally, the study investigates whether gender and race/ethnicity moderate the association between RBV in childhood and youth substance use and criminal activity.

Methods: This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY 97), a national representative survey of 8,984 U. S. youth. To examine behaviors from ages approximately 12-24, we utilized the longitudinal data from wave 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the NLSY97. The final sample included 5,301 adolescents at wave 1 and 15,491 in total observations. At wave 1, participants were 50% female and 20% Hispanic. The average age of participants was 14 with a range of 12 to 16. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to understand the influence of RBV in childhood on substance abuse and criminal activity. Our outcomes were measured as count data. Thus, the multilevel growth model with an overdispersed Poisson sampling distribution was used (Pires & Jenkins, 2007).

Results: The longitudinal analyses showed three important findings. First, the results of the unconditional growth model revealed that the event rate ratios (ERRs) of substance use (i.e., cigarette use, alcohol use, alcohol binges, and marijuana use) increased over time (ERR = 1.74, 1.92, 1.77, and 1.34; p < .001, respectively) whereas, the ERR of criminal activity decreased over time (ERR = .50, p < .001). RBV in childhood was positively associated with the ERRs of cigarette use, marijuana use, and criminal activity over time after controlling for other variables (ERR = 1.48, 1.35, and 1.48; p < .001, respectively). The conditional growth model with interacting covariates demonstrated that the positive effect of RBV in childhood on youth alcohol use was stronger for females than males and for Hispanics than non-Hispanic Whites.

Bibliography Citation
Lee, Jungup, Melissa Radey and Stephen J. Tripodi. "Does Childhood Victimization Matter: A Longitudinal Study of Substance Use and Criminal Activity From Adolescence to Young Adulthood." Presented: San Antonio TX, Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference, January 2014.
1235. Lee, Wonik
Gezinski, Lindsay
Determinants of Welfare Leaving: The Significance of Educational Attainment
Presented: Tampa FL, Society for Social Work and Research 15th Annual Conference, January 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR)
Keyword(s): Education; Educational Attainment; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Methods: Event history analysis, specifically Cox regression model, was employed to analyze the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) to examine the determinants of welfare leaving. NLSY97 provides monthly information about welfare participations and various measures of educational achievement, which enables the authors to identify the effect of educational level on welfare leaving. Cox regression model was useful for this study, because it provides the estimates of the educational achievement on welfare duration after adjustment. Level of education, marital status, race, and number of children were explored among participants who had experienced at least one TANF spell.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Wonik and Lindsay Gezinski. "Determinants of Welfare Leaving: The Significance of Educational Attainment." Presented: Tampa FL, Society for Social Work and Research 15th Annual Conference, January 2011.
1236. Lee, Yoonjoo
Pathways to Adulthood and Their Precursors: Roles of Gender and Race
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Education; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Parenthood; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research on the transition to adulthood dates back nearly four decades, but a growing body of research has taken a new approach by investigating multiple demographic markers in the transition to adulthood simultaneously. Using the life course perspective, this dissertation is built on the literature by first examining contemporary young adults' pathways to adulthood from ages 18 to 30 and their differences by gender. Data for this study were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997; the final sample included 2,185 men and 2,086 women. The college-educated single workers pathway, the college-educated married working parents pathway, and the high-school-educated single parents pathway were identified in both genders. For men, the study also identified the high-school-educated single workers pathway and the high-school-educated married working parents pathway. For women, the study also identified the high-school-educated workers pathway and the high-school-educated married parents pathway. Not only did the definitions of some pathways differ by gender, but even in the pathways with the same definition, gender differences were found in the probabilities of being married, of being a parent, or of being employed full-time.

Based on the pathways to adulthood identified, this research examined the family and adolescent precursors and whether race moderates the associations between family structure experiences and young adults' pathways to adulthood. Parental education, family structure, GPA, delinquency, early sexual activity, and race/ethnicity were the family and adolescent precursors that distinguished among pathways taken by the youth. Two interactions between race and family structure/instability were identified. The positive association between growing up in a single-parent family and the odds of taking the high-school-educated single workers pathway compared to the college-educated married working parents pathway was weaker for Black males than for White males. The positive association between family instability and the odds of taking the college-educated single workers pathway compared to the college-educated married working parents pathway was weaker for Black females than for White females.

This dissertation accounted for changes in the multiple statuses related to becoming an adult by following contemporary young adults for 12 years. More research on contemporary young adults' pathways to adulthood and subgroup differences in the effects of precursors are recommended. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

Bibliography Citation
Lee, Yoonjoo. Pathways to Adulthood and Their Precursors: Roles of Gender and Race. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Family Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, 2016.
1237. Lee, Yoonjoo
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Racial Differences in Women's Pathways to Adulthood
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Transition to adulthood has been de-standardized and individualized since the 1970s. Research suggests that young adults’ transition to adulthood takes longer today than in the past but a noticeable subgroup experience rapid transitions to adulthood. To better understand young adults’ movement into adulthood, we focus on the variation in the life course patterns based on racial differences. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (N=464), we will follow Black females and White females from age 18 to age 30 to identify their transition to adulthood and examine its racial differences. Given that such transitions are influenced by childhood and adolescent precursors, we will also investigate the set of advantages or disadvantages earlier in life that influence young adults’ transition to adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Yoonjoo and Sandra L. Hofferth. "Racial Differences in Women's Pathways to Adulthood." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1238. Lei, Ziteng
Lundberg, Shelly
Vulnerable Boys: Short-term and Long-term Gender Differences in the Impacts of Adolescent Disadvantage
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 178 (October 2020): 424-448.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268120302420
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Family Environment; Fathers, Absence; Gender Differences; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Skills

The growing gender gap in educational attainment between men and women has raised concerns that the skill development of boys may be more sensitive to family disadvantage than that of girls. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) data we find, as do previous studies, that boys are more likely to experience increased problems in school relative to girls, including suspensions and reduced educational aspirations, when they are in poor quality schools, less-educated neighborhoods, and father-absent households. Following these cohorts into young adulthood, however, we find no evidence that adolescent disadvantage has stronger negative impacts on long-run economic outcomes such as college graduation, employment, or income for men, relative to women. We do find that father absence is more strongly associated with men’s marriage and childbearing and weak support for greater male vulnerability to disadvantage in rates of high school graduation. An investigation of adult outcomes for another recent cohort from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 produces a similar pattern of results. We conclude that focusing on gender differences in behavior in school may not lead to valid inferences about the effects of disadvantage on adult skills.
Bibliography Citation
Lei, Ziteng and Shelly Lundberg. "Vulnerable Boys: Short-term and Long-term Gender Differences in the Impacts of Adolescent Disadvantage." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 178 (October 2020): 424-448.
1239. Leibbrand, Christine
Does Geographic Stagnation Correspond to Economic Stagnation? The Migration Decline and its Association with Economic Well-being
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Economic Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Migration; Mobility, Economic

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Internal migration has long played an important role in increasing individuals' and families' access to economic opportunities and, as a result, improving their economic wellbeing. However, the United States has been experiencing a continuous decline in internal migration rates since the 1980s, suggesting that migration may be less beneficial now than in the past or that recent generations of individuals are less able to migrate than their predecessors. In this study, I explore these possibilities and examine whether the migration decline is suggestive of harmful changes to the American opportunity structure and to individuals' chances for upward economic mobility. To do this, I utilize restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and harmonize these data for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts. I find that the economic returns to inter-state migration have actually increased over time. However, non-migrants in the 1997 cohort are economically worse off than both migrants and non-migrants in the 1979 cohort. It may therefore be the case that the migration decline is due, in part, to migration becoming increasingly out of reach for some families and to the negative consequences of being "rooted" in place.
Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "Does Geographic Stagnation Correspond to Economic Stagnation? The Migration Decline and its Association with Economic Well-being." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
1240. Leibbrand, Christine
Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and the Pursuit of Economic Opportunity in the Age of the Migration Decline
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Migration; Racial Differences; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In Chapter 2, I utilize 25 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) to explore whether race, ethnicity, and gender intersect to shape the economic returns associated with internal migration, as well as racial and ethnic disparities in these relationships across gender. I find that internal migration is associated with larger economic benefits for white relative to black and Hispanic men and, as a result, larger racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes for men. For women, in contrast, internal migration is associated with larger wage benefits for white women, but larger work hour benefits for black and Hispanic women that cumulatively correspond to slightly narrower racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes. These findings illustrate the importance of employing an intersectional lens for internal migration research and point to the possibility that internal migration reinforces the privileged position of white men. In Chapter 3, I link both the NLSY79 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 (NLSY97) and examine whether the returns to migration and the economic wellbeing of young adult migrants and non-migrants have changed across these two cohorts, the former cohort having been young adults early in the migration decline and the latter cohort having been young adults late in the decline. While the economic returns to migration have not changed across these cohorts and the economic wellbeing of migrants has remained largely unchanged, the economic outcomes of non-migrants have deteriorated over time. As such, non-migrants may increasingly be left behind geographically and economically, potentially hindering their abilities to migrate should they wish to. In Chapter 4, I integrate the insights garnered in Chapters 2 and 3 to explore whether changes in the returns to migration and in the economic wellbeing of migrants and non-migrants vary across race, ethnicity, and gender. The findings from this chapter complicate the findings from Chapter 3, illustrating that it is largely white men and women that have experienced changes in their economic wellbeing, while black men and, especially, black women exhibit declines in their returns to migration. Hispanic women and men, in contrast, have experienced little change in their economic outcomes across cohorts. Chapter 5 concludes by pointing to the importance of taking an intersectional perspective when studying the internal migration decline and internal migration more broadly. Chapter 5 also highlights the potential role of internal migration in shaping disparities in outcomes, particularly between blacks and whites.
Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and the Pursuit of Economic Opportunity in the Age of the Migration Decline. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2019.
1241. Leibbrand, Christine
The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Internal Migration Decline
Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Geocoded Data; Migration; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Since 1980, internal migration rates within the U.S. have declined precipitously. Given the importance of migration for exposing individuals to economic and social opportunities, this decline is concerning. However, we have relatively little knowledge about how race/ethnicity and gender have structured declines in migration propensities and/or changes in the returns to migration over time. In this study, I utilize restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data and harmonize these data for the 1979 and 1997 cohorts in order to explore these relationships. I find that migration propensities have declined the most for black women and men and that the returns to migration have likewise declined more substantially for black women and men relative to other demographic groups. These findings are problematic, suggesting that internal migration, historically an important avenue for improving outcomes among blacks, may be a less viable means of reducing racial disparities in outcomes over time.
Bibliography Citation
Leibbrand, Christine. "The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Internal Migration Decline." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019.
1242. LeMasters, Katherine
Renson, Audrey
Edwards, Jesse K.
Robinson, Whitney R.
Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren
Delamater, Paul
Pence, Brian
Inequities in Life Course Criminal Legal System Sanctions: Measuring Cumulative Involvement
Annals of Epidemiology published online (21 October 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.10.007.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279722002538
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Incarceration/Jail

Purpose: The impact of incarceration on health is well known. Yet, most studies measure incarceration alone and miss additional exposure to the criminal legal system over time. We evaluated adult criminal legal sanctions--inclusive of arrests, charges, probation, incarceration-- from ages 18-35 and inequities by juvenile sanctions and race.

Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth 1997, a nationally representative data set of adolescents followed into their mid-thirties (1997-2017), we calculated the mean cumulative count, or the average number of criminal legal events per person per study visit, stratified by juvenile sanctions and race.

Results: Of 7,024 participants, 1,679 experienced 3,075 encounters. There were seven arrests, 30 charges, nine probation encounters, and 13 incarceration events /100 participants by age 35. Juvenile sanctions were most common for Black individuals. Among those experiencing juvenile sanctions, Black and White individuals had similar numbers of encounters, but Black individuals had more arrests and incarceration stays. For those without juvenile encounters, Black individuals had more encounters than White individuals.

Conclusions: Research on health effects of criminal legal sanctions must consider encounters beyond incarceration and focus on life course trajectories and racial inequities.

Bibliography Citation
LeMasters, Katherine, Audrey Renson, Jesse K. Edwards, Whitney R. Robinson, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, Paul Delamater and Brian Pence. "Inequities in Life Course Criminal Legal System Sanctions: Measuring Cumulative Involvement." Annals of Epidemiology published online (21 October 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.10.007.
1243. LeMasters, Katherine
Renson, Audrey
Zalla, Lauren
Martin, Chantel L.
Edwards, Jessie K.
Understanding the Accumulation of Health-related Inequities over the Life Course Using the Mean Cumulative Count
American Journal of Epidemiology published online (22 May 2023): DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad123.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/aje/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aje/kwad123/7176017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Stress

Understanding how health inequities develop over time is necessary to inform interventions, but methods to do so are underutilized. We provide an example of the accumulation of stressful life events using the mean cumulative count (MCC), which estimates the expected number of events per person as a function of time, allowing for censoring and competing events. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey on Youth 1997, a nationally representative data set. To compare the MCC with standard practice, we present the proportion experiencing 1, 2, and 3+ stressful events and the cumulative probability of experiencing at least 1 event by end of follow-up. Our sample included 6,522 individuals ages 18-33 followed for a median of 14 years. Using the MCC, by age 20, the expected number of encounters was 56 events/100 for Black non-Hispanic, 47/100 for White non-Hispanic, and 50/100 for Hispanic persons. By age 33, inequities grew to 117, 99, and 108 events/100, respectively. The MCC revealed that inequities in stressful events accumulate over early adulthood, partially driven by repeat events; this information was not evident from conventional approaches. This method can be used to identify intervention points for disrupting the accumulation of repeat events to improve health equity.
Bibliography Citation
LeMasters, Katherine, Audrey Renson, Lauren Zalla, Chantel L. Martin and Jessie K. Edwards. "Understanding the Accumulation of Health-related Inequities over the Life Course Using the Mean Cumulative Count." American Journal of Epidemiology published online (22 May 2023): DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad123.
1244. Leonard, Max
Income Mobility in the United States
Park Place Economist 24,1 (2016): 62-68.
Also: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol24/iss1/15/
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU)
Keyword(s): Income; Mobility, Economic; Socioeconomic Background; Undergraduate Research

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study makes use of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in order to examine the relationship between the standard of living one experiences as a youth and their income as an adult. Human capital theory, as well as previous empirical research in economics suggests that as standard of living as a youth increases, future income as an adult should increase as well. The 1979 cohort as well as the 1997 cohort of the NLSY were studied in order to provide insight into how the relationship in question has changed over time. I hypothesize that as standard of living as a youth increases, so too will income as an adult. Furthermore I hypothesize that the level of income mobility will be greater for the 1979 cohort than the 1997 cohort.
Bibliography Citation
Leonard, Max. "Income Mobility in the United States." Park Place Economist 24,1 (2016): 62-68.
1245. Leonhardt, David
Marriage, Baby Carriage and Poverty
The New York Times, June 28, 2017: The Opinion Pages.
Also: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/28/opinion/millenials-marriage-children-poverty.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: New York Times
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Family Formation; Life Course; Marriage; Poverty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Marriage before children is no longer the norm in the United States. More than half--55 percent--of parents between the ages of 28 and 34 were not married when they had their first child, according to a new analysis of federal data. [Op-Ed article from NYT's Opinion Today newsletter, based on AEP report by Wang & Wilcox: "The Millennial Success Sequence: Marriage, Kids, and the "Success Sequence" among Young Adults," June 2017.]
Bibliography Citation
Leonhardt, David. "Marriage, Baby Carriage and Poverty." The New York Times, June 28, 2017: The Opinion Pages.
1246. Leontyeva, Anna
Marijuana Use Patterns and Risk Attitudes in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
M.P.P. Thesis, Department of Public Policy and Policy Management, Georgetown University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Drug Use; Risk Perception; Risk-Taking

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Attitudes toward risks guide human decisions in various life domains. In adolescence, risk aversion protects from engaging in risky behavior that can have adverse health outcomes such as unprotected sex or illegal substances use (Reyna & Farley, 2006). In a longer developmental perspective, however, some degree of risk-taking can be useful. The experience of risk in adolescence provides a chance to build knowledge and skills so that a mature person perceives and manages challenges better after. This argument can be made even for moderate marijuana use (Percy, 2008). My thesis examines whether individuals who take a risk in adolescence develop more positive attitudes towards risks in adulthood. I use a longitudinal representative data NLS97 to track history of marijuana use of 4449 individuals and explore its impact on risk aversion in adulthood. I operationalize the experience of risk as a scenario of marijuana use, that started during adolescence but does not continue in adulthood. Regression analysis was used to explore whether the experience of risk in adolescence makes attitudes towards risk more positive in adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Leontyeva, Anna. Marijuana Use Patterns and Risk Attitudes in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. M.P.P. Thesis, Department of Public Policy and Policy Management, Georgetown University, 2019.
1247. Lerman, Robert I.
Wilcox, W. Bradford
For Richer, for Poorer: How Family Structures Economic Success in America
Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, October 2014.
Also: https://www.aei.org/publication/for-richer-for-poorer-how-family-structures-economic-success-in-america/
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
Keyword(s): Childhood; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Household Structure; Marriage; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Differentials

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

PART 2: The Role of Childhood Family Structure in Future Economic Success
PART 3: A Marriage Premium for Men and Women
PART 4: The Family Premium
Parts 2, 3, and 4 based on the NLSY97 and NLSY79
Bibliography Citation
Lerman, Robert I. and W. Bradford Wilcox. "For Richer, for Poorer: How Family Structures Economic Success in America." Report, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and Institute for Family Studies, October 2014.
1248. Leslie, Elizabeth
Adolescent Smoking and Development of Long-Term Habits: A Longitudinal Analysis in SAS
Presented: San Francisco, CA, SAS Global Forum, April-May 2013.
Also: http://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings13/281P-2013.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: SAS Institute Inc.
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Statistical Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study was an investigation into the impact of early adolescent smoking on adult smoking habits of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Participants over the course of 13 years. The data was from a survey consisting of 1,212 individuals interviewed once a year for 13 years (1997 to 2009) with the frequencies and amounts of cigarettes smoked recorded. SAS® was used for the analysis and SAS arrays, do loops and macros were used in structuring the data. There is significant evidence that smoking habits increase over time, sex, and age when started smoking have an effect on number of cigarettes smoked, and the number of cigarettes increases as the number of peers who smoke and does drugs increases.
Bibliography Citation
Leslie, Elizabeth. "Adolescent Smoking and Development of Long-Term Habits: A Longitudinal Analysis in SAS." Presented: San Francisco, CA, SAS Global Forum, April-May 2013.
1249. Letkiewicz, Jodi C.
Self-control, Financial Literacy, and the Financial Behaviors of Young Adults
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Assets; Debt/Borrowing; Financial Literacy; Personality/Ten-Item Personality Inventory-(TIPI); Self-Regulation/Self-Control

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The objective of this study is to determine whether financial literacy is able to moderate the effects of self-control on financial outcomes. Financial literacy is an oft cited solution to the myriad financial complexities faced by consumers. If financial literacy is effective it should help consumers overcome issues of self-control to encourage more fiscally responsible behaviors. Both economic and psychological theories of self-control are explored, and a conceptual model using the Big Five personality trait of conscientiousness as a measure of self-control is utilized.

Data for this study come from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the sample used in the study is comprised of 5,892 respondents. The measure of conscientiousness was collected in Round 13 as part of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Financial literacy was assessed using three questions, collected in Round 11, on compounding interest, inflation, and stock risk. The five dependent variables modeled in this study are net worth, illiquid assets, liquid assets, credit card debt, and negative financial events. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions are used to analyze the data and an interaction term (financial literacy*conscientiousness) is used to test for moderating effects.

Bibliography Citation
Letkiewicz, Jodi C. Self-control, Financial Literacy, and the Financial Behaviors of Young Adults. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2012.
1250. Letkiewicz, Jodi C.
Fox, Jonathan
Conscientiousness, Financial Literacy, and Asset Accumulation of Young Adults
Journal of Consumer Affairs 48,2 (Summer 2014): 274-300.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joca.12040/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI)
Keyword(s): Assets; Financial Literacy; Net Worth; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study utilizes the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationship between financial literacy, conscientiousness, and asset accumulation among young adults. Findings indicate that both conscientiousness and financial literacy are consistent predictors of asset accumulation among young Americans. A one-standard-deviation increase in conscientiousness is correlated with a 40% increase in net worth, a 53% increase in illiquid asset holdings, and a 33% increase in liquid asset holdings. A one-standard-deviation increase in financial literacy is correlated with a 60% increase in illiquid asset holdings and a 30% increase in liquid asset holdings. Financial literacy moderates the effect of conscientiousness on net worth. These findings suggest that conscientiousness and financial literacy are important factors and that policies and programming with a dual emphasis on increasing conscientiousness and financial literacy are likely to have a positive impact on consumer savings and asset-building.
Bibliography Citation
Letkiewicz, Jodi C. and Jonathan Fox. "Conscientiousness, Financial Literacy, and Asset Accumulation of Young Adults." Journal of Consumer Affairs 48,2 (Summer 2014): 274-300.
1251. Letkiewicz, Jodi C.
Heckman, Stuart J.
Homeownership among Young Americans: A Look at Student Loan Debt and Behavioral Factors
Journal of Consumer Affairs 52,1 (Spring 2018): 88-114.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joca.12143
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI)
Keyword(s): College Cost; Debt/Borrowing; Home Ownership; Risk-Taking; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997) to examine the factors that impact homeownership among young adults, with an emphasis on student loan debt. Three key findings arise from the research. First, life cycle and demographic characteristics, such as marital status, education, and income, continue to be strong predictors of homeownership. Married households with a college degree and children are among the most likely to own a home. Second, young adults with student loan debt are no more or less likely to own a home than someone without debt after controlling for a number of factors; however, students who have already paid off their loans are more likely to own a home. Finally, respondents who express a willingness to take risks in finances are more likely to own a home while those who are more conscientious are less likely to own a home.
Bibliography Citation
Letkiewicz, Jodi C. and Stuart J. Heckman. "Homeownership among Young Americans: A Look at Student Loan Debt and Behavioral Factors." Journal of Consumer Affairs 52,1 (Spring 2018): 88-114.
1252. Letkiewicz, Jodi C.
Heckman, Stuart J.
Repeated Payment Delinquency Among Young Adults in the United States
International Journal of Consumer Studies 43,5 (September 2019): 417-428.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcs.12522
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Modeling, Probit; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

There is concern in the United States about young adults falling behind financially due to the increased use of student loans and low wages. This study investigates payment delinquency as a measure of financial distress to better understand how young adults might be struggling. Personality traits are incorporated into the model to determine the extent to which behavioral factors are correlated with financial behand if they predict a habit trend of payment delinquency. The 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), a nationally representative longitudinal dataset, is used in the study. A random effects probit model and a dynamic random effects probit model are used to examine late bill pay (harassed by bill collectors) and late rent or mortgage payments (more than 60 days late) over a period of eight years (2007-2015). Results from the analysis indicate that payment delinquency in a previous period increases the likelihood of payment delinquency by 10 percentage points in a subsequent period. Conscientiousness decreases the likelihood by 2.1 percentage points, while neuroticism increases the likelihood by 1.6 percentage points.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Bibliography Citation
Letkiewicz, Jodi C. and Stuart J. Heckman. "Repeated Payment Delinquency Among Young Adults in the United States." International Journal of Consumer Studies 43,5 (September 2019): 417-428.
1253. Leukhina, Oksana
The Changing Role of Family Income in College Selection and Beyond
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review published online (May 2023): .
Also: https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/2023/05/15/the-changing-role-of-family-income-in-college-selection-and-beyond
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Keyword(s): College Characteristics; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Income

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this article, I further examine the changing role of family income as a determinant of college quality choice, degree attainment, and post-schooling earnings.
Bibliography Citation
Leukhina, Oksana. "The Changing Role of Family Income in College Selection and Beyond." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review published online (May 2023): .
1254. Levy, Brian L.
Sullivan, Esther
Do Mobile Homes Affect Wealth? Analysis of a Cohort Entering Adulthood During the Mobile Home Boom
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the past few decades, mobile homes have emerged as a key source of housing in the United States. Yet, social science offers little evidence on the impacts of long-term residency in mobile homes. This research analyzes how living in a mobile home affects a key measure of social stratification: wealth. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997 Cohort and a counterfactual research design to study how mobile home residency from adolescence through emerging adulthood affects wealth accumulation by age 30. We also consider racial heterogenetiy and life course pathways in mobile home effects. Results indicate that living in a mobile home has a sizable, negative relationship with wealth that is strongest for whites. Growth models of wealth suggest that this impact of long-term mobile home residency is likely causal. As a result, mobile homes appear to be an increasingly-salient contributor to inequality in America.
Bibliography Citation
Levy, Brian L. and Esther Sullivan. "Do Mobile Homes Affect Wealth? Analysis of a Cohort Entering Adulthood During the Mobile Home Boom." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2018.
1255. Lewin, Tamar
More in High School Are Virgins, Study Finds
New York Times, September 29, 2002, Section 1; Pg. 34
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: New York Times
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article cites a Child Trends study which utilized NLSY97 data indicating that most adolescents' first intercourse occurred after 6 p.m. and in the family home. This goes against the popular conception that adolescent sexual intercourse occurs after school when parents are not at home.
Bibliography Citation
Lewin, Tamar. "More in High School Are Virgins, Study Finds." New York Times, September 29, 2002, Section 1; Pg. 34.
1256. Li, Jui-Chung Allen
Family Structure and the Timing and Quality of College Attendance
Presented: London, England, Centre for Longitudinal Studies Conference, Institute of Education, University of London, November 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Institute of Education, University of London
Keyword(s): College Education; Event History; Family Structure; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the effects of family structure on college attendance for young women and men in the United States. Using event history models to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I focus on the timing and quality of college attendance. I find that compared to children in two-parent families, children in stepparent and single-parent families are less likely to attend a college. Differences by family structure appear before age 21 and remain constant thereafter; and they come mainly from attending a four-year college, not a two-year college. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that children growing up in “non-intact” families are less likely than children growing up in “intact” families to attend college due to lack in economic resources. Moreover, children disadvantaged by family structure do not seem to catch up in college attendance once they do not enter college soon after high-school graduation.
Bibliography Citation
Li, Jui-Chung Allen. "Family Structure and the Timing and Quality of College Attendance." Presented: London, England, Centre for Longitudinal Studies Conference, Institute of Education, University of London, November 2012.
1257. Li, Spencer D.
Familial Religiosity, Family Processes, and Juvenile Delinquency in a National Sample of Early Adolescents
Journal of Early Adolescence 34,4 (May 2014): 436-462.
Also: http://jea.sagepub.com/content/34/4/436
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Influences; Family Process Measures; Religion; Religious Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Personal religiosity has been identified as a protective factor against juvenile delinquency. However, the influence of familial religiosity on delinquent behavior is less known. This study addresses this gap by investigating how family participation in organizational religious activities is related to delinquent involvement in early adolescence. Based on a structural equation modeling analysis of data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), this study finds an overall negative association between familial religiosity and juvenile delinquency. It also finds that much of the relationship between familial religiosity and juvenile delinquency is mediated by the mechanisms of marital relationship, parenting practice, and attachment to parents.
Bibliography Citation
Li, Spencer D. "Familial Religiosity, Family Processes, and Juvenile Delinquency in a National Sample of Early Adolescents." Journal of Early Adolescence 34,4 (May 2014): 436-462.
1258. Li, Spencer D.
The Religious Context of Parenting, Family Processes, and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence
Journal of Drug Issues 41,4 (October 2011): 619-648. Also:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204261104100408
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Process Measures; Modeling, Structural Equation; Parenting Skills/Styles; Religious Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Personal religiosity has been identified as a protective factor against adolescent use and misuse of alcohol. Less is known about the influence of the religious context of parenting on the drinking behavior of adolescents. This study addresses this gap by investigating how religious context of parenting is related to marital relationship, parenting practice, child-parent bonding, and alcohol use and misuse in early adolescence. Through a structural equation modeling analysis of the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study finds that the religious context of parenting is negatively related to prevalence of alcohol use, frequency of alcohol consumption, and frequency of heavy drinking among early adolescents. In addition to its direct effect on adolescent drinking behavior, religious context of parenting appears to inhibit alcohol use and misuse indirectly by decreasing interparental conflict and increasing effective parenting and child-parent relationship.
Bibliography Citation
Li, Spencer D. "The Religious Context of Parenting, Family Processes, and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence." Journal of Drug Issues 41,4 (October 2011): 619-648. Also:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204261104100408.
1259. Li, Spencer D.
Liu, Tzu-Hsuan
Xia, Yiwei
A Comparative Study of Parenting Practices and Juvenile Delinquency between China and the United States
Deviant Behavior published online (25 May 2022): DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2022.2081102.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01639625.2022.2081102
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Chinese; Cross-national Analysis; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parenting Skills/Styles

This study examines the differences in parenting practices and their effects on juvenile delinquency between China and the United States. Its principal goal is to gain a more culturally relevant understanding of the possible ways of preventing delinquency through the improvement of parenting styles. The analyses were based on a nationally representative sample of American adolescents and a probability sample of Chinese adolescents in the same age group. To increase data comparability, the study employed similar measures of parenting practices and delinquency in the two samples. The analysis indicated that the American adolescents perceived a higher level of parental responsiveness but a lower level of parental control than did the Chinese adolescents. While parental responsiveness was inversely related to delinquency in both samples, parental control predicted lower delinquency only in the U.S. sample. Moreover, the negative relationship between parental monitoring and delinquency was stronger among the American adolescents than among the Chinese adolescents. The results underscore the need to consider cultural differences when assessing the impact of parenting practices on delinquency, or when applying the research findings to delinquency prevention programs.
Bibliography Citation
Li, Spencer D., Tzu-Hsuan Liu and Yiwei Xia. "A Comparative Study of Parenting Practices and Juvenile Delinquency between China and the United States." Deviant Behavior published online (25 May 2022): DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2022.2081102.
1260. Li, Xiao
Migration Behaviors and Educational Attainment of Metro and Non-Metro Youth
Rural Sociology published online (23 May 2022): DOI: 10.1111/ruso.12449.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ruso.12449
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Rural Sociological Society
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Migration; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While research has consistently demonstrated a positive relationship between migration from rural areas and educational attainment, it is unclear whether migration is the driver of educational attainment or merely a mediator. The "rural brain drain" perspective suggests that young people leave rural areas if they have greater academic potential than their peers. A "migration gain" perspective implies that people, regardless of prior achievements, may move to invest in human capital, thereby gaining more education than those who do not move. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 97 to test these competing predictions with multilevel/mixed-effects models. Consistent with previous research, the study found that youth attained the least education if they stayed in non-metro areas. By contrast, they gained more education if they moved not just from but also to non-metro areas, consistent with the "migration gain" hypothesis. Academic performance alone did not explain the association between education and migration, contradicting the "rural brain drain" theory. However, academic performance and college enrollment, which are also influenced by available educational opportunities, together explain the association between migration and education significantly, suggesting that the educational outcomes of migrants are influenced by a combination of individual and institutional characteristics.
Bibliography Citation
Li, Xiao. "Migration Behaviors and Educational Attainment of Metro and Non-Metro Youth." Rural Sociology published online (23 May 2022): DOI: 10.1111/ruso.12449.
1261. Li, Xiao
Rural-non-Rural Differences in Youth Status Attainment
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Rural/Urban Differences; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is essential to explore how growing up in rural and non-rural areas impacts youth status attainment because of the critical social and economic changes in rural areas and the frequent rural-urban youth migration that influence youth life chances and wellbeing. With data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (NLSY 97), the dissertation adopts multilevel/mixed-effects models to examine the rural-non-rural differences in youth status attainment processes and outcomes in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The results show significant rural-non-rural differences in multiple educational outcomes and hourly wages at age 30 or 31. The dissertation also explores the mechanisms through which rural origins influence youth status attainment processes and outcomes. First, it clarifies rural socioeconomic disadvantage and social capital advantage narratives at both individual and aggregate levels. The findings show that the rural disadvantage in community characteristics plays a more important role in shaping the educational gaps across places than individual-level disadvantages. Second, the dissertation examines how migration influences youth educational attainment. The findings clarify the relationship between migration and education by showing that the higher educational levels of rural migrants are not just because talented youth are more likely to move than others, but because moving results in better education, regardless of prior academic potential. The direct effect of migration suggests that rural youth were disadvantaged by the limited educational resources in rural places. At the same time, migrants to rural areas also had better educational outcomes than stayers, which may be because their moving increases student-college match. Finally, the dissertation examines how migration and return migration influence youth hourly wages at age 30 or 31. The results show that for rural youth, leaving was associated with higher wages, while returning with higher educational levels did not lead to higher wages than staying. Youth who moved to non-metro/rural areas also experience a "migration loss" in wages compared with rural stayers, which may be due to the less diverse wage structure in rural labor markets and migrants' disadvantages in social capital.
Bibliography Citation
Li, Xiao. Rural-non-Rural Differences in Youth Status Attainment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, 2022.
1262. Li, Xiao
MacLean, Alair
Migration Across Metro-Nonmetro Boundaries and Hourly Wages
Rural Sociology published online (14 July 2023).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12508
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Rural Sociological Society
Keyword(s): Higher Education; Metro; Metro areas; Migration; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Modeling, Multilevel; Nonmetro; Nonmetro Areas; Rural Areas; Rural/Urban Differences; Rural/Urban Migration; Social Capital; Wage Models; Wage Theory; Wages; Younger Adult Worker Study

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Previous scholars have demonstrated that nonmetro residents who move to metro areas earn higher wages. It remains an open question whether this metro wage advantage persists in the contemporary era, and how migrating influences young adults from metro areas. Migrants may earn higher wages due to higher education. Alternatively, they may earn lower wages because they lack social capital. They may experience different associations of migration and wages when growing up in nonmetro versus metro areas due to different family backgrounds, education, and community contexts. This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 97 and multilevel/mixed-effects models to test these competing predictions. The findings show that young adults earned higher wages if they worked in metro rather than in nonmetro areas, regardless of migration, confirming a metro wage advantage. People who left nonmetro areas earned higher wages than if they stayed, consistent with a "rural brain drain." In addition, people earned similar wages if they stayed in, returned, and moved from metro to nonmetro areas, even though migrants and returnees had higher average education. The non-significant wage differences may be due to the less diverse wage structure in nonmetro labor markets and in-migrants' lack of social capital.
Bibliography Citation
Li, Xiao and Alair MacLean. "Migration Across Metro-Nonmetro Boundaries and Hourly Wages." Rural Sociology published online (14 July 2023).
1263. Li, Yi
Essays on Human Capital
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Enrollment; Life Cycle Research; Mobility, Occupational; Occupational Choice; Skill Formation; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transfers, Parental; Wage Growth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This thesis consists of three papers. The first paper develops and structurally estimates a life cycle model of optimal college investment with risk in degree completion and labor earnings. I argue that low income children's stronger precautionary saving motive, which is due to their parents' inferior capacity to insure them against college investment risk, impedes their college attendance. I construct a dynamic non-cooperative game to examine two generations' incentive problems and endogenize parental transfers. My empirical analyses based on the NLSY97 highlight the importance of sequential parental transfers over children's life cycle. One main conclusion from my counterfactual experiments is that incorporating risk mitigation elements into student loan repayment scheme can significantly promote college enrollment.

The second paper builds a discrete occupational choice model that generalizes the static self-selection model with learning-by-doing. The model emphasizes the interaction between two general skills during the on-the-job skill accumulation processes. Workers' motivation for exploiting this interaction in order to accelerate skill accumulation generates occupational mobility. My estimation results based on the NLSY79 indicate that the model can replicate the empirical patterns of occupational mobility, wage growth, and wage dispersion. Of particular note is the model's capability to replicate a novel finding that a majority of workers congregate into occupations requiring relatively balanced skills as they age. Furthermore, the counterfactual experiment results suggest that increasing the cross-occupational moving costs would significantly slow down skill accumulation and reduce lifetime earnings.

Bibliography Citation
Li, Yi. Essays on Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015.
1264. Light, Audrey L.
Nencka, Peter
Predicting Educational Attainment: Does Grit Compensate for low Levels of Cognitive Ability?
Learning and Individual Differences 70 (February 2019): 142-154.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1041608019300214
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; Educational Attainment; Modeling, Probit; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits

This study examined the role of cognitive ability in moderating grit's association with educational outcomes. Using a large, representative sample of young adults, we estimated probit models for the probability of graduating from high school, enrolling in college, earning any college degree, and earning a bachelor's degree. For each outcome, the effect of grit (and, alternatively, each lower-order facet) was allowed to differ flexibly with cognitive ability. We found that grit's estimated marginal effect is largely concentrated among students at the high and low ends of the ability distribution. The low-ability effect is more pronounced when expressed relative to the ability-specific, baseline probability of success, and the high-ability effect increases with each successive outcome. The findings are consistent with the notion that high-ability students adopt self-regulated learning processes that exploit their grit, especially as educational tasks become more challenging. For low-ability students, it appears that grit plays a compensatory role.
Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Peter Nencka. "Predicting Educational Attainment: Does Grit Compensate for low Levels of Cognitive Ability?" Learning and Individual Differences 70 (February 2019): 142-154.
1265. Light, Audrey L.
Rama, Apoorva
Moving Beyond the STEM/non-STEM Dichotomy: Wage Benefits to Increasing the STEM-Intensities of College Coursework and Occupational Requirements
Education Economics 27,4 (2019): 358-382.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09645292.2019.1616078?journalCode=cede20
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Occupations; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics); Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using a sample of college graduates from the NLSY97, we introduce a new approach to assessing wage benefits of STEM training, STEM jobs, and the match between the two: rather than classify individuals dichotomously as STEM or non-STEM, we measure the STEM-intensities of both their college coursework and their occupational requirements. While the orthodox approach simply predicts that 'STEM pays,' we find that workers at the top of both gender-specific STEM-intensity distributions are predicted to out-earn their counterparts at the bottom by a substantial margin -- even when we condition on their dichotomous STEM classification -- but that predicted log-wages do not increase monotonically with STEM-intensity throughout the entire joint distribution.
Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Apoorva Rama. "Moving Beyond the STEM/non-STEM Dichotomy: Wage Benefits to Increasing the STEM-Intensities of College Coursework and Occupational Requirements." Education Economics 27,4 (2019): 358-382.
1266. Light, Audrey L.
Schreiner, Sydney
College Major, College Coursework, and Post-College Wages
Economics of Education Review 73 (December 2019): 101935.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775719303784
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Skills; Wage Gap; Wage Models

We ask whether estimated wage payoffs to college majors change when we account for skills acquired in college by including college major dummies and detailed coursework measures in log-wage models. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that students in all majors differ considerably in the percentage of credits taken within-major, as well as in their overall credit distributions. When credit distributions are taken into account in modeling log-wages, estimated coefficients for college majors often fall by 50% or more. Moreover, estimated log-wage gaps between select pairs of majors often change by orders of magnitude depending on whether we compare individuals whose overall credit distributions correspond to obtaining a low, medium, or high level of credit concentration within the major.
Bibliography Citation
Light, Audrey L. and Sydney Schreiner. "College Major, College Coursework, and Post-College Wages." Economics of Education Review 73 (December 2019): 101935.
1267. Lillard, Dean R.
Mekawi, Yehia
Information and Safe Sex: Are Better Informed Youth More Likely to Use Contraceptives and Condoms?
Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Contraception; Gender Differences; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We investigate whether information delays the age at which a person first has sex and the probability he or she uses contraceptives and condoms. To characterize information we use magazine articles about STIs. We use 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY97) data on individual sexual practices and demographic information that we use to predict each individual's magazine reading. After merging data on articles appearing each year in each magazine, we construct measures of the information each person potentially saw. We also use instrumental variables methods to account for three types of endogenous behavior: 1) people choose magazines, 2) editors decide whether or not to publish, and 3) how long each article will be. We find that men and women change their sexual behavior as information stock and flow changes. Women's use of condoms responds more to information about STIs than men's. With more STI information both initiate sex later.
Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Dean R. and Yehia Mekawi. "Information and Safe Sex: Are Better Informed Youth More Likely to Use Contraceptives and Condoms?" Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.
1268. Lillard, Dean R.
Molloy, Eamon
Sfekas, Andrew
Smoking Initiation and the Iron Law of Demand
Journal of Health Economics 32,1 (January 2013): 114-127.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629612001154
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Taxes

We show, with three longitudinal datasets, that cigarette taxes and prices affect smoking initiation decisions. Evidence from longitudinal studies is mixed but generally find that initiation does not vary with price or tax. We show that the lack of statistical significance partly results because of limited policy variation in the time periods studied, truncated behavioral windows, or mis-assignment of price and tax rates in retrospective data (which occurs when one has no information about respondents’ prior state or region of residence). Our findings highlight issues relevant to initiation behavior generally, particularly those for which individuals’ responses to policy changes may be noisy or small in magnitude.
Bibliography Citation
Lillard, Dean R., Eamon Molloy and Andrew Sfekas. "Smoking Initiation and the Iron Law of Demand." Journal of Health Economics 32,1 (January 2013): 114-127.
1269. Lim, Misun
Cohort and Gender Differences and the Marriage Wage Premium: Findings from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97
M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
Keyword(s): Cohort Effects; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Husbands, Income; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Past research has established a marital wage premium among men, and more recently, among women of the baby boom generation. It is unknown whether: 1) the marriage premium holds among more recent cohorts of men and women, 2) it differs by intensity of work hours among husbands and wives, and 3) cohabiters receive wage bonuses. Using fixed-effects models and data from the 1979-1989 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the 1997-2010 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), this paper compares cohort differences in the gendered marriage premium. While both women and men receive marriage premiums and these premiums are larger for more recent cohorts, men’s premiums are consistently higher and have doubled from the late baby boomers cohort (NLSY79) to the late Generation X (Gen X) cohort (NLSY97). While there was no wage premium for cohabitation among baby boom cohort women, I observe a premium among Gen X men and women. Household specialization matters: while among baby-boomers the marriage premium did not vary by household type, among the Gen X cohort men’s marriage premium is significantly larger among male breadwinner households, and surprisingly, I find marriage penalties for men in female-breadwinner households. Similarly, Gen X female breadwinners and female dual-earners receive the marriage premium while Gen X women in male-breadwinner households experience marriage penalty. In addition, the more highly educated receive larger marital bonuses.
Bibliography Citation
Lim, Misun. Cohort and Gender Differences and the Marriage Wage Premium: Findings from the NLSY79 and the NLSY97. M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2015.
1270. Lim, Misun
Motherhood Wage Penalty Across Life Course and Cohorts
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Maternal Employment; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation explores the connections between changing family structures and economic inequalities in the United States. While previous research shows that motherhood lowers women's earnings, few studies explore how wage penalties for motherhood change over women's lives. Moreover, most research examines only the baby boomer cohort; consequentially, little is known about how millennials experience this wage penalty and how such burdens of motherhood have changed across cohorts. This study investigates whether and how the motherhood wage penalty changes both across women's life course and cohorts with these questions: (1) Does the motherhood penalty change over women's lives? (2) What are the transition patterns to motherhood among millennials? (3) Does the motherhood wage penalty vary between baby boom and millennial cohorts? and (4) What factors are associated with these variations in motherhood wage penalties?

Using panel data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I found that among baby boomers child penalty increases a few years after their first childbirth and peaks with having teenagers. Baby boom mothers no longer suffer significant wage penalties during their later years of motherhood. The findings also show that marriage is associated with a greater likelihood of transitioning to motherhood among millennials. Higher education correlates with a decreased likelihood of becoming a mother among white and Latina women, but not among black women. The last set of findings indicates that millennial mothers receive smaller or no child penalties compared to baby boom mothers. Married mothers within the baby boom cohort receive the largest wage penalty while conversely their millennial counterparts enjoy a wage boost.

Bibliography Citation
Lim, Misun. Motherhood Wage Penalty Across Life Course and Cohorts. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2019.
1271. Lin, Dajun
Lutter, Randall
Ruhm, Christopher J.
Cognitive Performance and Labor Market Outcomes
NBER Working Paper No. 22470, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22470
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences

We use information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and supplementary data sources to examine how cognitive performance, measured at approximately the end of secondary schooling, is related to the labor market outcomes of 20 through 50 year olds. Our estimates control for a wide array of individual and family background characteristics, a limited set of non-cognitive attributes, survey year dummy variables and, sometimes, geographic place effects. The analysis reveals five main findings. First, cognitive performance is positively associated with future labor market outcomes at all ages. The relationship is attenuated but not eliminated by the addition of controls for non-cognitive characteristics, while the inclusion of place effects does not change the estimated associations. Second, the returns to cognitive skill increase with age. Third, the effect on total incomes reflects a combination of positive impacts of cognitive performance for both hourly wages and annual work hours. Fourth, the returns to cognitive skill are greater for women than men and for blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites, with differential effects on work hours being more important than corresponding changes in hourly wages. Fifth, the average gains in lifetime incomes predicted to result from greater levels of cognitive performance are only slightly above those reported in prior studies but the effects are heterogeneous, with larger relative and absolute increases, in most models, for nonwhites or Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites, and higher relative but not absolute returns for women than men.
Bibliography Citation
Lin, Dajun, Randall Lutter and Christopher J. Ruhm. "Cognitive Performance and Labor Market Outcomes." NBER Working Paper No. 22470, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016.
1272. Lin, Dajun
Lutter, Randall
Ruhm, Christopher J.
Cognitive Performance and Labour Market Outcomes
Labour Economics 51 (April 2018): 121-135.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537117303329
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Earnings; Ethnic Differences; Income; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences

We use the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and other sources to examine how cognitive performance near the end of secondary schooling relates to labour market outcomes through age fifty. Our preferred estimates control for individual and family backgrounds, non-cognitive attributes, and survey years. We find that returns to cognitive skills rise with age. Although estimated gains in lifetime incomes are close to those reported earlier, our preferred estimates make multiple offsetting improvements. Returns to cognitive skill are greater for blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites, both in relative and absolute terms, with gains in work hours being more important than in hourly wages.
Bibliography Citation
Lin, Dajun, Randall Lutter and Christopher J. Ruhm. "Cognitive Performance and Labour Market Outcomes." Labour Economics 51 (April 2018): 121-135.
1273. Lin, Muh-Chung
Marriage and Heavy Drinking among Young Adults
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2009
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cohabitation; Health Factors; Marriage; Propensity Scores

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The gains in health for married people have long been documented in the social sciences. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which marriage improves health are rarely explored. This study examines how marriage influences health by shunning one unhealthy behavior: heavy drinking. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), I performed propensity score matching to obtain the effects of marriage on excessive drinking and to account for selection. Results from Mahalanobis and propensity score matching show that married people are significantly less likely to engage in heavy drinking. I also performed diagnostics to assess the validity of propensity scores and the quality of matching. The types of marriage matter: formal marriage has stronger effects, whereas cohabitation is unrelated to any reduction in heavy drinking. The effects of marriage do not differ by gender.
Bibliography Citation
Lin, Muh-Chung. "Marriage and Heavy Drinking among Young Adults." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2009.
1274. Lin, Ya-Feng
Are We Really Bowling Alone? Family Changes and Social Capital in American Society
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Louisiana State University
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Family Resources; Family Structure; Parents, Single; Social Capital

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

I explore the relationship between family changes and social capital in American society. Since the mid-20th century, new types of and additions to the family structure have emerged, including cohabitation family, single-parent family, employed women, and NEETs (Not in Education, Employment, and Training). Although new types of families symbolize a more flexible definition of family, some problems have emerged which are worthy of studying. In fact, these families have recently become a primary focus of study in academia, but their social lives are rarely mentioned. I argue in my dissertation that these new types of arrangements not only changed how we define family, but also brought about changes in how we are involved in society. Members of these new types of families have difficulty accumulating social capital due to some unique conditions which stem from these family types. The unstable relationship between cohabitating couples, the scarcity of family resources in single-parent families, the heavy burdens for employed wives, and the indifferent attitudes among non-employed young people may explain why they have less social capital. The results indicated a complicated relationship between family changes and social capital. In general, family changes negatively affected social capital acquisition to some degree. However, different family changes may make different impacts on social capital. It is my hope that my research will encourage social scientists to seriously (re)examine the social life of people involved in these new types of families.
Bibliography Citation
Lin, Ya-Feng. Are We Really Bowling Alone? Family Changes and Social Capital in American Society. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, 2016.
1275. Lin, Yuxin
Why Do Some Students Delay College Enrollment? Does It Matter?
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Education, Columbia University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Earnings; Education, Adult; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the third chapter of this dissertation examines the characteristics and earnings trajectories of delayers and the effects of this choice on academic and labor market outcomes. Propensity score matching results show that delaying college enrollment decreases individuals' likelihood of enrolling in college, and increases their tendency to enroll in two-year colleges if they return to school. The results also demonstrate that, consistent with the study's descriptive results, the early earnings benefits that are experienced by delayers diminish after their mid-20s and turn to significant losses over time. Oaxaca decomposition results indicate that differences in student characteristics only explain one third of the pay gap between the two groups; 60% of the pay gap is explained by delayers' reduced likelihood of attending and obtaining a degree at a four-year college.
Bibliography Citation
Lin, Yuxin. Why Do Some Students Delay College Enrollment? Does It Matter? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics and Education, Columbia University, 2019.
1276. Lindberg, Laura
Kost, Kathryn
Desai, Sheila
Maddow-Zimet, Isaac
Zolna, Mia
Completeness of Abortion Reporting in Three National Surveys in the United States
Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Abortion; Monte Carlo; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Underreporting

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite its frequency, abortion remains a highly sensitive, stigmatized and thus difficult-to-measure behavior. This paper presents estimates of abortion underreporting for three recent major national surveys in the United States--the National Survey of Family Growth 2006 -2010 and 2011-2015, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The numbers of abortions reported in each survey will be compared to an external "gold standard" for national abortion counts obtained from a comprehensive census of abortion providers, with adjustments for differences in age and period of each data source. We will also use Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the extent to which underreporting may bias studies of the relationship between abortion and other variables. This work will help to clarify the extent to which pervasive underreporting of abortion in our nation's surveys compromises the study of abortion and fertility more generally.
Bibliography Citation
Lindberg, Laura, Kathryn Kost, Sheila Desai, Isaac Maddow-Zimet and Mia Zolna. "Completeness of Abortion Reporting in Three National Surveys in the United States." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.
1277. Lindberg, Laura
Kost, Kathryn
Maddow-Zimet, Isaac
Desai, Sheila
Zolna, Mia
Abortion Reporting in the United States: An Assessment of Three National Fertility Surveys
Demography published online (26 May 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00886-4.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-020-00886-4
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Abortion; Monte Carlo; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Underreporting

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite its frequency, abortion remains a highly sensitive, stigmatized, and difficult-to-measure behavior. We present estimates of abortion underreporting for three of the most commonly used national fertility surveys in the United States: the National Survey of Family Growth, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Numbers of abortions reported in each survey were compared with external abortion counts obtained from a census of all U.S. abortion providers, with adjustments for comparable respondent ages and periods of each data source. We examined the influence of survey design factors, including survey mode, sampling frame, and length of recall, on abortion underreporting. We used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate potential measurement biases in relationships between abortion and other variables. Underreporting of abortion in the United States compromises the ability to study abortion--and, consequently, almost any pregnancy-related experience--using national fertility surveys.
Bibliography Citation
Lindberg, Laura, Kathryn Kost, Isaac Maddow-Zimet, Sheila Desai and Mia Zolna. "Abortion Reporting in the United States: An Assessment of Three National Fertility Surveys." Demography published online (26 May 2020): DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00886-4.
1278. Lindenlaub, Ilse
Sorting Multidimensional Types: Theory and Application
The Review of Economic Studies 84,2 (1 April 2017): 718-789.
Also: https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/84/2/718/2938067
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations; Skills

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article studies multidimensional matching between workers and jobs. Workers differ in manual and cognitive skills and sort into jobs that demand different combinations of these two skills. To study this multidimensional sorting problem, I develop a theoretical framework that generalizes the unidimensional notion of assortative matching and sufficient conditions on the technology under which sorting obtains. I derive the equilibrium in closed form and use this explicit solution to study biased technological change. The main finding is that an increase in worker-job complementarities in cognitive relative to manual inputs leads to more pronounced sorting and wage inequality across cognitive relative to manual skills. This can trigger wage polarization and boost aggregate wage inequality. I then estimate the model for the U.S. and identify sizable technology shifts: during the last two decades, worker-job complementarities in cognitive inputs strongly increased, whereas complementarities in manual inputs decreased. In addition to this bias in complementarities, there has been a cognitive skill-bias in production. Counterfactual exercises suggest that these technology shifts (as opposed to changes in skill supply and demand) can account for observed changes in worker-job sorting, wage polarization and a significant part of the increase in U.S. wage dispersion.
Bibliography Citation
Lindenlaub, Ilse. "Sorting Multidimensional Types: Theory and Application." The Review of Economic Studies 84,2 (1 April 2017): 718-789.
1279. Lindner, Abigail R.
Hanlon, Ryan
Outcomes of Youth with Foster Care Experiences Based on Permanency Outcome – Adoption, Aging out, Long-term Foster Care, and Reunification: A Systematic Review
Children and Youth Services Review 156 (January 2024): 107366.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107366
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Adoption; Child Development; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Children, Mental Health; Children, Well-Being; Crime; Economic Well-Being; Education; Educational Outcomes; Foster Care; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Substance Use; Youth Studies

This study followed PRISMA guidelines to conduct a systematic review of literature published from 2002 to 2022 to assess the differences in outcomes of children and youth who were adopted out of foster care compared to children and youth in foster care (CYFC) who were in other permanency placements (reunified, aged out, long-term foster care). The search was carried out from May 27, 2022 through June 11, 2022 using Google Scholar, ProQuest, PubMed Central, SagePub, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The review yielded twelve (N = 12) studies from Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Due to the heterogeneity of quantitative metrics across the outcome domains, a narrative synthesis of the results was undertaken. Findings were varied but not contradictory on the educational, economic, housing, health, criminality, and substance use outcomes of CYFC who are and are not adopted. Funding for the systematic review was provided by a grant from the Gift of Adoption Fund.
Bibliography Citation
Lindner, Abigail R. and Ryan Hanlon. "Outcomes of Youth with Foster Care Experiences Based on Permanency Outcome – Adoption, Aging out, Long-term Foster Care, and Reunification: A Systematic Review." Children and Youth Services Review 156 (January 2024): 107366.
1280. Lindo, Jason M.
Swensen, Isaac D.
Waddell, Glen R.
Alcohol and Student Performance: Estimating the Effect of Legal Access
Journal of Health Economics 32,1 (January 2013): 22-32.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629612001476
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; School Performance

We consider the effect of legal access to alcohol on student achievement. Our preferred approach identifies the effect through changes in one's performance after gaining legal access to alcohol, controlling flexibly for the expected evolution of grades as one makes progress towards their degree. We also report RD-based estimates but argue that an RD design is not well suited to the research question in our setting. We find that students’ grades fall below their expected levels upon being able to drink legally, but by less than previously documented. We also show that there are effects on women and that the effects are persistent. Using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we show that students drink more often after legal access but do not consume more drinks on days on which they drink.
Bibliography Citation
Lindo, Jason M., Isaac D. Swensen and Glen R. Waddell. "Alcohol and Student Performance: Estimating the Effect of Legal Access." Journal of Health Economics 32,1 (January 2013): 22-32.
1281. Ling, Thomson J.
O'Brien, Karen M.
Connecting the Forgotten Half: The School-to-Work Transition of Noncollege-Bound Youth
Journal of Career Development 40,4 (2013): 347-367.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894845312455506
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Educational Attainment; Employment; Employment, In-School; Income; Substance Use; Transition, School to Work

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While previous research has examined the school-to-work transition of noncollege-bound youth, most have considered how a limited set of variables relate to job attainment at a single point in time. This exploratory study extended beyond the identification of constructs associated with obtaining a job to investigate how several factors, collected longitudinally in adolescence, related to employment stability and job quality with a diverse, nationally representative sample of non-college-bound youth. Logistic regression and structural equation modeling were used to determine the predictors of an adaptive school-to-work transition over time. Depression, substance use, adolescent educational attainment, and employment in adolescence were associated positively with obtaining employment. Adolescent educational attainment and employment in adolescence were associated positively with stability of employment. Depression, adolescent educational attainment, employment in adolescence, and income were positively associated with job quality. Substance use and parental education level were negatively associated with job quality.
Bibliography Citation
Ling, Thomson J. and Karen M. O'Brien. "Connecting the Forgotten Half: The School-to-Work Transition of Noncollege-Bound Youth." Journal of Career Development 40,4 (2013): 347-367.
1282. Ling, Thomson Joseph
Connecting the Forgotten Half: The School-To-Work Transition of Non-College Bound Youth
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland - College Park, 2009
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Employment, Youth; High School Completion/Graduates; Job Aspirations; Job Characteristics; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

When we think of high school students making the transition to adulthood, most of us picture students pursuing a college or university education. However, for many individuals, this image is not the case. For some youth, the transition to adulthood is marked by entrance into the workforce. While previous research has examined the school-to-work transition of non-college-bound youth, most only have considered a limited set of variables and only examined job attainment. By considering job quality and employment stability in addition to job attainment, the present study examined the school-to-work transition of non-college bound youth using a nationally representative sample of youth followed longitudinally. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort, we examined a comprehensive set of predictors within an ecological framework. This study sought to determine: "What were the predictors of job attainment, stability of employment, and job quality for youth who are making the school-to-work transition?" Logistic regression and structural equation modeling were used to examine the hypotheses. With regard to job attainment, depression, substance use, adolescent educational attainment, and employment in adolescence were associated with obtaining employment. With regard to job quality and stability of employment, depression, substance use, adolescent educational attainment, employment in adolescence, parental educational attainment, and income were associated with these job characteristics. Parent-adolescent relationship and physical risk were not associated with job characteristics.
Bibliography Citation
Ling, Thomson Joseph. Connecting the Forgotten Half: The School-To-Work Transition of Non-College Bound Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland - College Park, 2009.
1283. Litwok, Daniel
Essays on the Economics of Juvenile Crime and Education
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Benefits; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Educational Attainment; Evaluations; Geocoded Data; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupations; Pensions; State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of three independent chapters. The first chapter focuses on the effects of expungement of records of juvenile delinquency. Despite differing terminology, all fifty states and the District of Columbia have statutory remedies allowing records of juvenile delinquency to be treated as if they do not exist, eliminating the possibility that a future college or employer may learn of the record. Whereas most states require an application for such "expungement" of a juvenile record, in fourteen states the expungement is automatic. To study the effect of expungement on youths, I develop a conceptual model to consider the dynamic incentives created by automatic expungement that predicts an increase in the incentives to initially commit crime but a reduction in the incentives to commit additional crime as an adult. Using unique data I obtain from three application states, I show that expungement is rarely used when an application is required. Based on these statistics and predictions in the conceptual framework, I use survey data to estimate the effects of expungement on juvenile arrest, recidivism as an adult, educational attainment, and future labor market outcomes. I find no response to the incentive for first time offenders in automatic states, but I do find a negative effect on long-term recidivism. I also find modest positive effects of expungement on pursuit of higher education and future earnings. These findings suggest that expungement is socially beneficial with limited social costs.

The second chapter continues to focus on juvenile crime by studying the effects of Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) laws on teenage crime. Although GDL laws were adopted to reduce the risk associated with novice driving, I investigate a different potential effect of these laws: might the benefits of GDL extend beyond driver safety and also reduce juvenile crime? GDL laws effectively impose a statutory driving curfew and a limitation on the number of passengers in motor vehicles. Both the timing of motor vehicle access and a limitation on the peer influences available in a motor vehicle could significantly affect the set of potential offenders and the marginal costs for certain crimes. Using a differencing strategy based on the implementation of GDL, I find evidence that these laws reduce violent and property crime among 16 year olds. I then show that nighttime restrictions are the component of GDL most responsible for the reduction in crime. These results suggest that there is another benefit to states for adopting GDL laws and provide insight into the production of teenage crime.

The third chapter, co-authored with Leslie Papke, studies the response of young teachers to changes in their retirement compensation. Several states have recently enacted reforms in an effort to reduce their future pension obligations, but the vast majority of public school teachers continue to be covered by defined benefit plans. While these defined benefit plans' strong retirement incentives have been the focus of much research, we focus instead on the early years of a teacher's career. We illustrate state differences in the actuarial present value of a teacher's pension wealth upon vesting. Then, we show that pension characteristics relevant to the early years of a teacher's career are negatively related to the fraction of younger teachers in a state. Finally, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to study the first exit from teaching for new teachers. We find that pension parameters, such as vesting requirements and availability of defined contribution alternatives, are significantly related to first exit from teaching. Our preferred estimates indicate that young teachers are 11 percentage points more likely to exit teaching in a state that increases its vesting rule from five to 10 years.

Bibliography Citation
Litwok, Daniel. Essays on the Economics of Juvenile Crime and Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Michigan State University, 2015.
1284. Liu, Han
He, Dan
Employment Trajectories after Incarceration: Patterns and Racial Disparity
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Employment; Incarceration/Jail; Labor Market Outcomes; Racial Differences; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite a large literature documenting the impact of imprisonment on labor market opportunities, less understanding exists of the actual employment trajectories of former prisoners. We use sequence analysis to chart the entire employment trajectories for 640 U.S. male former inmates in the first five years following imprisonment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we find that although more than half (59.84%) former inmates got into stable employment after they are released, the rest of them (40.16%) experienced long time unemployment or unstable employment. Besides, the results also reveal a racial disparity in post-release employment trajectory. Compared to Whites, African-Americans are less likely to get into stable employment trajectories. Further analysis shows that this racial disparity cannot be fully explained by the length of incarceration, previous incarceration experiences, and other social demographic variables. This paper sheds lights on former prisoners' transitions back into society. By analyzing the dynamics of employment trajectories, the paper integrates the life course perspective into research on the impact of imprisonment on labor market outcomes. The racial disparity revealed by the data also implies that the unequal impact of criminal records may lead to divergent life trajectories for different racial/ethnic groups.
Bibliography Citation
Liu, Han and Dan He. "Employment Trajectories after Incarceration: Patterns and Racial Disparity." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2019.
1285. Liu, Siyu
Is the Shape of the Age-Crime Curve Invariant by Sex? Evidence from a National Sample with Flexible Non-parametric Modeling
Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31,1 (March 2015): 93-123.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-014-9225-6
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Arrests; Crime; Gender Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: Prior theoretical scholarship makes strong assumptions about the invariance of the age-crime relationship by sex. However, scant research has evaluated this assumption. This paper asks whether the age-crime curve from age 12-30 is invariant by sex using a contemporary, nationally representative sample of youth, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY97).

Methods: To address the limitations of the existing empirical literature, a novel localized modeling approach is used that does not require a priori assumptions about the shape of the age-crime curve. With a non-parametric method-B-spline regression, the study models self-report criminal behavior and arrest by sex using age as the independent variable, and its cubic spline terms to accommodate different slopes for different phases of the curve.

Results: The study shows that males and females have parallel age-crime curves when modeled with self-report criminal behavior variety score but they have unique age-crime in the frequency of self-report arrest. Group-based trajectory analysis is then used to provide a deeper understanding of heterogeneity underlying the average trends. The onset patterns by sex are quite similar but the post-peak analyses using the early onset sample reveal different patterns of desistance for arrest by sex.

Conclusions: The study found evidence of relatively early and faster desistance of arrest among females but little difference exists for the variety of criminal behaviors. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Bibliography Citation
Liu, Siyu. "Is the Shape of the Age-Crime Curve Invariant by Sex? Evidence from a National Sample with Flexible Non-parametric Modeling." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31,1 (March 2015): 93-123.
1286. Liu, Xingfei
Educational Attainment of Second-Generation Immigrants: A U.S.-Canada Comparison
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8685, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), November 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)
Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Immigrants; Transition, School to Work; Youth in Transition Survey (YITS), Canada

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, I analyze educational outcomes for second generation immigrants and compare them to those of natives. I use a dynamic structural model and focus on transition paths from school to work for youths in Canada and the U.S. Using data extracted from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the 2000 Youth in Transition Survey, I find that family background is closely related to educational attainment of white children of immigrants in both countries. Moreover, cognitive abilities seem to be more important in determining youths' educational attainment in the U.S. than in Canada. However, I find no evidence suggesting that the effects of key family environment variables on educational attainment differ between children of immigrants and children of natives. Results from counterfactual simulations suggest that incentive-based educational reforms, such as providing educational subsidies to reduce the costs of secondary and post-secondary education, are more effective in increasing overall educational attainment for both groups. In addition, the desired dollar amount of these educational subsidies are smaller in Canada than in the U.S. On the other hand, immigration policies designed to admit only highly educated individuals have modest effects on educational attainment of second generation immigrants. Finally, there is very little difference in educational outcomes between the two groups in Canada and the U.S. despite very different immigration policies, at least for the ethnic group (whites) considered in this paper.
Bibliography Citation
Liu, Xingfei. "Educational Attainment of Second-Generation Immigrants: A U.S.-Canada Comparison." IZA Discussion Paper No. 8685, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), November 2014.
1287. Liu, Yawen
The Effect of County-level Smoke-free Air (SFA) Policies on Smoking and Drinking
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Geocoded Data; Legislation; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study investigates the effect of county-level Smoke-free Air Policy on smoking outcomes, smoking initiation and cession, as well as drinking outcomes in the USA, while very little research is done using local level SFA policies. Data on smoking and drinking behaviors are taken from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY 1997) with geographic information. County-level cigarette prices and SFA policies indices are linked to the survey data using state and county identifiers. A modified two-part model is employed to estimate smoking and drinking outcomes of the respondents in last month, while discrete time hazard model is used to analyze the effects of SFA policy on smoking initiation and cessation. The results indicate that to incorporate local data into state-level data could yield a more accurate results by reducing measurement errors, and to enhance SFA policies and cigarette prices will help to reduce cigarettes consumption, smoking initiation, and to increase smoking cessation. The results also indicate that the effect of implementation of comprehensive smoking bans may go beyond the reduction of smoking and extend to drinking consumption.
Bibliography Citation
Liu, Yawen. The Effect of County-level Smoke-free Air (SFA) Policies on Smoking and Drinking. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2016.
1288. Lizama, Carlos
Essays in Macroeconomics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, New York University, 2020
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; College Enrollment; Human Capital; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Transfers, Parental; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The first chapter, "Sources of Lifetime Inequality Revisited", develops a theory to assess the importance of differences in early stages in life, before entering the labor market, in lifetime earnings, wealth and welfare. Factors established early in life can be key determinants of the lifetime value of earnings, consumption, and wealth. Furthermore, some of these variables are determined by parental background (ability, human capital) or passed on directly from parents (wealth). In this paper, I study a life cycle - overlapping generations economy with borrowing constraints and costly human capital acquisition, in which initial conditions are determined by parental background. The cost of human capital may prevent constrained agents to optimally acquire human capital and intergenerational transmission of wealth may alleviate this effect for wealthy households. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I document statistics of the evolution of cohort inequality and the importance of parental transfer to attend college. I find that initial conditions can explain about 10% of the variation in lifetime income and wealth. Relaxing borrowing increases college enrollment and decreases inequality. The intergenerational correlation of abilities explains more than half of the intergenerational income elasticity, suggesting an important role for the parental background.
Bibliography Citation
Lizama, Carlos. Essays in Macroeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, New York University, 2020.
1289. Lloyd, Kristin M.
Changing with the Times? A Generational Comparison of the Effects Parental Social Ties on Crime and Drug Use During Emerging Adulthood
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The Florida State University, 2021
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Crime; Drug Use; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

...this dissertation answers three primary research questions. The first research question is, "are there generational differences in the influence of parental social ties on within-person changes in crime and drug use during emerging adulthood?" The second question is, "are the effects of parental social ties on crime and drug use in emerging adulthood conditioned by marriage and employment for Baby Boomers and Millennials?" And finally, the third question is, "are the effects of parental social ties on crime and drug use moderated by enrollment in higher education for Baby Boomers and Millennials?"

These questions are answered using data from the National Youth Survey (NYS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. The NYS represents Baby Boomers who were born between 1959 and 1965 (N=1,036; N*T=6,741 person-waves). The NLSY97 represents the earliest Millennials, born between 1980 and 1984 (N=7,178; N*T=43,068 person-waves). Each data source follows respondents from adolescence through early emerging adulthood (up to age 24).

Analyses reveal two key findings with respect to the research questions investigated in this dissertation. Regarding the first research question, which seeks to understand the effects of social ties to parents on within-person changes in crime and drug use across generations, findings indicate that social ties to parents have a protective effect against crime in emerging adulthood for Millennials, but not for Baby Boomers. Further, predicted probabilities show that there is a generational difference in this relationship over time, as the probability of offending among those with weak ties to parents in the Millennial cohort increases over time compared to those with strong ties to parents. Among Baby Boomers, however, there is no real difference in offending over time between those with strong ties and weak ties to parents.

The second and third research questions center on the moderating effects of key adult transition events (i.e., marriage, employment, and college enrollment) on the influence of social ties to parents on emerging adults’ crime and drug use. Results show that marriage and college enrollment are not significant moderators for Baby Boomers or Millennials with respect to crime or drug use. Employment is not a significant moderator with respect to crime for Baby Boomers or Millennials either, but it is a statistically significant moderator of drug use among Millennials only. However, predicted probabilities estimated for each of these models indicate that the effects are marginal. Thus, it can be concluded that marriage, employment, and college enrollment have no substantively meaningful conditioning effects of crime or drug use among Baby Boomers or Millennials.

More broadly, these findings highlight the need for additional inquiry into the salience of social ties to parents during emerging adulthood and have implications for both theory and policy. Theoretical implications include expanding studies of parental attachment and support to incorporate measures of the quality of adult child-parent relationships, the continuation of the learning process between parents and their adult children, and the need to expand longitudinal research to accommodate multiple generations for theoretical testing. Findings also reveal the need to tailor policies to emerging adults in contemporary society, such as implementing programming that encourages prosocial parent-child relationships beyond adolescence.

Bibliography Citation
Lloyd, Kristin M. Changing with the Times? A Generational Comparison of the Effects Parental Social Ties on Crime and Drug Use During Emerging Adulthood. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The Florida State University, 2021.
1290. Lo, Celia C.
Ash-Houchen, William
Gerling, Heather M.
Cheng, Tyrone C.
From Childhood Victim to Adult Criminal: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Victimization-Offending among Americans in Early Adulthood
Victims and Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice published online (17 April 2020): DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2020.1750517.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564886.2020.1750517
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Bullying/Victimization; Crime; Ethnic Differences; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A sample of Americans in early adulthood was surveyed to determine (1) whether and how victimization shapes future offending among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics and to examine (2) whether and how a victimization-offending relationship differs by race/ethnicity. Study data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort. Violent victimization was indicated by experiencing bullying or by having seen a person suffer a gunshot; each variable was measured once for childhood and once for adolescence. Criminal offending was indicated by arrest(s) occurring after a respondent's immediate past interview with a researcher, covering 2004-2015, and we used a final sample numbering 58,783 person-waves for our study. Needing to consider repeat measures of the same variables over time, we used generalized estimating equations (GEE) in our data analysis. Generally, the results showed that an experience of violent victimization in childhood increased the likelihood of crime commission in early adulthood, across all racial/ethnic groups. Yet for each distinct group, we also observed a distinct pattern(s) in the victimization-offending relationship. Minimizing offending thus will require exploiting what is known (and what is learned in the future) about race/ethnicity's role in victimization.
Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C., William Ash-Houchen, Heather M. Gerling and Tyrone C. Cheng. "From Childhood Victim to Adult Criminal: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Victimization-Offending among Americans in Early Adulthood." Victims and Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice published online (17 April 2020): DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2020.1750517.
1291. Lo, Celia C.
Bones, Paul D. C.
Cheng, Tyrone C.
What SES May Explain about Work-related Health Limitations: A Temporal-ordered Model
The Social Science Journal published online (27 February 2020): DOI: 10.1080/03623319.2020.1727244.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03623319.2020.1727244
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Health, Chronic Conditions; Injuries, Workplace; Occupations; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

While health's relationship to SES is well established by research, relevant studies in the literature display little uniformity in their conceptualization of SES. The present study sought a temporal-ordered model reflecting longitudinal data and explaining work-related health limitations (health conditions that limit the amount or type of work an individual can perform) in the period 2008-2015. The data came from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, a panel study originating in the United States. From it we developed a longitudinal record for each of 5,487 respondents, yielding 23,951 person-waves in the final sample. Specifically, we examined how SES impacts work-related health limitations among working young adults as they transition to midlife. Our analyses employed generalized estimating equations (GEE). Our results linked higher likelihood of work-related health limitations to self-employment, to being a laborer (versus a professional/manager), and to working in entertainment/accommodation/food services, educational/health/social services, professional and related services, and other industry (versus construction/agriculture/manufacturing). Overall, our longitudinal study indicated that SES measured relatively early in the lifecourse helps explain work-related health limitations among working young adults, net of lifestyle, and health-care-use variables.
Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C., Paul D. C. Bones and Tyrone C. Cheng. "What SES May Explain about Work-related Health Limitations: A Temporal-ordered Model." The Social Science Journal published online (27 February 2020): DOI: 10.1080/03623319.2020.1727244.
1292. Lo, Celia C.
Gerling, Heather M.
Ash-Houchen, William
Cheng, Tyrone C.
Violent Victimization, Stressful Events, and Depression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in the U.S.
Community Mental Health Journal 57 (2021): 502-511.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10597-020-00673-w
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Bullying/Victimization; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Depression (see also CESD); Stress

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We surveyed a sample of young adults in the United States to determine (1) whether/how depression is affected by violent victimization during childhood and/or by recent stressful events, as well as (2) whether any observed links between depression and violent victimization and/or stressful events would be uniform across racial/ethnic groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort, we measured respondent depression in 5 interview waves dating 2004-2015. Our final sample for analysis numbered 22,549 person-waves. Our study showed that violent victimization in childhood, and recent stressful events, as well, alike exacerbated depression. Moreover, as we analyzed, in turn, the data for each ethnic subsample, we observed differential patterns in depression's associations with victimization. Childhood violent victimization--and also recently encountered stress--has a significant role in the development of depression in adulthood; this role appears to be moderated by race/ethnicity.
Bibliography Citation
Lo, Celia C., Heather M. Gerling, William Ash-Houchen and Tyrone C. Cheng. "Violent Victimization, Stressful Events, and Depression: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in the U.S." Community Mental Health Journal 57 (2021): 502-511.
1293. Lochner, Lance John
A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System
RCER Working Papers No. 483, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER), June 2001.
Also: http://rcer.econ.rochester.edu/RCERPAPERS/rcer_483.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Center for Economic Research (RCER) - University of Rochester
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Heterogeneity; Modeling; Neighborhood Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines perceptions of the criminal justice system held by young males using longitudinal survey data from the recent National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort and the National Youth Survey. First, a model is developed to study how perceptions respond to individual information about the probability of arrest and how perceptions affect criminal behavior. Then, the model is shown to be consistent with the data. Young males who engage in crime but are not arrested revise their perceived probability of arrest downward, while those who are arrested revise their probability upwards. The perceived probability of arrest is then linked to subsequent criminal behavior - youth with a lower perceived probability of arrest are significantly more likely to engage in crime during subsequent periods. Perceived probabilities of arrest appear to be idiosyncratic and individual-specific. As a result, information about the arrests of others, local neighborhood conditions, and official arrest rates have little impact on the perceptions of any given individual about his own arrest rate. Another interesting feature of the data on perceptions includes the finding that young males typically report a higher probability of arrest than is actually observed in official arrest rates. Consistent with the model, perceived arrest probabilities among those engaged in crime are lower than those of non-criminals. Despite substantial heterogeneity in the perceived probability of arrest across individuals, those perceptions are difficult to predict from standard background measures, ability, and neighborhood characteristics. Most notably, there do not appear to be substantial differences in perceptions across race and ethnicity for most of the crimes studied. These findings suggest that heterogeneity in perceptions may be an important cause for differences in criminal participation across individuals. Furthermore, those perceptions can be influenced by the justice system. A model of belief updating and criminal behavior that is consistent with the data suggests that policies enacted to change the actual probability of arrest will have heterogeneous effects on individuals with different crime and arrest histories, but increases in true arrest rates will lower crime. Since it may take time for information about changes in actual arrest rates to disseminate, changes in enforcement policy are likely to have lagged effects on crime rates.
Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John. "A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System." RCER Working Papers No. 483, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER), June 2001.
1294. Lochner, Lance John
Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System
NBER Working Paper No. 9474, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9474.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity

This paper empirically examines perceptions of the criminal justice system held by young males using longitudinal survey data from the recent National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort and the National Youth Survey. While beliefs about the probability of an arrest are positively correlated with local official arrest rates, they are largely idiosyncratic and unresponsive to information about the arrests of other random individuals and local neighborhood conditions. There is little support, therefore, for the 'broken windows' theory of Wilson and Kelling (1982). Yet, perceptions do respond to changes in an individual's own criminal and arrest history. Young males who engage in crime but are not arrested revise their perceived probability of arrest downward, while those who are arrested revise their probability upwards. Beliefs respond similarly to changes in a sibling's criminal and arrest history. The perceived probability of arrest is then linked to subsequent criminal behavior. Cross-sectionally, youth with a lower perceived probability of arrest are significantly more likely to engage in crime during subsequent periods. Following an arrest, individuals commit less crime, consistent with deterrence theory and the fact that their perceived probability of arrest increases.

Earlier versions of this paper are available at:
http://www.econ.rochester.edu/lochner/arrest_probability.pdf
http://adfdell.pstc.brown.edu/papers/loch02.pdf

Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John. "Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System." NBER Working Paper No. 9474, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003.
1295. Lochner, Lance John
Belley, Philippe
Frenette, Marc
Family Income, Ability and Post-Secondary Attendance in the US and Canada
Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Canada, Canadian; Family Income; Schooling, Post-secondary

Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John, Philippe Belley and Marc Frenette. "Family Income, Ability and Post-Secondary Attendance in the US and Canada." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
1296. Lochner, Lance John
Monge-Naranjo, Alexander
Credit Constraints in Education
Working Paper No. 17435, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2011.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17435
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): College Education; Credit/Credit Constraint; Education; Family Income; Human Capital

We review studies of the impact of credit constraints on the accumulation of human capital. Evidence suggests that credit constraints are increasingly important for schooling and other aspects of households' behavior. We highlight the importance of early childhood investments, since their response largely determines the impact of credit constraints on the overall lifetime acquisition of human capital. We also review the intergenerational literature and examine the macroeconomic impacts of credit constraints on social mobility and the income distribution.

A common limitation across all areas of the human capital literature is the imposition of ad hoc constraints on credit. We propose a more careful treatment of the structure of government student loan programs as well as the incentive problems underlying private credit. We show that endogenizing constraints on credit for human capital helps explain observed borrowing, schooling, and default patterns and offers new insights about the design of government policy.

Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John and Alexander Monge-Naranjo. "Credit Constraints in Education." Working Paper No. 17435, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2011.
1297. Lochner, Lance John
Monge-Naranjo, Alexander
The Nature of Credit Constraints and Human Capital
American Economic Review 101,6 (October 2011): 2487-2529.
Also: http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2487
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): College Education; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Family Income; Human Capital; Modeling; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We develop a human capital model with borrowing constraints explicitly derived from government student loan (GSL) programs and private lending under limited commitment. The model helps explain the persistent strong positive correlation between ability and schooling in the United States, as well as the rising importance of family income for college attendance. It also explains the increasing share of undergraduates borrowing the GSL maximum and the rise in student borrowing from private lenders. Our framework offers new insights regarding the interaction of government and private lending, as well as the responsiveness of private credit to economic and policy changes. (JEL D14, H52, I22, I23, J24)
Bibliography Citation
Lochner, Lance John and Alexander Monge-Naranjo. "The Nature of Credit Constraints and Human Capital." American Economic Review 101,6 (October 2011): 2487-2529.
1298. Logan, Christopher
Fox, Mary Kay
Lin, Biing-Hwan
Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Volume II, Data Sources
Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. FANRR19-2, Economic Research Service, October 2002.
Also: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/FANRR19-2/fanrr19-2.pdf
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Keyword(s): Financial Assistance; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Program Participation/Evaluation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This is the second of four reports completed by Abt Associates Inc., under the contract "The Nutrition and Health Outcome Study." This report is an evaluation of various data sources for their potential for analyzing the impacts of USDA's food assistance and nutrition programs. Data sources are evaluated against three criteria: coverage of both program participants and nonparticipants; identification of participants and determination of eligibility among nonparticipants; and availability of impact measures. Each data source is classified into one of four categories: principal, potential, recognized, and insufficient. Principal and potential sources are discussed and profiled in this report.
Bibliography Citation
Logan, Christopher, Mary Kay Fox and Biing-Hwan Lin. "Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Volume II, Data Sources." Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. FANRR19-2, Economic Research Service, October 2002.
1299. Logue-Conroy, Rebecca
Fathers' Use of Leave at the Birth of a Child: An Examination of Factors Influencing Fathers' Leave-Taking Behaviors
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 2023
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Fathers; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

As more mothers have entered and remained in the labor force, more families have become dual-income, dual-caregiving families with fathers taking on more caregiving tasks at home. Accompanying these labor force changes are changes to state and workplace policies to provide access to expanded paid parental leave that includes fathers. In this dissertation, I will examine three mechanisms that may influence fathers' choice to take leave--access to paid leave through the state, access to paid leave through work, and within-family negotiations about care given a mother’s bargaining power. I conducted a secondary data analysis using Waves 3-19 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2019). This study used a cross-sectional sample consisting of children as the unit of analysis. These children had fathers who were employed at birth, were 18 or older, and were living with the child's mother. The final sample of children consisted of 2,342 children from 1,089 fathers. This study also used a longitudinal sample of fathers whose leave status changed for different births. This sample consisted of 246 fathers with 622 children. Associations for the cross-sectional sample were estimated using logistic regression models, controlling for a rich set of father, child, and mother sociodemographic characteristics. Associations for the longitudinal sample were estimated using logistic regression models with individual fixed effects. Results of the cross-sectional analysis suggest that both access to leave through the state and access to leave through work are associated with increased leave-taking by fathers. Results of the longitudinal analysis suggest that for the same fathers over time, access to leave through work is associated with leave-taking for one child over another. This study examining policy factors that influence fathers' leave-taking is unique in its inclusion of both state policy and workplace policy. It is also unique in its examination of the same fathers over time. Results of this study will be useful for policymakers when deciding how to design leave policies going forward. In addition, results of this study will be useful for practitioners as they support families in making decisions about leave. As more families continue to move toward egalitarian divisions of labor, fathers' leave-taking and its effects on families will continue to be important to examine.
Bibliography Citation
Logue-Conroy, Rebecca. Fathers' Use of Leave at the Birth of a Child: An Examination of Factors Influencing Fathers' Leave-Taking Behaviors. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social Work, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 2023.
1300. Lohrmann, David K.
Jayawardene, Wasantha P.
Torabi, Mohammad R.
Factors Associated With Changes in Fruit Intake During Young Adulthood: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis of Longitudinal Data
Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 49,5 (May 2017): 427-434.e1.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1499404617300647
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Socioeconomic Factors; Television Viewing

Objective: To examine whether distinct participant groupings for changes in fruit intake (FI) levels between ages 23 and 31 years are identifiable based on both time-varying and time-invariant sociodemographic and behavioral variables.

Methods: Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997, US. Change in FI frequency constituted the dependent variable. For 21 variables, changes and averages in 2007-2011 were calculated. Classification and regression tree analysis was conducted using Generalized, Unbiased, Interaction Detection, and Estimation software.

Results: Analysis isolated 5 variables (changes in smoking, drinking alcohol, and television viewing, plus 5-year mean of income-to-poverty ratio and computer use) and associated cutoff values to identify 7 groups of participants with differing degrees of FI change.

Conclusions and Implications: Multiple groupings existed within upper social strata; a majority maintained healthy behaviors whereas some adopted substance use stress-coping mechanisms. Some low-income individuals demonstrated a capacity to adopt healthy behaviors. Dietary interventions could identify behavioral clustering, with emphasis on drinking, smoking, and screen time.

Bibliography Citation
Lohrmann, David K., Wasantha P. Jayawardene and Mohammad R. Torabi. "Factors Associated With Changes in Fruit Intake During Young Adulthood: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis of Longitudinal Data." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 49,5 (May 2017): 427-434.e1.
1301. LoParco, Cassidy
Leeman, Robert
Cheong, JeeWon
Kemble, Chloe
Jackson, Kristina M.
Part-Time Employment as Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use in a National Longitudinal Survey
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Public Health Association (APHA) Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Employment, In-School; Part-Time Work

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Background: While adolescent employment can be beneficial, positive effects have not been found consistently and associations with risky behavior such as alcohol use have been observed. However, most research concerning part-time employment is dated and cross-sectional. Limited findings suggest individual differences in the impact of part-time employment and there is a need to identify mechanisms underlying relationships between part-time employment and alcohol. We hypothesized part-time employment would predict alcohol consumption, due in part to association with deviant peers. We further hypothesized that relationships between part-time employment and alcohol would be stronger among those who perceived their parents as permissive. Methods: Using two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, part-time employment was tested as a predictor of any and heavy alcohol use cross-sectionally and 1-2 years later (N=5664, 51% male, mean age=15.2). We also tested demographic covariates, parental permissiveness as a moderator, and involvement with deviant peers as a mediator. Results: Part-time employment significantly predicted any and heavy alcohol use cross-sectionally. Associating with deviant peers was a significant predictor and partially mediated relationships between part-time employment and alcohol use. Perceived parental permissiveness was related to alcohol use cross-sectionally but not prospectively and did not moderate relationships between part-time employment and alcohol use. Adolescents with jobs at Year 1 and Year 2 and those who took jobs during Year 2 were more likely to engage in any and heavy drinking; whereas those who transitioned out of a job at Year 2 were no longer at significantly greater risk. Conclusions: Part-time employment was associated with elevated risk of drinking, in part due to associations with deviant peers. Perceived parental permissiveness was not related to alcohol use prospectively. Adolescents and parents should weigh benefits and risks of employment. Intervention with adolescent workers should focus on interaction with prosocial peers.
Bibliography Citation
LoParco, Cassidy, Robert Leeman, JeeWon Cheong, Chloe Kemble and Kristina M. Jackson. "Part-Time Employment as Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use in a National Longitudinal Survey." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Public Health Association (APHA) Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 2017.
1302. Lorenzo-Blanco, Elma I.
Bares, Cristina
Delva, Jorge
Parenting, Family Processes, Relationships, and Parental Support in Multiracial and Multiethnic Families: An Exploratory Study of Youth Perceptions
Family Relations 62,1 (February 2013): 125-139.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00751.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Chores (see Housework); Ethnic Differences; Family Characteristics; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Family Process Measures; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Racial Differences

Mixed-race or multiethnic youth are at risk for mental and physical health problems. We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 to compare family characteristics of adolescents of a mixed-race or multiethnic background with those of a monoracial or monoethnic background. Mixed-race or multiethnic youth reported feeling less supported by parents and reported less satisfactory parent-adolescent relationships. Mixed-race/multiethnic youth were more like monoracial White youth in terms of being independent but were more like racial or ethnic minorities (African Americans, Hispanics) in regard to family activities. Reasons for these findings are explored. We discuss the need for future research on the experiences of mixed-race/multiethnic youth.
Bibliography Citation
Lorenzo-Blanco, Elma I., Cristina Bares and Jorge Delva. "Parenting, Family Processes, Relationships, and Parental Support in Multiracial and Multiethnic Families: An Exploratory Study of Youth Perceptions." Family Relations 62,1 (February 2013): 125-139.
1303. Louton, Brooks
Parental Criminality Links to Additional Risk Factors for Juvenile Delinquency
M.S. Thesis, Arizona State University, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Size; Parental Influences; Parenthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Prior research has found links between family environment and criminal outcomes, but research is lacking on why these factors often occur together within families. Parental criminality, family size, and family disruption have been analyzed as risk factors for juvenile delinquency, but their relationships with each other have gone largely unexplored. This thesis explores the relationship between parental criminality, having children, number of children, and patterns of residence with children. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth '97 are used to associate likelihood of having children, likelihood of having any children out of residence, percent of children in residence, and number of children with arrest prevalence and self-reported offending. Results were generally supportive. Moderate effect sizes were found for likelihood of having children, with large effects on likelihood of having any children out of residence. Moderate effects were found for percentage of children in residence, and large effects were found for number of children.
Bibliography Citation
Louton, Brooks. Parental Criminality Links to Additional Risk Factors for Juvenile Delinquency. M.S. Thesis, Arizona State University, 2011.
1304. Love, Alice Ann
Most American Kids Start Work by Age 15
The Canton (Ohio) Repository, July 8, 2000: Money
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Copley Press Inc.
Keyword(s): Children; Employment, Youth; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Teenagers; Work Ethic; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

WASHINGTON: At age 12, half of American kids hold informal jobs like baby-sitting or yard work, and by age 15, nearly two-thirds are employed, according to a new Labor Department report. "The American work ethic starts at an early age," said Labor Secretary Alexis Herman of the findings about young Americans' working habits, released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on Friday. The study found that a smaller percentage of the teen-age population held jobs in the late 1990s than two decades earlier, in the late 1970s, however. During the period from 1977 to 1979, an average 30 percent of 15- to 17-year-olds held jobs during the school year and 43 percent did in the summer. By comparison, from 1996 to 1998, an average of 25 percent in the same age group held jobs during the school year and 34 percent in the summer. The BLS study combined findings from annual government surveys of American households with in-depth interviews conducted in 1997 with 9,022 young men and women who were between the ages of 12 and 16 on Dec. 31, 1996. Findings were focused on kids 15 and younger. The 1997 interviews revealed that about 50 percent of kids had worked in informal jobs at age 12. By age 14, the share of kids working rose to 57 percent. About 43 percent of 14-year-olds were still doing only odd jobs like neighbors' yardwork or babysitting, while 24 percent had formal, ongoing employment and some did both kinds of work.
Bibliography Citation
Love, Alice Ann. "Most American Kids Start Work by Age 15." The Canton (Ohio) Repository, July 8, 2000: Money.
1305. Lovenheim, Michael F.
Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence from Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998
NBER Working Paper No. 18749, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2013.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18749
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Arrests; College Enrollment; Drug Use; Educational Outcomes; Financial Assistance

In 2001, amendments to the Higher Education Act made people convicted of drug offenses ineligible for federal financial aid for up to two years after their conviction. Using rich data on educational outcomes and drug charges in the NLSY 1997, we show that this law change had a large negative impact on the college attendance of students with drug convictions. On average, the temporary ban on federal financial aid increased the amount of time between high school graduation and college enrollment by about two years, and we also present suggestive evidence that affected students were less likely to ever enroll in college. Students living in urban areas and those whose mothers did not attend college appear to be the most affected by these amendments. Importantly, we do not find that the law deterred young people from committing drug felonies nor did it substantively change the probability that high school students with drug convictions graduated from high school. We find no evidence of a change in college enrollment of students convicted of non-drug crimes, or of those charged by not convicted of drug offenses. In contrast to much of the existing research, we conclude that, for this high-risk group of students, eligibility for federal financial aid strongly impacts college investment decisions.
Bibliography Citation
Lovenheim, Michael F. "Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence from Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998." NBER Working Paper No. 18749, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2013.
1306. Lovenheim, Michael F.
Owens, Emily G.
Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence from Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998
Journal of Urban Economics 81 (May 2014): 1-13.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119014000096
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Arrests; College Enrollment; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Financial Assistance

In 2001, amendments to the Higher Education Act made people convicted of drug offenses ineligible for federal financial aid for up to two years after their conviction. Using rich data on educational outcomes and drug charges in the NLSY 1997, we show that this law change had a large negative impact on the college attendance of students with drug convictions. On average, the temporary ban on federal financial aid increased the amount of time between high school graduation and college enrollment by about two years, and we also present suggestive evidence that affected students were less likely to ever enroll in college. Students living in urban areas are the most affected by these amendments. Importantly, we do not find that the law deterred young people from committing drug felonies nor did it substantively change the probability that high school students with drug convictions graduated from high school. We find no evidence of a change in college enrollment of students convicted of non-drug crimes, or of those charged by not convicted of drug offenses. In contrast to much of the existing research, we conclude that, for this high-risk group of students, eligibility for federal financial aid strongly impacts college investment decisions.
Bibliography Citation
Lovenheim, Michael F. and Emily G. Owens. "Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence from Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998." Journal of Urban Economics 81 (May 2014): 1-13.
1307. Lovenheim, Michael F.
Reynolds, C. Lockwood
Changes in Postsecondary Choices by Ability and Income: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth
Journal of Human Capital 5,1 (Spring 2011): 70-109.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/660123
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); College Education; Gender Differences; High School Completion/Graduates; Higher Education; Income Level

We characterize changes over time in the choices high school graduates make concerning 2-year attendance, 4-year attendance, and college nonattendance across the joint income and ability distribution. We find that college nonattendance decreased substantially between cohorts for both men and women and that these declines were larger for higher-ability students. On the 2-year/4-year margin, there is evidence of growing ability constraints among women. Furthermore, income has become more important among higher-ability men, and increases in 2-year attendance among high-ability but low-income men come at the expense of 4-year college enrollment. State-level college costs explain little of the changes we document.
Bibliography Citation
Lovenheim, Michael F. and C. Lockwood Reynolds. "Changes in Postsecondary Choices by Ability and Income: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth." Journal of Human Capital 5,1 (Spring 2011): 70-109.
1308. Lovenheim, Michael F.
Reynolds, C. Lockwood
The Effect of Housing Wealth on College Choice: Evidence from the Housing Boom
NBER Working Paper No. 18075, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2012.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18075
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Assets; College Characteristics; College Enrollment; Colleges; Wealth

The higher education system in the United States is characterized by a large degree of quality heterogeneity, and there is a growing literature suggesting students attending higher quality universities have better educational and labor market outcomes. In this paper, we use NLSY97 data combined with the difference in the timing and strength of the housing boom across cities to examine how short-run home price growth affects the quality of postsecondary schools chosen by students. Our findings indicate a $10,000 increase in a family’s housing wealth in the four years prior to a student becoming of college-age increases the likelihood she attends a flagship public university relative to a non-flagship public university by 2.0 percent and decreases the relative probability of attending a community college by 1.6 percent. These effects are driven by relatively lower and middle-income families. We show that these changes are due to the effect of housing wealth on where students apply, not on whether they are admitted. We also find that short-run increases in home prices lead to increases in direct quality measures of the institutions students attend. Finally, for the lower-income sample, we find home price increases reduce student labor supply and that each $10,000 increase in home prices is associated with a 1.8% increase in the likelihood of completing college.
Bibliography Citation
Lovenheim, Michael F. and C. Lockwood Reynolds. "The Effect of Housing Wealth on College Choice: Evidence from the Housing Boom." NBER Working Paper No. 18075, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2012.
1309. Lovenheim, Michael F.
Reynolds, C. Lockwood
The Effect of Housing Wealth on College Choice: Evidence from the Housing Boom
Journal of Human Resources 48,1 (Winter 2013): 1-35.
Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/48/1/1.short
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): College Characteristics; College Graduates; Wealth

We use NLSY97 data to examine how home price variation affects the quality of postsecondary schools students attend. We find a $10,000 increase in housing wealth increases the likelihood of public flagship university enrollment relative to nonflagship enrollment by 2.0 percent and decreases the relative probability of attending a community college by 1.6 percent. These effects are driven by lower-income families, predominantly by altering student application decisions. We also find home price changes affect direct quality measures of institutions students attend. Furthermore, for lower-income students, each $10,000 increase in home prices leads to a 1.8 percent increase in the likelihood of completing college.
Bibliography Citation
Lovenheim, Michael F. and C. Lockwood Reynolds. "The Effect of Housing Wealth on College Choice: Evidence from the Housing Boom." Journal of Human Resources 48,1 (Winter 2013): 1-35.
1310. Low, Ian
Capturing a College Education’s Impact on Industry Wages Across Time: An Analysis of Academic Factors that Affect Earnings
Undergraduate Honors Thesis, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Economics, Duke University
Keyword(s): College Education; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Grade Point Average (GPA)/Grades; Industrial Classification; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Studying how a college education can impact one’s wages has always been an area of interest amongst labor and education economists. While previous studies have stressed using single academic factors (i.e. college major choice, performance, or college prestige) to determine the effect on wages, there has not been a focus on predicting wages given industries and a combination of these academic factors across time. Therefore, the crux of my thesis seeks to provide a new model which incorporates college major choice, GPA, industry selection across time, college type (private or public), natural ability (standardized test scores), and several demographic variables in order to predict percent increase/decrease in wages. My results show that college major choice, academic performance, natural ability, and industry selection (together) do have a significant impact on earnings, and they are appropriate measures to predict post-graduation wages.
Bibliography Citation
Low, Ian. "Capturing a College Education’s Impact on Industry Wages Across Time: An Analysis of Academic Factors that Affect Earnings." Undergraduate Honors Thesis, Department of Economics, Duke University, 2012.
1311. Loxton, Abigail Marie
Essays on Inter Vivos Transfers and Choice of College Major
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Indiana University, 2020
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Earnings; Income Risk; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupational Choice; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

My dissertation analyzes inter vivos transfers from parents to children, the heterogeneity of pecuniary and nonpecuniary benefits across different fields of study, and how these factors jointly contribute to the choice of field in college.

In my second chapter, I find evidence that parents affect their children's career choice through inter vivos transfers. Embedding an occupational choice model into an overlapping generations framework with altruism, I show children with wealthy parents favor jobs that have riskier income streams relative to their expected earnings because high-income parents can insure their children against negative earnings shocks. Using the 1997 cohort from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, I rank major fields of study according to two measures of earnings uncertainty. I then use a multinomial logit to show that children, particularly men, of higher income parents select into fields with higher earnings uncertainty. This effect persists even for the subsample of first-generation college students. The empirical results suggest that child decisions are consistent with the theory that inter vivos transfers act as an insurance mechanism for college children.

Bibliography Citation
Loxton, Abigail Marie. Essays on Inter Vivos Transfers and Choice of College Major. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, Indiana University, 2020.
1312. Lu, Zhenqiu Laura
Zhang, Zhiyong
Robust Growth Mixture Models with Non-ignorable Missingness: Models, Estimation, Selection, and Application
Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 71 (March 2014): 220-240.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947313002818
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Bayesian; Missing Data/Imputation; Modeling; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Statistical Analysis

Challenges in the analyses of growth mixture models include missing data, outliers, estimation, and model selection. Four non-ignorable missingness models to recover the information due to missing data, and three robust models to reduce the effect of non-normality are proposed. A full Bayesian method is implemented by means of data augmentation algorithm and Gibbs sampling procedure. Model selection criteria are also proposed in the Bayesian context. Simulation studies are then conducted to evaluate the performances of the models, the Bayesian estimation method, and selection criteria under different situations. The application of the models is demonstrated through the analysis of education data on children’s mathematical ability development. The models can be widely applied to longitudinal analyses in medical, psychological, educational, and social research.
Bibliography Citation
Lu, Zhenqiu Laura and Zhiyong Zhang. "Robust Growth Mixture Models with Non-ignorable Missingness: Models, Estimation, Selection, and Application." Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 71 (March 2014): 220-240.
1313. Lu, Zhenqiu Laura
Zhang, Zhiyong
Lubke, Gitta H.
Bayesian Inference for Growth Mixture Models with Latent Class Dependent Missing Data
Multivariate Behavioral Research 46,4 (2011): 567-597.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00273171.2011.589261
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Bayesian; Missing Data/Imputation; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis

Growth mixture models (GMMs) with nonignorable missing data have drawn increasing attention in research communities but have not been fully studied. The goal of this article is to propose and to evaluate a Bayesian method to estimate the GMMs with latent class dependent missing data. An extended GMM is first presented in which class probabilities depend on some observed explanatory variables and data missingness depends on both the explanatory variables and a latent class variable. A full Bayesian method is then proposed to estimate the model. Through the data augmentation method, conditional posterior distributions for all model parameters and missing data are obtained. A Gibbs sampling procedure is then used to generate Markov chains of model parameters for statistical inference. The application of the model and the method is first demonstrated through the analysis of mathematical ability growth data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 1997). A simulation study considering 3 main factors (the sample size, the class probability, and the missing data mechanism) is then conducted and the results show that the proposed Bayesian estimation approach performs very well under the studied conditions. Finally, some implications of this study, including the misspecified missingness mechanism, the sample size, the sensitivity of the model, the number of latent classes, the model comparison, and the future directions of the approach, are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Lu, Zhenqiu Laura, Zhiyong Zhang and Gitta H. Lubke. "Bayesian Inference for Growth Mixture Models with Latent Class Dependent Missing Data." Multivariate Behavioral Research 46,4 (2011): 567-597.
1314. Luca, Dara Lee
Sevak, Purvi
Scheduling Uncertainty and Employment of Young Adults with Disabilities
CRR WP 2020-5, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2020.
Also: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108866
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College
Keyword(s): Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Disabled Workers; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the prevalence of scheduling uncertainty and the degree of work hour volatility among young adults with disabilities from 2008 through 2018, using data from the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Youth Survey. First, the paper documents the magnitude of several features of irregular schedules among workers with disabilities in recent years. Second, it examines differences in irregular schedules between workers with and without disabilities. Third, it describes the trends in these features over the past decade. A key limitation of the study is that it cannot directly measure whether workers are employed in gig jobs.
Bibliography Citation
Luca, Dara Lee and Purvi Sevak. "Scheduling Uncertainty and Employment of Young Adults with Disabilities." CRR WP 2020-5, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2020.
1315. Lucas, Amy
Hardie, Jessica H.
Relationship Quality in Response to Economic Stress Among Young Couples
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Economic Well-Being; Marital Conflict; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Is economic stability and instability related to relationship quality among young couples, and to what extent does this vary by relationship type? To answer these questions, we estimate regression models predicting respondent reports of affection and conflict in cohabiting and married partner relationships using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We find that economic factors are an important predictor of affection and conflict for both married and cohabiting couples. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the relationship between economic factors and affection operates largely through its impact on the level of conflict in a relationship.
Bibliography Citation
Lucas, Amy and Jessica H. Hardie. "Relationship Quality in Response to Economic Stress Among Young Couples." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010.
1316. Luke, Douglas A.
Multilevel Growth Curve Analysis for Quantitative Outcomes
In: Handbook of Longitudinal Research: Design, Measurement, and Analysis. S. Menard, ed., Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 2008: 545-564
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Academic Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Body Mass Index (BMI); Drug Use; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Substance Use

Multilevel growth curve modeling is one of the most powerful and flexible ways to analyze longitudinal data.

For this chapter, data were extracted and downloaded from the complete seven-year NLSY97 public dataset. We will be focusing on developing growth models for two dependent variables: BMI and Total Substance Use Days.

[Extracted from chapter]

Bibliography Citation
Luke, Douglas A. "Multilevel Growth Curve Analysis for Quantitative Outcomes" In: Handbook of Longitudinal Research: Design, Measurement, and Analysis. S. Menard, ed., Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 2008: 545-564
1317. Lundberg, Ian
Do Attitudes Matter? Understanding Regional Variation in the Motherhood Wage Penalty in the United States
Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): General Social Survey (GSS); Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Regions; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Children have a negative effect on women's wages. Could this effect depend on cultural context? This paper investigates whether cultural values affect the size of the motherhood wage penalty in the United States. Analyzing longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997 cohorts, I find a wage penalty of 3.6% per child. Mothers are nested in 4 regions and 2 cohorts, yielding 8 region-cohort combinations. Person fixed-effects models show variation between region-cohorts in the size of the motherhood wage penalty. I use a multilevel model to investigate this variation. General Social Survey (GSS) data on attitudes toward working mothers in each region-cohort serves as a group-level predictor for the effect of the number of children on women's wages. Results suggest that the motherhood wage penalty is significantly smaller in region-cohorts with cultural values which support mothers' employment.
Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Ian. "Do Attitudes Matter? Understanding Regional Variation in the Motherhood Wage Penalty in the United States." Presented: New York NY, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2013.
1318. Lundberg, Ian
Has the Motherhood Penalty Changed? The Declining Effect of Children on Young Women’s Wages
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Job Tenure; Motherhood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Work Experience

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While men’s wages increase when they have children, the presence of children at home is negatively associated with women’s wages. Gender differences in the effect of children on wages are partially responsible for continuing gender wage inequality. Previous research shows that the size of the motherhood wage penalty did not decline between 1975 and 1998 (Avellar and Smock 2003). However, several changes suggest that the penalty may have declined in more recent years. Gender role attitudes have become more egalitarian, the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 increased the availability of maternity leave, and the structure of employment has shifted away from long careers with a single employer toward temporary and contingent work, which may allow mothers to catch up after taking time off work. Using panel data, this study compares the motherhood penalty in two cohorts: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY-79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY-97). From the NLSY-79 to the NLSY-97, there is a significant decline in the magnitude of the motherhood wage penalty. Motherhood has a more negative influence on job tenure and work experience in the early cohort than the later cohort, and these variables are stronger predictors of wages in the early cohort than in the later cohort. Although these changes demonstrate that mothers are increasingly attached to the labor force, they cannot explain the decline in the motherhood wage penalty.
Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Ian. "Has the Motherhood Penalty Changed? The Declining Effect of Children on Young Women’s Wages." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014.
1319. Lundberg, Shelly
Family Background, Non-Cognitive Skills, and Gender Gaps in Education
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Modeling, Fixed Effects; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Around the world, with the exception of parts of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the educational attainment of young women now exceeds that of young men. A number of researchers have suggested that the increase in single-parent households may be contributing to the growing gender gap in education, as boys are likely to be more vulnerable to the negative effects of father absence than girls, either because the influence of a same-sex parent is crucial or because boys are more susceptible to environmental adversity. Using data on young cohorts of men and women from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, I investigate the association between college graduation and father (and step-father) presence earlier in life, as well as mother-fixed-effect models with opposite-sex siblings to control for unobserved parental and household characteristics.
Bibliography Citation
Lundberg, Shelly. "Family Background, Non-Cognitive Skills, and Gender Gaps in Education." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1320. Luo, Sai
Essays on Skills and Racial Gaps in the U.S. Labor Market
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, 2020
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; Cognitive Ability; Labor Market Outcomes; Male Sample; Racial Differences; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this dissertation I establish some of the first evidence on the early career labor market experiences of young American men from the Millennial cohort. I also conduct a cross-cohort comparison of the early career outcomes of Millennials compared to their predecessors from the Baby Boomer cohort. The empirical analysis in this dissertation is facilitated by the 1997 and 1979 samples of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY).

First, I document the racial gaps in early career labor market trajectories of a cohort of early Millennial men (NLSY-97, born 1980-1984), and explore the driving forces behind them. Tracing the experiences of Black and white young men over their first eight years after school completion, I show that racial gaps in various labor market outcomes opened up immediately post-schooling, and largely persisted over the subsequent years. In particular, I find that measured Black-white disparities in accumulated education and skills, especially cognitive skills, play the central role in explaining the observed racial gaps in employment and earnings.

Second, I compare how the racial labor market gaps have changed between the Baby Boomers (NLSY-79, born 1957-1964) add these Millennials. Both Black and white men in the older cohort experienced upward-sloping trajectories in employment and earnings in the first four to five years post-schooling. In the younger cohort, the labor market trajectories, especially for employment, were comparatively flatter both for Black men and for white men. Relative to the older cohort, a larger share of the racial employment and earnings gaps in the younger cohort cannot be explained by measured racial differences in observable premarket characteristics. Yet education and skills remain the key explanatory factor among observable characteristics.

Third, in co-authored work, we examine how the wage returns to cognitive skills have evolved across cohorts of white men in the U.S. labor market. We show that the distribution of measured cognitive skills has diverged between the NLSY-79 and the NLSY-97. This divergence has a meaningful impact on estimated returns to cognitive skills. We explore why this divergence has occurred, considering both economic and measurement explanations, and we conclude that the conventional wisdom of a declining return to cognitive skills may well be incorrect.

Bibliography Citation
Luo, Sai. Essays on Skills and Racial Gaps in the U.S. Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, 2020.
1321. Lusardi, Annamaria
Cossa, Ricardo
Krupka, Erin L.
Savings of Young Parents
Journal of Human Resources 36,4 (Fall 2001): 762-794.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069641
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Assets; Household Income; Nonresponse; Parenthood; Savings

In this paper, we examine household savings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey, Cohort 1997. This data set provides detailed information about assets and liabilities of parents with teenage children. In our empirical work, we have to first deal with several problems in measuring wealth. Although many responding parents report owning assets and liabilities, they often do not report their values. To get around the nonresponse problem, we impute the missing values for assets and liabilities. To study the patterns of accumulation of young parents, we examine wealth holdings and asset ownership across several demographic groups.
Bibliography Citation
Lusardi, Annamaria, Ricardo Cossa and Erin L. Krupka. "Savings of Young Parents." Journal of Human Resources 36,4 (Fall 2001): 762-794.
1322. Lusardi, Annamaria
Cossa, Ricardo
Krupka, Erin L.
Savings of Young Parents
WP-2000-23, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, December 2000.
Also: http://www.chicagofed.org/webpages/publications/working_papers/2000/wp_23.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Household Income; Life Cycle Research; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenthood; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Savings; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, we examine household savings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey, Cohort 1997 (NLSY97). This data set provides detailed information about assets and liabilities of parents with teen-age children and allows researchers to examine patterns of accumulation at early stages of the life cycle. In our empirical work, we have first to deal with several problems in measuring wealth. While many respondents report owning assets and liabilities, they often do not report their values. This problem is severe, in particular among financial assets. It is also difficult to devise an appropriate measure of accumulation when examining young parents, since assets and liabilities display different degrees of liquidity. To get around the non-response problem, we impute the missing values for assets and liabilities. This allows us to calculate household wealth for the whole sample. We examine household wealth holdings by considering several measures of accumulation: total (non-pension) net worth, financial net worth, and retirement savings. We study their distribution across different demographic groups and show that many households, in particular those headed by young parents (younger than 35), minorities, and individuals with low educational attainment, display very little accumulation. Many have no financial assets and their total net worth is also low. Housing equity is the main asset in many household portfolios and often the only asset families own. Overall, there is much heterogeneity in wealth holdings not only across but also within demographic groups. This suggests that many factors are at play in shaping the wealth accumulation of parents with young children.
Bibliography Citation
Lusardi, Annamaria, Ricardo Cossa and Erin L. Krupka. "Savings of Young Parents." WP-2000-23, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, December 2000.
1323. Lusardi, Annamaria
Mitchell, Olivia S.
Curto, Vilsa
Financial Literacy Among the Young
Journal of Consumer Affairs 44,2 (Summer 2010): 358-380.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01173.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI)
Keyword(s): Assets; College Education; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Financial Investments; Financial Literacy; Gender Differences; High School Dropouts; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We examined financial literacy among the young using the most recent wave of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We showed that financial literacy is low; fewer than one-third of young adults possess basic knowledge of interest rates, inflation and risk diversification. Financial literacy was strongly related to sociodemographic characteristics and family financial sophistication. Specifically, a college-educated male whose parents had stocks and retirement savings was about 45 percentage points more likely to know about risk diversification than a female with less than a high school education whose parents were not wealthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bibliography Citation
Lusardi, Annamaria, Olivia S. Mitchell and Vilsa Curto. "Financial Literacy Among the Young." Journal of Consumer Affairs 44,2 (Summer 2010): 358-380.
1324. Luscombe, Belinda
Why Do Millennials Have Kids Before Marriage? Jobs
Time, Online Edition, July 14, 2016.
Also: http://time.com/4405169/millennials-marriage-kids-jobs-income-inequality/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Time Inc.
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; First Birth; Job Patterns; Marriage; Parents, Single; Wage Differentials

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Single motherhood is growing faster among individuals with a moderate level of education than it is among the very poor or those who have a college degree. And a prominent sociologist thinks he knows why: those are the people who have suffered the biggest loss of job opportunity since the 1980s. [News media article highlighting research by Cherlin, Ribar, and Yasutake: "Nonmarital First Births, Marriage, and Income Inequality," American Sociological Review, 14 July 2016]
Bibliography Citation
Luscombe, Belinda. "Why Do Millennials Have Kids Before Marriage? Jobs." Time, Online Edition, July 14, 2016.
1325. Luster, Thomas
Oh, Su Min
Correlates of Male Adolescents Carrying Handguns Among Their Peers
Journal of Marriage and Family 63,3 (August 2001): 714-726.
Also: http://ncfr.allenpress.com/ncfronline/?request=get-abstract&issn=0022-2445&volume=063&issue=03&page=0714
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Family Studies; Handguns, carrying or using; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 were used to examine factors associated with carrying a handgun among adolescent males. We expected that carrying a handgun would be associated with characteristics of the individual and with aspects of the contexts that are important for adolescents, such as the family, the peer group, the school setting, and the neighborhood. Consistent with these expectations, we found that adolescent males were more likely than their peers to carry handguns if they engaged in other problematic behaviors, had witnessed someone else being shot or shot at, and were involved in gangs. Boys under the age of 15 were less likely to carry a handgun if they were closely monitored by their mothers and respected their mothers, and they were more likely to carry a handgun if they frequently heard gunshots in their neighborhood or had a relative or friend who was a gang member. Males who were 15 and older were more likely to carry a handgun if they associated with peers who engaged in problematic behaviors.
Bibliography Citation
Luster, Thomas and Su Min Oh. "Correlates of Male Adolescents Carrying Handguns Among Their Peers." Journal of Marriage and Family 63,3 (August 2001): 714-726.
1326. Lvovskiy, Lev
Three Essays on Income Dynamics and Demographic Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Parents, Single

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Chapter 2 studies the dramatic transformation that the typical American family has undergone since the 1950s. Marriage and fertility have been delayed, while single-motherhood rates have increased. The link between these facts emanates from the greater delay in marriage than that in first births. As "the Gap" between the age at first birth and the age at first marriage becomes negative for some women, out-of-wedlock first births increase. In my analyses, I focus on the increase in income inequality and the decrease in income mobility -- observed across two National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) cohorts of women -- to account for the above facts using an equilibrium two-sided search framework in which agents make marriage and fertility choices over the life-cycle. Marriage is a commitment device for consumption-sharing, providing spouses with partial insurance against idiosyncratic earnings risk. Agents derive utility from children, but children also involve a risky commitment to future monetary and time costs. According to my model, two observed trends in the income process produce these changes in the respective timings of marriage and fertility. First, the increase in income inequality produces incentives to delay marriage. Since single women tend to face higher income risk than do married women, all else being equal, a decline in marriages when young implies delayed births, which are perceived to be risky. Second, the decrease in income mobility also delays marriage as the insurance value of marriage decreases but accelerates fertility because it becomes less risky to have a child. The model qualitatively matches the observed changes in family formation and quantitatively accounts for a significant portion of the observed changes in marriage and fertility timing between the two NLSY cohorts.
Bibliography Citation
Lvovskiy, Lev. Three Essays on Income Dynamics and Demographic Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Iowa, 2017.
1327. Lynch, Jamie L.
Trends in BMI and Weight Perception Among Young Adults: An Analysis of Gender, Race, and Educational Disparities
Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Social science research shows that high body mass index (BMI) is associated with a number of socioeconomic disadvantages including low pay and social isolation. It is clear that excess weight can be problematic. What is less clear is how race, gender, and educational attainment influence how and when excess weight is perceived as problematic. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997 cohort, this study tracks changes in BMI, weight perception, and educational attainment from age 16 to 30. Throughout young adulthood, compared to men with similar BMIs, women are substantially more likely to see their weight as problematic, misidentify their weight status, and to attempt to lose weight. Overall results indicate that gender and race differences in weight pessimism and optimism emerge in childhood, persist throughout adolescence, and expand at the end of young adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Jamie L. "Trends in BMI and Weight Perception Among Young Adults: An Analysis of Gender, Race, and Educational Disparities." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019.
1328. Lynch, Jamie L.
Carlson, Daniel L.
Educational Attainment and Alcohol Use before, during and after College
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The well-educated tend to have lower levels of morbidity and mortality than their less-educated counterparts. Although college attendance is generally associated with improved well-being and health behaviors, research suggests one exception – college attendance increases risky drinking. If a college education is linked with improved health, why is college attendance associated with an increase in alcohol use? This study attempts to resolve this theoretical disparity by comparing the drinking patterns of youth who do and do not attend college before, during, and after typical college ages. Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort, indicate that although college attenders increase their drinking during their college years, college-non-attenders drink more, and more riskily, at the same ages. In general, our results confirm a negative relationship between educational attainment and risky drinking, but suggest that this relationship is driven by selection rather than a causal effect of educational attainment.
Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Jamie L. and Daniel L. Carlson. "Educational Attainment and Alcohol Use before, during and after College." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1329. Lynch, Jamie L.
von Hippel, Paul
An Education Gradient in Health or a Health Gradient in Education? Education and Self-Rated Health from Age 15 to Age 31
Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Fixed Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

There is a positive gradient relating educational attainment and health, yet the causal direction of the gradient is not clear. Does higher education improve health--an education gradient in health. Or do the healthy become highly educated--a health gradient in education? This study addresses the direction of the gradient by tracking changes in educational attainment and self-rated health (SRH) from age 15 to age 31 in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997 cohort (NLSY97). Ordinal logistic regression shows that high-SRH adolescents are more likely to become highly educated. Fixed-effects longitudinal regression shows that changes in educational attainment have little effect on SRH at age 31. While it is possible that educational attainment would have greater effect on health at older ages, at age 31 what we see is primarily a health gradient in education, not an education gradient in health.
Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Jamie L. and Paul von Hippel. "An Education Gradient in Health or a Health Gradient in Education? Education and Self-Rated Health from Age 15 to Age 31." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015.
1330. Lynch, Jamie L.
von Hippel, Paul
An Education Gradient in Health, a Health Gradient in Education, or a Confounded Gradient in Both?
Social Science and Medicine 154 (April 2016): 18-27.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953616300843
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Fixed Effects

There is a positive gradient associating educational attainment with health, yet the explanation for this gradient is not clear. Does higher education improve health (causation)? Do the healthy become highly educated (selection)? Or do good health and high educational attainment both result from advantages established early in the life course (confounding)? This study evaluates these competing explanations by tracking changes in educational attainment and Self-rated Health (SRH) from age 15 to age 31 in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997 cohort. Ordinal logistic regression confirms that high-SRH adolescents are more likely to become highly educated. This is partly because adolescent SRH is associated with early advantages including adolescents' academic performance, college plans, and family background (confounding); however, net of these confounders adolescent SRH still predicts adult educational attainment (selection). Fixed-effects longitudinal regression shows that educational attainment has little causal effect on SRH at age 31. Completion of a high school diploma or associate's degree has no effect on SRH, while completion of a bachelor's or graduate degree have effects that, though significant, are quite small (less than 0.1 points on a 5-point scale). While it is possible that educational attainment would have greater effect on health at older ages, at age 31 what we see is a health gradient in education, shaped primarily by selection and confounding rather than by a causal effect of education on health.
Bibliography Citation
Lynch, Jamie L. and Paul von Hippel. "An Education Gradient in Health, a Health Gradient in Education, or a Confounded Gradient in Both?" Social Science and Medicine 154 (April 2016): 18-27.
1331. Mach, Traci Lynn
A Cross-Cohort Examination of Nonmarital Teenage Childbearing
JCPR Working Paper 322, Department of Economics, State University of New York - Albany, 13 January, 2003.
Also: http://www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/mach.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Fathers, Presence; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parental Marital Status

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The current paper looks at the nonmarital teenage childbearing behavior of two cohorts of NLSY women. It constructs a monthly panel of information for the teens from the time they are twelve years old until they have a nonmarital birth, reach the end of their third survey without giving birth, get married, or reach age 18. The research attempts to identify the factors that have contributed to the differences in teenage childbearing behavior that we observe across the cohorts of women by estimating a Cox proportional hazard model, stratified on race, age of mother at the birth of her first child, and the rate of marriage in the state. The model identifies education, living situations, religion, and welfare policy as factors. Specifically, for the youths of the 1990s, the introduction of restrictions on living conditions, the so-called minor parent provisions, act as a retardant to nonmarital childbearing. The model also shows that higher education for the youth and her mother delay childbearing for both cohorts of women. Finally, living with one's biological father at age 14 is linked with delayed childbearing, with hazard rates nearly 60 and 40 percent lower for teens of the two cohorts. [Copyright JCPR, 2003.]
Bibliography Citation
Mach, Traci Lynn. "A Cross-Cohort Examination of Nonmarital Teenage Childbearing." JCPR Working Paper 322, Department of Economics, State University of New York - Albany, 13 January, 2003.
1332. MacKinnon, David P.
Lamp, Sophia J.
A Unification of Mediator, Confounder, and Collider Effects
Prevention Science published online (23 June 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01268-x.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-021-01268-x
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Family Income; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Statistical Analysis

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Third-variable effects, such as mediation and confounding, are core concepts in prevention science, providing the theoretical basis for investigating how risk factors affect behavior and how interventions change behavior. Another third variable, the collider, is not commonly considered but is also important for prevention science. This paper describes the importance of the collider effect as well as the similarities and differences between these three third-variable effects. The single mediator model in which the third variable (T) is a mediator of the independent variable (X) to dependent variable (Y) effect is used to demonstrate how to estimate each third-variable effect. We provide difference in coefficients and product of coefficients estimators of the effects and demonstrate how to calculate these values with real data. Suppression effects are defined for each type of third-variable effect. Future directions and implications of these results are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
MacKinnon, David P. and Sophia J. Lamp. "A Unification of Mediator, Confounder, and Collider Effects." Prevention Science published online (23 June 2021): DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01268-x.
1333. Macmillan, Ross
Social Change in Structures of the Life Course: Examining Latent Pathways in the Transition to Adulthood, 1966 to 2010
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men, Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent attention to the transition to adulthood has focused on perceived changes to the structure of such transitions with respect to the order and timing of role transitions and the degree to which these reflect large scale changes in culture and economy. At the heart of such research is emergent debates about the nature of the life course and the degree of ‘standardization,’ ‘individualization’ or ‘differentiation’ over time. To extend theory and research, this paper specifies a structural perspective for both heterogeneity in pathways into adulthood and their connection to broad processes of social change and elaborates latent class techniques to longitudinal data to formally map out heterogeneity in pathways into adulthood in terms of interlocked, probabilistic pathways through social roles in the late teens and 20s. We also examine comparable cohorts of men and women drawn from three national, longitudinal samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys that span a period of forty years, 1966-2005, the exact period that researchers suggest significant social change in structures of the life course. In doing so, this research is unique in mapping out the broad character of the life course in terms of multidimensional, dynamic pathways and formally examines how these might have changed over time.
Bibliography Citation
Macmillan, Ross. "Social Change in Structures of the Life Course: Examining Latent Pathways in the Transition to Adulthood, 1966 to 2010." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010.
1334. Macomber, Jennifer Ehrle
Pergamit, Michael R.
Vericker, Tracy
Kuehn, Daniel
McDaniel, Marla
Zielewski, Erica H.
Kent, Adam
Johnson, Heidi
Vulnerable Youth and the Transition to Adulthood
Urban Institute Series, August 19, 2009. http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/09/vulnerableyouth/index.shtml
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; CESD (Depression Scale); Depression (see also CESD); Disconnected Youth; Ethnic Studies; Family Income; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Immigrants; Neighborhood Effects; Poverty; Risk-Taking; Schooling, Post-secondary; Socioeconomic Background; Transition, Adulthood; Transition, School to Work

Background

This project examined the role of different aspects of youth vulnerability and risk-taking behaviors on several outcomes for young adults. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort (NLSY97). The NLSY97, funded by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, follows a sample of adolescents in 1997 into young adulthood with annual interviews that capture their education, employment, family formation, and other behaviors. The analyses in this series use the subset of youth born in 1980-81, who were 15-17 years old when first interviewed in 1997. Outcomes are obtained by using the annual data through 2005 when these young adults were 23-25 years old.

Major findings from this project include:

Connectedness Trajectories of Youth: Trajectory analyses reveal that youth follow one of four patterns in connecting to the labor market and school between the ages of 18 and 24: consistently-connected, later-connected, initially-connected, or never-connected. The study also describes the factors associated with membership in each group, such as participation in adolescent risk behaviors.

Employment and Education Outcomes for Second Generation Latino Youth: Analyses suggest that second generation Latinos make a fairly smooth transition to young adulthood and, after controlling for other factors, make a better transition than white, black, and third generation Latino youth. At the same time, they are less likely to engage in post-secondary schooling than whites in young adulthood, which may contribute to a potential gap in future earnings.

Young Adult Outcomes for Vulnerable Youth: For three groups of potentially vulnerable youth (youth from low-income families, youth from distressed neighborhoods, and youth with poor mental health) findings suggest vulnerable youth have relatively high levels of participation in risky behaviors as adolescents and relatively lower earnings and connectedness to the labor market and school in early adulthood. The study also considers differences in behaviors and outcomes between young men and young women as they transition to adulthood, and findings suggest that differences between young men and young women are related to the fact that some women are caring for children.

Publications

Multiple Pathways Connecting to School and Work, Research Brief

Second-Generation Latinos, Connecting to School and Work, Research Brief

Youth from Low-Income Families, Fact Sheet

Youth from Distressed Neighborhoods, Fact Sheet

Youth with Depression/Anxiety, Fact Sheet

Young Men and Young Women, Fact Sheet

Bibliography Citation
Macomber, Jennifer Ehrle, Michael R. Pergamit, Tracy Vericker, Daniel Kuehn, Marla McDaniel, Erica H. Zielewski, Adam Kent and Heidi Johnson. "Vulnerable Youth and the Transition to Adulthood." Urban Institute Series, August 19, 2009. http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/09/vulnerableyouth/index.shtml.
1335. MaCurdy, Thomas E.
Glick, David
Sherpa, Sonam
Nagavarapu, Sriniketh S.
Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America
Journal of Econometrics 238,2 (January 2024): 105557.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.105557
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Black Studies; Educational Status; Family Formation; Government Aid/Assistance; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Schooling; Work History; Work, Youth/Teen; Young Adults; Youth Problems; Youth Studies; Youth, Disconnected/Disengaged

In a successful transition from youth to adulthood, individuals pass through a sequence of roles involving school, work, and family formation that culminate in their becoming self-sufficient adults. However, some “disconnected” youth spend extended periods of time outside of any role that constitutes an element of the pathway towards adult independence. Assisting these youth requires a systematic understanding of what “disconnection” means, how many disconnected youth there are, who these youth are, and how the scale of the problem has evolved over time. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth for 1997 and 1979, we address these issues by creating concrete definitions of “disconnection spells” using rich data on youths’ enrollment, work, and personal histories. We estimate a multi-state duration model to account for right censoring and to understand differences across salient sub-groups. Our estimates imply that in the early 2000s, almost 19% and 25% of young men and young women, respectively, experienced a disconnection spell by age 23 using our basic definition. These rates are substantially higher for certain sub-groups defined by race/ethnicity, parental education, and government aid receipt, rising as high as 30+% by age 23. Approximately 60% of youth with a disconnection spell have it last longer than a year, and close to 10% have it last longer than 4 years. However, once reconnected, a majority of youth go at least three years without a re-disconnection spell. Patterns of initial disconnection changed markedly from the 1980s to the 2000s, as young women saw a 12 percentage point decline over time. Moreover, the Black-White gap in disconnection has fallen for women, but increased for men. Our profile of disconnection experiences provides a starting point for government agencies aiming to understand where, how, and with whom to intervene to prevent lengthy disconnection spells.
Bibliography Citation
MaCurdy, Thomas E., David Glick, Sonam Sherpa and Sriniketh S. Nagavarapu. "Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America." Journal of Econometrics 238,2 (January 2024): 105557.
1336. MaCurdy, Thomas E.
Keating, Bryan
Nagavarapu, Sriniketh S.
Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America
Working Paper, Department of Economics, Stanford University, March 2006
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Economics, Stanford University
Keyword(s): Disconnected Youth; Employment; Foster Care; Mothers, Adolescent; Parental Influences; School Dropouts; Schooling; Youth Problems

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
MaCurdy, Thomas E., Bryan Keating and Sriniketh S. Nagavarapu. "Profiling the Plight of Disconnected Youth in America." Working Paper, Department of Economics, Stanford University, March 2006.
1337. Mahan, Melissa Lynne
Intergenerational Transmission Of Relationship Behaviors : The Influence Of The Marital Relationship Versus Parent-Youth Relationship
M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Marital Status; Transfers, Family

This study is an analysis of the intergenerational transmission of relationship behaviors. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the quality of the parents' marital relationship and the parent-youth relationship were predictive of conflict and closeness in the youth's romantic relationships. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 were analyzed using parent and youth reports from 1997 and 2001. The analyses revealed that parents' marital relationship, and not the parent-youth relationship, was influential on the youth's romantic relationship five years later. Specifically, the mother's compromise behaviors significantly predicted the amount of conflict in the youth's romantic relationship. Implications of these results for family life educators and marriage and family therapists are presented.
Bibliography Citation
Mahan, Melissa Lynne. Intergenerational Transmission Of Relationship Behaviors : The Influence Of The Marital Relationship Versus Parent-Youth Relationship. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, 2004.
1338. Mai, Hui
Three Essays on Family Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Washington, 2015
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Contraception; Drug Use; Family Size; Mobility, Residential; Mobility, Schools; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Health; Runaways; School Completion; Siblings

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, my dissertation investigates several key issues in family economics. The first chapter studies the role of family relocation on children's schooling and youth behavior problems. By exploiting the variation in sibling's age at the time of family relocation, we find no detectable negative effects of family relocation on various children's outcomes. We extend our discussion to the context of school mobility and child outcomes. In the second chapter, we use individual school change history from the NLSY 97 and control for sibling fixed effects to estimate how the variation in children's age at school change would affect a set of outcome variables. We find school change made at age 16-18 would significantly reduce children's education achievement by age 20 and increase their possibility for repeating grade in school. In the third chapter, we examine the impact of family size on maternal health outcomes by exploiting the exogenous change in family size using contraceptive failure as instrument variable. This result indicates that mothers' mental health at age 40 is negatively affected by having additional child while their physical health stays intact.
Bibliography Citation
Mai, Hui. Three Essays on Family Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Washington, 2015.
1339. Majumder, Md. Alauddin
Does Obesity Matter for Wages? Evidence from the United States
Economic Papers 32,2 (June 2013): 200-217.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1759-3441.12030/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Obesity; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

It is generally claimed that obesity adversely affects wages. This article is devoted to identifying the extent to which the claim is consistent with data. Drawing upon the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), it examines the effects of obesity on wages by gender and ethnicity. First, an ordinary least squares model is estimated. Second, a fixed-effects (FE) model is used to remove time invariant unobserved heterogeneity. Finally, the FE specification is further estimated after replacing contemporaneous weight variables by one-year lags of weight variables to avoid reverse causality. Body mass index (BMI) is used as a continuous measure of weight and BMI splines (BMI ≥ 30 for obese, 30 > BMI ≥ 25 for overweight, 25 > BMI ≥ 18.5 for healthy weight and BMI<18.5 for underweight) are used as binary measures of weight. Lots of variables related to human capital, demographics, family background and personal attitude are controlled for. Findings provide evidence that white males receive a wage premium for higher BMI. Wages of all other ethno-gender groups seem to remain unaffected by obesity.
Bibliography Citation
Majumder, Md. Alauddin. "Does Obesity Matter for Wages? Evidence from the United States." Economic Papers 32,2 (June 2013): 200-217.
1340. Majumder, Md. Alauddin
The Impact of Parenting Style on Children's Educational Outcomes in the United States
Journal of Family and Economic Issues 37,1 (March 2016): 89-98.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10834-015-9444-5/fulltext.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Modeling, OLS; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the causal link between parenting style and children's educational outcomes. The existing literature seems to lack any effort to use a nationally representative data from the United States, to properly address endogeneity, or to examine educational outcomes beyond high school level. This paper attempts to mitigate these shortcomings. Drawing upon the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, it first used OLS and logit regression. It then applied the maximum simulated likelihood approach to get rid of endogeneity, thereby isolating the causal impact of parenting style on children's educational outcomes. Findings suggested that parenting style mattered for children academic performance. Authoritative parenting style was found to be the best among all types of parenting style. Particularly, relative to uninvolved parents' children, authoritatively reared children were predicted to have 1.1 more years of schooling and be 18.5, 13.6, and 16.3 percentage points more likely to obtain at least bachelor's degree, associate's degree, and high school diploma, respectively. Also, they had 5.5 percentage points less likelihood of being high school dropouts than children reared by uninvolved parents.
Bibliography Citation
Majumder, Md. Alauddin. "The Impact of Parenting Style on Children's Educational Outcomes in the United States." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 37,1 (March 2016): 89-98.
1341. Mak, Ho Ching
Essays on Health and Family Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Chapter 3 studies teen childbearing and establishes its quantitative relationship with maturation of adolescents. Teen childbearing is a particular social concern because unlike most other risky behaviors like smoking and binge drinking, it is a lifelong responsibility that cannot be reversed. Nevertheless, this irreversibility also makes it difficult to identify whether the involved individuals regret their childbearing decision or not. The answer to this question matters to adolescent policies since only if teen childbearing leads to maturation and regret, the society is in a position to intervene the autonomy of adolescents. This chapter applies the methodology devised in Mak (2015) to measure maturation using the simultaneous changes in many reversible risky behaviors. We find that teen childbearing is associated with 18% more probability of being mature conditional on being immature in the previous period for females; the corresponding figure for males are much smaller in magnitude. Together with some other supporting evidence, this result indicates that teen childbearing is a very negative shock to the involved females, yet the involved males tend to leave the burden to their partners.
Bibliography Citation
Mak, Ho Ching. Essays on Health and Family Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, 2018.
1342. Mak, Ho-nam
Adolescent Maturation: Identification, Estimation, and Implications
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Toronto (Canada), 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Drug Use; Gender Differences; Self-Control/Self-Regulation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Adolescents engage in risky behaviors due to a lack of self-control; many among them stop after they mature. This behavioral theory, supported by neuroscientific evidence on late brain maturation, implies that an age-participation rate plot of any risky behavior should be hump-shaped. In this thesis, I introduce maturation to a standard panel model describing risky behaviors to serve two purposes: First, doing so corroborates the neuroscientific findings on maturation timing. Second, it allows the study of maturation's effects on adolescent risky behaviors. The key difficulty of introducing maturation in to a behavioral model is that in a behavioral data set, maturation is a latent time-varying characteristic, and also it correlates with the observables (age in particular); therefore, a standard panel data model cannot capture it. To solve this problem, I define maturation as one or more unobserved treatments, with both the treatment effect and timing being unknown and heterogeneous.

Chapter 1 reports the empirical findings of an analysis using the basic specification of this augmented econometric model with one unobservable treatment. Specifically, the estimated maturation age distribution has a median of age 21 and is right-skewed. Maturation effects are much stronger than environmental effects, evidenced by the observation that adolescents mostly stop engaging in risky behaviors due to maturation rather than environmental changes. The estimated maturation effect for binge drinking can serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of existing adolescent policies.

Chapter 3 studies the gender gap in risky behaviors. While the maturation timings of the males and females are close to each other, their maturation effects differ. The environmental differences between the two genders also diverge as adolescents age. Together, these two findings explain a diverging gender gap related to risky behaviors.

Bibliography Citation
Mak, Ho-nam. Adolescent Maturation: Identification, Estimation, and Implications. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Toronto (Canada), 2015.
1343. Makarios, Matthew
Reconceptualizing Crime as an Independent Variable: The Social and Personal Consequences of Criminal Involvement
Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Also: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:82767#abstract-files
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: OhioLINK
Keyword(s): Crime; Criminal Justice System; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Social Emotional Development; Variables, Independent - Covariate

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

As a discipline, criminology has long focused its attention on explaining crime and has thus placed crime almost exclusively as an outcome. As a result, little attention has been paid to the effect that criminal involvement has on other social domains, such as education, work, and relationships. To do so, criminal behavior must be understood as one of several social domains that interact within the broader context of social development. Grounded in this developmental perspective, this research used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, to examine the consequences of adolescent criminal involvement on social development in early adulthood. The results provide substantial support for the suggested relationships. That is, measures of adolescent delinquency, drug use, and gang membership were found to have significant impacts on adult social outcomes. Adolescent delinquency in particular was shown to have the most consistent effects on measures from the domains of education / employment, health, and social activities. Adolescent criminal involvement, however, had little influence on measures from the domain of social relationships. Support was also shown for indirect effects of adolescent criminal involvement because of associations between social outcomes. That is, criminal involvement in adolescence impacted adult social outcomes through its effect on other social outcomes that existed earlier in the developmental sequence.
Bibliography Citation
Makarios, Matthew. Reconceptualizing Crime as an Independent Variable: The Social and Personal Consequences of Criminal Involvement. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, 2009..
1344. Makarios, Matthew
Cullen, Francis T.
Piquero, Alex R.
Adolescent Criminal Behavior, Population Heterogeneity, and Cumulative Disadvantage: Untangling the Relationship Between Adolescent Delinquency and Negative Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood
Crime and Delinquency 63,6 (June 2017): 683-707.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128715572094
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Heterogeneity; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Developmentalists suggest that adolescent criminal involvement encourages later life failure in the social domains of education, welfare, and risky sexual activities. Although prior research supports a link between crime and later life failure, relatively little research has sought to explain why this relationship exists. This research attempts to understand why crime leads to negative social outcomes by testing hypotheses derived from the perspectives of population heterogeneity and cumulative disadvantage. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the results reveal that net of control variables and measures of population heterogeneity, adolescent criminal behavior consistently predicts school failure, being on welfare, and risky sexual activities. The findings also suggest that after controlling for delinquency, adolescent arrest negatively affects these factors. Furthermore, stable criminal traits and adolescent delinquency interact when predicting measures of poor social adjustment in early adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Makarios, Matthew, Francis T. Cullen and Alex R. Piquero. "Adolescent Criminal Behavior, Population Heterogeneity, and Cumulative Disadvantage: Untangling the Relationship Between Adolescent Delinquency and Negative Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood." Crime and Delinquency 63,6 (June 2017): 683-707.
1345. Malcolm, Michael
Kaya, Ilker
Selection Works Both Ways: BMI and Marital Formation Among Young Women
Review of Economics of the Household 14,2 (June 2016): 293-311.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11150-014-9247-8
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Body Mass Index (BMI); Marital Status; Weight

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The literature on entry into marriages has almost universally regarded a high body mass index (BMI) to be a disadvantage for women in the marriage market. But the theoretical effect of BMI on marital entry is actually uncertain because women who anticipate poor outcomes in the marriage market are more likely to accept early offers, while women with more desirable characteristics can afford to wait for a better match. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we show that female entry into marriage does decline as BMI rises, but that early marriage is nonlinear in BMI. Women with an extremely high BMI or with a BMI in the most attractive range are less likely to marry early.
Bibliography Citation
Malcolm, Michael and Ilker Kaya. "Selection Works Both Ways: BMI and Marital Formation Among Young Women." Review of Economics of the Household 14,2 (June 2016): 293-311.
1346. Mallett, Christopher Allen
Tedor, Miyuki Fukushima
Quinn, Linda M.
Race/Ethnicity, Citizenship Status, and Crime Examined through Trauma Experiences among Young Adults in the United States
Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 17,2 (2019): 110-132.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15377938.2019.1570413
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Differences; Immigrants; Racial Differences

Race/ethnicity, citizenship status, and trauma, have significant impact on delinquency and crime outcomes; though the reasons for some expected and unexpected crime pathways are still unanswered. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (n = 7,103), this study found the following: no difference in the likelihood of engagement in delinquency and crime between blacks and whites; cumulative trauma increased delinquency and crime rates for all racial and ethnic groups; racial and ethnic minority groups compared to whites reported a significantly higher level of childhood trauma experiences; and native-born female immigrant groups (but not male) were more likely to engage in delinquency and crime than first-generation female immigrant groups. Implications and recommendations are set forth.
Bibliography Citation
Mallett, Christopher Allen, Miyuki Fukushima Tedor and Linda M. Quinn. "Race/Ethnicity, Citizenship Status, and Crime Examined through Trauma Experiences among Young Adults in the United States." Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 17,2 (2019): 110-132.
1347. Malloy, Liam C.
Loss Aversion, Education, and Intergenerational Mobility
Education Economics 23,3 (2015): 318-337.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09645292.2013.823909
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Existing empirical work looking at the effects of parental income on IQ, schooling, wealth, race, and personality is only able to explain about half of the observed intergenerational income elasticity. This paper provides a possible behavioral explanation for this elasticity in which heterogeneous agents in sequential generations choose their education levels in the face of loss-averse preferences and weak borrowing constraints. These borrowing-constrained agents make education investment choices in part to avoid consumption losses rather than to maximize lifetime resources. The model generates a positive intergenerational income elasticity even when there are functioning capital markets to finance education investments. I find empirical support for the J-shape education decision rule generated by the model and show that it is mostly successful in matching the asymmetric intergenerational transition rates between income quintiles of white families.
Bibliography Citation
Malloy, Liam C. "Loss Aversion, Education, and Intergenerational Mobility." Education Economics 23,3 (2015): 318-337.
1348. Mallubhotla, Deepak
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Employment and Crime
The Park Place Economist, 21, 1 (2013): 93-100
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Digital Commons@ Illinois Wesleyan University (DC@IWU)
Keyword(s): Crime; Employment; Income

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

NLSY97 data was examined to see whether employment variables predict crime, with employment represented by both income and the number of weeks worked. Theory predicts that there are lagged effects of employment on crime, which is why both lagged and unlagged cases are examined. In order to validate the assumption that changes in employment cause changes in crime, rather than the other way around, the impact of lagged crime on employment variables is also tested. Employment is found to have a significant effect on crime, although the theory fails to explain the lagged effects of employment measures.
Bibliography Citation
Mallubhotla, Deepak. "An Analysis of the Relationship Between Employment and Crime." The Park Place Economist, 21, 1 (2013): 93-100.
1349. Malone, Patrick S.
Lamis, Dorian A.
Masyn, Katherine E.
Northrup, Thomas F.
A Dual-Process Discrete-Time Survival Analysis Model: Application to the Gateway Drug Hypothesis
Multivariate Behavioral Research 45,5 (2010): 790-805.
Also: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a929458147~frm=abslink
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Modeling; Statistical Analysis; Time Theory

The gateway drug model is a popular conceptualization of a progression most substance users are hypothesized to follow as they try different legal and illegal drugs. Most forms of the gateway hypothesis are that 'softer' drugs lead to 'harder,' illicit drugs. However, the gateway hypothesis has been notably difficult to directly test-that is, to test as competing hypotheses in a single model that licit drug use might lead to illicit drug use or the reverse. This article presents a novel statistical technique, dual-process discrete-time survival analysis, which enables this comparison. This method uses mixture-modeling software to estimate 2 concurrent time-to-event processes and their effects on each other. Using this method, support for the gateway hypothesis in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, was weak. However, this article was not designed as a strong test of causal direction but more as a technical demonstration and suffered from certain technological limitations. Both these limitations and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Malone, Patrick S., Dorian A. Lamis, Katherine E. Masyn and Thomas F. Northrup. "A Dual-Process Discrete-Time Survival Analysis Model: Application to the Gateway Drug Hypothesis." Multivariate Behavioral Research 45,5 (2010): 790-805.
1350. Malone, Patrick S.
Northrup, Thomas F.
Masyn, Katherine E.
Lamis, Dorian A.
Lamont, Andrea E.
Initiation and Persistence of Alcohol Use in United States Black, Hispanic, and White Male and Female Youth
Addictive Behaviors 37,3 (March 2012): 299-305.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460311003728
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Modeling; Racial Differences

Background: The relation between early and frequent alcohol use and later difficulties is quite strong. However, the degree that alcohol use persists, which is often a necessary cause for developing alcohol-related problems or an alcohol use disorder, is not well studied, particularly with attention to race and gender. A novel statistical approach, the Multi-facet Longitudinal Model, enables the concurrent study of age of initiation and persistence.

Methods: The models were applied to longitudinal data on youth alcohol use from ages 12 through 19, collected in the (U.S.) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (N = 8984).

Results: Results confirmed that Black adolescents initiate alcohol use at later ages than do White youth. Further, after initiation, White adolescents were substantially more likely than Black adolescents to continue reporting alcohol use in subsequent years. Hispanic teens showed an intermediate pattern. Gender differences were more ambiguous, with a tendency for boys to be less likely to continue drinking after initiation than were girls.

Conclusions: Novel findings from the new analytic models suggest differential implications of early alcohol use by race and gender. Early use of alcohol might be less consequential for males who initiate alcohol use early, Black, and Hispanic youth than for their female and White counterparts.

Bibliography Citation
Malone, Patrick S., Thomas F. Northrup, Katherine E. Masyn, Dorian A. Lamis and Andrea E. Lamont. "Initiation and Persistence of Alcohol Use in United States Black, Hispanic, and White Male and Female Youth." Addictive Behaviors 37,3 (March 2012): 299-305.
1351. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Logan, Cassandra
Moore, Kristin Anderson
Ikramullah, Erum N.
Pathways from Family Religiosity to Adolescent Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 40,2 (June 2008): 105-117.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1363/4010508/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Contraception; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Religious Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

CONTEXT: Few studies with nationally representative longitudinal data have examined whether and how family religiosity is associated with adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior. METHODS: Data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were used to examine associations between a multidimensional measure of family religiosity assessed during early adolescence and reproductive health outcomes (sexual activity, number of partners and consistent contraceptive use) at age 17. Pathways through which family religiosity is associated with these outcomes were identified using structural equation models. RESULTS: Family religiosity was negatively associated with adolescent sexual activity, both directly (beta, −0.14) and indirectly (−0.02). The indirect association was mediated by family cohesion (as reflected in parental monitoring among the entire sample and among males, and in parent-teenager relationship quality and family routine activities among females) and negative peer behaviors. Greater family religiosity was indirectly associated with having fewer sexual partners (−0.03) and with using contraceptives consistently (0.02); these relationships were mediated through later age at first sex, more positive peer environments and higher levels of parental monitoring and awareness. However, among sexually active males (but not females), family religiosity was directly and negatively associated with contraceptive consistency (−0.11). CONCLUSION: Cohesive family environments and positive peer networks contribute to reduced levels of risky sexual behavior among adolescents from religious families. Parents who monitor their children's activities and peer environments, engage their families in regular activities and foster strong parent-child relationships can help reduce risky sexual behavior, regardless of family religiosity. Parental involvement in prevention programs may help reduce rates of teenage pregnancy and STDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Cassandra Logan, Kristin Anderson Moore and Erum N. Ikramullah. "Pathways from Family Religiosity to Adolescent Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 40,2 (June 2008): 105-117.
1352. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Perper, Kate
Barry, Megan C.
Relationship Profiles and Contraceptive Use Within Young Adult Dating Relationships
Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Sexual Activity; Contraception; Dating; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Experiences/Virginity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examines the association between characteristics of young adult dating relationships and couples' contraceptive use. Using a sample of young adults from the NLSY97, we first employ latent class analysis to establish relationship profiles based on attributes including relationship duration, intimacy and emotional support, relationship commitment, and lack of conflict. We then model the associations between these relationship profiles and the contraceptive method used the last time the couple had sex, comparing condom, hormonal or a combination “dual method,” to no method. We will test these associations with and without controlling for individual and background characteristics of the respondent and his or her partner. Results will contribute to 1) our understanding of characteristics of young adult dating relationships and 2) how the grouping of relationship attributes influences contraceptive use.
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Kate Perper and Megan C. Barry. "Relationship Profiles and Contraceptive Use Within Young Adult Dating Relationships." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010.
1353. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Scott, Mindy E.
Ikramullah, Erum N.
Factors Associated with the Transition to Multiple Partner Fertility among Young Unmarried Parents
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Cohabitation; Coresidence; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Fertility; Fertility, Multiple Partners; Parents, Single; Sexual Activity; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper uses recent nationally representative, longitudinal data to examine correlates of multiple-partner fertility among a recent cohort of young unmarried parents. We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, Rounds 1 – 11 (1997 – 2007), to examine the transition to multiple-partner fertility among 893 fathers and 1,331 mothers ages 14-27 who were unmarried at first birth. Using discrete time event history analyses, we found high rates of multiple-partner fertility among these disadvantaged parents. Multivariate results suggest that, among unmarried mothers, several individual factors (employment/enrollment, gang involvement, substance use, arrest history), as well as characteristics of the union and birth (cohabitation status, age at first birth, child's age, subsequent children with first partner), and first birth partner (partner age and employment/enrollment status) are associated with multiple-partner fertility. Fewer factors are significant for unmarried fathers (not cohabiting at first birth, lower parental education and gang involvement in adolescence).
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Mindy E. Scott and Erum N. Ikramullah. "Factors Associated with the Transition to Multiple Partner Fertility among Young Unmarried Parents." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.
1354. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Scott, Mindy E.
Ikramullah, Erum N.
Perper, Kate
Lilja, Emily
Relationship Context and the Transition to a Nonmarital Birth
Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/Research/conferences/NLSYConf/pdf/Manlove_et_al_NonMarital_Birth.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Contraception; Fertility; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Activity

The key hypothesis for this paper is that decision-making about nonmarital childbearing and its proximate determinants (including sexual activity, contraceptive use and pregnancy) is often made within the context of relationships. In fact, some researchers state that nonmarital childbearing, including childbearing within cohabiting relationships, is best studied with information about both partners (Seltzer, 2000). However, the majority of research on nonmarital childbearing focuses on family, individual, community, and social policy factors associated with the transition to a nonmarital birth. … This study expands previous research by using nationally representative longitudinal data to examine the association between relationship and partner characteristics, as well as individuals' sexual, marital and fertility histories, and the transition to a nonmarital birth for males and females.
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Mindy E. Scott, Erum N. Ikramullah, Kate Perper and Emily Lilja. "Relationship Context and the Transition to a Nonmarital Birth." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
1355. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Steward-Streng, Nicole R.
Peterson, Kristen
Scott, Mindy E.
Wildsmith, Elizabeth
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Transition to a Teenage Birth in the United States
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 45,2 (June 2013): 89-100.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1363/4508913/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Childbearing, Adolescent; Contraception; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Ethnic Differences; Family Environment; Immigrants; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Racial Differences; School Performance; Sexual Experiences/Virginity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort were used to link characteristics of white, black, U.S.-born Hispanic and foreign-born Hispanic adolescents to teenage childbearing. Following a sample of 3,294 females aged 12-16 through age 19, discrete-time logistic regression analyses were used to examine which domains of teenagers' lives were associated with the transition to a teenage birth for each racial and ethnic group, and whether these associations help explain racial and ethnic and nativity differences in this transition.
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Nicole R. Steward-Streng, Kristen Peterson, Mindy E. Scott and Elizabeth Wildsmith. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Transition to a Teenage Birth in the United States." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 45,2 (June 2013): 89-100.
1356. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Steward-Streng, Nicole R.
Welti, Kate
Transitions onto and off of Hormonal Methods among Teens and Young Adults in the U.S.
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Contraception; Education; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Consistent use of hormonal contraceptive methods can help reduce high rates of unintended pregnancy among teens and young adults in the U.S. We use 10 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort, to example transitions onto and off of hormonal methods among teens and young adults. Preliminary analyses find that 76% of our sample used hormonal methods at some point, but 56% of these women subsequently switched to a less effective method or no method. Preliminary discrete-time event history analyses indicate that greater educational engagement and performance are associated with greater odds of transitioning onto and staying on hormonal methods, while race/ethnic minorities have lower odds. Having multiple sexual partners, a casual relationship or a partner of a different race/ethnicity are associated with reduced odds of hormonal method use. We will run Latent Class Growth Models to better understand patterns of method use over time.
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Nicole R. Steward-Streng and Kate Welti. "Transitions onto and off of Hormonal Methods among Teens and Young Adults in the U.S." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1357. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Terry-Humen, Elizabeth
Ikramullah, Erum N.
Conceptualizing Healthy Sexual Relationships: The Role of Parent-Teen Relationships and Peer Relationships in Teens' Choice of First Sexual Partners
Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.
Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=71573
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Family Environment; Family Structure; Gender; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Sexual Experiences/Virginity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The initiation of heterosexual romantic relationships represents a key developmental task of adolescence, and research suggests that two aspects of healthy sexual relationships are having a steady, romantic relationship and having a similar-age partner. This paper uses longitudinal data from Rounds 1–8 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort, to assess the role of positive family and peer environments in the development of healthy sexual relationships among males and females. Using person-round files, we will explore the role of parenting (including parent-teen relationships, parental monitoring and awareness, and family routines), family structure and stability, and peer environments (including the presence of positive peers or negative peers) in delaying sexual initiation, and – among sexually experienced teens – with more positive relationship characteristics, including having a first sexual relationship that is romantic (vs. casual) and with a similar-aged (vs. older or younger) partner.
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Elizabeth Terry-Humen and Erum N. Ikramullah. "Conceptualizing Healthy Sexual Relationships: The Role of Parent-Teen Relationships and Peer Relationships in Teens' Choice of First Sexual Partners." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.
1358. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Terry-Humen, Elizabeth
Ikramullah, Erum N.
The Role of Parent Religiosity in Teens' Transitions to Sex and Contraception
Journal of Adolescent Health 39,4 (October 2006): 578-587.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X06001029
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Contraception; Family Environment; Family Models; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Religious Influences; Sexual Behavior

Purpose: To examine whether multiple dimensions of parent and family religiosity--including parental religious attendance, denomination, beliefs, and family religious activities--are associated with the timing of sexual initiation or contraceptive use at first sex. Methods: We analyze a sample of sexually inexperienced adolescents aged 12-14 years in the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) to test the association between multiple dimensions of parent and family religiosity and the transition to first sexual experience and contraceptive use at first sex during the teen years. We assess the association between parent and family religiosity and the timing of adolescent sexual experience using multivariate event history models, and examine contraceptive use outcomes using logistic regressions. All analyses are conducted separately by gender and race/ethnicity. Results: More frequent parental religious attendance is associated with a delayed timing of first sex among all sub-populations except among black adolescents. Engaging in family religious activities on a daily basis is associated with delayed sexual initiation among male, female, and white teens. Results for contraceptive use differ, however. Only strong parental religious beliefs and more frequent participation in family religious activities are associated with contraceptive use at first sex, in a negative direction, among males. Conclusion: More frequent parental religious attendance and family religious activities are related to later timing of sexual initiation, highlighting an important dimension of family environments that can help improve reproductive health outcomes for children. However, stronger family religiosity does not translate into improved contraceptive use. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Elizabeth Terry-Humen and Erum N. Ikramullah. "The Role of Parent Religiosity in Teens' Transitions to Sex and Contraception ." Journal of Adolescent Health 39,4 (October 2006): 578-587.
1359. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Terry-Humen, Elizabeth
Mincieli, Lisa A.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
Chapter 5: Outcomes for Children from Kindergarten through Adolescence
In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, 2nd Edition. S.D. Hoffman and R.A. Maynard, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2008.
Also: http://www.urban.org/books/kidshavingkids/contents.cfm
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Academic Development; Behavior; Childbearing, Adolescent; Cognitive Development; Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B, ECLS-K); Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Well-Being

This chapter uses recent nationally representative data to update the portrait of the consequences of teen childbearing for the health, development, and welfare of children and adolescents. This chapter examines a broad set of outcomes in five domains: cognitive development and academic achievement, behavioral outcomes, home environment, relationship outcomes, and physical health and well-being. The analysis uses two large national datasets: the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) to examine outcomes for children at kindergarten entry, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97) to look at outcomes during adolescence.

Jennifer S. Manlove, Elizabeth Terry-Humen, Lisa A. Mincieli, and Kristin A. Moore examine outcomes for children of teen parents and compare these outcomes with those for children born to older mothers. As in the previous edition of Kids Having Kids, the authors find that children of teenage mothers fare poorly compared with other children. However, much of the difference is explained by factors other than adolescent childbearing. Compared with children whose mothers begin parenting at age 20 to 21, children of teen mothers are much more likely to be low birth weight, have lower health assessment scores, have lower cognitive attainment and proficiency scores at kindergarten entry, and exhibit more behavior problems. Adolescent children have significantly lower academic achievement as measured by performance on standardized tests, and they are at higher risk of not completing high school. Generally, these differences are most pronounced for the children born to women who have their first child before age 18.

For example, compared with children whose mothers begin parenting at age 20 to 21, children of teen mothers have lower standardized test scores at kindergarten entry, and adolescent daughters of teen mothers are less likely to graduate from high school, net of controls. In addition, children of teen mothers exhibit more behavior problems, and children of the youngest teen mothers are more likely to be low birth weight. Adolescent children of teen mothers are also more likely to be married or cohabiting at a young age and are more likely to have a teen birth themselves.

These adverse effects for children are most pronounced for those outcomes measured at kindergarten. However, unlike chapter 5 in the previous edition of Kids Having Kids, which found more pronounced differences for the children born to women who have their first child before age 18, this chapter finds similarly poor outcomes among children of younger and older teen mothers. The authors suggest that this similarity may result, in part, from the different living situations of younger and older teen mothers. These findings suggest that it will take more than convincing teen mothers to delay childbearing for a few years to eliminate the myriad disadvantages their children face relative to children whose mothers choose to begin parenting in their 20s or later.

Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Elizabeth Terry-Humen, Lisa A. Mincieli and Kristin Anderson Moore. "Chapter 5: Outcomes for Children from Kindergarten through Adolescence " In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, 2nd Edition. S.D. Hoffman and R.A. Maynard, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2008.
1360. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Welti, Kate
Barry, Megan C.
Peterson, Kristen
Schelar, Erin
Wildsmith, Elizabeth
Relationship Characteristics and Contraceptive Use Among Young Adults
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 43,2 (June 2011): 119-128. doi: 10.1363/4311911. Epub 2011 May 17.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1363/4311911/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Contraception; Dating; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Young adults have high rates of unintended childbearing and STDs, yet little research has examined the role of relationship characteristics in their contraceptive use.

METHODS:
Data collected from the 2002-2005 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth yielded a sample of 4,014 dating relationships among sexually active 18-26-year-olds. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic and multinomial logistic regressions assessed associations between relationship characteristics and contraceptive use at last sex.

RESULTS:
In three-quarters of the relationships, respondents had used some method at last intercourse; respondents in 26% of the relationships had used a condom only, in 26% a hormonal method only and in 23% dual methods. Compared with respondents in relationships in which first sex occurred within two months of starting to date, those who first had sex before dating were more likely to have used any method at last sex (odds ratio, 1.4), particularly condoms or dual methods (relative risk ratio, 1.5 for each). The relative risk of using a hormonal method only, rather than no method or condoms only, increased with relationship duration (1.01) and level of intimacy (1.1-1.2). Discussing marriage or cohabitation was associated with reduced odds of having used any method (0.7) and a reduced relative risk of having used condoms alone or dual methods (0.6 for each). Increasing levels of partner conflict and asymmetry were also linked to reduced odds of any method use (0.97 and 0.90, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Prevention programs should address relationship context in contraceptive decision making, perhaps by combining relationship and sex education curricula to foster communication and negotiation skills.
Copyright © 2011 by the Guttmacher Institute.

Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Kate Welti, Megan C. Barry, Kristen Peterson, Erin Schelar and Elizabeth Wildsmith. "Relationship Characteristics and Contraceptive Use Among Young Adults." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 43,2 (June 2011): 119-128. doi: 10.1363/4311911. Epub 2011 May 17.
1361. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Welti, Kate
Wildsmith, Elizabeth
Barry, Megan C.
Relationship Types and Contraceptive Use Within Young Adult Dating Relationships
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 46,1 (March 2014): 41-50.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1363/46e0514/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Contraception; Dating; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Relationship Conflict

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Data from the 2002–2005 rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort were used to examine contraceptive use in 3,485 young adult dating relationships. Latent class analysis was employed to develop a typology of relationships using measures of relationship structure (duration) and quality (intimacy, commitment and conflict). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations between relationship type and contraceptive use and method choice at last sex.
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Kate Welti, Elizabeth Wildsmith and Megan C. Barry. "Relationship Types and Contraceptive Use Within Young Adult Dating Relationships." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 46,1 (March 2014): 41-50.
1362. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Wildsmith, Elizabeth
Ikramullah, Erum N.
Terry-Humen, Elizabeth
Schelar, Erin
Family Environments and the Relationship Context of First Adolescent Sex: Correlates of First Sex in a Casual versus Steady Relationship
Social Science Research 41,4 (July 2012): 861-875.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12000336
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Family Environment; Family Structure; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Sexual Experiences/Virginity

Limited research has examined how family environments are associated with the relationship context of first sex, an important indicator of reproductive health risk. We use data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to assess the association between the family environment – parent-parent relationships, parent-adolescent relationships, and family structure - and relationship context of first heterosexual sexual intercourse, distinguishing between the transition to first sex in serious and casual relationships. Twenty-five percent of females and 43 percent of males who had sex by age 18 did so in a casual relationship. All dimensions of the family environment were linked to the relationship context of first sex. Notably, higher parental monitoring was associated with a reduced risk of transitioning to first sex in a casual relationship versus no sex, and greater family routines were associated with a reduced risk of transitioning to sex in a steady relationship versus having no sex, for males and females. A strong maternal-adolescent relationship was associated with a reduced risk of first sex in a casual relationship but only for males. Additionally, in two-parent families, a strong father-adolescent relationship was associated with reduced risk of transitioning to casual sex, but only for females. Pregnancy and STI prevention programs should work with parents to foster positive parent-adolescent relationships, to become aware of their adolescents’ activities and to recognize that parents are important models for adolescent relationship behaviors.
Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Elizabeth Wildsmith, Erum N. Ikramullah, Elizabeth Terry-Humen and Erin Schelar. "Family Environments and the Relationship Context of First Adolescent Sex: Correlates of First Sex in a Casual versus Steady Relationship." Social Science Research 41,4 (July 2012): 861-875.
1363. Manlove, Jennifer S.
Wildsmith, Elizabeth
Welti, Kate
Scott, Mindy E.
Ikramullah, Erum N.
Relationship Characteristics and the Relationship Context of Nonmarital First Births Among Young Adult Women
Social Science Quarterly 93,2 (June 2012): 506-520.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00853.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Ethnic Differences; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine whether and how characteristics of the relationship dyad are linked to nonmarital childbearing among young adult women, additionally distinguishing between cohabiting and nonunion births.

Methods: We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort and discrete time-event history methods to examine these objectives.

Results: Our analyses found that similarities and differences between women and their most recent sexual partner in educational attainment, disengagement from work or school, race/ethnicity, and age were linked to the risk and context of nonmarital childbearing. For example, partner disengagement (from school and work) was associated with increased odds of a nonmarital birth regardless of whether the woman herself was disengaged. Additionally, having a partner of a different race/ethnicity was associated with nonmarital childbearing for whites, but not for blacks and Hispanics.

Conclusions: We conclude that relationship characteristics are an important dimension of the lives of young adults that influence their odds of having a birth outside of marriage.

Bibliography Citation
Manlove, Jennifer S., Elizabeth Wildsmith, Kate Welti, Mindy E. Scott and Erum N. Ikramullah. "Relationship Characteristics and the Relationship Context of Nonmarital First Births Among Young Adult Women." Social Science Quarterly 93,2 (June 2012): 506-520.
1364. Mann, David R.
Honeycutt, Todd C.
Changes in Disability Status and Survey Attrition for Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis
Mathematica Policy Research Final Report, Submitted to National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education, December 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.
Keyword(s): Attrition; Disability; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Nonresponse

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Disability status--experiencing a functional limitation caused by a health condition--is dynamic throughout the life cycle, even during adolescence and young adulthood. Changes in disability status early in the life cycle may have especially strong ties to future outcomes such as educational attainment and employment. We used data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to better understand these dynamics, examining how disability status evolves during adolescence and young adulthood and how changes in disability status are related to survey non-response and attrition. The dynamics of disability are evident in our data: the proportion of sample members who reported having a disability for any interview increased from about 12 percent during the initial interview (when sample members were 12 to 17 years old) to almost 25 percent 13 years later. Multivariate analysis revealed that women are more likely than men to report changes in health condition or disability status. Those with mild disabilities were relatively less likely than those without or with severe disabilities to experience changes in disability status. Somewhat surprisingly, a survival analysis of survey participation outcomes found limited correlation between health conditions, disability status, and either missing a survey interview for the first time or permanently leaving the survey sample.
Bibliography Citation
Mann, David R. and Todd C. Honeycutt. "Changes in Disability Status and Survey Attrition for Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis." Mathematica Policy Research Final Report, Submitted to National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education, December 2014.
1365. Mann, David R.
Honeycutt, Todd C.
Is Timing Everything? Disability Onset of Youth and Their Outcomes As Young Adults
Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 25, 2 (July 2014): 117-129.
Also: http://dps.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/04/22/1044207313484176.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Adolescent Health; Disability; Education; Human Capital; Labor Force Participation; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The accumulation of human capital during childhood and adolescence greatly influences the value employers place on youth as they transition into the adult labor market. Disabilities acquired prior to adulthood have the potential to disrupt this critical human capital accumulation. This study examines how disability onset among youth affects their education and employment outcomes as young adults. We find that youth with limiting disabilities—especially mental limiting impairments—have poorer labor market and human capital outcomes than their peers without limitations. We also discover some evidence that youth with persistent or later onset disabilities have poorer outcomes than those whose disabilities dissipate as they become adults. These findings suggest that surveys targeting youth and young adults should consider including better measures of disability onset and mental impairment status to understand the disability characteristics of this population.
Bibliography Citation
Mann, David R. and Todd C. Honeycutt. "Is Timing Everything? Disability Onset of Youth and Their Outcomes As Young Adults." Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 25, 2 (July 2014): 117-129.
1366. Mann, David R.
Honeycutt, Todd C.
Understanding the Disability Dynamics of Youth: Health Condition and Limitation Changes for Youth and Their Influence on Longitudinal Survey Attrition
Demography 53,3 (June 2016): 749-776.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-016-0469-7
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Attrition; Disability; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Nonresponse

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Disability status--experiencing a functional limitation caused by a health condition--is dynamic throughout the life cycle, even during adolescence and young adulthood. We use data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to better understand these dynamics, examining how health condition and limitation statuses evolve during adolescence and young adulthood as well as how changes in these characteristics are related to survey nonresponse and attrition. Health condition and limitation dynamics are evident in our data: the proportion of sample members who reported having a limitation in their activities for any interview increased from approximately 12% during the initial interview (when sample members were 12 to 17 years old) to almost 25% 13 years later. Multivariate analyses revealed that women are more likely than men to report changes in health condition or limitation status. Those with mild limitations were relatively less likely than those without limitations or with severe limitations to experience changes in limitation status. Somewhat surprisingly, a survival analysis of survey participation outcomes found limited correlation among health conditions, limitations, and either missing a survey interview for the first time or permanently leaving the survey sample.
Bibliography Citation
Mann, David R. and Todd C. Honeycutt. "Understanding the Disability Dynamics of Youth: Health Condition and Limitation Changes for Youth and Their Influence on Longitudinal Survey Attrition." Demography 53,3 (June 2016): 749-776.
1367. Mann, David R.
Wittenburg, David C.
Explaining Differentials in Employment and Wages Between Young Adults with and Without Disabilities
Working Paper, Mathematica Policy Research, April 2014.
Also: http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/~/media/publications/pdfs/disability/explaining_differentials_wp.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.
Keyword(s): Disability; Employment; Labor Force Participation; Wage Gap; Wages; Wages, Reservation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to estimate and decompose the employment and offered wages of young adults with and without disabilities. Those with functional limitations that are severe or mental have the lowest relative employment rates and wage offers. The employment rate gaps between the “no limitations” group and the “severe limitations” and “mental limitations” groups are 20.0 and 15.0 percentage points, respectively. These large gaps in employment provide quantitative evidence that many young adults with disabilities decide not to enter the labor force because they receive wage offers that are below their reservation wage. The wage offer differential between those without limitations and those with severe limitations or mental limitations are 10.9 and 52.1 percentage points, respectively. We attribute most of the employment rate gaps to observed factors, whereas most of the wage offer gaps are the result of unobserved factors. Removing the proportion of the wage offer gap attributable to unexplained differences increases the employment rate among those with mental functional limitations by 1.4 percent.
Bibliography Citation
Mann, David R. and David C. Wittenburg. "Explaining Differentials in Employment and Wages Between Young Adults with and Without Disabilities." Working Paper, Mathematica Policy Research, April 2014.
1368. Mann, David R.
Wittenburg, David C.
Starting Behind: Wage and Employment Differentials Between Young Adults With and Without Disabilities
Journal of Disability Policy Studies 26,2 (September 2015): 89-99.
Also: http://dps.sagepub.com/content/26/2/89.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Disability; Employment; Wage Gap; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We estimate the wage offers and employment of young adults with and without disabilities using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data. We find evidence that wage offer and employment gaps between adults with and without disabilities emerge early and are largest for those with mental limitations or any type of severe limitation. The wage offer gaps we estimate between people with and without disabilities are almost always larger than the wage gaps between those groups. These employment and wage offer gaps that exist in early adulthood likely help explain some of the differences in human capital, employment, and earnings between older adults with and without disabilities. The results also highlight the need for interventions that improve the employability and wage offers of youth with disabilities.
Bibliography Citation
Mann, David R. and David C. Wittenburg. "Starting Behind: Wage and Employment Differentials Between Young Adults With and Without Disabilities." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 26,2 (September 2015): 89-99.
1369. Manning, Wendy D.
Joyner, Kara
Hemez, Paul
Cupka, Cassandra Jean
Measuring Cohabitation in National Surveys
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Data Quality/Consistency; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Cohabitation is one of the fastest growing family forms in the United States, but has not been consistently measured across surveys. Recent rounds of the Current Population Survey (CPS), National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-97) and National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) are used to assess the quality of data on cohabitation. Results demonstrated that the surveys provide similar estimates of current cohabitation status, except the CPS resulted in lower estimates. In terms of cohabitation experience (i.e., having ever cohabited), Add Health produced higher estimates, whereas both the NSFG and NLSY-97 produced lower estimates. We documented a strong education gradient across all surveys, with lower levels of current cohabitation and cohabitating experience with increases in educational attainment. Race/ethnic differentials in cohabitation were inconsistent across surveys. We discussed aspects of sampling and measurement that potentially explain differences in estimates.
Bibliography Citation
Manning, Wendy D., Kara Joyner, Paul Hemez and Cassandra Jean Cupka. "Measuring Cohabitation in National Surveys." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
1370. Manning, Wendy D.
Joyner, Kara
Hemez, Paul
Cupka, Cassandra Jean
Measuring Cohabitation in U.S. National Surveys
Demography 56,4 (August 2019): 1195-1218.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-019-00796-0
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Educational Attainment; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Research Methodology

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Cohabitation is one of the fastest growing family forms in the United States. It is widespread and continues to increase but has not been consistently measured across surveys. It is important to track the quality of data on cohabitation because it has implications for research on the correlates and consequences of cohabitation for adults and children. Recent rounds of the Current Population Survey (CPS), National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-97), and National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) provide an opportunity to contrast estimates of cohabitation status and experience using nationally representative data sets and assess the quality of data on cohabitation in these data sets. Results demonstrated that the surveys provide similar estimates of current cohabitation status, except the CPS resulted in lower estimates. In terms of cohabitation experience (i.e., having ever cohabited), Add Health produced higher estimates, whereas both the NSFG and NLSY-97 produced lower estimates. We documented a strong education gradient across all surveys, with lower levels of current cohabitation and cohabitating experience and with increases in educational attainment. Racial/ethnic differences in cohabitation were inconsistent across surveys. We discuss aspects of sampling and measurement that potentially explain differences in estimates. Our findings have implications not only for survey design but also for the interpretation of results based on these four national surveys.
Bibliography Citation
Manning, Wendy D., Kara Joyner, Paul Hemez and Cassandra Jean Cupka. "Measuring Cohabitation in U.S. National Surveys." Demography 56,4 (August 2019): 1195-1218.
1371. Mantovan, Noemi
Sauer, Robert M.
Wilson, John
The Effect of Work-schedule Control on Volunteering among Early Career Employees
British Journal of Industrial Relations (BJIR) published online (5 October 2021): DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12642.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjir.12642
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Control; Volunteer Work; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent trends in the labor market see increasing numbers of workers having to deal with 'schedule precarity' including volatile hours, rotating shift work, unpredictable work hours and lack of choice on the part of the employee. These trends are of concern to those interested in fostering levels of civic engagement because they potentially limit volunteering. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) containing information on work schedules in 2011 and 2013 among employees to determine the effect of changes in work schedules on becoming a volunteer using transition regressions. We investigate interactions between work-schedule measures and pay structure because workers paid by the hour have lower volunteer rates than salaried workers. The study finds that, while three of the schedule dimensions are unrelated to volunteering, transitioning toward more schedule control has a positive effect on volunteering. However, interaction analysis shows this positive effect is confined to salaried workers whereas for hourly paid workers the effect is negative. The results support the idea that having more freedom to set one's work schedule reduces work-life conflict but suggest that this positive effect is limited to those who can take advantage of it.
Bibliography Citation
Mantovan, Noemi, Robert M. Sauer and John Wilson. "The Effect of Work-schedule Control on Volunteering among Early Career Employees." British Journal of Industrial Relations (BJIR) published online (5 October 2021): DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12642.
1372. Maralani, Vida
McKee, Douglas
Obesity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: BMI and Socioeconomic Outcomes across Cohorts
Sociological Science published online (19 April 2017): DOI: 10.15195/v4.a13.
Also: https://www.sociologicalscience.com/articles-v4-13-288
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Sociological Science
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Family Income; Gender Differences; Obesity; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The biological and social costs of body mass cannot be conceptualized in the same way. Using semiparametric methods, we show that the association between body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic outcomes such as wages, being married, and family income is distinctly shaped by gender, race, and cohort rather than being above a specific threshold of BMI. For white men, the correlation between BMI and outcomes is positive across the “normal” range of BMI and turns negative near the cusp of the overweight range, a pattern that persists across cohorts. For white women, thinner is nearly always better, a pattern that also persists across cohorts. For black men in the 1979 cohort, the association between BMI and wages is positive across the normal and overweight ranges for wages and family income and inverted U-shaped for marriage. For black women in the 1979 cohort, thinner is better for wages and marriage. By the 1997 cohort, however, the negative association between body mass and outcomes dissipates for black Americans but not for white Americans. In the social world, "too fat" is a subjective, contingent, and fluid judgment that differs depending on who is being judged, who does the judging, and the social domain.
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida and Douglas McKee. "Obesity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: BMI and Socioeconomic Outcomes across Cohorts." Sociological Science published online (19 April 2017): DOI: 10.15195/v4.a13.
1373. Maralani, Vida
Portier, Camille
Does a College Degree Offset the Wage Penalties Associated with Gender-Essentialized Job Skills?
Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Gender Differences; Job Skills; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Skills pay off in the labor market and rising returns to educational attainment suggest growing demand by employers for workers with higher skills. However, skills are hierarchically organized by other attributes as well--for example, jobs skills can be gender essentialized. Work that involves caring for others requires feminine-essentialized skills whereas work that requires engineering skills is essentialized as masculine. Our study investigates the intersection of these dimensions by examining whether a college degree can offset the wage penalties associated with gender-essentialized jobs skills across a continuum from feminine to masculine. The analyses use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1997 (NLSY-97) combined with detailed information from the O*NET database of occupational characteristics and growth curve models. Our results show that a college degree can close and even reverse gender wage gaps for job skills that are essentialized feminine but not those essentialized as masculine.
Bibliography Citation
Maralani, Vida and Camille Portier. "Does a College Degree Offset the Wage Penalties Associated with Gender-Essentialized Job Skills?" Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022.
1374. Marin, Alexandra
Social Capital as Process: The Network Sources of Latent, Available, and Accessed Job Information
Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2007. DAI-A 68/05, Nov 2007
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Human Capital Theory; Information Networks; Job Search; Labor Market Demographics; Occupational Investment; Social Capital

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation examines how resources enter networks and when resource holders transfer this newly created social capital resource seekers. I begin from the premise that social capital should be understood as three nested sets of resources: Latent resources, which consist of resources controlled by network members; available resources, which are those that resource holders are willing to share; and accessed resources, those that resource holders do share. Defining social capital this way problematizes resource flow and suggests that understanding the circumstances in which it occurs requires focusing on the agency of resource holders.

Substantively, I study the flow of job information using interviews with information holders in the market for entry-level, white-collar work in Toronto. I asked respondents to list job openings of which they have been aware and network members who could fill these openings. I then asked them if they shared information about each opening with their network members. Using these interview data I identify the sources of latent information and the conditions under which this information becomes available to or accessed by network members.

I find that information holders are reluctant to share information unless they believe that the information will be welcome. Gauging network members' interest in particular jobs is not easy, and information sharing is consequently relatively uncommon. Determining a network members' likely interest in jobs is easiest when jobs require easily observable occupation-specific investments, or when information holders have rich in-depth information about potential applicants. Therefore, information flow is influenced by an interaction between characteristics of the labour market in which a job is situated, and the strength of tie between information holders and potential job applicants. Given that they know of a job opening and that they identify a potential applicant, information holders are more likely to pass information to potential applicants to whom they are strongly tied. When information is shared with weak ties it is more likely to be information about jobs for which occupation-specific credentials are available. In addition, I find support for this model of information flow using quantatitive data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort.

Bibliography Citation
Marin, Alexandra. Social Capital as Process: The Network Sources of Latent, Available, and Accessed Job Information. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2007. DAI-A 68/05, Nov 2007.
1375. Mark, Gloria
Ganzach, Yoav
Personality and Internet Usage: A Large-scale Representative Study of Young Adults
Computers in Human Behavior 36 (July 2014): 274-281.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563214001885
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Activities; Computer Use/Internet Access; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits

Studies that have examined the relationship between personality and Internet use so far were largely conducted on the basis of small, non-representative samples, and have yielded conflicting results. In the current study we estimate the relationship of the Big 5 personality traits and Internet use in a large nationally representative U.S. sample of over 6900 young adults with average age of 26. Our results suggest that global Internet use is positively related to Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness. We also examine the relationship of the Big 5 with online communication, leisure, academic, and economic activities. Extraversion is correlated with the most different Internet activities. Our findings contrast with many of the relationships found in previous research which have used small, homogeneous samples. We discuss these differences in term of the size and type of samples which were used in previous research, in terms of the time periods of Internet development in which the research was conducted, and in terms of the Internet activities which were measured.
Bibliography Citation
Mark, Gloria and Yoav Ganzach. "Personality and Internet Usage: A Large-scale Representative Study of Young Adults." Computers in Human Behavior 36 (July 2014): 274-281.
1376. Marks, Gary N.
Cognitive Ability Has Powerful, Widespread and Robust Effects on Social Stratification: Evidence from the 1979 and 1997 US National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth
Intelligence 94 (September-October 2022): 101686.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289622000678
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Socioeconomic Background; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Few issues in the social sciences are as controversial as the role of cognitive ability for educational and subsequent socioeconomic attainments. There are a variety of arguments raised to dismiss, discount or discredit the role of cognitive ability: socioeconomic background is the dominant influence; if cognitive ability appears important, that is only because important predictors have been omitted; the relative importance of socioeconomic background and cognitive ability cannot be ascertained; and cognitive ability is simply a function of socioeconomic background and, for post-education socioeconomic attainments, education. This study analyses the effects of cognitive ability and socioeconomic background on a chronological sequence of social stratification outcomes - school grades, SAT and ACT scores, educational and occupational attainment, income and wealth - in data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. The coefficients for cognitive ability decline marginally with the addition of socioeconomic background measures, including family-of-origin income averaged over several years, and wealth. In contrast, socioeconomic background coefficients decline substantially with the addition of cognitive ability. Net of educational attainment, cognitive ability has sizable effects on occupational attainment and income. Net of socioeconomic background, education and occupation, a one-standard-deviation difference in ability corresponds to a sizable 43% difference in positive wealth at around age 35 in the older cohort and a 25% increase in the younger cohort. Therefore, contrary to dominant narratives, cognitive ability is important to a range of social stratification outcomes, and its effects cannot be attributed to socioeconomic background or educational attainment.
Bibliography Citation
Marks, Gary N. "Cognitive Ability Has Powerful, Widespread and Robust Effects on Social Stratification: Evidence from the 1979 and 1997 US National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth." Intelligence 94 (September-October 2022): 101686.
1377. Maroto, Michelle Lee
Serafini, Brian
Different Story, Same Ending: Family-related Gender Earnings Penalties and Premiums Across Two Generations
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Mixed Effects; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent research suggests that the gender gap in earnings has almost vanished among young millennials, who comprise the youngest cohort of workers born between 1980 and 1984. Nevertheless, women in this cohort still report lingering sources of gender inequity, particularly in terms of the work-family conflicts that have also plagued baby boomer women. We apply hybrid mixed effects models to two longitudinal surveys – the NLSY 1979 baby boomer cohort, and the NLSY1997 millennial cohort - to compare earnings disparities by gender, marriage, and parental status for young workers. These models allow us to parse out between-gender differences in earnings and changes over time within respondents’ earnings that coincide with marriage and childbirth. Our findings show that between-gender inequalities have become less pronounced compared to those observed among the boomer generation, suggesting that millennial wives, mothers, and, most notably, single women have made some labor market gains. However, marriage and parenthood effects that reward men and disadvantage women still persist and explain much of the within-gender inequality that occurs with changing family responsibilities. Finally, we find that the timing of family transition is an important determinant of future earnings, especially among young women.
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee and Brian Serafini. "Different Story, Same Ending: Family-related Gender Earnings Penalties and Premiums Across Two Generations." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014.
1378. Maroto, Michelle Lee
Serafini, Brian
The Declining Significance of Parenthood? Effects of Parental Status on Wages for Young Adults Across Generations
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Earnings; Fatherhood; Motherhood; Mothers, Income; Parenthood; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although many studies demonstrate motherhood penalties and fatherhood premiums, most rely on data from older cohorts of workers, and questions remain as to whether parenthood still leads to the same earnings disparities for millennial workers as it has for the baby boomer cohort. To answer these questions, this paper presents results from cross-cohort analyses of NLSY 1979 and 1997 data that compare family earnings disparities among young workers. We combine modeling strategies to highlight trends across cohorts, tease out composition and "price" effects, and account for selection factors. We find that, while parenthood continues to pattern the earnings of younger-aged workers, the nature of these effects has changed over time. The motherhood penalty has declined, largely because mothers increased their work hours and work experience, but the fatherhood premium remains unchanged. Finally, we conclude that different selection processes into parenthood likely play a role in its changing effects on earnings.
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee and Brian Serafini. "The Declining Significance of Parenthood? Effects of Parental Status on Wages for Young Adults Across Generations." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
1379. Maroto, Michelle Lee
Sykes, Bryan L.
The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes Among Young Adults
Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Arrests; Assets; Criminal Justice System; Debt/Borrowing; Home Ownership; Incarceration/Jail; Net Worth; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

How do interactions with the criminal justice system influence wealth accumulation among young adults? Previous research using NLSY79 data indicates that incarceration leads to declines in rates of homeownership and net worth among baby boomers, but questions remain as to how other interactions with the criminal justice system affect wealth outcomes. Using data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we expand on previous work and study how arrests, convictions, and incarceration periods influence a variety of wealth outcomes among younger adults. In particular, we investigate how wealth accumulation between the ages of 25 and 30 varies across individuals with a previous incarceration, conviction, or arrest. We emphasize a broad conception of wealth and include six outcome variables as measures of wealth accumulation: home ownership, total net worth, any financial assets, logged total financial assets, any debt, and logged total debt. Although most interactions with the criminal justice system were negatively associated with future wealth in our preliminary analyses, incarceration presented some of the strongest effects. Our findings lend further support showing that incarceration, along with other interactions with the criminal justice system, can act as absorbing statuses, potentially leading to the accumulation of disadvantage. [Also presented at Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017]
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee and Bryan L. Sykes. "The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes Among Young Adults." Presented: New Orleans LA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2016.
1380. Maroto, Michelle Lee
Sykes, Bryan L.
The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes among Young Adults
Social Problems 67,4 (November 2020): 698-718.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spz023
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Debt/Borrowing; Home Ownership; Incarceration/Jail; Net Worth; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Previous research indicates that incarceration leads to declines in rates of homeownership and net worth, especially among baby boomers, but questions remain as to how other types of criminal justice system contact affect wealth outcomes during the transition to adulthood. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate how arrests, convictions, and incarceration influence net worth, financial assets, and debt among young adults. We find that most contact with the criminal justice system limited the ability of young adults to accumulate wealth between the ages of 25 and 30, an especially important time for building life-cycle wealth. Arrests were associated with asset and debt declines of 52–53 percent, and incarceration led to net worth and asset declines of 34 and 76 percent, respectively. These direct effects were also bolstered by the indirect effects of these variables through their relationship with marriage and earnings, especially in the case of incarceration. This study draws attention to how criminal justice system contact affects early adult wealth, thereby setting the stage to influence a host of life course dynamics for individuals and their families.
Bibliography Citation
Maroto, Michelle Lee and Bryan L. Sykes. "The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes among Young Adults." Social Problems 67,4 (November 2020): 698-718.
1381. Maslowsky, Julie
Stritzel, Haley
Gershoff, Elizabeth T.
Post-Pregnancy Factors Predicting Teen Mothers' Educational Attainment by Age 30 in Two National Cohorts
Youth and Society published online (7 July 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0044118X211026941.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0044118X211026941
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Adolescent

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Women who begin childbearing as teenagers attain lower levels of education than women who delay childbearing until age 20 and later. Little is known about post-pregnancy factors that predict educational attainment among teen mothers. The current study examined whether teen mothers' environment and experiences 2 years after their first birth contribute to their educational outcomes by age 30, net of selection factors associated with teenage childbearing. Data were from two cohorts, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 (N = 241) and 1997 (N = 378). Multinomial logistic regression modeling was used to assess associations of post-pregnancy factors with teen mothers' educational attainment. Having child care was associated with increased odds of attaining a high school diploma and of attending college in both cohorts. Providing regular and subsidized child care for teen mothers is an opportunity to support teen mothers in achieving higher levels of educational attainment.
Bibliography Citation
Maslowsky, Julie, Haley Stritzel and Elizabeth T. Gershoff. "Post-Pregnancy Factors Predicting Teen Mothers' Educational Attainment by Age 30 in Two National Cohorts." Youth and Society published online (7 July 2021): DOI: 10.1177/0044118X211026941.
1382. Mason, Katherine
The Unequal Weight of Discrimination: Gender, Body Size, and Income Inequality
Social Problems 59,3 (August 2012): 411-435.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sp.2012.59.3.411
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of California Press
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Body weight; Gender Differences; Income; Obesity; Weight

This article examines the causes of income inequalities between obese and nonobese workers, focusing on how gender interacts with body size to determine the size and duration of those inequalities. Drawing on data from the 1997–2008 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), I introduce a positive test for discrimination, which provides a methodological advantage over previous research in this area. I then pose two questions: first, is anti-obesity discrimination to blame for income inequalities between obese and nonobese workers? Second, do women and men's experiences of those inequalities differ? The results indicate that very obese men do face one form of discrimination—statistical discrimination—but that they can overcome initial disadvantages with time. In contrast, obese women's income disadvantages persist over time, suggesting the presence of prejudicial discrimination. In combination with previous studies illustrating how fat women are disadvantaged in educational attainment and marriage outcomes—two important means of accessing economic resources—this research shows one mechanism by which weight, particularly in combination with gender, is a major vector of U.S. inequality.
Bibliography Citation
Mason, Katherine. "The Unequal Weight of Discrimination: Gender, Body Size, and Income Inequality." Social Problems 59,3 (August 2012): 411-435.
1383. Matsuda, Kazushige
Mazur, Karol
College Education and Income Contingent Loans in Equilibrium
Journal of Monetary Economics published online (5 September 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.08.005.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030439322200112X
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Legislation; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Welfare

In 2009 the US government introduced a major income-contingent loans (ICLs) program for financing higher education. We investigate its welfare implications in the presence of income shocks, and endogenous dropout risk and college enrollment. While ICLs provide valuable income insurance and thereby increase college enrollment by risk averse agents, they may also lead to adverse selection of individuals with lower ability and generate a moral hazard cost of lowering educational effort and labor hours. We evaluate this insurance-incentives trade-off in a calibrated heterogeneous agent model. We show that ICLs increase welfare and that the social costs of adverse selection and moral hazard are mild.
Bibliography Citation
Matsuda, Kazushige and Karol Mazur. "College Education and Income Contingent Loans in Equilibrium." Journal of Monetary Economics published online (5 September 2022): DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.08.005.
1384. Matsumoto, Brett
Estimating Models of Learning in Individual Decision Making with an Application to Youth Smoking
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Geocoded Data; Learning Hypothesis; State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the first chapter of my dissertation, I examine the dynamics of youth smoking behavior using a model of rational addiction with learning. Individuals in the model face uncertainty regarding the parameters that determine their utility from smoking. Through experimentation, individuals learn about how much they enjoy smoking cigarettes as well as the effects of reinforcement, tolerance, and withdrawal. The addition of learning to the dynamic optimization problem of adolescents provides an explanation for the experimentation of the non-smoker. I estimate the parameters of the model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and compare the overall fit of the model to the model without learning. The estimated model is also used to analyze the effect of cigarette taxes and anti-smoking policies. I find that the model with learning is better able to fit the observed data and that an increase in cigarette taxes are not only effective in reducing the level of youth smoking, but can even increase welfare for some individuals.
Bibliography Citation
Matsumoto, Brett. Estimating Models of Learning in Individual Decision Making with an Application to Youth Smoking. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2015.
1385. Matsumoto, Brett
Evaluating Policies in a Dynamic Context When Agents Anticipate Policy Change: The Case of Indoor Smoking Bans
Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Legislation; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, I examine how the introduction of indoor smoking bans affects individual smoking behavior using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. This paper addresses two main questions. First, are indoor smoking bans an effective policy tool for reducing smoking, and do individuals anticipate the introduction of the smoking bans? I find that indoor smoking bans are generally effective at reducing the probability that an individual smokes. Also, there appears to be some evidence that individuals are able to anticipate and adjust their behavior prior to the introduction of an indoor smoking ban. Individuals adjust their behavior in response to the implementation of city and county level smoking bans in their state of residence but outside of their own county of residence. I interpret this response as individuals adjusting their beliefs as to the likelihood of a future state level ban, as individuals are unlikely to be directly affected by these bans. The identification strategy commonly used to identify the effect of indoor smoking bans is to use the variation in the timing of the introduction of indoor smoking bans across states. Since smoking is a dynamic behavior, the decision to smoke depends upon the individual's expectations of future states of the world. Therefore, individuals may start to adjust their behavior prior to the implementation of the policy, and their behavior may change little upon actual implementation. By taking into account this additional channel through which smoking bans influence smoking behavior, I find that indoor smoking bans may have a much larger impact than what has typically been found in the literature.
Bibliography Citation
Matsumoto, Brett. "Evaluating Policies in a Dynamic Context When Agents Anticipate Policy Change: The Case of Indoor Smoking Bans." Presented: Philadelphia PA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2018.
1386. Maume, David J.
Wilson, George
Determinants of Declining Wage Mobility in the New Economy
Work and Occupations 42,1 (February 2015): 35-72.
Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/42/1/35.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Employment; Mobility; Part-Time Work; Wage Growth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study draws from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey to compare patterns of wage mobility among the late boomer and millennial cohorts of young men. Estimating group-based trajectory models, the authors find that fewer men enjoyed rapid wage growth and more men fell into the steady and stagnant wage-trajectory groups. Furthermore, employment patterns in the new economy (e.g., changing employers, more part-time employment, and employment in low-end service occupations) increasingly determine the mobility rates of millennials compared with boomers and are stronger predictors of mobility chances in the millennial cohort than are family background and cognitive skills.
Bibliography Citation
Maume, David J. and George Wilson. "Determinants of Declining Wage Mobility in the New Economy." Work and Occupations 42,1 (February 2015): 35-72.
1387. Mays, Sally A.
The Influence of Family Structure and Transitions on Parenting, Income, Residential Mobility, and Substance Initiation in Early Adolescence: A Comparison of Caucasian and African American Youth
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, May 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Family Structure; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Mobility, Residential; Racial Differences; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The effect of family structure on youth adjustment has received increasing attention as historical trends in single parenting, divorce, remarriage, and cohabitation with partners and extended family members have produced a diverse constellation of structures. African American youth are less likely than Caucasian youth to live in an "intact" family. Links between family structure and a variety of indices of youth adjustment have been established, although a relatively understudied outcome is that of substance initiation, despite its association with dependence and other negative sequelae. The dynamic effect of transitions has additionally been less studied than the static effect of structure. Differences in family structure and transitions may influence outcomes via parental socialization (monitoring and attachment) as well as strain (residential mobility and changes in income). These mechanisms may operate differently for Caucasian and African American youth, and may partially explain differences in adjustment. Relations between youth adjustment and transitions may be reciprocal in nature, a less often studied premise. This project made use of a nationally representative sample of more than 2,000 adolescents aged 12 to 13 in 1997 assessed across 3 waves. Regression analyses were employed to examine the associations among family structure and transitions, parenting, income, residential mobility, and substance initiation over time. This study found that living in non- two-parent family structures was consistently associated with higher concurrent levels of substance initiation, lower parental monitoring and relationship quality, lower income, and higher residential mobility. The effects of transitions on substance initiation and parenting were less robust than hypothesized, but reinforced the notion that consistently living outside a two-parent family, or consistently living in a single-parent family, is negatively associated with parenting, income, and residential stability over time. Evidence for mediated effects via changes in parenting, residential mobility, and income were significant but small in magnitude, and varied by race, such that they were significant for Caucasian but not African American youth. Partial evidence for reciprocal causality was found. Alcohol initiation at the first wave predicted separations, but marijuana initiation did not. These findings have important implications for parents, clinicians, and policy makers.
Bibliography Citation
Mays, Sally A. The Influence of Family Structure and Transitions on Parenting, Income, Residential Mobility, and Substance Initiation in Early Adolescence: A Comparison of Caucasian and African American Youth. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, May 2011.
1388. McAllister, Carolyn Anne
Variables Affecting the Post High School Outcomes of Students with Learning Disabilities
Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Social Work, Michigan State University, 2008.
Also: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47012549/Variables-affecting-the-post-high-school-outcomes-of-students-with-learning-disabilities
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Disability; Educational Returns; Employment; Learning, Asymmetric

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The focus of this study is to examine the educational and employment related outcomes of individuals with learning disabilities as they leave high school and make choices about postsecondary education and employment. First, the paper presents an overview of the issues and ways that social workers can support adolescents with learning disabilities as they decide on educational and career goals, and transition from public school systems. The paper provides a theoretical background on the definition of learning disabilities and some of the recent changes in this disability category. Next, the paper reviews research on the individual, familial, and social impacts of a learning disabilities diagnosis. The paper then provides an overview of researched interventions for adolescents with learning disabilities.

This study also examined demographic, economic, educational, and other relevant variables through the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort. One way ANOVAs were completed to determine the ways in which the sample of individuals with learning disabilities were similar or different from persons with other impairments and persons with no identified impairment. Findings showed that the educational and income outcomes seen in previous research after one to three years after leaving high school continue as students are three to seven years out of high school.

Lent, Hackett, and Brown's (1994, 1996, 1999) Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) was then utilized to identify potential factors influencing students with learning disabilities educational performance. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97), hierarchical regression analyses were completed for individuals with a diagnosed learning disability, for individuals with other identified learning or medical impairments, and for individuals with no identified impairments. Support for the SCCT model was found in all three groups of participants, although the individu al variables influencing each group vary.

Lastly, implications for this research in the areas of social work practice, research and policy are discussed. Areas for future research are discussed, and the strengths and limitations of this study are reviewed. The importance of including assessment and interventions for adolescents and young adults with learning disabilities in all areas of social work practice is emphasized.

Bibliography Citation
McAllister, Carolyn Anne. Variables Affecting the Post High School Outcomes of Students with Learning Disabilities. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Social Work, Michigan State University, 2008..
1389. McCauley, Erin J.
The Cumulative Probability of Arrest by Age 28 Years in the United States by Disability Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender
American Journal of Public Health 107,12 (1 December 2017): 1977-1981.
Also: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304095?journalCode=ajph
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Keyword(s): Arrests; Disability; Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives. To estimate the cumulative probability (c) of arrest by age 28 years in the United States by disability status, race/ethnicity, and gender.

Methods. I estimated cumulative probabilities through birth cohort life tables with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997.

Results. Estimates demonstrated that those with disabilities have a higher cumulative probability of arrest (c = 42.65) than those without (c = 29.68). The risk was disproportionately spread across races/ethnicities, with Blacks with disabilities experiencing the highest cumulative probability of arrest (c = 55.17) and Whites without disabilities experiencing the lowest (c = 27.55). Racial/ethnic differences existed by gender as well. There was a similar distribution of disability types across race/ethnicity, suggesting that the racial/ethnic differences in arrest may stem from racial/ethnic inequalities as opposed to differential distribution of disability types.

Conclusions. The experience of arrest for those with disabilities was higher than expected. Police officers should understand how disabilities may affect compliance and other behaviors, and likewise how implicit bias and structural racism may affect reactions and actions of officers and the systems they work within in ways that create inequities.

Bibliography Citation
McCauley, Erin J. "The Cumulative Probability of Arrest by Age 28 Years in the United States by Disability Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender." American Journal of Public Health 107,12 (1 December 2017): 1977-1981.
1390. McCauley, Erin J.
The Effect of Parental Incarceration Prior to Age 16 on Sexual Health and Characteristics of First Sexual Experience
Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Contraception; Incarceration/Jail; Parental Influences; Pregnancy, Adolescent

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Sexual health behaviors shape long term health and wellbeing. Despite evidence that parental incarceration is associated with health, few studies have explored the association between parental incarceration and sexual health specifically. Using linear probability models and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 I examine the association between parental incarceration and sexual health behaviors and characteristics of first sexual experience. I find that parental incarceration prior to age 16 is associated with increased probabilities of reporting sex with a stranger (15%, p<0.001), sex with an intravenous drug user (2%, p<0.05), and becoming pregnant (5%, p<0.05), and decreased condom use (9%, p<0.01). Parental incarceration is also associated with younger age of first sexual experience, increased probability of not discussing birth control, and decreased probabilities of any birth control usage. Children of incarcerated parents experience sexual health risks and need increased access to reproductive health care and sexual health information.
Bibliography Citation
McCauley, Erin J. "The Effect of Parental Incarceration Prior to Age 16 on Sexual Health and Characteristics of First Sexual Experience." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019.
1391. McCauley, Erin J.
The Role of Stress and Absence: How Household Member Incarceration is Associated with Risky Sexual Health Behaviors
Social Science and Medicine 272 (March 2021): 113718.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953621000502
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Contraception; Fathers, Absence; Incarceration/Jail; Parental Influences; Sexual Behavior; Stress

Sexual health is a critical indicator of wellbeing with consequences for population health. However, little is known about whether and how household member incarceration affects the sexual health behaviors of young adults. This study seeks to assess the association between household member incarceration and sexual health behaviors and provides an initial test of mechanisms. Drawing upon data from the NLSY97, this study estimates the association between household member incarceration and sexual health behaviors using linear probability models, and then re-estimates these associations using two alternative comparison groups; 1) youth who experienced other forms of stress, and 2) youth who experienced other forms of family absence. Results indicate that household incarceration is positively associated with a higher risk of reporting sexual intercourse with an intravenous drug user net of individual and family characteristics and is negatively associated with condom use net of individual but not family characteristics. The results also show that the associations between household member incarceration and sexual health behaviors may be attributable, at least in part, to the well documented stress associated with incarceration. Yet, the results provide little evidence that absence is a pathway linking household member incarceration to risky sexual health behaviors. It is possible that household member incarceration is linked to deleterious outcomes for youth through different mechanisms than parental incarceration given the differing roles of parents versus other adults in the home.
Bibliography Citation
McCauley, Erin J. "The Role of Stress and Absence: How Household Member Incarceration is Associated with Risky Sexual Health Behaviors." Social Science and Medicine 272 (March 2021): 113718.
1392. McClendon, David
Crossing Boundaries: "Some College," Schools, and Educational Assortative Mating
Journal of Marriage and Family 80,4 (August 2018): 812-825.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12482
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; College Degree; College Enrollment; Marriage; Post-Secondary Transcripts; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction

As more Americans delay marriage and meet partners online, schools may be less important for educational assortative mating. At the same time, social ties formed during college may continue to shape partner choice later in adulthood. This study focuses on young adults with "some college, no degree" to see what, if any, marriage‐market benefit is gained from exposure to highly educated social networks in college. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, including newly collected postsecondary transcripts, the author finds young adults with "some college" are more likely than their less‐educated peers to marry a college graduate, especially if they attended a 4‐year school, but young adults with bachelor's degrees still hold an advantage, even after controlling for duration of schooling. The results support the role of schools in shaping opportunities to meet partners but highlight the value of college degrees on the marriage market.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David. "Crossing Boundaries: "Some College," Schools, and Educational Assortative Mating." Journal of Marriage and Family 80,4 (August 2018): 812-825.
1393. McClendon, David
Crossing Boundaries: "Some College" and the Role of Schools in Educational Assortative Mating
Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Educational Attainment; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

As more Americans delay marriage and meet romantic partners online, schools may be becoming less important for educational assortative mating. However, although fewer people meet their spouse as students, social ties formed during college may continue to shape partner choice later in adulthood. Here I focus on young adults with "some college, no degree" to see what, if any, marriage-market benefit is gained from exposure to highly-educated social networks in college. Using data from NLSY-1997, including newly collected postsecondary transcripts, I find young adults with “some college” are more likely than their less educated peers to marry a college graduate, especially if they attended a 4-year school. But young adults with bachelor’s degrees still hold an advantage, even after controlling for duration of schooling. The results support the role of schools in shaping opportunities to meet partners but highlight the value of a college degree on the marriage market.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David. "Crossing Boundaries: "Some College" and the Role of Schools in Educational Assortative Mating." Presented: Chicago IL, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2017.
1394. McClendon, David
Getting Married in the Great Recession: Local Contexts and Marriage Formation among U.S. Young Adults
Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): American Community Survey; Cohabitation; Economic Changes/Recession; Economics, Regional; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

How has the Great Recession shaped the transition to first marriage among young adults in the United States? In this article, I use the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, in conjunction with the American Community Survey and other data sources, to begin to assess the impact of the recession on young adults’ marriage formation behavior, focusing on the importance of local economic conditions and the supply of economically attractive partners and how these might differ for men and women. Preliminary results indicate that (1) there was a measurable decline in marriage during the period following the recession among young adult men and women, and (2) consistent with research on previous marriage cohorts, local labor and marriage market conditions continue to be consequential for contemporary young adults’ marriage behavior. However, recession-era period effects do not appear to be accounted for by these local conditions. This article also provides a much-needed update to the marriage-market literature in the US with a nationally representative sample of young adults and finds important differences in the effects of the local sex composition on marriage formation between single and cohabiting men and women.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David. "Getting Married in the Great Recession: Local Contexts and Marriage Formation among U.S. Young Adults." Presented: San Francisco CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2014.
1395. McClendon, David
Marriage Markets and Union Formation in the United States: Evidence from Young Adults during the Great Recession
Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Economic Changes/Recession; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent shifts in union formation patterns have made prior research on marriage markets in the US outdated. This paper uses the NLSY-97 to examine how marriage market characteristics, particularly the sex ratio, shape union formation among contemporary young adults. Models of first-union timing indicate the supply of partners is more relevant for women than for men but show variation over the life course: while a partner surplus is associated with cohabitation for women ages 18-23, it is associated with marriage for women 24-31. Furthermore, models of first marriage timing find the sex ratio is unrelated to the transition to marriage among cohabiting women. I also consider measures related to the supply of economically attractive partners in the context of the Great Recession. This study highlights the continued importance of socio-environmental factors for union formation and sheds light on the meanings and uses of cohabitation and marriage among today’s young adults.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David. "Marriage Markets and Union Formation in the United States: Evidence from Young Adults during the Great Recession." Presented: Boston MA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, May 2014.
1396. McClendon, David
Religion, Marriage Markets, and Assortative Mating in the United States
Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Geocoded Data; Marriage; Religion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

As the share of marriages that are interfaith continues to grow, religion is thought to be less important for sorting partners. However, prior studies on religious assortative mating rely on national samples of prevailing marriages, which miss how local marriage markets shape partner selection and its connection to marriage timing. I examine the impact of local religious concentration on religious assortative mating and how it varies by religious tradition and age. I estimate discrete-time competing-risk models of religious assortative mating, using individual level data from the NLSY 1997 and local characteristics from census data and other sources. Results show that local religious concentration is associated with higher odds of religious homogamy relative to non-marriage and heterogamy. While the association varies across religious traditions, it does not vary with age. The findings suggest that religion remains relevant in today's marriage market and have implications for theories of assortative mating.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David. "Religion, Marriage Markets, and Assortative Mating in the United States." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015.
1397. McClendon, David
Religion, Marriage Markets, and Assortative Mating in the United States
Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1399-1421.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12353/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Assortative Mating; Event History; Geocoded Data; Marriage; Religion

As interfaith marriage has become more common, religion is thought to be less important for sorting partners. Nevertheless, prior studies on religious assortative mating use samples of prevailing marriages, which miss how local marriage markets shape both partner selection and marriage timing. Drawing on search theory and data from 8,699 young adults (ages 18-31 years) in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, the author examined the association between the concentration of coreligionists in local marriage markets and marriage timing and partner selection using event history methods. Religious concentration is associated with higher odds of transitioning to marriage and religious homogamy (conditional on marriage) for women and men at older ages (24-31 years) but not at younger ages (18-23 years). The association was also stronger for non-Hispanic Whites when compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The findings indicate that religion remains relevant in sorting partners for many young adults in today's marriage market.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David. "Religion, Marriage Markets, and Assortative Mating in the United States." Journal of Marriage and Family 78,5 (October 2016): 1399-1421.
1398. McClendon, David
Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan
Raley, R. Kelly
Opportunities to Meet: Occupational Education and Marriage Formation in Young Adulthood
Demography 51,4 (August 2014): 1319-1344.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980386
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Marriage; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We focus on work--and the social ties that it supports--and consider whether the educational composition of occupations is important for marriage formation during young adulthood. Employing discrete-time event-history methods using the NLSY-97, we find that occupational education is positively associated with transitioning to first marriage and with marrying a college-educated partner for women but not for men.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David, Janet Chen-Lan Kuo and R. Kelly Raley. "Opportunities to Meet: Occupational Education and Marriage Formation in Young Adulthood." Demography 51,4 (August 2014): 1319-1344.
1399. McClendon, David
Kuo, Janet
Raley, Kelly
The Labor of Love: Occupational Education and the Transition to First Marriage
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; College Education; Education; Marriage; Occupations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Explanations for the marriage gap by educational attainment in the US emphasize the economic and cultural attractiveness of a college degree on the marriage market. However, education may also shape the opportunities that men and women have to meet other college-educated partners, particularly in contexts with significant educational stratification. We focus on work—and the social ties it supports—and consider whether the educational composition of one’s occupation is important for marriage formation. Employing discrete-time event history methods using the NLSY-97, we find that occupational education is positively associated with transitioning to first marriage and with marrying a college-educated partner for women but not for men. This association does not vary by women’s own educational attainment and is not significant for entry into cohabitation. Our approach calls attention to an unexplored, indirect link between education and marriage that, we argue, helps explain why college-educated adults enjoy better marriage prospects.
Bibliography Citation
McClendon, David, Janet Kuo and Kelly Raley. "The Labor of Love: Occupational Education and the Transition to First Marriage." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1400. McDaniel, Heather Lasky
Advancing Understanding of Dynamic Mechanisms in Onset to Event Models: Discrete Time Survival Mediation with a Time Variant Mediator
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Experimental Psychology, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Modeling; Modeling, MIxture Models/Finite Mixture Models; Monte Carlo

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Integrating discrete time survival and mediation analytic approaches, discrete-time survival mediation models (DTSM) help researchers elucidate the impact of predictors on the timing of event occurrence. Though application of this model has been gainful in various applied developmental and intervention research contexts, empirical work has yet to consider how DTSM models operate with a mediator that has a varying effect over time. The importance of examining this situation has important impacts for application of the model, given more complex statistical models are required, and subsequent interpretation of model parameters differ from the basic DTSM model. The overarching purpose of this dissertation was to understand how the addition of a mediator with a time variant effect impacts parameter estimation and fit of the DTSM model estimated in a mixture modeling framework. This investigation was done within the context of an applied example (Study One) to simultaneously inform applied considerations in timing to onset of youth alcohol use, as well as to evaluate statistical performance of the model in a related single-cell Monte Carlo study (Study Two) and an expanded simulation study (Study Three). Results are presented with discussion of future directions for this research and considerations for application of this modeling approach.
Bibliography Citation
McDaniel, Heather Lasky. Advancing Understanding of Dynamic Mechanisms in Onset to Event Models: Discrete Time Survival Mediation with a Time Variant Mediator. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Experimental Psychology, 2018.
1401. McDaniel, Marla
Kuehn, Daniel
Transition to Adulthood: African American Youth and Youth from Low-Income Working Families
Urban Institute, Vulnerable Youth and the Transition to Adulthood Series, August 27, 2009.
Also: http://www.urban.org/publications/411949.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Behavior; Disconnected Youth; Earnings; Education; Education, Secondary; Employment, Youth; Family Income; Racial Differences; Racial Studies; Risk-Taking; Transition, Adulthood

Bibliography Citation
McDaniel, Marla and Daniel Kuehn. "Transition to Adulthood: African American Youth and Youth from Low-Income Working Families." Urban Institute, Vulnerable Youth and the Transition to Adulthood Series, August 27, 2009.
1402. McDaniel, Marla
Kuehn, Daniel
What Does a High School Diploma Get You? Employment, Race, and the Transition to Adulthood
The Review of Black Political Economy 40,4 (December 2013): 371-399.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12114-012-9147-1
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Employment; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Labor Force Participation; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Modeling, OLS; Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We compare the employment of African American and white youth as they transition to adulthood from age 18 to 22, focusing on high school graduates and high school dropouts who did not attend college. Using OLS and hazard models, we analyze the relative employment rates, and employment consistency, stability, and timing, controlling for a number of factors including family income, academic aptitude, prior work experience, and neighborhood poverty. We find white high school graduates work significantly more than all other youth on most measures; African American high school graduates work as much and sometimes less than white high school dropouts; African American dropouts work significantly less than all other youth. Findings further suggest that the improved labor market participation associated with a high school diploma is higher over time for African Americans than for white youth.
Bibliography Citation
McDaniel, Marla and Daniel Kuehn. "What Does a High School Diploma Get You? Employment, Race, and the Transition to Adulthood." The Review of Black Political Economy 40,4 (December 2013): 371-399.
1403. McDonald, Jill A.
Manlove, Jennifer S.
Ikramullah, Erum N.
Immigration Measures and Reproductive Health Among Hispanic Youth: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997-2003
Journal of Adolescent Health 44,1 (January 2009): 14-24.
Also: http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X%2808%2900341-8/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Contraception; Hispanic Youth; Immigrants; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Sexual Activity

PURPOSE: To explore relationships between immigration measures and risk of reproductive and sexual events among U.S. Hispanic adolescents.
METHODS: We examined generation status, language in the home and country of origin in relation to sexual activity, contraception, and childbearing among 1614 Hispanic adolescents, using nationally representative 1997-2003 longitudinal data. Multivariable analyses controlled for potentially confounding variables. Tests for effect modification by gender and Mexican origin were conducted.
RESULTS: Fewer first generation adolescents transitioned to sexual intercourse before age 18 (odds ratio [OR]=.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]=.66-.98) and fewer first and second generation sexually active teens used contraceptives consistently at age 17 (OR=.32, 95% CI=.17-.60 and OR=.50, 95% CI=.31-.80, respectively) than third-generation teens. Language was similarly associated with the transition to sexual intercourse and contraceptive practices. Versus teens of Mexican origin, teens of Puerto Rican origin and origins other than Cuba and Central/South America had greater odds of becoming sexually active; youth of all origins except Central/South America had fewer multiple live births (OR=.14-.31). Gender modified the effects of generation on consistent use of contraceptives and condoms at age 17. Gender also modified the effect of country of origin on transitioning to sexual intercourse before age 18 years.
CONCLUSIONS: Results expand on previous observations that generation, language, and country of origin are predictors of reproductive and sexual risks for Hispanic adolescents. These immigration measures may therefore be useful in targeting community and clinical preventive services.
Bibliography Citation
McDonald, Jill A., Jennifer S. Manlove and Erum N. Ikramullah. "Immigration Measures and Reproductive Health Among Hispanic Youth: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997-2003." Journal of Adolescent Health 44,1 (January 2009): 14-24.
1404. McDonnall, Michele Capella
Factors Predicting Post-High School Employment for Young Adults with Visual Impairments
Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 54,1 (October 2010): 36-45.
Also: http://rcb.sagepub.com/content/54/1/36.full.pdf+html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Academic Development; Disability; Disabled Workers; Employment; Employment, History; Modeling, Multilevel; Self-Reporting; Transition, School to Work; Underemployment; Variables, Independent - Covariate

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although low levels of employment among transition-age youth with visual impairments (VI) have long been a concern, empirical research in this area is very limited. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict future employment for this population and to compare these factors to the factors that predict employment for the general population. Participants in the study were young adults between the ages of 18 and 23 in 2002 whose data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Multilevel modeling for longitudinal data was the technique used to analyze 5 years of employment data for the participants. Two models were developed and tested: one for persons with VI and one for the general population. Independent variables found to significantly predict employment for young adults with VI were number of jobs held as a teenager, math and verbal aptitude, parental support, and self-reported health. Participation in school-to-work programs and educational level did not significantly predict employment for this population. Results are compared and contrasted with results for the general population. The importance of having a number of early work experiences while also focusing on academic skills for youth with VI is discussed.
Bibliography Citation
McDonnall, Michele Capella. "Factors Predicting Post-High School Employment for Young Adults with Visual Impairments." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 54,1 (October 2010): 36-45.
1405. McEwen, Lauren
Living Together Is Basically the Same as Marriage, Study Finds
Washington Post, December 10, 2015.
Also: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/soloish/wp/2015/12/10/living-together-is-basically-the-same-as-marriage-study-finds
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Washington Post
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marital History/Transitions

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

For "emerging adults," or those in their 20s, cohabitation may offer the same emotional health benefits as marriage, according to a recent study published by the Journal of Family Psychology. [News article based on research by Mernitz, Sara E. and Claire M. Kamp Dush. "Emotional Health Across the Transition to First and Second Unions Among Emerging Adults." Journal of Family Psychology 30,2 (March 2016): 233-244]
Bibliography Citation
McEwen, Lauren. "Living Together Is Basically the Same as Marriage, Study Finds." Washington Post, December 10, 2015.
1406. McGee, Andrew Dunstan
McGee, Peter
Pan, Jessica
Performance Pay, Competitiveness, and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from the United States
Economics Letters 128 (March 2015): 35-38.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176515000142
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Performance pay; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap

We show that women in the NLSY79 and NLSY97 are less likely than men to receive competitive compensation. The portion of the gender wage gap explained by compensation schemes is small in the NLSY79 but somewhat larger in the NLSY97.
Bibliography Citation
McGee, Andrew Dunstan, Peter McGee and Jessica Pan. "Performance Pay, Competitiveness, and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from the United States." Economics Letters 128 (March 2015): 35-38.
1407. McGue, Matt
Anderson, Elise L.
Willoughby, Emily
Giannelis, Alexandros
Iacono, William G.
Lee, James J.
Not By g Alone: The Benefits of a College Education among Individuals with Low Levels of General Cognitive Ability
Intelligence 92 (May-June 2022): 101642.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028962200023X
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Cognitive Ability; College Graduates; I.Q.

In a longitudinal sample of 2593 individuals from Minnesota, we investigated whether individuals with IQs ≤ 90 who completed college experienced the same social and economic benefits higher-IQ college graduates did. Although most individuals with IQs ≤ 90 did not have a college degree, the rate at which they completed college had increased approximately 6-fold in men and 10-fold in women relative to rates in the previous generation. The magnitude of the college effect on occupational status, income, financial independence, and law abidingness was independent of IQ level, a finding replicated using the nationally representative NLSY97 sample. Additional analyses suggested the association of college with occupational status was consistent with a causal effect and that the educational success of individuals with low-average IQs may depend in part on non-ability factors, family socioeconomic status and genetic endowment. We discuss our finding in the context of the recent expansion in college attainment as well as the dearth of research on individuals with low-average IQs.
Bibliography Citation
McGue, Matt, Elise L. Anderson, Emily Willoughby, Alexandros Giannelis, William G. Iacono and James J. Lee. "Not By g Alone: The Benefits of a College Education among Individuals with Low Levels of General Cognitive Ability." Intelligence 92 (May-June 2022): 101642.
1408. McHenry, Peter
McInerney, Melissa P.
Estimating Hispanic-White Wage Gaps Among Women: The Importance of Controlling for Cost of Living
Journal of Labor Research 36,3 (September 2015): 249-273.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12122-015-9210-3
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Ethnic Differences; Hispanic Studies; Wage Differentials; Wage Gap; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite concern regarding labor market discrimination against Hispanics, previously published estimates show that Hispanic women earn higher hourly wages than white women with similar observable characteristics. This estimated wage premium is likely biased upwards because of the omission of an important control variable: cost of living. We show that Hispanic women live in locations (e.g., cities) with higher costs of living than whites. After we account for cost of living, the estimated Hispanic-white wage differential for non-immigrant women falls by approximately two-thirds. As a result, we find no statistically significant difference in wages between Hispanic and white women in the NLSY97.
Bibliography Citation
McHenry, Peter and Melissa P. McInerney. "Estimating Hispanic-White Wage Gaps Among Women: The Importance of Controlling for Cost of Living." Journal of Labor Research 36,3 (September 2015): 249-273.
1409. McIntyre, Katie N.
Transition into Adulthood: Cannabis Use and Mental Health
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Health, Mental/Psychological; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research examines the link between Cannabis Use (CU), adolescent SES, and Mental Health (MH) during the transition to adulthood. By including adolescent SES two different theories emerge fundamental cause (FCT) and stress process. Research on FCT has shown that gaps in health emerge based on differences in SES (Link and Phelan 1995). Stress process research has found that coping skills indirectly minimize poor mental health (Pearlin et al. 1981). Data comes from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Respondents included those living in America aged 12 to 16 years old in 1997 with an oversample of blacks and Hispanics. Longitudinal fixed effects are used to determine potential causal relationships between CU and MH. Multiple linear and multinomial logistic regression are used to determine selection into CU. Longitudinal multilevel logistic regression examines if adolescent SES moderates the relationship between MH and CU.
Bibliography Citation
McIntyre, Katie N. Transition into Adulthood: Cannabis Use and Mental Health. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2019.
1410. McMillon, David
Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Three Essays on the Policy Implications of Systems Thinking
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago, 2021
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Arrests; Crime; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Where, when, and how should we intervene on the School to Prison Pipeline (STPP)? Most scholars agree that there are many factors that influence the outcomes of youth that lead to incarceration, including, but not limited to: identity formation, peer effects, recidivism, and underachievement. Much of the literature has statically investigated these factors in isolation.

However, despite the literature's emphasis on static models of isolated mechanisms, most scholars believe that the STPP persists due to an ecological system of interrelated factors that evolve dynamically (over time). What happens to human developmental trajectories when all of these mechanisms are at work simultaneously? And how might that inform where, when, and how we should intervene? This dissertation proposes a research paradigm that can eventually help answer these questions, presenting the first set of dynamic mathematical models that approach the STPP from a holistic, systems perspective. This perspective allows us to foresee surprising policy consequences that would not be obvious when analyzing these factors in isolated static models. It illuminates conditions under which small policy changes can lead to transformative, self-sustaining effects on school climate; large policy changes can have essentially no effect; and the same policy can have opposite effects under different initial conditions.

This dissertation combines three interrelated studies, each focusing on a different subsystem within the STPP. The first is a macro-dynamic perspective of crime and arrest among youth, capturing the part of the STPP that exists outside of the school. Motivated by Study 1's finding that biggest systemic contribution to the STPP is happening prior to the first arrest, the next two studies focus on parts of the STPP that exist inside the school. Study 2 focuses on how best to intervene on behavioral infractions through disciplinary policy. Finally, because achievement and positive academic identities are so preventive of antisocial behavior in schools, Study 3 focuses on underachievement and academic identity formation. This dissertation operationalizes an innovative research paradigm to dismantle the STPP, under the premise that reducing systemic disadvantage requires systems thinking.

Bibliography Citation
McMillon, David. Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Three Essays on the Policy Implications of Systems Thinking. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Public Policy Studies, The University of Chicago, 2021.
1411. McNulty, Thomas L.
Bellair, Paul E.
Watts, Stephen J.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Verbal Ability as Explanations of the Black–White Difference in Adolescent Violence: Toward an Integrated Model
Crime and Delinquency 59,1 (February 2013): 140-160.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/59/1/140.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Cognitive Ability; Crime; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Modeling, Multilevel; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article develops a multilevel model that integrates individual difference and sociological explanations of the Black–White difference in adolescent violence. Our basic premise is that low verbal ability is a criminogenic risk factor that is in part an outcome of exposure to neighborhood and family disadvantages. Analysis of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveals that verbal ability has direct and indirect effects (through school achievement) on violence, provides a partial explanation for the racial disparity, and mediates the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage at the neighborhood level. Results support the view that neighborhood and family disadvantages have repercussions for the acquisition of verbal ability, which, in turn, serves as a protective factor against violence. We conclude that explanation of the race difference is best conceived as originating from the segregation of Blacks in disadvantaged contexts.
Bibliography Citation
McNulty, Thomas L., Paul E. Bellair and Stephen J. Watts. "Neighborhood Disadvantage and Verbal Ability as Explanations of the Black–White Difference in Adolescent Violence: Toward an Integrated Model." Crime and Delinquency 59,1 (February 2013): 140-160.
1412. Meade, Christina S.
Kershaw, Trace S.
Ickovics, Jeannette R.
Intergenerational Cycle of Teenage Motherhood: An Ecological Approach
Health Psychology 27,4 (July 2008): 419-429
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; Childbearing, Adolescent; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers and Daughters; Mothers, Adolescent

Objective: Daughters of teenage mothers have increased risk for teenage childbearing, perpetuating intergenerational cycles. Using Ecological Systems Theory, this study prospectively examined risk factors for teenage childbearing among a national sample of adolescent girls. Design: Data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Participants (N = 1,430) were recruited in early adolescence and interviewed yearly for 6 years. Survival analysis was used to examine the rate of childbirth across the teenage years by maternal age at first birth. Hierarchical Cox regression was used to identify multivariate predictors of teenage childbearing and to test whether risk factors differed between daughters of teenage versus older mothers. Primary Outcome Measure: Age at first childbirth was based on cumulative information collected at yearly interviews. Results: Daughters of teenage mothers were 66% more likely to become teenage mothers, after accounting for other risks. Individual (school performance), family (maternal education, marital status, number of children), peer (dating history), and environmental (race, enrichment) factors predicted teenage childbearing. Risks unique to daughters of teenage mothers were deviant peer norms, low parental monitoring, Hispanic race, and poverty. Conclusion: Results support multidimensional approaches to pregnancy prevention, and targeted interventions addressing unique risk factors among daughters of teenage mothers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).
Bibliography Citation
Meade, Christina S., Trace S. Kershaw and Jeannette R. Ickovics. "Intergenerational Cycle of Teenage Motherhood: An Ecological Approach." Health Psychology 27,4 (July 2008): 419-429.
1413. Meckler, Laura
Teen Sex Begins At Home, Study Finds
The Seattle Times, September 26, 2002.
Also: http://www.loper.org/~george/repchoice/2002/Sep/98.html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: The Seattle Times Company
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Sexual Activity; Sexual Experiences/Virginity; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article reports on Child Trend's analysis of NLSY97 data which indicated that the majority of teens' first sexual experiences were in their or their partner's family home during the evening or night. This goes against the popular conception that adolescent sexual intercourse occurs after school when parents are not at home. A similar Associated Press article appears on-line at http://american-vote.com/Issues/currentissues07.html.
Bibliography Citation
Meckler, Laura. "Teen Sex Begins At Home, Study Finds." The Seattle Times, September 26, 2002.
1414. Melchor Ayala, Omar
Age at Migration Matters: Offending Among the First Generation
Juvenile and Family Court Journal 74 3 (12 September 2023): 31-48.
Also: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfcj.12245
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Age at School Entry; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Immigrants; Migration; Schooling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent political events have brought renewed attention to the adaptation of immigrants in the United States, and their involvement in crime. Immigrants vary significantly in terms of when they migrate into the country. According to the Current Population Survey (CPS) (2017), of the population of approximately 13 million foreign-born immigrant children living in the United States, approximately 40% arrived during early childhood, 30% during middle childhood, and 30% during adolescence. A better understanding of the relationship between age at migration and offending can inform not only immigration policies, and policies related to the control of crime, but also policies related to immigrant-receiving institutions such as schools and social services. Using data from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), this study explores the influence of age at migration on criminal offending among foreign-born immigrants who migrated prior to adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Melchor Ayala, Omar. "Age at Migration Matters: Offending Among the First Generation." Juvenile and Family Court Journal 74 3 (12 September 2023): 31-48.
1415. Melchor-Ayala, Omar
The Influence of Age at Migration on Criminal Offending among Foreign-Born Immigrants
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Portland State University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Crime; Drug Use; Immigrants

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), the current dissertation [explores] the influence of age at migration on criminal offending among foreign-born immigrants who migrated prior to adulthood. Using binary logistic regression, the analysis compares the effect of age at migration (i.e. early childhood, middle childhood, or adolescence) on "any crime," after controlling for theoretically important criminological covariates. Supplemental analyses also consider this effect on specific types of self-reported offending (property, violent, and drug offenses), and among Hispanic foreign-born immigrants--the largest and fastest growing immigrant group in the United States. Given previous research findings pointing to influential nature of age at migration (e.g., those who arrive at young age are more likely to do well in terms of educational and occupational outcomes) and theoretical notions pointing to the salience of age at migration, I hypothesized that statistically significant differences would exist in offending among the age at migration groups.

The overall results of the analysis did not provide support for my hypothesis. More specifically, migrating during early childhood or middle childhood did not differentially affect the odds of offending, relative to migrating in adolescence (the group reporting the lowest level of offending). However, supplemental analyses revealed that age at migration was significant in predicting drug offending (but not property or violent offenses). Compared to those who migrate during adolescence, migrating during early childhood or middle childhood was negatively associated with the odds of drug offending, all other variables constant. In addition to a full discussion of the results, implications of the findings, study limitations, and suggestions for future research are also provided. Lastly, a note is offered on the value of incorporating null results in our understanding of the immigration-crime nexus, and our overall sociological knowledge.

Bibliography Citation
Melchor-Ayala, Omar. The Influence of Age at Migration on Criminal Offending among Foreign-Born Immigrants. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Portland State University, 2019.
1416. Mendola, Daria
Sironi, Maria
Aassve, Arnstein
A Cohort Perspective of Youth Poverty in the United States
Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The aim of this paper is to study the degree of poverty persistence of American young adults and its evolution. Using data from NLSY79 and NLSY97, respectively, we compared two cohorts followed along eight years (in the 1980s and in the 2000s) to assess which socio-economic characteristics preserve them to fall in chronic poverty or determine the duration and severity of this detrimental experience.

(Note: Also presented in Budapest, Hungary, European Population Conference, June 2014)

Bibliography Citation
Mendola, Daria, Maria Sironi and Arnstein Aassve. "A Cohort Perspective of Youth Poverty in the United States." Presented: San Diego CA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April-May 2015.
1417. Mennemeyer, Stephen T.
Sen, Bisakha
Undesirable Juvenile Behavior and the Quality of Parental Relationships
Southern Economic Journal 73,2 (October 2006): 437-460.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20111900
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Allen Press, Inc.
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Home Environment; Household Structure; Marital Status; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We examine how undesirable juvenile behavior is related to the structure and quality of home life. In homes with both own-parents or one parent and another adult partner, we distinguish among unhappy, moderately happy, and very happy relationships for the adults. Single-parents are treated as one category. Living with both own-parents in a very or moderately happy relationship is associated with reduced likelihood of most undesirable behaviors. In most cases, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the probability of juvenile undesirable behavior is the same across own-parents in an unhappy relationship, a very or moderately happy parent and stepparent, and a single-parent.

In this article we address this latter question by looking at a unique set of questions that were asked to three waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). Teenage children (we use the terms youth, teenager, and child/children as synonyms throughout this article to describe these individuals) were asked about how the parent or parent-figures in their household treated each other. Teenage children were also asked how much these figures knew about the child's own friends and behavior. Additionally, the teenagers were asked about their own behavior with regard to a number of undesirable activities, including (but not limited to) smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, using marijuana, stealing, destroying property, and physical fighting. We combine this information to examine how the likelihood of undesirable juvenile behavior is affected by both family structure and the quality of the relationships among the household's members.

Bibliography Citation
Mennemeyer, Stephen T. and Bisakha Sen. "Undesirable Juvenile Behavior and the Quality of Parental Relationships." Southern Economic Journal 73,2 (October 2006): 437-460.
1418. Merkitch, Kristen G.
Jonas, Katherine G.
O'Hara, Michael W.
Modeling Trait Depression Amplifies the Effect of Childbearing on Postpartum Depression
Journal of Affective Disorders 223 (1 December 2017): 69-75.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032716324582
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Depression (see also CESD); Mothers, Health; Pre/post Natal Behavior

Background: The literature on the relative risk for depression in the postpartum period has largely focused on state (or episodic) depression, and has not addressed trait depression (a woman's general tendency to experience depressed mood). The present study evaluates the association between childbirth and depression in the postpartum period, taking into account the role of stable differences in women's vulnerability for depression across a 10-year span.

Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (N = 4385) were used. The recency of childbirth was used as a predictor of state depression in two models: one that modeled stable depressive symptoms over time (a multi-state single-trait model; LST), and one that did not (an autoregressive cross-lagged model; ARM).

Results: Modeling trait depression, in addition to state depression, improved model fit and had the effect of increasing the magnitude of the association between childbirth and state depression in the postpartum period.

Bibliography Citation
Merkitch, Kristen G., Katherine G. Jonas and Michael W. O'Hara. "Modeling Trait Depression Amplifies the Effect of Childbearing on Postpartum Depression." Journal of Affective Disorders 223 (1 December 2017): 69-75.
1419. Merklinghaus, Carter Ashleigh
Drug Use Among Military Men and Women: A Longitudinal Fixed-Effects Approach
Master's Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2015
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Military Personnel; Military Service; Modeling, Fixed Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Very little research has been conducted on the effects of military service on drug use. Of the studies that do exist, few conduct analyses to include comparisons of active duty enlistees, veterans, and civilians. In addition, the effects of combat status and gender are often overlooked. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth I analyze patterns of drug use across current enlistees in the military, veterans, and civilians, and determine whether differences exist according to gender and combat status. Overall I find that enlisted members of the military are less likely to use drugs than their civilian counterparts, but this pattern does not occur for veterans. Subsequently I find that these relationships do not differ by gender or combat status. I do find, however, that despite there being no decrease in drug use after exiting the service, there is no increase in drug use either, even after controlling for combat status. This is important for helping us better understand the military's effects on the life-course outcomes of our nation's young people, as well as furthering our understanding of the military as a near total institution. Additionally, The results of this study could be useful to policy-makers who seek to better understand the effects of military service in order to more accurately address how to provide help and resources to our nation's veterans.
Bibliography Citation
Merklinghaus, Carter Ashleigh. Drug Use Among Military Men and Women: A Longitudinal Fixed-Effects Approach. Master's Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, 2015.
1420. Merlo, Antonio
Wolpin, Kenneth I.
The Transition from School to Jail: Youth Crime and High School Completion Among Black Males
European Economic Review 79 (October 2015): 234-251.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292115001130
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Arrests; Black Youth; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment; High School Completion/Graduates; Incarceration/Jail

In this paper, we study the relationship among schooling, youth employment and youth crime. The framework, a multinomial discrete choice vector autoregression, provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic interactions among a youth's schooling, work and crime decisions and arrest and incarceration outcomes. We allow for observable initial conditions, unobserved heterogeneity, measurement error and missing data. We use data from the NLSY97 on black male youths starting from age 14. The estimates indicate important roles both for heterogeneity in initial conditions and for stochastic events that arise during one's youth in determining outcomes as young adults.
Bibliography Citation
Merlo, Antonio and Kenneth I. Wolpin. "The Transition from School to Jail: Youth Crime and High School Completion Among Black Males." European Economic Review 79 (October 2015): 234-251.
1421. Mernitz, Sara E.
A Cohort Comparison of Trends in First Cohabitation Duration in the United States
Demographic Research 38 (27 June 2018): 2073-2086.
Also: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26457100
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objective: This study investigates US first cohabitation duration between young adults born in the 1950s and young adults born in the 1980s and how socioeconomic resources contribute to cohabitation duration by cohort.

Methods: Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997, I employ life table estimates and competing-risks Cox proportional hazard models to study how cohabitation during and transitions out of cohabitation have changed over time.

Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. "A Cohort Comparison of Trends in First Cohabitation Duration in the United States ." Demographic Research 38 (27 June 2018): 2073-2086.
1422. Mernitz, Sara E.
Long-term Cohabitation: Prevalence, Predictors, and Mental Health Outcomes
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: The Ohio State University
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Health, Mental/Psychological; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation study enhances scholarship on cohabitation by examining long-term cohabitation during a critical period in the life course, young adulthood, a time when these early relationships may alter young adults' future relationship and union trajectories. Further, a critical developmental task during these years is establishing intimacy within romantic unions, suggesting that cohabitation during this period is more important than at any other developmental stage. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to examine the prevalence of long-term cohabitation over time, identify variables contributing to transitions out of cohabitation and long-term cohabitation, and the mental health implications of young adult long-term cohabitation. These data are well-suited for this study as all are nationally-representative longitudinal studies containing high-quality cohabitation data.
Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. Long-term Cohabitation: Prevalence, Predictors, and Mental Health Outcomes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2016.
1423. Mernitz, Sara E.
Stable Cohabitation and Health during the Transition to Adulthood
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Health, Mental/Psychological; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

During the transition to adulthood, developing and maintaining emotional and physical intimacy with a committed romantic partner is a key developmental task. Many young adults enter into cohabiting unions to fulfill this task, with implications for health and wellbeing. Although marriage is consistently associated with better health outcomes than cohabitation, marriage is becoming less attainable for youth today. Young adults have high expectations for their marriage and marriage requires greater psychological investment. Cohabitation may provide a better alternative, resulting in more stable long-term cohabiting unions, yet the health implications of stable cohabitation are unknown. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I examine the association between stable cohabitation and emotional health. Using pooled fixed effects regression, I find preliminary evidence that transitioning from a shorter duration cohabitation into a longer stable cohabitation is associated with decreased emotional health.
Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. "Stable Cohabitation and Health during the Transition to Adulthood." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1424. Mernitz, Sara E.
The Mental Health Implications of Emerging Adult Long-Term Cohabitation
Emerging Adulthood 6,5 (October 2018): 312-326.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2167696817733913
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Cohabitation; Health, Mental/Psychological

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite the growing prevalence of cohabitation, past attempts to identify mental health outcomes from cohabitation do not differentiate by cohabitation duration. The current study investigated the mental health implications from long-term cohabitation, defined as those lasting more than 3 years. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I compared the average individual mental health scores between time spent single, or time spent in a short-term cohabitation, and time spent in a long-term union. Results indicated that externalizing distress, defined as heavy episodic drinking, was lower during time spent in a long-term cohabitation than it was during time spent single. Unexpectedly, the average emotional distress rates were greater during time spent in a long-term cohabitation than they were during time spent single; men appeared to be driving that effect. Overall, long-term cohabitation did not provide an additional mental health benefit above and beyond short-term cohabitation.
Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. "The Mental Health Implications of Emerging Adult Long-Term Cohabitation." Emerging Adulthood 6,5 (October 2018): 312-326.
1425. Mernitz, Sara E.
Kamp Dush, Claire M.
Emotional Health Across the Transition to First and Second Unions Among Emerging Adults
Journal of Family Psychology 30,2 (March 2016): 233-244.
Also: http://psycnet.apa.org/psycarticles/2015-47616-001
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Marital History/Transitions; Marriage; Modeling, Fixed Effects

The link between romantic relationships and emotional health has been extensively examined and suggests that marriage provides more emotional health benefits than cohabiting or dating relationships. However, the contemporary context of intimate relationships has changed and these associations warrant reexamination among emerging adults in the 2000s. We examined the change in emotional health across the entrance into first and second unions, including cohabiting unions, direct marriage (marriage without premarital cohabitation), and marriage preceded by cohabitation. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997, a nationally representative panel study of youth born between 1980 and 1984 in the United States, pooled fixed-effects regression models indicated that entrance into first cohabiting unions and direct marriages, and all second unions, were significantly associated with reduced emotional distress. Gender differences were found for first unions only; for men, only direct marriage was associated with an emotional health benefit, while both direct marriage and cohabitation benefited women's emotional health. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. and Claire M. Kamp Dush. "Emotional Health Across the Transition to First and Second Unions Among Emerging Adults." Journal of Family Psychology 30,2 (March 2016): 233-244.
1426. Mernitz, Sara E.
Pollitt, Amanda
Same-Sex Union Formation During the Transition to Adulthood
Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Gender; Marriage; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Romantic unions (i.e., cohabitation and marriage) during the transition to adulthood are critical for young adult development, yet little is known about same-sex unions. Evidence on sexual minority youth suggests that youth commonly form both different- and same-sex relationships but it is unclear if similar patterns occur in romantic unions. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to identify young adults who formed same-sex unions and predicted timing to entrance into a first union and demographic and socioeconomic predictors of this timing. We found that, among young adults who ever form a same-sex union, women who first enter different-sex unions enter these unions faster than men who first form different-sex unions and women and men who first form same-sex unions. Women who first form same-sex unions were slowest to form unions. Demographic and socioeconomic differences in timing to first union, whether same- or different-sex, were concentrated among men.
Bibliography Citation
Mernitz, Sara E. and Amanda Pollitt. "Same-Sex Union Formation During the Transition to Adulthood." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.
1427. Merola, Stacey
Timing of Dropout Decisions: Rethinking the ABCs
Presented: Washington DC, American Evaluation Association Annual Conference, October 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Evaluation Association
Keyword(s): Achievement; Dropouts; Social Environment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper we demonstrate the benefits of using longitudinal data to understand the reasons why students dropout and the timing of their dropout decisions. Many early-warning systems are being developed to identify students at-risk for dropout. Most of these systems focus on the "ABC's": attendance, behavior, and course grades, with much of emphasis of interventions focusing on improving student achievement. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), were analyzed using survival analysis to assess the timing of dropout as related to reasons for dropping out. We found that even though students who exhibit difficulties in academics are often prioritized for dropout prevention services, academic problems do not precipitate dropout as quickly as other interpersonal and social factors. Students with academic difficulties stayed in school longer than all other types of dropouts, and students with interpersonal issues (i.e., those who indicated that school was too dangerous) were the first to exit.
Bibliography Citation
Merola, Stacey. "Timing of Dropout Decisions: Rethinking the ABCs." Presented: Washington DC, American Evaluation Association Annual Conference, October 2013.
1428. Meuris, Jirs
Elias, Allison
Task Interdependence and the Gender Wage Gap: The Role of the Gender Composition of an Occupation
Journal of Organizational Behavior published online (20 October 2022): DOI: 10.1002/job.2677.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/job.2677
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Job Characteristics; Occupational Information Network (O*NET); Occupations, Female; Occupations, Male; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

People increasingly need to collaborate with others in their workplace to perform their jobs. Studies have shown that task interdependence can have important consequences for teams and organizations, and emerging research suggests that it may be contributing to gender inequality. In this paper, we expand upon this literature to propose a relationship between interdependence and the gender wage gap. Relying on the lack-of-fit model, we predicted that the relationship between interdependence and the gender wage gap would vary with the gender composition of the occupation. This prediction was evaluated using multi-source panel data from a U.S. sample of approximately 8,000 individuals. We found that higher levels of interdependence were positively associated with gender differences in wages among people working in male-dominated occupations but negatively associated with gender differences in wages among those working in female-dominated occupations. Supplemental analyses using individual fixed effects, an expanded sample, and alternative job characteristics provide support for our arguments. Taken together, our theory and findings offer novel insight into the consequences of rising interdependence for individuals and their career outcomes.
Bibliography Citation
Meuris, Jirs and Allison Elias. "Task Interdependence and the Gender Wage Gap: The Role of the Gender Composition of an Occupation." Journal of Organizational Behavior published online (20 October 2022): DOI: 10.1002/job.2677.
1429. Mezza, Alvaro
Buchinsky, Moshe
Illegal Drugs, Education, and Labor Market Outcomes
Journal of Econometrics published online (22 September 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.03.009.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407620303316
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Labor Market Outcomes; Male Sample; Wages

In this paper we investigate the causal effects of consuming illegal drugs on educational attainment, employment, and wages. To identify these effects we develop and estimate a dynamic structural model to jointly consider decisions of whether to consume drugs, attend school, participate in the labor force, and save.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we focus our analysis on males; the period of analysis begins at age 13, when they are young enough to have had no experience with drugs. Contrary to findings in the literature, non-drug users have higher wages than marijuana and/or hard drug users. This effect is small for individuals who consume marijuana in low doses but increases with the frequency of drug use. Results from a counterfactual experiment suggest that a 30 percent increase in the price of marijuana each period would reduce the number of marijuana consumers among the 13- to 30-year-olds by 16 percent. Individuals who are dissuaded from consuming marijuana due to the higher price would increase their level of education, their annual income, and work more.

Bibliography Citation
Mezza, Alvaro and Moshe Buchinsky. "Illegal Drugs, Education, and Labor Market Outcomes." Journal of Econometrics published online (22 September 2020): DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.03.009.
1430. Michael, Robert T.
Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches
New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Use; Dating; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Family Influences; Family Studies; Geographical Variation; Income; Parents, Single; Racial Differences; Sexual Behavior; Teenagers

Jacket: Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a survey of more than 9,000 12-16 yr olds, this book explores the choices adolescents make about their lives and their futures. It focuses on the key role the family plays as teenagers navigate the transition from childhood to adulthood. This book analyzes a range of adolescent behaviors and issues that affect teenagers' lives, from dating and sexual behavior, drug and alcohol use, and physical and mental well-being, to their career goals and expectations for the future. It is argued that the findings strengthen one's understanding of how an array of family characteristics (single parenthood, income, educational level, race, and geographic location) influence teens' lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)
Bibliography Citation
Michael, Robert T. Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001.
1431. Michael, Robert T.
The Five Life Decisions: How Economic Principles and 18 Million Millennials Can Guide Your Thinking
Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press, 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Health Factors; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; NLS Description; Occupational Choice; Parenthood

[The author] brings in data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a scientific sample of 18 million millennials in the United States that tracks more than a decade of young adult choices and consequences. As the survey's longtime principal investigator and project director, Michael shows that the aggregate decisions can help us understand what might lie ahead along many possible paths--offering readers insights about how their own choices may turn out.

Chapter 1. Making Choices
Chapter 2. More Schooling?
Chapter 3. Deciding on an Occupation
Chapter 4. Decisions about a Partner
Chapter 5. Parenting
Chapter 6. Health Habits
Chapter 7. Wrapping Up

Bibliography Citation
Michael, Robert T. The Five Life Decisions: How Economic Principles and 18 Million Millennials Can Guide Your Thinking. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press, 2016.
1432. Michael, Robert T.
Pergamit, Michael R.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort
Journal of Human Resources 36,4 (Autumn 2001): 628-640.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069636
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Children; Economics, Demographic; Labor Market Surveys; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Sample Selection

This essay describes the new National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97) that is the data set used in the articles in this volume. It briefly describes the background for the survey, its sponsorship by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, its fielding, and the nature of the substantive content of the first-year questionnaire. The paper notes major differences between this new survey and the earlier data sets in the National Longitudinal Survey Program.
Bibliography Citation
Michael, Robert T. and Michael R. Pergamit. "The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort." Journal of Human Resources 36,4 (Autumn 2001): 628-640.
1433. Milesi, Carolina
Pathways to College across Two Youth Cohorts
Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): College Education; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Education; Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study compares the educational trajectories of students from two different cohorts born approximately 20 years apart. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this paper examines whether and how postsecondary educational trajectories have changed for students who mainly attended college in the 1980's versus those who mostly attended college in 2000's. This project describes how the process of college enrollment, college persistence, and college completion have changed throughout this period and assesses whether, as a result of these different trajectories, socioeconomic inequality has increased, decreased or remained the same.
Bibliography Citation
Milesi, Carolina. "Pathways to College across Two Youth Cohorts." Presented: Dallas, TX, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2010.
1434. Milesi, Carolina
Bittmann, Russell
The Effects of Timing and Duration of Adolescent and Early Adulthood Obesity on College Enrollment and Completion
Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); College Degree; College Enrollment; Educational Attainment; Obesity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We estimate the effects of current obesity status as well as of obesity duration on the probabilities of entering college and completing a bachelor’s degree for U.S. youth. We conjecture that the relatively well-established effects of obesity at one point in time are just the tip of the iceberg and that they vastly underplay the real effects of obesity that are mostly driven by the timing of onset and duration of obesity thus implying cumulative effects. We discuss the implications of these results: given past growing rates of obesity prevalence and progressively earlier onset of obesity among the U.S. youth, the estimates we obtain have ominous consequences for future educational success of all U.S. youth and particularly for females and racial and ethnic minorities.
Bibliography Citation
Milesi, Carolina and Russell Bittmann. "The Effects of Timing and Duration of Adolescent and Early Adulthood Obesity on College Enrollment and Completion." Presented: New Orleans LA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2013.
1435. Min, Stella
Pathways to Family Formation in an Era of Student Loan Debt
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Cohabitation; College Enrollment; Debt/Borrowing; Family Formation; Marriage; Parenthood; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

With national statistics indicating burgeoning student debt loads among emerging adults, but fewer studies analyzing the consequences of student borrowing, the purpose of this dissertation was to examine the association between student loan debt and the transition to family life among a nationally representative cohort of young adults between ages 20 and 34 using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). The study was guided by three research aims: Aim 1) Examine the role of student loan debt in shaping the timing and sequencing of (1) full-time employment, (2) postsecondary enrollment, (3) cohabitation, (4) marriage, and (5) parenthood. Aim 2) Investigate the association between student debt and family formation pathways, net of socioeconomic confounders. Aim 3) Illuminate the potential observed and unobserved process(es) underlying the association between student debt and the transition to marriage and parenthood. All analyses were conducted separately by gender, given that recent studies strongly indicate that student loans disproportionately influence women's transitions into family life compared to men's.
Bibliography Citation
Min, Stella. Pathways to Family Formation in an Era of Student Loan Debt. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Florida State University, 2018.
1436. Min, Stella
Taylor, Miles G.
Estimating the Effect of Student Loan Debt on Timing of Marriage among Race/Ethnic Groups
Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Age at First Marriage; Debt/Borrowing; Ethnic Differences; Financial Assistance; Marriage; Racial Differences; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Emerging literature suggests student loans are negatively associated with the transition to marriage. Yet, due to historical differences in marital behavior and disproportionate educational financing among non-whites, the consequences of educational debt and family formation are likely to vary by race/ethnicity. To add further complications, selection into student loans is nonrandom, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions concerning the consequences of these loans. Accounting for nonrandom selection into student loans using propensity scores, this study employs discrete time event history models to empirically test the relationship between student loan debt and timing of first marriage among White, Black, and Hispanic college graduates using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). Postmatching results reveal the negative impact of student loans and marriage primarily affect Hispanic graduates. Hispanic young adults nearly half as likely to marry compared to their counterparts without loans. However, black and white graduates with student loans are more likely to marry than their peers without debt. Our results suggest that student loans uniquely affect race/ethnic groups, advantaging some groups while harming others.
Bibliography Citation
Min, Stella and Miles G. Taylor. "Estimating the Effect of Student Loan Debt on Timing of Marriage among Race/Ethnic Groups." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016.
1437. Min, Stella
Taylor, Miles G.
Racial and Ethnic Variation in the Relationship Between Student Loan Debt and the Transition to First Birth
Demography 55,1 (February 2018): 165-188.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-017-0643-6
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Debt/Borrowing; Ethnic Differences; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Motherhood; Racial Differences; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The present study employs discrete-time hazard regression models to investigate the relationship between student loan debt and the probability of transitioning to either marital or nonmarital first childbirth using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). Accounting for nonrandom selection into student loans using propensity scores, our study reveals that the effect of student loan debt on the transition to motherhood differs among white, black, and Hispanic women. Hispanic women holding student loans experience significant declines in the probability of transitioning to both marital and nonmarital motherhood, whereas black women with student loans are significantly more likely to transition to any first childbirth. Indebted white women experience only a decrease in the probability of a marital first birth. The results from this study suggest that student loans will likely play a key role in shaping future demographic patterns and behaviors.
Bibliography Citation
Min, Stella and Miles G. Taylor. "Racial and Ethnic Variation in the Relationship Between Student Loan Debt and the Transition to First Birth." Demography 55,1 (February 2018): 165-188.
1438. Min, Stella
Taylor, Miles G.
Student Loan Debt and Race Ethnic Variation in Timing of First Birth
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): College Graduates; Debt/Borrowing; Fertility; Financial Assistance; First Birth; Propensity Scores; Racial Differences; Student Loans / Student Aid

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Emerging literature indicates a negative association between student loan debt and marriage. However, the impact of student loans on the fertility behavior among young adults is largely unknown. The present study utilizes discrete time event history models to examine the relationship between student loan debt and hazard of first birth among female college graduates using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). The results reveal that the effect of student loan debt differs among white and non-white women, and that the relationship is contingent on marital status. Unmarried non-white graduates with student loans are at significantly greater risk of first birth than their counterparts without loans. These results hold even after sensitivity analyses using propensity score matching to correct for selection into student loan debt. The results provide a foundation for deeper investigation into the heterogeneity that exists among college-educated women in terms of their family formation behaviors.
Bibliography Citation
Min, Stella and Miles G. Taylor. "Student Loan Debt and Race Ethnic Variation in Timing of First Birth." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
1439. Minca, Elisabeta
Becoming an Adult in America: What Does It Mean and How It Has Changed in the Past 20 Years?
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brown University, 2011.
Also: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:11162/
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Brown University
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Life Course; Modeling, Latent Class Analysis/Latent Transition Analysis; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using a life course perspective, I examine changes that occurred in the past two decades in the process of becoming an adult by comparing two cohorts of U.S. adolescents, one born in the 1960s and the other born in the early 1980s. The study uses data from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. I use hierarchical latent class models that examine pathways to adulthood for the two cohorts in a holistic fashion, taking into account the relationships between various roles teenagers and young adults occupy simultaneously, as well as how they unfold over the life course.
Bibliography Citation
Minca, Elisabeta. Becoming an Adult in America: What Does It Mean and How It Has Changed in the Past 20 Years? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brown University, 2011..
1440. Mishel, Lawrence
Roy, Joydeep
Accurately Assessing High School Graduation Rates
Phi Delta Kappan 88,4 (December 2006): 287-292
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Phi Delta Kappa International
Keyword(s): Census of Population; Ethnic Studies; Gender; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Studies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The article focuses on high school graduation rates in the United States. The authors argue that there is not a dropout crisis, and that conventional wisdom about graduation rates is based on flawed analyses of allegedly inadequate data. The authors claim that graduation rates have actually increased, especially among minority students. Their methods of collecting data and determining their results are discussed.

The NELS results are confirmed by two other large-scale longitudinal surveys, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (often referred to as NLSY97 and NLSY79) conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. They show that, for persons aged 20 to 22 in 2002 (including those in prison), the overall graduation rate is the same as in NELS: 82% overall, 75% for blacks, and 76% for Hispanics. These data also show an improvement in graduation rates for every race and gender group since 1984, except for black men, whose rates have remained steady. The improvements are particularly large and significant for Hispanics, both males and females.

Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Accurately Assessing High School Graduation Rates." Phi Delta Kappan 88,4 (December 2006): 287-292.
1441. Mishel, Lawrence
Roy, Joydeep
Comparing Alternative Measures of High School Completion
In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy, ed. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
Also: http://www.epi.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/rethinking_hs_grad_rates-FULL_TEXT.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Economic Policy Institute
Keyword(s): Census of Population; Ethnic Differences; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Section VIII] presents a direct comparison of nationwide high school completion by race/ethnicity in each of the three data sources discussed in the previous sections (school enrollment/diploma data, longitudinal surveys of students, and household surveys). The first focus is on those aged 25 to 29 in 2000 in CPS household surveys, which we can then match to our estimates from the decennial census. We use a common breakdown of race/ethnicity into non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanics and correct for higher incarceration among black men and the presence of recent immigrants among Hispanics. We also present separate estimates of high school completion by regular diploma and by GED. This yields an apples-to-apples comparison of the graduation rates (regular diploma or all completions, including GEDs) from various data sources, corrected for the biases that we have documented above.
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Comparing Alternative Measures of High School Completion" In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy, ed. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
1442. Mishel, Lawrence
Roy, Joydeep
National Longitudinal Data
In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
Also: http://www.epi.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/rethinking_hs_grad_rates-FULL_TEXT.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Economic Policy Institute
Keyword(s): Census of Population; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Section II summarizes the information on graduation rates from the different longitudinal studies undertaken in the recent past by the Department of Education (DOE), as well as the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The rates of high school completion in these studies, which track individual students over time and sometimes include transcript verification of completion, are significantly higher than those estimated in recent studies.
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "National Longitudinal Data" In: Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
1443. Mishel, Lawrence
Roy, Joydeep
Questions and Answers on Measurement of High School Graduation Rates and Trends
Washington: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
Also: http://www.epinet.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/questions_and_answers_on_graduation_rates.pdf
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Economic Policy Institute
Keyword(s): Census of Population; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Question and answers regarding the authors' book, Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Includes a discussion of NLS data sources.
Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Questions and Answers on Measurement of High School Graduation Rates and Trends." Washington: Economic Policy Institute, April 2006.
1444. Mishel, Lawrence
Roy, Joydeep
Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends
Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2006.
Also: http://www.epi.org/books/rethinking_hs_grad_rates/rethinking_hs_grad_rates-FULL_TEXT.pdf
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Economic Policy Institute
Keyword(s): Census of Population; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School; High School and Beyond (HSB); High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Table of contents
INTRODUCTION
I. Motivation: The debate
II. National longitudinal data
III. Graduation rates using school enrollment and diploma data
IV. Census Bureau Household Survey data
V. Using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series from the 2000 census to assess high school completion and potential biases in the CPS
VI. Historical trends
VII. The General Education Development (GED) test issue
VIII. Comparing alternative measures of high school completion

CONCLUSION
APPENDIX A: National longitudinal studies
APPENDIX B: Case studies based on longitudinal data from Florida, Chicago, and New York City
APPENDIX C: Methodology of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) data analysis

Endnotes
References

Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2006..
1445. Mishel, Lawrence
Roy, Joydeep
Where Our High-School Dropout Crisis Really Is
Education Digest 72,6 (February 2007): 12-21.
Also: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ769468&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ769468
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Prakken Publications, Inc.
Keyword(s): Ethnic Studies; Gender; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Hispanics; National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS); Racial Studies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The article reports on the disparity of information regarding high school dropout rates in the U.S. Jay Greene of the Manhattan Institute and Christopher Swanson formerly of the Urban Institute report high rates nationwide. The U.S. Census and other highly credible surveys report an improvement in graduation rates. The examination and analysis of collected data from varied sources, including the Labor Force Surveys and the Current Population Survey, are the critical requirements for evaluating dropout research.

The NELS results are confirmed by two other large-scale longitudinal surveys, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (often referred to as NLSY97 and NLSY79) conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. They show that, for persons aged 20 to 22 in 2002 (including those in prison), the overall graduation rate is the same as in NELS: 82% overall, 75% for blacks, and 76% for Hispanics. These data also show an improvement in graduation rates for every race and gender group since 1984, except for black men, whose rates have remained steady. The improvements are particularly large and significant for Hispanics, both males and females.

Bibliography Citation
Mishel, Lawrence and Joydeep Roy. "Where Our High-School Dropout Crisis Really Is." Education Digest 72,6 (February 2007): 12-21.
1446. Mitchell, Ojmarrh
The Effect of Drug Arrest on Subsequent Drug Offending and Social Bonding
Journal of Crime and Justice 39,1 (2016): 174-188.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0735648X.2015.1087145
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Drug Use; Educational Attainment; Income; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

An enduring legacy of the war on drugs is a law enforcement emphasis on arresting low-level drug offenders. Policymakers assert that drug arrests reduce subsequent drug offending; yet, scant research assesses the specific deterrent effects of drug arrest. Likewise, little research examines the collateral consequences of drug arrest on measures of social bonding. NLSY97 data were used to examine the effect of drug arrest on drug offending (marijuana use, hard drug use, drug sales) and social bonding (highest grade, weeks employed, annual income). Results indicate that drug arrest did not reduce any measure of drug offending but had considerable negative consequences on blacks' employment outcomes. These findings suggest that recent policy proposals to de-emphasize low-level drug arrests are unlikely to increase drug offending and may reduce the negative collateral consequences of drug arrest at least for blacks.
Bibliography Citation
Mitchell, Ojmarrh. "The Effect of Drug Arrest on Subsequent Drug Offending and Social Bonding." Journal of Crime and Justice 39,1 (2016): 174-188.
1447. Mitchell, Ojmarrh
Caudy, Michael S.
Examining Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests
Justice Quarterly 32,2 (2015): 288-313.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07418825.2012.761721#abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Drug Use; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The War on Drugs popularized a set of policies and practices that dramatically increased the number of drug arrests, particularly for low-level drug offenses. The War's tactics have affected Americans of every race; however, minorities have been most dramatically affected. There are several explanations for the observed racial disparity in drug arrests, but relatively little research directly tests these explanations. In this study, we test three common explanations of racial disparities in drug arrest rates. We find that racial disparities in drug arrests cannot be explained by differences in drug offending, nondrug offending, or residing in the kinds of neighborhoods likely to have heavy police emphasis on drug offending. Our findings are most consistent with explanations focusing on racial bias in drug sanctions.
Bibliography Citation
Mitchell, Ojmarrh and Michael S. Caudy. "Examining Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests." Justice Quarterly 32,2 (2015): 288-313.
1448. Mitchell, Ojmarrh
Caudy, Michael S.
Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests
Crime and Delinquency 63,2 (February 2017): 91-112.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011128714568427
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The War on Drugs' emphasis on apprehending low-level drug offenders dramatically increased the number of arrests for drug distribution and exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities in such arrests. Although these disparities have been the topic of much discussion, they rarely have been the subject of multivariate empirical scrutiny. This research examines the degree to which race differences in drug offending, nondrug offending, and community context explain race differences in the likelihood of experiencing a drug distribution arrest in a longitudinal sample of youthful respondents (age 12-29). Our results indicate that in comparison with White drug offenders, Hispanic drug offenders' greater likelihood of arrest is largely due to differences in community context; however, African Americans' greater likelihood of arrest is not explained by differences in offending or community context. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Mitchell, Ojmarrh and Michael S. Caudy. "Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests." Crime and Delinquency 63,2 (February 2017): 91-112.
1449. Mitchell, Ojmarrh
Landers, Monica D.
Morales, Melissa
The Contingent Effects of Fatherhood on Offending
American Journal of Criminal Justice 43,3 (September 2018): 603-626.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-017-9418-2
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Arrests; Crime; Drug Use; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Presence; Modeling, Fixed Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

A growing body of research assesses the relationship between fatherhood and desistance. Qualitative studies typically find fatherhood reduces offending, especially substance use; yet, quantitative studies have produced mixed findings. Guided by life-course theory, this study hypothesizes that fatherhood affects certain kinds of offending and fatherhood's effects on offending are most pronounced among fathers who reside with their child. To test our hypotheses, NLSY97 data are employed along with fixed-effects regression analyses to estimate the relationship between fatherhood and offending, while controlling for time-varying and time-stable competing factors. Periods of fatherhood are associated with reductions in licit and illicit substance use but not other kinds of offending, and these effects are considerably stronger in periods in which fathers resided in the same household as their child. By contrast, residential fatherhood is associated with reductions in property offending and arrest. These results confirm the findings of qualitative research in that fatherhood, particularly residential fatherhood, reduces substance use but has weaker effects on other kinds of deviance.
Bibliography Citation
Mitchell, Ojmarrh, Monica D. Landers and Melissa Morales. "The Contingent Effects of Fatherhood on Offending." American Journal of Criminal Justice 43,3 (September 2018): 603-626.
1450. Mocan, Naci
Altindag, Duha
Education, Cognition, Health Knowledge, and Health Behavior
European Journal of Health Economics 15,3 (April 2014): 265-279.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10198-013-0473-4
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Cognitive Ability; Disability; Education; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from NLSY97, we analyze the impact of education on health behavior. Controlling for health knowledge does not influence the impact of education on health behavior, supporting the productive efficiency hypothesis. Accounting for cognitive ability does not significantly alter the relationship between education and health behavior. Similarly, the impact of education on health behavior is the same between those with and without a learning disability, suggesting that cognition is not likely to be a significant factor in explaining the impact of education on health behavior.
Bibliography Citation
Mocan, Naci and Duha Altindag. "Education, Cognition, Health Knowledge, and Health Behavior." European Journal of Health Economics 15,3 (April 2014): 265-279.
1451. Mocan, Naci
Unel, Bulent
Skill-biased Technological Change, Earnings of Unskilled Workers, and Crime
Working Paper No. 17605, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), November 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Crime; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Earnings; Skilled Workers; State-Level Data/Policy; Technology/Technological Changes; Wages

This paper investigates the impact of unskilled workers' earnings on crime. Following the literature on wage inequality and skill-biased technological change, we employ CPS data to create state-year as well as state-year-and (broad) industry specific measures of skill-biased technological change, which are then used as instruments for unskilled workers' earnings in crime regressions. Regressions that employ state panels reveal that technology-induced variations in unskilled workers' earnings impact property crime with an elasticity of -1, but that wages have no impact on violent crime. The paper also estimates, for the first time in this literature, structural crime equations using micro panel data from NLSY97 and instrumenting real wages of young workers. Using state-year-industry specific technology shocks as instruments yields elasticities that are in the neighborhood of -2 for most types of crime, which is markedly larger than previous estimates. In both data sets there is evidence for asymmetric impact of unskilled workers' earnings on crime. A decline in earnings has a larger effect on crime in comparison to an increase in earnings by the same absolute value.
Bibliography Citation
Mocan, Naci and Bulent Unel. "Skill-biased Technological Change, Earnings of Unskilled Workers, and Crime." Working Paper No. 17605, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), November 2011.
1452. Mocan, Naci
Unel, Bulent
Skill-Biased Technological Change, Earnings of Unskilled Workers, and Crime
Review of Law and Economics 13, 3 (2017): DOI: 10.1515/rle-2016-0017.
Also: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/rle-2016-0017/html
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG
Keyword(s): Crime; Earnings; Geocoded Data; Skills; Technology/Technological Changes; Workers Ability

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper investigates the impact of unskilled workers' earnings on crime. We create indexes of skill-biased technological change which vary by state and year, or by state, year, and industry. These indexes are used as instruments for earnings in crime regressions. We analyze US state panels, and also run structural crime equations using micro panel data from NLSY97. Estimated elasticities are markedly larger than those obtained by previous studies. Considering technology being adopted at the regional level does not alter the results appreciably. We also find evidence for asymmetric impact of unskilled workers' earnings on crime.
Bibliography Citation
Mocan, Naci and Bulent Unel. "Skill-Biased Technological Change, Earnings of Unskilled Workers, and Crime." Review of Law and Economics 13, 3 (2017): DOI: 10.1515/rle-2016-0017.
1453. Molbert, Courtney L.
The Influence of Peer Groups, Gangs, and Neighborhoods on Juvenile Delinquent Alcohol and Marijuana Use
Master's Thesis, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Neighborhood Effects; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The goal of this study was to determine which factors create the greatest likelihood for adolescent alcohol and marijuana use, and if certain influential relationships, such as gang membership and other peer relationships, mediate the effects of disadvantaged neighborhoods. Additionally, an attempt was made to determine if the immediate surroundings and relationships of adolescents work in a complementary fashion to influence one another. In the study, it was found that a socially disorganized neighborhood contributes, along with parental relations, to the selections an adolescent makes in choosing peers. It was also found that poor peer selection can lead to gang membership which would consequently increase the chances of alcohol and marijuana use. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1997 focusing on gangs and neighborhoods as influences to adolescent alcohol and marijuana use, it was discovered that various gang categories and having peers who use alcohol or marijuana correlated with increased adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. The explanation for these categories having such a significant impact on increased levels of adolescent substance use can be attributed to the impressionability and malleability of this transitioning age group, in an attempt to fit in with the peers they have chosen to associate with and a desire to indulge in new experiences.
Bibliography Citation
Molbert, Courtney L. The Influence of Peer Groups, Gangs, and Neighborhoods on Juvenile Delinquent Alcohol and Marijuana Use. Master's Thesis, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2018.
1454. Molloy, Raven
Smith, Christopher L.
Wozniak, Abigail
Declining Migration within the U.S.: The Role of the Labor Market
NBER Working Paper No. 20065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2014.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w20065
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Job Turnover; Migration; Mobility, Job; Occupations; Transition, Job to Job; Wage Growth

Interstate migration has decreased steadily since the 1980s. We show that this trend is not primarily related to demographic and socioeconomic factors, but instead appears to be connected to a concurrent secular decline in labor market transitions. We explore a number of reasons for the declines in geographic and labor market transitions, and find the strongest support for explanations related to a decrease in the net benefit to changing employers. Our preferred interpretation is that the distribution of relevant outside offers has shifted in a way that has made labor market transitions, and thus geographic transitions, less desirable to workers.
Bibliography Citation
Molloy, Raven, Christopher L. Smith and Abigail Wozniak. "Declining Migration within the U.S.: The Role of the Labor Market." NBER Working Paper No. 20065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2014.
1455. Molloy, Raven
Smith, Christopher L.
Wozniak, Abigail
Declining Migration Within the US: The Role of the Labor Market
Discussion Paper No. 2013-27, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C., April 2013.
Also: http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2013/201327/201327pap.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97, Young Men
Publisher: Federal Reserve Board
Keyword(s): Migration; Mobility, Job; Occupations; Wage Growth

We examine explanations for the secular decline in interstate migration since the 1980s. After showing that demographic and socioeconomic factors can account for little of this decrease, we present evidence suggesting that it is related to a downward trend in labor market transitions—i.e. a decline in the fraction of workers moving from job to job, changing industry, and changing occupation—that occurred over the same period. We explore a number of reasons why these flows have diminished over time, including changes in the distribution of job opportunities across space, polarization in the labor market, concerns of dual-career households, and a strengthening of internal labor markets. We find little empirical support for all but the last of these hypotheses. Specifically, using data from three cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys spanning the 1970s to the 2000s, we find that wage gains associated with employer transitions have fallen, possibly signaling a growing role for internal labor markets in determining wages.
Bibliography Citation
Molloy, Raven, Christopher L. Smith and Abigail Wozniak. "Declining Migration Within the US: The Role of the Labor Market." Discussion Paper No. 2013-27, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C., April 2013.
1456. Montoya, Ryan
The Educational Attainment Among Combat Veterans and Non-Combat Veterans In The Most Recent All-Volunteer Force Era
Presented: Portland OR, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2014
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Pacific Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Military Service; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Veterans

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The aim of my research is to investigate whether there is a difference in the educational attainment of veterans and non-veterans, with and without combat experience. Non-veterans include individuals that were currently listed at the time of the NLSY 97 survey. Using fixed-effects regression models I analyze the difference in total number of years of education attained for each of these groups. The results indicate that individuals that have experienced combat have fewer years of education. This finding changes, however, if the individual is also a veteran, as veterans that have experienced combat received more education than veterans that have not experienced combat.
Bibliography Citation
Montoya, Ryan. "The Educational Attainment Among Combat Veterans and Non-Combat Veterans In The Most Recent All-Volunteer Force Era." Presented: Portland OR, Pacific Sociological Association Annual Meeting, March 2014.
1457. Moore, Briana
Under Pressure: A Preliminary Test of Stress Proliferation in Predicting Victimization
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Bullying/Victimization; Divorce; Stress

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The current study proposes that the stress process model, and the mechanism of stress proliferation in particular, provide a good framework for explaining victimization and for integrating victimization into the broader constellation of stressors and strains. This paper provides a preliminary test of stress proliferation by examining the relationship between victimization and stressors not typically associated with victimization in the extant literature, such as divorce and deaths in the family. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this paper utilized correlations and logistic regression to establish if there is any relationship between stressors and victimization. The results indicate that there is modest support for the stress proliferation process as a predictor of victimization. The study found a strong, positive relationship between divorce and victimization, such that those participants who reported a divorce between 2002 and 2005 had significantly greater likelihood of experiencing a victimization between 2006 and 2007. These results indicate that stress proliferation and the stress process model may provide a good framework for future victimization research that seeks to put victimization within the context of other negative events occurring throughout the life-course.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Briana. "Under Pressure: A Preliminary Test of Stress Proliferation in Predicting Victimization." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018.
1458. Moore, Chelsea Dyann
Socioeconomic Stratification in the STEM Pathway from College to the Labor Market
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 2014.
Also: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/24776
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Texas at Austin
Keyword(s): College Graduates; College Major/Field of Study/Courses; Labor Market Outcomes; Socioeconomic Background; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study looks at how family socioeconomic background affects entry into STEM majors, persistence in STEM major, and early labor market outcomes among college graduates from STEM fields, and compares these patterns and processes to those in non-STEM fields. Results from this study show stronger SES differences in STEM fields than non-STEM fields at each point from college major choice to the labor market. Together, these results suggest that less socioeconomically advantaged students may be at a particular disadvantage in STEM fields.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Chelsea Dyann. Socioeconomic Stratification in the STEM Pathway from College to the Labor Market. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 2014..
1459. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Guzman, Lina
Hair, Elizabeth Catherine
Lippman, Laura
Garrett, Sarah Bracey
Parent-Teen Relationships and Interactions: Far More Positive Than Not
Publication # 2004-25, Child Trends Research Brief, Child Trends Inc, December 2004.
Also: http://www.childtrends.org/Files/Parent_TeenRB.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Child Trends, Inc.
Keyword(s): Children, Well-Being; Health, Mental/Psychological; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness

ED484689
This Research Brief brings together recent results of a nationally representative survey of U.S. teens about the nature of their relationships with their parents and findings from rigorous research studies on the parent-adolescent bond. The evidence presented shows that while the proportion of teens reporting positive relationships with their parents does dip somewhat during the early teen years and while this proportion is lower for parents who live apart from their children, adolescents, in general, respect, admire, and like their parents and enjoy spending time with them. These results from interviews with teens dovetail with research showing the link between the quality of parent-child relationships and a wide range of positive outcomes for teens. Moreover, this research is reinforced by similar findings in industrialized countries elsewhere in the world, which are also reported on in this brief.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Lina Guzman, Elizabeth Catherine Hair, Laura Lippman and Sarah Bracey Garrett. "Parent-Teen Relationships and Interactions: Far More Positive Than Not." Publication # 2004-25, Child Trends Research Brief, Child Trends Inc, December 2004.
1460. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hair, Elizabeth Catherine
Parent Religious Beliefs and Adolescent Outcomes
Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parental Influences; Parents, Behavior; Religion; Religious Influences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Attendance at religious services has been examined frequently in studies of adolescent development and is generally found correlated with more positive outcomes. However, little empirical work has been done to examine the factors that explain these correlations. Using measures of religious belief designed at Child Trends and included in the 1997 panel of the new National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate multivariate models to explore the relative importance of family religious attendance compared with parental religious beliefs, family socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, and parenting practices. Measures of religious belief include the importance of religious belief, prayer, and the degree to which they believe that the scriptures of their faith should be interpreted literally. Child outcomes include measures of the parent-child relationship and measures of adolescent substance use and delinquency.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Elizabeth Catherine Hair. "Parent Religious Beliefs and Adolescent Outcomes." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002.
1461. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hair, Elizabeth Catherine
Patterns and Implications of Step-Parents/Adolescent Relationships
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 2001
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adoption; Cohabitation; Family Characteristics; Family Circumstances, Changes in; Family Formation; Family Structure; Family Studies; Parents, Non-Custodial

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Increased marital dissolution and non-marital childbearing have resulted in high proportions of American children who live with step-parents during their adolescent years. The new National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1997 (NLS97) panel, a nationally representative sample of 9,022 adolescents aged 12-16 in 1997, includes rich information on parent-adolescent relationships as well as on the parent's marital history. We address several questions: What are the within-group residential and marital history patterns of step-parent?; What are the implications of these different residential histories for adolescent/ step-parent relationships and for adolescent problem behaviors? While most adolescents live with two bio parents, large numbers live with non-adoptive step-parents, adoptive step-parents, and a parent's boy/girlfriend. Adolescents report feeling closer to residential bio parents and describe these parents as more supportive. Residential bio parents also monitor the adolescents more and the adolescents report fewer behavior problems and less substance use.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Elizabeth Catherine Hair. "Patterns and Implications of Step-Parents/Adolescent Relationships." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 2001.
1462. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hair, Elizabeth Catherine
Garrett, Sarah Bracey
Into Adulthood: The Continued Importance of Quality Parent-Adolescent Relationships
Presented: Baltimore, MD, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, March 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA)
Keyword(s): Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Elizabeth Catherine Hair and Sarah Bracey Garrett. "Into Adulthood: The Continued Importance of Quality Parent-Adolescent Relationships." Presented: Baltimore, MD, Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, March 2004.
1463. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Ling, Thomson J.
Kinukawa, Akemi
Vandivere, Sharon
Creating a Longitudinal Indicator: an Exploratory Analysis of Turbulence
Child Indicators Research [electronic resource] 2,1 (March 2009): 5-32.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/637030247m6h346v/fulltext.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Child Care Arrangements; Child Development; Family Structure; Parental Marital Status; Residence; Turbulence; Work Histories

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This exploratory paper conceptualizes, develops, and assesses a potential longitudinal indicator of children's contexts. Three sets of activities are used to create and examine a cumulative, longitudinal measure of turbulence that aggregates children's experiences with different types of change. The initial step involves conceptualizing a construct based on theory and previous research and distinguishing it from related or similar constructs. A second set of activities involves defining and coding a measure of the construct. A third step involves examining predictive or concurrent validity. Turbulence encompasses varied types of change experienced by a developing child, for example, repeated changes in child care arrangements, family structure, income, residence and schooling. Each has been separately linked to poorer outcomes for children. For this exploratory work, retrospective data collected in Round 1 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort, were used. A measure was conceptualized and constructed; and the predictive validity of turbulence, over and above background factors, was assessed for a set of adolescent outcomes. Substantively, we conclude that turbulence is an important and measurable construct, but that better data are needed than currently available. The value of the paper is that it illustrates a general approached for conceptualizing, developing, and examining longitudinal, cumulative indicators.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Thomson J. Ling, Akemi Kinukawa and Sharon Vandivere. "Creating a Longitudinal Indicator: an Exploratory Analysis of Turbulence ." Child Indicators Research [electronic resource] 2,1 (March 2009): 5-32.
1464. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Lippman, Laura
What Do Children Need to Flourish? Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development
New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, January 2005
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

[Book Review.] What Do Children Need to Flourish? Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development, part of the Search Series on Developmentally Attentive Community and Society (vol. 3), focuses on how scholars and practitioners can begin to build rigorous measures of the positive behaviors and attitudes that result in positive outcomes for children and youth. The volume is presented in five parts: - Introduction and conceptual framework
- Positive formation of the self-character, values, spirituality, life satisfaction, hope, and ethnic identity
- Healthy habits, positive behaviors, and time use
- Positive relationships with parents and siblings
- Positive attitudes and behaviors toward learning and school environments
- Enacting positive values and behaviors in communities

Table of Contents
Introduction and Conceptual Framework.- The Values in Action Inventory of Character Strengths for Youth.- Adolescent Spirituality.- Children's Life Satisfaction.- Measuring Hope in Children.- The Ethnic Identify Scale.- Leisure Time Activities in Middle Childhood.- Healthy Habits among Adolescents: Sleep, Exercise, Diet, and Body Image.- Adolescent Participation in Organized Activities.- Positive Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Functioning: An Assessment of Measures among Adolescents.- A Scale of Positive Social Behaviors.- The Parent-Adolescent Relationship Scale.- Positive Indicators of Sibling Relationship Quality: The Sibling Inventory of Behavior.- The Patterns of Adaptive Learning Survey.- Ability Self-Perceptions and Subjective Task Values in Adolescents and Children.- Assessing Academic Self-regulated Learning.- Identifying Adaptive Classrooms: Dimensions of the Classroom Social Environment.- Connection to School.- School Engagement.- Community-Based Civic Engagement.- Prosocial Orientation and Community service.- Frugality, Generosity, and Materialism in Children and Adolescents

Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Laura Lippman. What Do Children Need to Flourish? Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, January 2005.
1465. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Mbwana, Kassim
Preventing Risky Sex
Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/Research/conferences/NLSYConf/pdf/Moore_Mbwana_Preventing_Risky_Sex.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Gender; Parenting Skills/Styles; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior

Our goal is to extend prior research exploring differences on the effects of parenting and varied risk factors on adolescent sexual behavior for both males and females. We examine four outcomes: sexual activity, unsafe sex, multiple sexual partners and teen parenthood. We test three hypotheses. First, we hypothesize that higher levels of parental awareness and authoritative parenting will be associated, as a main effect, with reduced sexual activity, more consistent contraceptive use, fewer sexual partners, and a lower probability of teen parenthood. Second, we assess the main effects for a varied set of adolescent risks including behavioral problems, peer risks, neighborhood risks and academic risk, by gender. These risks are identified based on an ecological model for exploring a comprehensive set of background risk factors that may influence an adolescent's outcomes. We hypothesize that higher levels of adolescent risks will be associated with increased sexual activity, reduced contraceptive use, an increased number of sexual partners, and higher risks of teen parenthood. Third, we extend previous work by examining how parenting practices interact with early adolescent risks to affect sexual behavior and early parenthood later in the adolescent years. We hypothesize that stronger parenting will be especially protective for preventing risky sexual behaviors among high-risk adolescents. Specifically, we hypothesize that adolescents with greater school, neighborhood, peers, and individual risks will benefit more from parental monitoring/awareness and authoritative parenting than adolescents at lesser risk. These hypotheses are explored separately by gender.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Kassim Mbwana. "Preventing Risky Sex." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
1466. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Sacks, Vanessa Harbin
Manlove, Jennifer S.
Sawhill, Isabel V.
What If You Earned a Diploma and Delayed Parenthood? Intergenerational Simulations of Delayed Childbearing and Increased Education
Research Brief 2014-27, Child Trends, June 2014.
Also: http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2014-27SocialGenomeDelayChildbearing.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Child Trends, Inc.
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Children, Well-Being; Economic Well-Being; Educational Attainment; High School Diploma; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Adolescent

This brief reports the results of using the Social Genome Model to provide a better understanding of how delaying childbearing and improving the educational attainment of teen mothers in one generation can be linked to the improved economic well-being of their children. This brief specifically reports results from "What if" simulations, in which teen mothers' age at their first birth was increased by two or five years and in which the mothers earn a high school diploma. The implications of these changes on the life of the mothers' children are estimated through childhood and up to age 29.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Vanessa Harbin Sacks, Jennifer S. Manlove and Isabel V. Sawhill. "What If You Earned a Diploma and Delayed Parenthood? Intergenerational Simulations of Delayed Childbearing and Increased Education." Research Brief 2014-27, Child Trends, June 2014.
1467. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Vandivere, Sharon
Kinukawa, Akemi
Turbulence During Childhood
Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Child Care Arrangements; Childhood Education, Early; Childhood Residence; Family Income; Family Structure; Parental Marital Status; Residence; Resilience/Developmental Assets; Schooling; Turbulence

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Researchers have regularly found that turbulence is related to poorer development among children. For example, repeated changes in child care arrangements, family structure, income, residence and schooling have all been linked to poorer outcomes for children. This paper will examine measures of turbulence in children's lives through age 12 in schooling, residence, and parental marriage from Round 1 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 cohort. In addition, traumatic events, such as seeing a shooting, being bullied repeatedly, or experiencing a break-in, will be examined, along with social and demographic control variables, to assess the importance of turbulence over and above background factors and life stressors. Implications for behavior problems and delinquency will be examined. Analyses will assess whether turbulence matters, net of control variables, whether types of turbulence are cumulative or redundant, and whether some types of turbulence are more critical than others.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Sharon Vandivere and Akemi Kinukawa. "Turbulence During Childhood." Presented: Boston, MA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 2004.
1468. Moore, Mignon R.
Family Environment and Adolescent Sexual Debut in Alternative Household Structures
In: Social Awakening: Adolescents' Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 104-131
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age at First Intercourse; Cohabitation; Family Influences; Family Structure; Fathers, Influence; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity; Stepfamilies

Abstract: (Author's abstract http://www.sociology.columbia.edu/downloads/other/mm1664/social_awakening.pdf). Data are from Wave 1, NLSY97. With Mignon Moore's essay, the focus of the volume narrows to particular important adolescent behaviors, in this case the beginning of partnered sexual activity, which she terms sexual debut. Moore uses sexual debut as a vehicle with which to investigate the influence of family structure, the concept family here being refined so as to capture the distinctions between two-biological-parent families, remarried stepfamilies, first-marriage stepfamilies, cohabiting households, maritally disrupted single-parent families, and never-married single-parent families. She is interested in documenting how family structure is related to sexual debut--what differences there are among whites and blacks, and whether the observed differences are associated with the nature of parental support and discipline, characterized as parenting style.

Moore's sample is between the ages of fourteen and sixteen, and her focus is on a dummy variable indicating whether the youth has had intercourse; a weighted logistic regression model is used. Confirming previous results, Moore initially shows that youths in intact families are much less likely to have had sex than are those in any of the other family-structure types. A more refined analysis, one fully interacting these effects by race, finds a similar association with family structure for whites and blacks, but only for some types of family structure--that is, for maritally disrupted and never-married single-parent families compared to intact families but not for remarried black stepfamilies or cohabiting black households. Her decomposition of the white-black results reveals gender differences among the two races: among the blacks, but not among the whites, girls are much less likely to have had intercourse than are boys (see table 4.3).

Moore also introduces measures of parenting style, in particular the strictness and the supportiveness of each parent, and she does so taking account of family structure. The results are complicated, differing by race and family structure. One of the complications is that the influence of a biological father and that of a stepfather are quite distinct, causing Moore to suggest that "it appears as though most parenting efforts by stepfathers in remarried stepfamilies are likely to be rebuffed, at least initially" (125). Moore's essay shows again how important a full elaboration of family structure can be in investigating the influence of families on adolescents. (Copyright, Russell Sage Foundation, June 2001.)

Bibliography Citation
Moore, Mignon R. "Family Environment and Adolescent Sexual Debut in Alternative Household Structures" In: Social Awakening: Adolescents' Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. R.T. Michael, ed. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001: pp. 104-131
1469. Moore, Mignon R.
Socially Isolated? How Parents and Neighbourhood Adults Influence Youth Behaviour in Disadvantaged Communities
Ethnic and Racial Studies 26,6 (November 2003): 988-1005.
Also: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/Moore/EthnicRacial.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Age at First Intercourse; Black Family; Chicago Families in Communities Study (FIC); Family Structure; Neighborhood Effects; Parental Influences; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Factors

William Julius Wilson's model of adult joblessness, community disorganization and their effects on youth problem behaviour de-emphasizes the range in children's outcomes across socially disorganized communities, and says little about the factors that influence this variation. It also does not address the processes by which family structure and relationships affect the wellbeing of African-American and poor youth. My work is part of a larger research agenda that has begun to address these issues by focusing on the differential rates of sexual activity among youth living in disadvantaged environments, and developing models to explain this variation. This work suggests that units of socially cohesive, stable adults exist among the social networks of successful children and families in poor neighbourhoods. It also points to the existence and functioning of alternative two-parent family structures and offers hypotheses for how family environment interacts with neighbourhood context to influence youth behaviour.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Mignon R. "Socially Isolated? How Parents and Neighbourhood Adults Influence Youth Behaviour in Disadvantaged Communities ." Ethnic and Racial Studies 26,6 (November 2003): 988-1005.
1470. Mooyaart, Jarl
Liefbroer, Aart C.
Billari, Francesco
Becoming Obese in Young Adulthood: The Role of Career-Family Pathways in the Transition to Adulthood for Men and Women
BMC Public Health 19: 1511 (December 2019): DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7797-7.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-019-7797-7
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Career Patterns; College Education; Family Background and Culture; Family Formation; Family Income; Obesity; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Methods: We use data from the NLSY97, a U.S. nationally representative panel survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics between 1997 to 2013 (N = 4688), and apply multichannel sequence analysis in order to identify clusters of typical career-family pathways during the transition to adulthood (age 17 to 27), and subsequently investigate whether these pathways are associated with becoming obese at the end of young adulthood (age 28), using logistic regression. We control for obesity at age 17 and family background factors (race, parental education, parental income, and family structure). To take into account the fact that the transition to adulthood has a different meaning for men and for women, we also interact career-family clusters with gender. Results: For women, pathways characterized by college education, early home leaving, and postponement of family formation decrease the probability of becoming obese. For men, pathways characterized by early marriage increase the probability of becoming obese.
Bibliography Citation
Mooyaart, Jarl, Aart C. Liefbroer and Francesco Billari. "Becoming Obese in Young Adulthood: The Role of Career-Family Pathways in the Transition to Adulthood for Men and Women." BMC Public Health 19: 1511 (December 2019): DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7797-7.
1471. Morant, Tamah Chesney
Family Structure and Educational Attainment of Children: Addressing Income Controls and Endogeneity
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1437, Oct 2005
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Divorce; Educational Attainment; Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Family Structure; Family Studies; Income; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1997 to examine the effects of marital dissolution on the educational attainment of children by race. The paper focuses on three pertinent points of interest in family structure literature: (1) do variations in income control measures yield a different pattern of effects of family structure on educational attainment, (2) do the effects of family structure differ across racial and ethnic groups, and (3) when we control for the possibly endogenous relationship between family structure and education, does a different pattern of effects emerge?

Past literature has limited income control variables to a point-in-time measure of income taken either before a marital disruption or following the disruption. We hypothesize that the change in income over time is the more important measure and therefore specify alternate models including two measures of change in income: percentage change in income over the survey period and difference in income over the survey period.

The paper accounts for the endogeneity of family structure by using instrumental variable analysis. Continuous dependent variable measures are estimated using two-stage least squares analysis, while triprobit analysis is used for dichotomous dependent variable measures.

Previous studies indicate that the effect of family structure on educational outcomes tends to be stronger for whites than blacks. This study includes race/family structure interaction terms as a means of evaluating the effects of family structure across race.

Including a measure of change in income in addition to a starting level of income more effectively addresses the income effect of changes in family structure. Including this measure of change reduces the effect of family structure on educational attainment. Results support suggestions that family structure and educational attainment are endogenously related. After controlling for family structure, income and unobserved characteristics of the household, we find that differences in attainment by race disappear.

Bibliography Citation
Morant, Tamah Chesney. Family Structure and Educational Attainment of Children: Addressing Income Controls and Endogeneity. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005. DAI-A 66/04, p. 1437, Oct 2005.
1472. Morefield, Gary Brant
Empirical Essays in Health and Human Capital
Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Employment, In-School; Human Capital; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation studies two dynamic processes, the production of human capital and evolution of health. The first essay uses data on parents and their children in the longitudinal Panel Study of Income Dynamics and PSID-Child Development Supplement to estimate the effect negative changes in parental health on the children's development of cognitive and noncognitive skills. The analysis suggests that the onset of a parental health event, on average, does not affect children's cognitive measures and has small negative effects on the level of children's noncognitive skills. However, small average effects mask heterogeneous effects across: the sex of the parent, sex of the child, and the type of health condition. Parental health events are found to significantly impair noncognitive skill development when a father is afflicted with a health event, affect sons more negatively than daughters, and are worse for certain--vascular or cancerous--conditions. Further exploration shows that effects of parental health events on skill development are related to changes in the hypothesized mechanism, changes in skill investments. Specifically, when parental health events are estimated to create the poorest behavior outcomes, large reductions in one measure of skill investment, time that parents participate in activities with children, is also commonly found.

The second essay (joint with David Ribar and Christopher Ruhm) uses longitudinal data from the 1984 through 2007 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine how occupational status is related to the health transitions of 30 to 59 year-old U.S. males. A recent history of blue-collar employment predicts a substantial increase in the probability of transitioning from very good into bad self-assessed health, relative to white-collar employment, but with no evidence of occupational differences in movements from bad to very good health. These findings are robust to a series of sensitivity analyses. The results suggest that blue-collar workers "wear out" faster with age because they are more likely, than their white-collar counterparts, to experience negative health shocks. This partly reflects differences in the physical demands of blue-collar and white-collar jobs.

The third essay (joint with Jeremy Bray) uses the framework of Bray (2005) to develop a theoretical and accompanying empirical model examining how the productivities of the human capital inputs work and school are affected if individuals work while enrolled in school. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we model the dynamic processes of work and school input decisions jointly with the effects of these decisions on future wages to discern whether work and school are contemporaneous complements or substitutes in the production of human capital. Endogeneity is corrected through the use of the Discrete Factor Method. The model shows that, on average, work and school are indeed complementary in the production of human capital. However, examination of in-school work at differing schooling levels or across different student occupations shows that certain types of work and school are complementary when simultaneously undertaken while others are substitutes in the production of human capital. Note: This [NLSY] research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS.

Bibliography Citation
Morefield, Gary Brant. Empirical Essays in Health and Human Capital. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2011.
1473. Morin, Richard
Deane, Claudia
Welfare Reform Reforms Teens, Study Says
Washington Post, (May 28, 2002): A15.
Also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18727-2002May27.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Washington Post
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Behavior; Birth Rate; Educational Attainment; Household Composition; Legislation; Mothers, Education; Parents, Single; School Dropouts; Teenagers; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Welfare reform has reduced the birth rate among teenage women who are at the greatest risk of going on public assistance, cut their welfare use and lowered their school dropout rate, according to a paper published last week by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Economists Robert Kaestner and June O'Neill of Baruch College in New York also said that teenage mothers were less likely to go on the dole and "more likely to live with a spouse or to live with at least one parent than in the pre-reform era." If confirmed by additional studies, these results suggest that the 1996 act overhauling the welfare system may be doing what parents, government and social agencies have failed to do: change the behaviors of teenagers -- particularly those most at risk of falling into welfare, Kaestner and O'Neill said. They based their conclusions on a detailed analysis of data from the federally funded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. This ongoing series of polls annually samples young people and then reinterviews them in succeeding years. Kaestner and O'Neill were particularly interested in tracking the fortunes of "high risk" girls aged 17 and 19 in the 1979 sample and a group of similarly aged teens in the 1997 survey. Both groups were followed for about three years. High-risk teens were defined as girls who, among other things, lived at age 12 in a family headed by a single female and had a mother with relatively little education. The authors found that 28 percent of the 19-year-olds in the 1979 study group had given birth, compared with 19 percent in the 1997 group. The dropout rate stood at 26 percent among 19-year-olds in the 1979 sample but at 16 percent in the most recent group. About 10 percent of these teens in the earlier study had received welfare, compared with 5 percent in the post-reform group. The study comes at a politically propitious time. The 1996 welfare act expires in the fall. The House recently passed a Republican welfare plan but the Senate has not yet voted on welfare legislation.
Bibliography Citation
Morin, Richard and Claudia Deane. "Welfare Reform Reforms Teens, Study Says." Washington Post, (May 28, 2002): A15.
1474. Moritz, Katie
Why Living Together Costs You More Than You Think
Rewire, July 18, 2018.
Also: https://www.rewire.org/our-future/living-together-costs/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Rewire
Keyword(s): Assets; Cohabitation; Financial Behaviors/Decisions; Marital Status; Wealth

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

News media article about the cost of cohabitation [based on Britt-Lutter, Sonya, Cassandra J. Dorius and Derek Lawson. "The Financial Implications of Cohabitation Among Young Adults." Journal of Financial Planning 31,4 (April 2018): 38-45].
Bibliography Citation
Moritz, Katie. "Why Living Together Costs You More Than You Think." Rewire, July 18, 2018.
1475. Moses, Natasha Tanise
Wright, John Paul
Estimating Criminal and Criminogenic Outcomes Across Racial Differences Using Propensity Score Matching
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Arrests; Behavior, Antisocial; Crime; Family Background and Culture; Incarceration/Jail; Propensity Scores; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research using risk scores to predict criminal and criminogenic outcomes typically compares individuals within the same risk group (for example: low-risk, medium-risk or high-risk). This paper adopts a different approach by matching individuals based on numerical scores, rather than risk group. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97 Data, a racially diverse sample of youth was ranked for criminogenic risk based on an index. The index contains empirical criminogenic risk factors such as family socio-economic status, anti-social behavior and substance abuse. Propensity score matching is used to match low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk Black, White and Hispanic youth who are more similar to each other. Each group will be assessed to determine whether risk group predicts a variety of criminal outcomes (including arrest, conviction and length of time incarcerated) during adulthood. We conclude with explanations of findings, limitations and suggestions for future research.
Bibliography Citation
Moses, Natasha Tanise and John Paul Wright. "Estimating Criminal and Criminogenic Outcomes Across Racial Differences Using Propensity Score Matching." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018.
1476. Moullin, Sophie
Marriage and Mental Health: Effects by Social and Self-selection
Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Health, Mental/Psychological; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Social scientists have long observed that married people tend to have better mental health. Selection into marriage, however, casts doubt of the validity of the effect of marriage. I consider how marriage effects on mental health vary by the observable propensity to marry (social selection), and the expectation to marry (self selection). To speak to the contemporary US adult population, I use the National Longitudinal Study of Youth- 1997. Preliminary analysis shows little short-term effect of ever-marrying (compared to never marrying) on mental health for this cohort, either in terms of variation within the population, or over the life course. However, as marriage rates have declined -- particularly among the more disadvantaged -- this analysis describes who, in terms of their mental health, can afford to be single.
Bibliography Citation
Moullin, Sophie. "Marriage and Mental Health: Effects by Social and Self-selection." Presented: Denver CO, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2018.
1477. Mowen, Thomas
Shifting Parenting Styles and the Effect on Juvenile Delinquency
Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The importance of parenting styles on childhood development and early adolescent social and behavioral outcomes has been well documented within academic literature (Schaffer et al., 2009; Brand et al., 2009; Claes et al., 2005; Sirvanli-Ozen, 2005; Darling & Steinberg 1993; Lamborn et al., 1991) and the effects of parenting styles on juvenile delinquency have also been well researched (Hoeve, 2007; Pires & Jenkins, 2007; Claes et al., 2005; Duncan et al., 1998; Kandel, 1996; Simons & Robertson, 1989). While there have been a number of studies which show parenting practices evolve with the age of the child (Dix et al., 1986; Feldman et al., 1989; Smaller & Youniss, 1989), and parenting practices can change due to the effects of circumstances such as discrimination (Brody et al., 2008) and divorce (Simons et al., 1993), the literature on adolescent behavior and parenting styles has overlooked the impact of shifting parenting styles on delinquency. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the current research examines 1) the extent and nature of parenting style changes during adolescence, and 2) the influence of such parenting style shifts on juvenile delinquency.
Bibliography Citation
Mowen, Thomas. "Shifting Parenting Styles and the Effect on Juvenile Delinquency." Presented: Las Vegas NV, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2011.
1478. Mowen, Thomas
Brent, John
School Discipline as a Turning Point: The Cumulative Effect of Suspension on Arrest
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 53,5 (August 2016): 628-653.
Also: http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/53/5/628
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Delinquency/Gang Activity; School Suspension/Expulsion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Objectives: To examine how school discipline may serve as a negative turning point for youth and contribute to increased odds of arrest over time and to assess whether suspensions received across multiple years may present a "cumulative" increase in odds of arrest.

Methods: Using four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we use a longitudinal hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) to explore how school suspensions contribute to odds of arrest across time while controlling for a number of theoretically important dimensions such as race, age, delinquency, and gender among others.

Results: Results show that youth who are suspended are at an increased risk of experiencing an arrest across time relative to youth who are not suspended and that this effect increases across time. Further, with each subsequent year the youth is suspended, there is a significant increase in odds of arrest.

Conclusion: Supporting prior work, we find that youth who receive a suspension are at an increased odds of contact with the criminal justice system, and increases in the number of suspensions received contribute to significant increases in odds of arrest. Findings demonstrate that suspensions present a form of cumulative effect over time.

Bibliography Citation
Mowen, Thomas and John Brent. "School Discipline as a Turning Point: The Cumulative Effect of Suspension on Arrest." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 53,5 (August 2016): 628-653.
1479. Mowen, Thomas
Brent, John
Bares, Kyle J.
How Arrest Impacts Delinquency Over Time Between and Within Individuals
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16,4 (October 2018): 358-377.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1541204017712560
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; Criminal Justice System; Delinquency/Gang Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While some studies find that criminal justice contact may deter future offending, another body of research indicates that contact with the criminal justice system can increase delinquency among youth. Although research has examined the relationship between punishment and offending, from a life-course perspective, we know little about between-individual and within-individual effects of punishment across time. Using a cross-lagged dynamic panel model, results from an analysis of four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 demonstrate that arrest contributes to within-individual increases in delinquency across time even after baseline levels of delinquency are controlled. Between-individual results show that youth who were arrested experience significant increases in offending compared to youth never arrested even after accounting for prior offending. Finally, this study uncovers a "cumulative effect" of arrest in that each subsequent year the youth is arrested relates to increased offending irrespective of prior offending. Overall, findings suggest that arrest contributes to significant increases in delinquency even after baseline levels of offending are directly modeled.
Bibliography Citation
Mowen, Thomas, John Brent and Kyle J. Bares. "How Arrest Impacts Delinquency Over Time Between and Within Individuals." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16,4 (October 2018): 358-377.
1480. Mowen, Thomas
Brent, John
Boman, John H. IV
The Effect of School Discipline on Offending across Time
Justice Quarterly published online (12 July 2019): DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2019.1625428.
Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418825.2019.1625428
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
Keyword(s):

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite decreases in offending and victimization in schools across the United States, many schools continue to use exclusionary discipline. Although school punishment has been tied to a variety of negative outcomes, the link between suspension and offending remains unclear. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines the extent to which school punishment contributes to within-individual increases in offending across time and/or amplifies offending between-individuals. Results of a series of cross-lagged dynamic fixed-effects panel models reveal that school suspensions contribute to within-individual increases in offending. This relationship remains even when accounting for the effect of baseline levels of offending on future offending. Further, repeated suspensions amplify offending differences between-individuals.
Bibliography Citation
Mowen, Thomas, John Brent and John H. IV Boman. "The Effect of School Discipline on Offending across Time." Justice Quarterly published online (12 July 2019): DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2019.1625428.
1481. Mowen, Thomas
Chavez, Jorge M.
Immigration Status, School Suspension, and Offending: A Longitudinal Analysis
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Black Youth; Crime; Ethnic Differences; Hispanic Youth; Immigrants; Racial Differences; School Suspension/Expulsion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Prior research has shown that Black and Hispanic youth are more likely to be suspended in school than White youth. Prior research has largely overlooked the role of immigration status within this process although immigrant youth are the fastest growing school age population. Moreover, given recent research documenting the significant association between school suspensions and increased offending across time, understanding the saliency of immigration status on school discipline bears considerable importance in two related domains. First, it is possible that immigration status will place Black and Hispanic youth at higher odds of receiving a suspension. Second, disparities in school suspension due to immigration status may result in significant disparities in offending for immigrant Black and Hispanic youth, relative to their non-immigrant counterparts. Using four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the goals of this study are twofold. First, we examine the extent to which immigration status conditions the odds of receiving a school suspension for Hispanic and Black youth relative to White youth. Second, using cross-lagged dynamic panel models, we then examine whether the relationship between school suspension and offending across time varies by race/ethnicity and immigration status.
Bibliography Citation
Mowen, Thomas and Jorge M. Chavez. "Immigration Status, School Suspension, and Offending: A Longitudinal Analysis." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2018.
1482. Mowen, Thomas
Schroeder, Ryan D.
Maternal Parenting Style and Delinquency by Race and the Moderating Effect of Structural Disadvantage
Youth and Society 50,2 (March 2018): 139-159.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0044118X15598028
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Neighborhood Effects; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Contemporary research suggests authoritative parenting is the most effective parenting style in deterring juvenile delinquency. Some research has found there are differences in parenting style between racial groups due to structural disadvantage faced by marginalized individuals. Yet, relatively little is known about how racial differences in parenting and the moderating effect of disadvantage relate to juvenile delinquency. The current project explores parenting style differences among Black, Hispanic, and White mothers and the moderating impact of disadvantage on delinquency. Results indicate authoritarian parenting is least effective in deterring delinquency among all racial groups; however, neighborhood disadvantage provides a negative moderating effect between authoritarian parenting and delinquency for Black youth only, whereas uninvolved parenting was related to delinquency for White youth only.
Bibliography Citation
Mowen, Thomas and Ryan D. Schroeder. "Maternal Parenting Style and Delinquency by Race and the Moderating Effect of Structural Disadvantage." Youth and Society 50,2 (March 2018): 139-159.
1483. Moyer, Anna
Has "Who Comes Back" Changed? Teacher Reentry 2000-2019
Educational Researcher published online (24 October 2022): DOI: 10.3102/0013189X221122746.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3102/0013189X221122746
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Educational Research Association
Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Occupations; Teachers/Faculty

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Studies of early-career teachers in the 1970s-1990s find that one-quarter to one-half of teachers who left the classroom eventually returned and that returning was associated with teachers' gender and their child-rearing responsibilities. However, much has changed in the last forty years. Women are more likely to continue to participate in the labor force after having children, and teacher labor markets have been impacted by federal policy (e.g., No Child Left Behind, Race to the Top) and the Great Recession. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), I find that only one-fifth of teachers who exited the profession from 2000-2019 returned. This is a substantially lower rate of return compared to similar work using a previous cohort of teachers from NLSY79. Furthermore, I do not find evidence that teacher reentry is associated with gender or child-rearing status. These findings have implications for teacher labor markets, as reentering teachers can expand the pool of experienced teachers.
Bibliography Citation
Moyer, Anna. "Has "Who Comes Back" Changed? Teacher Reentry 2000-2019." Educational Researcher published online (24 October 2022): DOI: 10.3102/0013189X221122746.
1484. Mukerjee, Swati
Childhood Bullying and Labor Market Outcomes in The United States
Atlantic Economic Journal 46,3 (September 2018): 313-335.
Also: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11293-018-9587-5
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: International Atlantic Economic Society
Keyword(s): Bullying/Victimization; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Earnings; Gender Differences; Labor Market Outcomes

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper contributes to a nascent economic literature on bullying. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data, I explored the relationship between childhood bullying and later earnings. Since males and females are usually subject to different kinds of bullying and coping strategies vary with age, I distinguished between pre-teen and teenage bullying by gender. After delineating the pathways by which being bullied could potentially lead to lower earnings, the analysis first considered the probability of being bullied either as a teenager or before the age of 12. Next, after a simple ordinary least squares analysis of a human capital earnings function, a detailed propensity score analysis with multiple matching schemes was undertaken separately for males and females, further subdivided by when bullying had occurred. Results indicated males bullied as teenagers had earnings 23% lower than their non-bullied counterparts. Females did not suffer this penalty, nor did children who were bullied only below the age of 12. However, being bullied in childhood increased significantly the probability of being bullied later. In terms of human capital formation and possible impact on later productivity, teen bullying may be affecting men the most. Current findings may also be useful in encouraging a targeted focus on those who may be in greater danger of being bullied. Children who have changed schools several times, males with a learning disability, or a vision, speech or hearing problem, and females with some kind of deformity would be targeted significantly more.
Bibliography Citation
Mukerjee, Swati. "Childhood Bullying and Labor Market Outcomes in The United States." Atlantic Economic Journal 46,3 (September 2018): 313-335.
1485. Mukerjee, Swati
Job Satisfaction in the United States: Are Blacks Still More Satisfied?
Review of Black Political Economy 41,1 (March 2014): 61-81.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12114-013-9174-6
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Discrimination; General Social Survey (GSS); Job Satisfaction; Racial Differences; Racial Equality/Inequality

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Despite the substantial literature on the paradox of the happy female worker, research has been sparse in investigating race differences in job satisfaction. The last national level study on racial differences in job satisfaction was done in 1981 when, using national level U.S. data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Men for 1966, 1969 and 1971, Bartel showed that blacks had significantly more job satisfaction and further, that this racial gap had widened during this time. Though the reasons for this gap and its widening were not investigated, it was suggested, in a close parallel to the reason for the contented female worker, that lower expectations, in this case due to discrimination in the labor market, could be a reasonable explanation. Surprisingly, since then, there have been only a handful of studies focused on smaller, specific groups. This paper exploits two U.S. national level data sets, the GSS and the NLSY 1997, to examine the racial gap in job satisfaction. Simple means show that blacks are much less satisfied than whites and moreover, this difference has persisted not only across genders but also across almost four decades. To isolate the pure race effect, a sequential process is adopted by first examining the simple difference in the means of job satisfaction, then, through probit estimation, seeing the impact of individual attributes, finally progressing to incorporation of job attributes. Probit estimates give robust results. Blacks are significantly less satisfied than whites even when income, benefits and occupations are controlled. However, this racial gap is greater in the case of women and younger black men. An exploratory analysis shows that when discrimination is accounted for, the satisfaction gap is further reduced and the race coefficients are rendered insignificant. Estimates with comparison income show that the satisfaction gap is driven by perceived discrimination and not necessarily discrimination as captured by compariso n income. This highlights the importance of policy measures to reduce perceptual discrimination.
Bibliography Citation
Mukerjee, Swati. "Job Satisfaction in the United States: Are Blacks Still More Satisfied?" Review of Black Political Economy 41,1 (March 2014): 61-81.
1486. Mukhopadhyay, Sankar
Do Employers Discriminate against Obese Employees? Evidence from Individuals Who Simultaneously Work in Self-employment and Paid Employment
Economics and Human Biology 42 (August 2021): 101017.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X21000411
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Body weight; Discrimination, Employer; Obesity; Racial Differences; Self-Employed Workers; Wage Penalty/Career Penalty

We test whether the lower wages of obese employees result from employer discrimination using a novel empirical strategy. Using data from two nationally representative surveys from the US, we analyze the wages of individuals who simultaneously work in paid employment and self-employment. While lower productivity and customer discrimination against obese individuals may affect wages in both types of jobs, employer discrimination cannot affect the wages of solo entrepreneurs. Our estimates suggest that, even after controlling for productivity (proxied by their concurrent wage in self-employment), white women (men) who are obese earn 11.4% (9.7%) less than their healthy-weight counterparts in their paid employment jobs. We also find that white women (but not men) who are overweight earn 9.1% less than their healthy-weight counterparts. We do not find any evidence of significant bodyweight discrimination among black and Hispanic workers. These results suggest that white workers, especially white women, are likely to face bodyweight discrimination in their workplaces. We report the results for a series of robustness checks to rule out alternative explanations, such as reverse causality, differences in healthcare costs, and occupation-specific customer discrimination.
Bibliography Citation
Mukhopadhyay, Sankar. "Do Employers Discriminate against Obese Employees? Evidence from Individuals Who Simultaneously Work in Self-employment and Paid Employment." Economics and Human Biology 42 (August 2021): 101017.
1487. Mukhopadhyay, Sankar
Do Women Value Marriage More? The Effect of Obesity on Cohabitation and Marriage in the USA
Review of Economics of the Household 6,2 (June 2008): 111-126.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/2lxn5846t7540331/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Gender Differences; Income; Marriage; Obesity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper looks into the impact of obesity and other factors on first entry into a marital or cohabiting union, using 1997 cohort data from the national longitudinal survey. Results show obese women are less likely to be accepted into either cohabitation or marriage, while obese men are less likely to be accepted in a cohabitating relation but are not less likely to enter into marriage. Income affects all union and all genders symmetrically, increasing the likelihood of a union. These results suggest that marriage is a special form of union for women, so they are willing to marry obese men because they value other factors related to the marriage choice, such as commitment or the prospect of having children. Men do not appear to value these factors as much, so obese women are less likely to be accepted into either cohabitation or marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bibliography Citation
Mukhopadhyay, Sankar. "Do Women Value Marriage More? The Effect of Obesity on Cohabitation and Marriage in the USA." Review of Economics of the Household 6,2 (June 2008): 111-126.
1488. Mukhopadhyay, Sankar
Wendel, Jeanne
Is Post-Smoking-Cessation Weight-Gain a Significant Trigger for Relapse?
Applied Economics 43,24 (2011): 3449-3457.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036841003652430
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Ethnic Differences; Smoking (see Cigarette Use); Weight; Women

While the Surgeon General's Consumer Guide lists weight-gain as an important relapse trigger, the 2001 Surgeon General's Report on Women and Smoking concludes, paradoxically, that actual weight-gain during cessation does not appear to predict relapse. This dichotomous view reflects longstanding scientific uncertainty about the role of weight-gain in triggering relapse. This scientific uncertainty, which stems from mixed clinical trial results, is problematic for insurance coverage decisions such as state Medicaid programme decisions to cover or exclude smoking-cessation and weight-control pharmaceuticals. Analysts hypothesize that selection bias may explain the inconsistency between the negative clinical results and the persistent view that weight-gain triggers relapse, if weight-concern is both a key determinant of the transition from 'smoker' to 'ex-smoker,' and a key moderating variable in the relationship between weight-gain and relapse. We therefore use the nationally representative 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) to test the relapse-trigger hypothesis, and conclude that post-smoking-cessation weight-gain triggers relapse among weight-concerned white women, but it is associated with quitting success among Hispanic women. In addition, our results do not support the hypothesis that the mixed clinical trial results reflect selection bias based on weight-concern.
Bibliography Citation
Mukhopadhyay, Sankar and Jeanne Wendel. "Is Post-Smoking-Cessation Weight-Gain a Significant Trigger for Relapse?" Applied Economics 43,24 (2011): 3449-3457.
1489. Mulligan, Karen Michelle
Access to Emergency Contraception and its Impact on Fertility and Sexual Behavior
Health Economics 25,4 (April 2016): 455-469.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hec.3163/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Abortion; Contraception; Fertility; Geocoded Data; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Half of all pregnancies in the USA are unintended, suggesting a high incidence of either improper or nonuse of contraceptives. Emergency birth control (EBC) provides individuals with additional insurance against unplanned pregnancy in the presence of contraception failure. This study is the first to estimate the impact of switching EBC from prescription to nonprescription status in the USA on abortions and risky sexual behavior as measured by STD rates. Utilizing state-level variation in access to EBC, we find that providing individuals with over-the-counter access to EBC leads to increase STD rates and has no effect on abortion rates. Moreover, individual-level analysis using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicates that risky sexual behavior such as engaging in unprotected sex and number of sexual encounters increases as a result of over-the-counter access to EBC, which is consistent with the state-level STD findings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bibliography Citation
Mulligan, Karen Michelle. "Access to Emergency Contraception and its Impact on Fertility and Sexual Behavior." Health Economics 25,4 (April 2016): 455-469.
1490. Mulligan, Karen Michelle
Essays in Health Economics
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, May 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: University of Texas at Austin
Keyword(s): Abortion; Birth Rate; Contraception; Geocoded Data; Insurance, Health; Sexual Behavior; State-Level Data/Policy

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This dissertation consists of three chapters on health economics, two of which focus on contraception and the third on vaccination. Chapter one examines the impact of state-level contraception insurance coverage mandates on women's fertility outcomes. It utilizes variation in mandated insurance coverage for contraception across states and over time to determine the causal impact of insurance coverage of contraception on fertility outcomes, specifically abortion rates and birth rates. State level results indicate that a mandate decreases abortion rates by 6% in the year of introduction and decreases birth rates by 3% two years following introduction, with the magnitude of both effects remaining steady over the long run.

Chapter three utilizes variations in access to emergency contraception (EC) across states to determine the impact of over the counter access on abortion rates, birth rates, and risky sexual behavior. Using state-level data, a flexible time specification finds that giving individuals over the counter access to EC reduces births and increases risky behavior, which is captured by STD rates. These effects are larger for adults compared with teenagers, however, there are not significant differential effects by race. Finally, the effects are increasing over time following the legislation.

Bibliography Citation
Mulligan, Karen Michelle. Essays in Health Economics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, May 2012.
1491. Mulvey, Philip
Larson, Matthew
Coming of Age in the Military Post-9/11: An Examination of Early Life Outcomes for a New Generation of Military Veterans
Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Society of Criminology
Keyword(s): Crime; Divorce; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Life Course; Military Service; Substance Use; Veterans

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Military service has long been an important instrument of life course transition. To date, scholars have yielded mixed empirical support for whether military service is associated with positive or negative life outcomes. Considering one principal tenet of life course theory, that an individual’s location in time and place is important, the current study examines the implications of military service for a cohort of veterans coming of age in the post 9/11 wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we assess the impact of military involvement on individuals’ likelihood of offending, divorce, substance use, and negative health relative to the general public. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are also discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Mulvey, Philip and Matthew Larson. "Coming of Age in the Military Post-9/11: An Examination of Early Life Outcomes for a New Generation of Military Veterans." Presented: Chicago IL, American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, November 2012.
1492. Mumford, Elizabeth A.
Liu, Weiwei
Hair, Elizabeth Catherine
Yu, Tzy-Chyi
Concurrent Trajectories of BMI and Mental Health Patterns in Emerging Adulthood
Social Science and Medicine 98 (December 2013): 1-7.
Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953613005017
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Body Mass Index (BMI); Health, Mental/Psychological; Obesity; Poverty

Affective disorders and weight status have been consistently linked in childhood and adult research, and this comorbidity has synergistic effects leading to more severe health consequences. We map the co-development of these developmental processes in the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – 1997 (NLSY97) cohort ages 15 to 27 to inform the targeting of public health interventions. We estimate profiles of youth mental health and weight status through parallel process growth mixture modeling within a person-centered framework controlling for race/ethnicity, gender, and poverty status. Fit statistics indicate a 5-class parallel process model for the concurrent trajectories of BMI and mental health. The concurrent trajectories model reveals latent class trajectories of "stable normal weight, stable good mental health" (82.2%); "consistently obese, stable good mental health" (6.8%); "overweight becoming obese, declining mental health" (5.6%); "stable normal weight, improving mental health" (3.3%); and "morbid obesity, stable good mental health" (2.1%). The risk of developmental trajectories of poor mental health and BMI outcomes is greater for females, blacks, Hispanics, and individuals living below the poverty line. These results should help public health professionals to better target subpopulations approaching or already experiencing developmental pathways of risk for poor mental health and weight comorbidities. Multilevel investigation of lifestyle and contextual factors will foster further refinement of public health interventions.
Bibliography Citation
Mumford, Elizabeth A., Weiwei Liu, Elizabeth Catherine Hair and Tzy-Chyi Yu. "Concurrent Trajectories of BMI and Mental Health Patterns in Emerging Adulthood." Social Science and Medicine 98 (December 2013): 1-7.
1493. Munsch, Christin L.
Her Support, His Support: Money, Masculinity, and Marital Infidelity
American Sociological Review 80,3 (June 2015): 469-495.
Also: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/3/469.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Earnings, Husbands; Earnings, Wives; Economic Independence; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Marital Conflict; Marital Stability; Sexual Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent years have seen great interest in the relationship between relative earnings and marital outcomes. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I examine the effect of relative earnings on infidelity, a marital outcome that has received little attention. Theories of social exchange predict that the greater one's relative income, the more likely one will be to engage in infidelity. Yet, emerging literature raises questions about the utility of gender-neutral exchange approaches, particularly when men are economically dependent and women are breadwinners. I find that, for men, breadwinning increases infidelity. For women, breadwinning decreases infidelity. I argue that by remaining faithful, breadwinning women neutralize their gender deviance and keep potentially strained relationships intact. I also find that, for both men and women, economic dependency is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in infidelity; but, the influence of dependency on men's infidelity is greater than the influence of dependency on women's infidelity. For economically dependent persons, infidelity may be an attempt to restore relationship equity; however, for men, dependence may be particularly threatening. Infidelity may allow economically dependent men to engage in compensatory behavior while simultaneously distancing themselves from breadwinning spouses.
Bibliography Citation
Munsch, Christin L. "Her Support, His Support: Money, Masculinity, and Marital Infidelity." American Sociological Review 80,3 (June 2015): 469-495.
1494. Munsch, Christin L.
The Effect of Unemployment and Relative Income Disparity on Infidelity for Men and Women
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Income Level; Sexual Activity; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper uses social identity theory and social exchange theory to develop an interactional model of infidelity. I argue that, for men, unemployment and relative income disparity may threaten gender identity by calling into question the traditional notion of men as providers and breadwinners. Having multiple sexual partners may be an attempt to restore gender identity in response to these threats. Because normative gender expectations differ for men and women, it is unlikely that unemployment and relative income disparity lead women to engage in extradyadic sex. Rather, for women, fidelity and infidelity may be functions of social exchange. Economic dependency may compel women to exchange sexual exclusivity for a share of men's income. I test these assertions using panel data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97).
Bibliography Citation
Munsch, Christin L. "The Effect of Unemployment and Relative Income Disparity on Infidelity for Men and Women." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2010.
1495. Munsch, Christin L.
Rogers, Matthew
Is Breadwinning a Health Hazard? The Relationship between Relative Income and Self-Reported Mental and Physical Health
Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Depression (see also CESD); Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Income; Husbands, Income; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While scholars have carefully tracked the amount of time men and women spend on both paid and domestic labor, the consequences of defining and prescribing marital responsibilities based on gender--particularly among young men and women who reportedly desire egalitarian relationships--are less well-known. In this study, we use nationally representative survey data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97 (NLSY97) to examine the relationship between men's and women's relative income contributions in marriage, a measure of household specialization, and physical and mental health. We find strong evidence that breadwinning has adverse effects on men's health. As relative income increases--that is, as men take on a greater share of the household income--depression increases and physical health declines. Relative income is negatively associated with women's depression and unrelated to women's physical health.
Bibliography Citation
Munsch, Christin L. and Matthew Rogers. "Is Breadwinning a Health Hazard? The Relationship between Relative Income and Self-Reported Mental and Physical Health." Presented: Seattle WA, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2016.
1496. Munsch, Christin L.
Yorks, Jessica
When Opportunity Knocks, Who Answers? Infidelity, Gender, Race, and Occupational Sex Composition
Personal Relationships 25,4 (December 2018): 581-595.
Also: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pere.12261
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Wiley Online
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Marital Conflict; Marital Stability; Occupational Choice; Occupational Segregation; Racial Differences; Sexual Activity

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

To date, the prevailing explanation for gender differences in infidelity has been evolutionary. Adaptive pressures lead men to seek sexual variety and, consequently, take advantage of opportunities for extramarital sex more than women. However, an often‐overlooked component of the evolutionary perspective is the way in which social context influences behavior. Thus, we extend previous theoretical accounts by examining the ways in which opportunity is facilitated or constrained by experiences of tokenism. The authors find, for White men, who tend to report favorable treatment in female‐dominated work, opportunity is positively associated with infidelity. For non‐White men, who report poor treatment in female‐dominated work, occupational sex composition and infidelity are negatively associated. For White and non‐White women, occupational sex composition is unrelated to infidelity.
Bibliography Citation
Munsch, Christin L. and Jessica Yorks. "When Opportunity Knocks, Who Answers? Infidelity, Gender, Race, and Occupational Sex Composition." Personal Relationships 25,4 (December 2018): 581-595.
1497. Murali, Srinivasan
Essays in Macroeconomics
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97
Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
Keyword(s): Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); Job Skills; Job Tenure; Job Turnover; Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Chapter 1 titled Job Specialization and Labor Market Turnover explores the secular decline in the labor market turnover over the recent decades. Even though there is a growing empirical literature documenting the decline of labor market turnover over time, there is still no consensus on the underlying economic factors driving this decline. This paper contributes to this gap in the literature. I analyze the role of an increase in the specialization of jobs in accounting for this decline. Combining individual level worker data from NLSY79 and NLSY97 with data on skills from the ASVAB and O*NET, I estimate a standard Mincerian wage regression augmented with an empirical measure of mismatch. I find that jobs on average are specialized and that specialization has increased by 14 percentage points post 1995. To quantify the impact of this increasing job specialization on labor market turnover, I build an equilibrium search and matching model with two-sided ex-ante heterogeneity. Workers have different skill endowments and jobs have different skill requirements. The specialization of a job measures the impact of mismatch on match productivity. I show that as jobs become more specialized, my model is able to explain over 20\% of the observed decline in labor market turnover. As job specialization increases, well-matched firms and workers choose to remain in their matches longer. This leads to an increase in the proportion of well-matched workers and firms, which in turn results in a decline in labor market turnover.
Bibliography Citation
Murali, Srinivasan. Essays in Macroeconomics. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, 2018.
1498. Muraveva, Anna V.
Understanding Variation in Cohabitation through a Lens of Marital Expectations and Fertility
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2019
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Expectations/Intentions; Fertility

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Dramatic shifts in family formation processes over the last decades of the 20th century in the United States altered the way people think about childbearing outside of marriage. Although the proportion of births to cohabiting couples has increased and childbearing within cohabitation became a commonplace experience in the United States, many still see childbearing primarily as a process within marriage. The present dissertation project seeks to address this controversy by elucidating the linkage between the processes of cohabitation, marriage, and childbearing among contemporary young adults. In addition to fertility behavior, this project focuses on studying fertility intentions as a way of understanding individuals' plans, goals, and ideas about cohabitation. Drawing on lifecourse conceptual framework and data from 13-17th (2009-2015) interview rounds of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), this dissertation examines the role relationship status and, more specifically, cohabitation plays in the formation and realization of short-term fertility intentions. First, I use binary logistic regression models to investigate whether fertility decision-making in the context of cohabitation depends on how marriage fits into cohabitors' plans for the future. Simultaneously studying fertility- and marriage-related dynamics within the context of cohabitation allow gaining better insight into the existing variation in cohabitation with respect to its meaning, function, and place within individuals' lifecourse trajectory as well as contemporary U.S. family landscape. Second, I apply discrete-time survival analyses to explore the role of cohabitation on young adults' actual fertility behavior in a short run. I estimate how likely cohabitors are to realize their short-term intentions comparing to other relationship status groups; I also investigate whether the linkage between cohabitation and fertility varies by the degree of fertility intentions certainty.
Bibliography Citation
Muraveva, Anna V. Understanding Variation in Cohabitation through a Lens of Marital Expectations and Fertility. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, 2019.
1499. Murphy, Debra A.
Brecht, Mary-Lynn
Herbeck, Diane M.
Huang, David Y.C.
Trajectories of HIV Risk Behavior from Age 15 to 25 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Sample
Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38,9 (October 2009): 1226-1239.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/55uv2631025x1645/
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keyword(s): Adolescent Sexual Activity; Alcohol Use; Immigrants; Military Personnel; Racial Differences; Risk-Taking; Rural/Urban Differences; Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate youth risk trajectories for HIV and factors associated with different trajectories. The sample ( N = 8,208) was 49.2% female, with a mean age of 14.31 ( SD = 1.48). A group-based trajectory model was applied, which identified four distinct trajectories for both males and females: (1) consistently higher sexual risk levels, increasing to early adulthood followed by some decrease ("high"); (2) a short period of increase to late teens, followed by a longer period of decrease ("decreased"); (3) an initially slow increase, with the increase accelerating by late teens, and a slight decline beginning in early adulthood ("increased"); and (4) consistently lowest levels of sexual risk ("low"). More African Americans were found among the decreased trajectory group; among the low risk group a higher number of youth came from families with parents who spoke a language other than English. The high-risk group had a higher percentage of subjects in non-metropolitan areas and highest alcohol use. Among males, being employed and being in the military were associated with inclusion in the high-risk group. Results have implications for specializing prevention strategies for youth with different patterns of sexual risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Murphy, Debra A., Mary-Lynn Brecht, Diane M. Herbeck and David Y.C. Huang. "Trajectories of HIV Risk Behavior from Age 15 to 25 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Sample." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38,9 (October 2009): 1226-1239.
1500. Murphy, Debra A.
Brecht, Mary-Lynn
Huang, David Y.C.
Herbeck, Diane M.
Trajectories of Delinquency from Age 14 to 23 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Sample
International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 17,1 (March 2012): 47-62.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02673843.2011.649401
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Neighborhood Effects; Parental Influences; Religious Influences; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study utilised data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate risk trajectories for delinquency and factors associated with different trajectories, particularly substance use. The sample (n = 8984) was 49% female. A group-based trajectory model was applied, which identified four distinct trajectories for both males and females: a High group with delinquency rates consistently higher than other groups, with some decrease across the age range; a Decreased group, beginning at high levels with substantial decrease to near zero; a Moderate group, experiencing some decline but remaining at moderate rates of delinquency through most of the age range; and a consistently Low group, having low rates of delinquency declining to near zero by mid-teens to late-teens. The Low group was distinguished by several protective factors, including higher rates of maternal authoritative parenting style, possible lower acculturation (higher rates of non-English spoken at home), higher rates of religious activity, later substance use initiation, lower rates of early delinquent activity, less early experience with neighbourhood or personal violence, and higher rates of perceiving penalty for wrongdoing. Conversely, the High group was characterised by several vulnerability factors – essentially the converse of the protective factors above.
Bibliography Citation
Murphy, Debra A., Mary-Lynn Brecht, David Y.C. Huang and Diane M. Herbeck. "Trajectories of Delinquency from Age 14 to 23 in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Sample." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 17,1 (March 2012): 47-62.