Search Results

Source: Crime and Delinquency
Resulting in 26 citations.
1. Abeling-Judge, David
Age Matters: Stopping Out, Going Back, and Criminal Desistance Based on Timing of Educational Return
Crime and Delinquency 66,3 (March 2020): 363-391.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0011128719860836
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; Dropouts; Education; Education, Adult; Educational Attainment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Education can reduce criminal behavior through preventive influences and later desistance. However, the desistance effect may be hindered by the age at which one returns to formal education. This study explores this point by examining drop out and stop out offenders in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Specifically, this study creates separate subgroups of respondents who reported recommitting to educational pursuits before and after age 18. Results indicate that recommitting to education, and specific degree attainment, differ in their impact on future crime depending on when an offender reenrolls in formal education. This study expands the importance of studying the timing of social events within lives and suggests targeting policy interventions in adolescence.
Bibliography Citation
Abeling-Judge, David. "Age Matters: Stopping Out, Going Back, and Criminal Desistance Based on Timing of Educational Return." Crime and Delinquency 66,3 (March 2020): 363-391.
2. Abeling-Judge, David
Stopping Out and Going Back: The Impact of Educational Attainment on Criminal Desistance Among Stopped-Out Offenders
Crime and Delinquency 65,4 (April 2019): 527-554.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128719828352
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Diploma

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Education has been consistently studied as a source of crime prevention and control, but the relevance of returning and completing educational degrees among offenders who drop out, as an opportunity to further the process of desistance, has not received empirical attention. The current study addresses this gap in desistance research by examining the impact of educational return and specific degree attainment on desistance from crime using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Results indicate that reenrolling in educational pursuits can produce partial desistance effects as does specific degree attainment. The findings suggest a reconsideration of education as both a source of prevention and desistance and expands theoretical and practical discussion of desistance through educational pursuits.
Bibliography Citation
Abeling-Judge, David. "Stopping Out and Going Back: The Impact of Educational Attainment on Criminal Desistance Among Stopped-Out Offenders." Crime and Delinquency 65,4 (April 2019): 527-554.
3. Andersen, Tia S.
Ouellette, Heather M.
Juvenile Court Outcomes Following Youth's First Arrest: A National Test of the Racial and Ethnic Threat Hypothesis
Crime and Delinquency 65,2 (February 2019): 183-214.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011128718793616
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Ethnic Differences; Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using nationally representative data, this research examined the associations between indicators of minority threat and juvenile justice processing following a first arrest. At intake, increasing Black presence in the community resulted in leniency, rather than severity. Once adjudicated, the size of the Black population had a nonlinear inverted-U shaped relationship with probability of placement. Increasing Hispanic presence was associated with leniency in disposition, and economic threat was not significantly related outcomes. Indicators of minority threat did not exacerbate outcomes for minority youth. These findings suggest that, contrary to the expectations of minority threat theory, the growing presence of minorities in communities may weaken social control and harsh punishments, particularly once the size of the minority population reaches a critical threshold.
Bibliography Citation
Andersen, Tia S. and Heather M. Ouellette. "Juvenile Court Outcomes Following Youth's First Arrest: A National Test of the Racial and Ethnic Threat Hypothesis." Crime and Delinquency 65,2 (February 2019): 183-214.
4. Apel, Robert John
Paternoster, Raymond
Bushway, Shawn D.
Brame, Robert
A Job Isn't Just a Job: The Differential Impact of Formal Versus Informal Work on Adolescent Problem Behavior
Crime and Delinquency 52,2 (April 2006): 333-69.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/52/2/333
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: National Council on Crime and Delinquency
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavioral Problems; Child Labor; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Employment, Youth; Job Patterns; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Research consistently demonstrates a positive correlation between hours of employment and problem behavior for adolescents. In response, the National Research Council (1998) proposed limits on youth work involvement, and its recommendation forms the basis for proposed legislation to amend federal child labor provisions. An unanticipated consequence may be to increase the amount of time that youths spend in the informal labor market because child labor laws only govern youth employment in the formal labor market. In this article, the authors attempt to address this policy implication and fill a gap in the extant literature by examining the impact of both formal and informal employment on delinquency and substance use. Because work patterns tend to be very different by gender and race or ethnicity, the authors estimate separate models for these subgroups. The authors use longitudinal data to deal with the possibility that there are unobserved differences between those that work and those that do not.
Bibliography Citation
Apel, Robert John, Raymond Paternoster, Shawn D. Bushway and Robert Brame. "A Job Isn't Just a Job: The Differential Impact of Formal Versus Informal Work on Adolescent Problem Behavior." Crime and Delinquency 52,2 (April 2006): 333-69.
5. Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth
A Game of Catch-Up? The Offending Experience of Second-Generation Immigrants
Crime and Delinquency 60,1 (February 2014): 60-84.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/60/1/60.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Ethnic Differences; Immigrants; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Evidence continues to accumulate documenting a generational disparity in offending whereby second-generation immigrants (the children of immigrants) evidence a precipitous increase in offending compared with their first-generation, foreign-born peers. An understanding of this pattern is most often couched in terms reflective of segmented assimilation theory highlighting the unique assimilation experiences and challenges faced by the children of immigrants. Importantly, alternative explanations of this pattern exist, namely, those promoting a regression to the mean hypothesis—born and socialized in the U.S. mainstream, second-generation immigrants are simply native-born youth. Using data from nine waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this alternative hypothesis is evaluated. The differential influence of variables tapping into important family, school, peer, and neighborhood domains on offending trajectories are compared across second-generation immigrant and native-born subsamples. The results reveal a high degree of similarity comparing second-generation immigrants and native-born Whites. At the same time, differences are also observed when compared with native-born Black and Hispanic peers particularly among measures of more serious offending. Implications of these findings for theory and policy are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Bersani, Bianca Elizabeth. "A Game of Catch-Up? The Offending Experience of Second-Generation Immigrants." Crime and Delinquency 60,1 (February 2014): 60-84.
6. Bjerregaard, Beth
Gang Membership and Drug Involvement: Untangling the Complex Relationship
Crime and Delinquency 56,1 (January 2010): 3-34.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/56/1/3.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Behavior, Violent; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Previous research has consistently demonstrated a relationship between gang membership and involvement in illegal substances. In addition, researchers have noted that gang members are frequently more heavily involved in drug sales, which often lead to increases in violent behaviors. Most of this research, however, is either cross-sectional or ethnographic in nature, and therefore does not reveal the causal nature of these relationships. This research attempts to establish the temporal ordering of these relationships while controlling for a variety of relevant variables and to determine whether the relationships between drug involvement and violence differ for gang members versus nongang members. The findings indicate that gang membership is weakly associated with drug involvement, including both usage and sales. This involvement, however, does not appear to be related to assaults. Results suggest that gang membership is not determinative of drug involvement among a national random sample of youth.
Bibliography Citation
Bjerregaard, Beth. "Gang Membership and Drug Involvement: Untangling the Complex Relationship." Crime and Delinquency 56,1 (January 2010): 3-34.
7. Brame, Robert
Bushway, Shawn D.
Paternoster, Raymond
Turner, Michael G.
Demographic Patterns of Cumulative Arrest Prevalence by Ages 18 and 23
Crime and Delinquency 60,3 (April 2014): 471-486.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/60/3/471.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Gender Differences; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this study, we examine race, sex, and self-reported arrest histories (excluding arrests for minor traffic violations) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97; N = 7,335) for the period 1997 through 2008 covering cumulative arrest histories through ages 18 and 23. The analysis produces three key findings: (a) males have higher cumulative prevalence of arrest than females and (b) there are important race differences in the probability of arrest for males but not for females. Assuming that the missing cases are missing at random (MAR), about 30% of Black males have experienced at least one arrest by age 18 (vs. about 22% for White males); by age 23 about 49% of Black males have been arrested (vs. about 38% for White males). Earlier research using the NLSY97 showed that the risk of arrest by age 23 was 30%, with nonresponse bounds [25.3%, 41.4%]. This study indicates that the risk of arrest is not evenly distributed across the population. Future research should focus on the identification and management of collateral risks that often accompany arrest experiences.
Bibliography Citation
Brame, Robert, Shawn D. Bushway, Raymond Paternoster and Michael G. Turner. "Demographic Patterns of Cumulative Arrest Prevalence by Ages 18 and 23." Crime and Delinquency 60,3 (April 2014): 471-486.
8. Chumchal, Martha J.
Narvey, Chelsey S.
Connolly, Eric J.
Does Parental Incarceration Condition the Relationship Between Childhood Lack of Guilt and Criminal Justice Involvement? A Life-Course Analysis
Crime and Delinquency published online (28 October 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221130951.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00111287221130951
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Criminal Justice System; Incarceration/Jail; Parental Influences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Prior research suggests that childhood lack of guilt increases risk for involvement in the criminal justice system later in life. However, few studies have explored the role of moderating factors on this association across the life course, particularly parental incarceration during adolescence, which is commonly associated with child contact with the criminal justice system. The current study analyzes self-report data from a population-based sample of U.S. youth (N = 6,581) to examine whether and to what extent parental incarceration between ages 10 and 17 moderate the association between child lack of guilt between ages 8 and 9 and incarceration from ages 18 to 32. Results from a series path models reveal that childhood lack of guilt is positively associated with adult incarceration. Parental incarceration is also associated with child incarceration, but does not moderate the direct pathway from childhood lack of guilt to incarceration. Early life lack of guilt or empathy appears to be a robust and unique independent risk factor for future criminal justice involvement. Prevention efforts should focus on identifying and treating this form of problematic behavior early in childhood.
Bibliography Citation
Chumchal, Martha J., Chelsey S. Narvey and Eric J. Connolly. "Does Parental Incarceration Condition the Relationship Between Childhood Lack of Guilt and Criminal Justice Involvement? A Life-Course Analysis." Crime and Delinquency published online (28 October 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221130951.
9. Collier, Nicole Louise
Mears, Daniel P.
Delinquent by the Dozen: Youth From Larger Families Engage in More Delinquency--Fact or Myth?
Crime and Delinquency published online (25 April 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221088036.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00111287221088036
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Size; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Siblings

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Studies suggest that there is a linear and positive relationship between family size and delinquency. However, questions exist about this assessment. Drawing on prior scholarship and analyses, we revisit and test the family size-delinquency relationship. We also test whether the effect varies by sibling relatedness. Results indicate no consistent or large criminogenic effect of larger families on delinquency and that the relationship is considerably more complicated than what prior work has identified. Some beneficial effects are identified for children in full biological households, some criminogenic effects are identified for children from non-full biological households, and the relationships are curvilinear. Findings underscore the need to revisit research on family size and delinquency and to take into account sibling relatedness.
Bibliography Citation
Collier, Nicole Louise and Daniel P. Mears. "Delinquent by the Dozen: Youth From Larger Families Engage in More Delinquency--Fact or Myth?" Crime and Delinquency published online (25 April 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221088036.
10. Fernandes, April
On the Job or in the Joint: Criminal Justice Contact and Employment Outcomes
Crime and Delinquency 66,12 (2020): 1678-1702.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0011128719901112
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Criminal Justice System; Employment, History; Incarceration/Jail; Racial Equality/Inequality; Wages

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Existing research has shown that the rise of incarceration had a substantial effect on the stabilizing forces of employment. The conditions and circumstances that render felony imprisonment impactful are also present for less severe points of contact. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97), this project explores the effects of the continuum of contact, namely, an arrest, conviction, and jail sentence, on employment stability and wages. Results show that the consistency of employment is detrimentally affected by all points of low-level contact, with an added penalty for African Americans. These results point to the salience of exploring all levels of contact to fully ascertain how the criminal justice system can increase stratification and occupational inequality.
Bibliography Citation
Fernandes, April. "On the Job or in the Joint: Criminal Justice Contact and Employment Outcomes." Crime and Delinquency 66,12 (2020): 1678-1702.
11. Guo, Siying
Metcalfe, Christi
Religion as a Social Control: A Longitudinal Study of Religious Involvement and Substance Use
Crime and Delinquency 65,8 (July 2019): 1149-1181.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128718787510
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Modeling, Random Effects; Religion; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The study examines the longitudinal relationship between religious involvement and substance use within emerging adulthood, accounting for changes in religious involvement over time and exploring variations across age, sex, race/ethnicity, and substance (i.e., alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs). To this end, random effects models are used focusing on 11 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997. The findings demonstrate that increases in religious attendance are associated with reduced odds of all forms of substance use. In addition, the religious attendance-substance use relationship becomes weaker with age. Overall, religious attendance has a similar relationship with substance use among males and females, as well as Whites and non-Whites, with a few notable exceptions.
Bibliography Citation
Guo, Siying and Christi Metcalfe. "Religion as a Social Control: A Longitudinal Study of Religious Involvement and Substance Use." Crime and Delinquency 65,8 (July 2019): 1149-1181.
12. Inkpen, Christopher
Differences in Time to Reported First Arrest by Race, National Origin, and Immigrant Generation: A Test of Assimilation Theories
Crime and Delinquency published online (1 February 2024).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231225125
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Assimilation; Hispanic Studies; Hispanics; Immigrants

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examines immigrant assimilation theories by focusing on arrest during adolescence and adult life using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative panel study that follows children from adolescence through adulthood. The analysis compares outcomes for the first and second-generation of Mexican origin and other parts of Latin America to third- and fourth-plus generation (1) non-Hispanic white, (2) non-Hispanic black, and (3) Hispanic respondents. This investigation employs survival analyses to account for the timing of arrest and other events (e.g., graduation, childbirth, and employment). Results indicate the first generation, both of Mexican and Other Hispanic origin, are less likely to experience arrest than their higher-generation counterparts, regardless of race/ethnicity of the comparison group.
Bibliography Citation
Inkpen, Christopher. "Differences in Time to Reported First Arrest by Race, National Origin, and Immigrant Generation: A Test of Assimilation Theories." Crime and Delinquency published online (1 February 2024).
13. Kim, Ryang Hui
Age-Sensitive Effect of Adolescent Dating Experience on Delinquency and Substance Use
Crime and Delinquency 59,5 (August 2013): 670-696.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/59/5/670.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; Dating; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Substance Use

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study uses a developmental perspective and focuses on examining whether the impact of adolescent dating is age-sensitive. Dating at earlier ages is hypothesized to have a stronger effect on adolescent criminal behavior or substance use, but the effect would be weaker as one ages. The data obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 are used to investigate this research question. The age-sensitive effect is measured by the interaction term between dating and age in the fixed effects modeling. The results show that when an adolescent changes from nondating to dating, the probability of committing criminal activities or using substances increases, but the influence of adolescent dating decreases as one ages. In addition, the dating effect decreases more rapidly among female adolescents than male adolescents.
Bibliography Citation
Kim, Ryang Hui. "Age-Sensitive Effect of Adolescent Dating Experience on Delinquency and Substance Use." Crime and Delinquency 59,5 (August 2013): 670-696.
14. Kondrat, Allison G.
Connolly, Eric J.
An Examination of the Reciprocal Relations Between Treatment by Others, Anger, and Antisocial Behavior: A Partial Test of General Strain Theory
Crime and Delinquency published online (8 April 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221087947.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00111287221087947
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Behavior, Antisocial; Discrimination; General Strain Theory

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

General Strain Theory (GST) has received an impressive amount of empirical attention. However, much remains unknown about the role of sources of strain argued to be conducive to negative emotionality--such as perceived unjust treatment--on changes in anger and antisocial behavior over time. The current study aimed to begin to address this gap in the literature by assessing the relationship between changes in perceived unjust treatment, anger, and antisocial behavior across 8 years of the life course. Results from a series of auto-regressive cross-lagged models show support for GST, as well as offer evidence for new lines of empirical investigation. The reported findings offer some of the first evidence for a developmental cascade model of GST.
Bibliography Citation
Kondrat, Allison G. and Eric J. Connolly. "An Examination of the Reciprocal Relations Between Treatment by Others, Anger, and Antisocial Behavior: A Partial Test of General Strain Theory." Crime and Delinquency published online (8 April 2022): DOI: 10.1177/00111287221087947.
15. Makarios, Matthew
Cullen, Francis T.
Piquero, Alex R.
Adolescent Criminal Behavior, Population Heterogeneity, and Cumulative Disadvantage: Untangling the Relationship Between Adolescent Delinquency and Negative Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood
Crime and Delinquency 63,6 (June 2017): 683-707.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128715572094
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Heterogeneity; Socioeconomic Factors

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Developmentalists suggest that adolescent criminal involvement encourages later life failure in the social domains of education, welfare, and risky sexual activities. Although prior research supports a link between crime and later life failure, relatively little research has sought to explain why this relationship exists. This research attempts to understand why crime leads to negative social outcomes by testing hypotheses derived from the perspectives of population heterogeneity and cumulative disadvantage. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the results reveal that net of control variables and measures of population heterogeneity, adolescent criminal behavior consistently predicts school failure, being on welfare, and risky sexual activities. The findings also suggest that after controlling for delinquency, adolescent arrest negatively affects these factors. Furthermore, stable criminal traits and adolescent delinquency interact when predicting measures of poor social adjustment in early adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Makarios, Matthew, Francis T. Cullen and Alex R. Piquero. "Adolescent Criminal Behavior, Population Heterogeneity, and Cumulative Disadvantage: Untangling the Relationship Between Adolescent Delinquency and Negative Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood." Crime and Delinquency 63,6 (June 2017): 683-707.
16. McNulty, Thomas L.
Bellair, Paul E.
Watts, Stephen J.
Neighborhood Disadvantage and Verbal Ability as Explanations of the Black–White Difference in Adolescent Violence: Toward an Integrated Model
Crime and Delinquency 59,1 (February 2013): 140-160.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/59/1/140.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Cognitive Ability; Crime; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Modeling, Multilevel; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Background

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article develops a multilevel model that integrates individual difference and sociological explanations of the Black–White difference in adolescent violence. Our basic premise is that low verbal ability is a criminogenic risk factor that is in part an outcome of exposure to neighborhood and family disadvantages. Analysis of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reveals that verbal ability has direct and indirect effects (through school achievement) on violence, provides a partial explanation for the racial disparity, and mediates the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage at the neighborhood level. Results support the view that neighborhood and family disadvantages have repercussions for the acquisition of verbal ability, which, in turn, serves as a protective factor against violence. We conclude that explanation of the race difference is best conceived as originating from the segregation of Blacks in disadvantaged contexts.
Bibliography Citation
McNulty, Thomas L., Paul E. Bellair and Stephen J. Watts. "Neighborhood Disadvantage and Verbal Ability as Explanations of the Black–White Difference in Adolescent Violence: Toward an Integrated Model." Crime and Delinquency 59,1 (February 2013): 140-160.
17. Mitchell, Ojmarrh
Caudy, Michael S.
Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests
Crime and Delinquency 63,2 (February 2017): 91-112.
Also: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011128714568427
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Drug Use; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The War on Drugs' emphasis on apprehending low-level drug offenders dramatically increased the number of arrests for drug distribution and exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities in such arrests. Although these disparities have been the topic of much discussion, they rarely have been the subject of multivariate empirical scrutiny. This research examines the degree to which race differences in drug offending, nondrug offending, and community context explain race differences in the likelihood of experiencing a drug distribution arrest in a longitudinal sample of youthful respondents (age 12-29). Our results indicate that in comparison with White drug offenders, Hispanic drug offenders' greater likelihood of arrest is largely due to differences in community context; however, African Americans' greater likelihood of arrest is not explained by differences in offending or community context. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Mitchell, Ojmarrh and Michael S. Caudy. "Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests." Crime and Delinquency 63,2 (February 2017): 91-112.
18. Morash, Merry
Rucker, Lila
An Exploratory Study of the Connection of Mother's Age at Childbearing to Her Children's Delinquency in Four Data Sets
Crime and Delinquency 35,1 (January 1989): 45-93.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/35/1/45.abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Crime and Delinquency
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Delinquency/Gang Activity; First Birth; Longitudinal Data Sets

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examines the relationship between early childbearing and delinquent outcomes for the child. Using data from the London Longitudinal Survey, the Philadelphia Cohort Study, the NLSY, and the National Survey of Children, it was found that: (1) although there is a relationship between mother's age at first child's birth and delinquency, it is conditioned by the presence of a father or stepfather; and (2) the connection between mother's age and father's presence while not strong was persistent across both U.S. and British samples and across racial/ethnic group samples. Policy implications are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Morash, Merry and Lila Rucker. "An Exploratory Study of the Connection of Mother's Age at Childbearing to Her Children's Delinquency in Four Data Sets." Crime and Delinquency 35,1 (January 1989): 45-93.
19. Nofziger, Stacey
Johnson, Taylor
Revisiting the Concept of Stability in the General Theory of Crime
Crime and Delinquency published online (26 November 2019): DOI: 10.1177/0011128719890264.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128719890264
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; Deviance; Life Course; Self-Control/Self-Regulation

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The general theory proposes that self-control exerts a relatively stable effect on behaviors across the life course. Most studies have examined the stability of self-control itself, rather than whether it leads to persistent patterns of offending that differ between low and high self-control groups. This article examines this alternative idea of stability by tracing patterns of offending over time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child and Young Adult Data, we find that the level of childhood self-control predicts deviance in every age group. The patterns of offending indicate there are stable differences, with low self-control leading to involvement in a greater range of deviant behavior at every age. The theoretical and policy implications of this stability are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Nofziger, Stacey and Taylor Johnson. "Revisiting the Concept of Stability in the General Theory of Crime." Crime and Delinquency published online (26 November 2019): DOI: 10.1177/0011128719890264.
20. Royle, Meghan L.
Connolly, Eric J.
Living Life Like a Marathon, Not a Sprint: The Relationship Between Grit and Criminal Justice Involvement
Crime & Delinquency published online (11 July 2023).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231186080
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Criminal Justice System; Grit; Life Course; Life Outcomes, Positive; Young Adults

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While previous studies report that individuals with higher levels of grit are more likely to experience positive life outcomes, much less is known about whether grit can be used to understand individual differences in criminal justice involvement. This study addresses this gap by analyzing self-report data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to assess the longitudinal relationship between grit, first-time arrest, and re-arrest in young adulthood. Results from a series of multivariate logistic regression models reveal that higher levels of grit are associated with decreased odds of both first-time arrest and re-arrest. The reported findings are some of the first to indicate that grit is an individual-level factor worthy of further empirical investigation in criminal justice and criminology.
Bibliography Citation
Royle, Meghan L. and Eric J. Connolly. "Living Life Like a Marathon, Not a Sprint: The Relationship Between Grit and Criminal Justice Involvement." Crime & Delinquency published online (11 July 2023).
21. Sheely, Amanda
Criminal Justice Involvement and Employment Outcomes Among Women
Crime and Delinquency published online (11 July 2019): DOI: 10.1177/0011128719860833.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128719860833
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Criminal Justice System; Labor Market Outcomes; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article investigates the potentially cumulative effects of being arrested, convicted, and incarcerated on labor market outcomes among women, as well as whether decreased employment levels are due to labor market exclusion or detachment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I find that arrested women have reduced levels of employment, due to both labor market exclusion (unemployment) and labor market detachment (not in the labor force). Once the effect of being arrested is taken into account, women who are convicted or incarcerated do not face any additional negative employment consequences. These results demonstrate that policymakers must look beyond incarceration to reduce the impact of criminal justice involvement on women.
Bibliography Citation
Sheely, Amanda. "Criminal Justice Involvement and Employment Outcomes Among Women." Crime and Delinquency published online (11 July 2019): DOI: 10.1177/0011128719860833.
22. Vander Ven, Thomas Michael
Cullen, Francis T.
The Impact of Maternal Employment on Serious Youth Crime: Does the Quality of Working Conditions Matter?
Crime and Delinquency 50,2 (April 2004): 272-292.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/272
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Council on Crime and Delinquency
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Multilevel; Occupational Status; Work Hours/Schedule

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Social critics and the general public have for some time voiced a variety of concerns related to the increasing entrance of women into the paid labor market. A popular assumption has been that the children of working women are prone to criminal activity. The authors analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), using multiple regression models to examine whether the occupational status of mothers has criminogenic effects on their children during adolescence and early adulthood (15- to 19-year-olds). After tracing the effects of maternal resources, work hours, and occupational controls to criminality, the authors find that cumulative time spent by mothers in paid employment had no measurable influence on criminal involvement. On the other hand, coercively controlled maternal work over time was related to greater criminal involvement (in their children) in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Vander Ven, Thomas Michael and Francis T. Cullen. "The Impact of Maternal Employment on Serious Youth Crime: Does the Quality of Working Conditions Matter? ." Crime and Delinquency 50,2 (April 2004): 272-292.
23. Walters, Glenn D.
Cognitive Mediation of Crime Continuity: A Causal Mediation Analysis of the Past Crime-Future Crime Relationship
Crime and Delinquency 61,9 (November 2015): 1234-1256.
Also: http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/9/1234
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Expectations/Intentions; Incarceration/Jail; Psychological Effects

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Utilizing data from two large samples, cognitive variables were evaluated as potential mediators of the past crime–future crime relationship. In the first study, the reconstructed General Criminal Thinking (GCTrc) score of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) was found to mediate the relationship between past adult convictions/juvenile adjudications and future recidivism in 1,101 male federal prisoners. In the second study, a cognitive appraisal of one's future chances of arrest was found to mediate the relationship between self-reported delinquency between the ages of 13 and 15 and self-reported delinquency between the ages of 17 and 19 in 1,414 male and female members of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) cohort. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the mediating effects in both studies were reasonably robust to violations of the sequential ignorability assumption. These findings suggest that cognitive factors may play a role in encouraging continuity from the early to the later stages of criminal involvement.
Bibliography Citation
Walters, Glenn D. "Cognitive Mediation of Crime Continuity: A Causal Mediation Analysis of the Past Crime-Future Crime Relationship ." Crime and Delinquency 61,9 (November 2015): 1234-1256.
24. Widdowson, Alex O.
Garduno, L. Sergio
Fisher, Benjamin W.
The School-to-Gang Pipeline: Examining the Impact of School Suspension on Joining a Gang for the First Time
Crime and Delinquency published online (17 December 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0011128720981835.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0011128720981835
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; School Suspension/Expulsion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study draws on labeling and routine activity theory to examine whether being suspended from school is associated with subsequent gang membership onset. With data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we estimated discrete time models that predict gang membership onset from ages 12 to 19. The results revealed that being suspended from school at one wave was associated with an increased hazard on gang membership onset at the next wave. The results also revealed that although being suspended from school during one wave increased the hazard of gang membership onset, youth who are suspended during multiple waves tended to have an even higher hazard of gang membership onset.
Bibliography Citation
Widdowson, Alex O., L. Sergio Garduno and Benjamin W. Fisher. "The School-to-Gang Pipeline: Examining the Impact of School Suspension on Joining a Gang for the First Time." Crime and Delinquency published online (17 December 2020): DOI: 10.1177/0011128720981835.
25. Widdowson, Alex O.
Kyser, Anna M.
Investigating the Impact of Prior Criminal Justice Contact on Labor Market Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Propensity Score Analysis
Crime and Delinquency published online (21 January 2024).
Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231225139
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): COVID-19/Coronavirus Pandemic; Criminal Justice System; Labor Force Participation; Labor Market Outcomes

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) and a supplemental COVID sample of NLSY97 respondents, we examined the associations between three measures of criminal justice contact and several indicators of labor market participation during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings indicated that a history of adult criminal justice contact was associated with higher odds of being out of the labor market during the pandemic. However, among those in the workforce, criminal justice contact was also associated with higher odds of stopping work, working reduced hours, experiencing decreased wages, not working from home, and having close contact with others at work. Additional analyses suggest that deeper levels of contact were sometimes associated with worse outcomes.
Bibliography Citation
Widdowson, Alex O. and Anna M. Kyser. "Investigating the Impact of Prior Criminal Justice Contact on Labor Market Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Propensity Score Analysis." Crime and Delinquency published online (21 January 2024).
26. Widdowson, Alex O.
Ranson, J. W. Andrew
Kyser, Anna M.
Continuity of Offending in Young Adulthood: A Test of Moffitt's Snares Hypothesis
Crime and Delinquency published online (5 November 2021): DOI: 10.1177/00111287211052443.
Also: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00111287211052443
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Crime; High School Dropouts; Incarceration/Jail; Injuries; Mothers, Adolescent; Substance Use; Transition, Adulthood; Unemployment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Moffitt's snares hypothesis posits that snares--such as addiction to drugs and alcohol, time spent incarcerated, unemployment, teenage parenthood, high school dropout, and disabling injuries--can trap individuals into persistent patterns of offending during periods in the lifecourse when desistance is normative. We test this hypothesis using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to examine the associations and mechanisms between snare exposure and criminal offending during young adulthood. Results indicate that snare exposure was associated with increased offending and that this was in part due to snare exposure undermining a successful transition to adulthood, harming health, and producing social disadvantage. Moreover, the association between snare exposure and offending varied for different life-course offending trajectories.
Bibliography Citation
Widdowson, Alex O., J. W. Andrew Ranson and Anna M. Kyser. "Continuity of Offending in Young Adulthood: A Test of Moffitt's Snares Hypothesis." Crime and Delinquency published online (5 November 2021): DOI: 10.1177/00111287211052443.