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Title: Are Socioeconomic Gradients for Children Similar to Those for Adults?: Achievement and Health of Children in the United States?
Resulting in 1 citation.
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Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Duncan, Greg J. Britto, Pia Rebello |
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Are Socioeconomic Gradients for Children Similar to Those for Adults?: Achievement and Health of Children in the United States? In: Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. D. Keating and C. Hertzman, eds., New York: Guilford Press, 1999: 94-124 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Guilford Publications Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Poverty; Family Income; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Motor and Social Development (MSD); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Excerpt from chapter: The data reported for the three age groupings are in part based on a 1995 conference entitled "Growing Up Poor," which was sponsored by the NICHD Research Network on Child and Family Well-being and the Russell Sage Foundation (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997a). Longitudinal data from almost a dozen developmental studies were examined to understand the extent to which childhood poverty influences life chances. All of the research teams were asked to conduct "replication" analyses in which the same set of measures were included in regression models. These measures were family income, maternal schooling, family structure, and--if multiple race/ethnic groups were included--race/ethnicity. Our goal was to provide an estimate of income effects independent of the most common poverty cofactors (parental education, marital structure). Almost all of the studies had at least three annual observations of family income; consequently, the estimates of income-to-needs ratios are based on multiple years (since family income is known to vary from year to year, multiple year estimates yield more stable estimates. Our data demonstrate the existence of income gradients during chilldhood. These gradients are seen in the earliest years of life--starting with low birth weight (and other complications at birth), including physical growth and exposure to lead and other toxins in the first few years of life), and moving to cognitive ability by the end of the toddler stage of development (Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997). The gradients do not seem to be reduced by the advent of school. We suspect that schools tend to reinforce existing disparities in children's outcomes rather than reducing them, although some recent data suggest that the primary reason for continuing disparities has to do with stimulating experiences in the home rather than school (Gamoran, Mane, & Bethke, 11998). And the gradients are much more pronounced for school achievement and growth th an for behavior problems. |
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Bibliography Citation
Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Greg J. Duncan and Pia Rebello Britto. "Are Socioeconomic Gradients for Children Similar to Those for Adults?: Achievement and Health of Children in the United States?" In: Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. D. Keating and C. Hertzman, eds., New York: Guilford Press, 1999: 94-124
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