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Using the large sample size made possible through an expanded adolescent sample, we use two econometric techniques to explore the causal impact of early-childbearing on subsequent child and adolescent outcomes. First, we use a fixed-effect, cousin-comparison analysis to control for unobserved family characteristics that may influence child outcomes. Second, we examine outcomes among children born to women who had miscarriages during their teen years. Because teenagers who have miscarriages are in some ways similar to teens who carry infants to live birth, miscarriage data allows us to further scrutinize whether delayed childbearing is associated with improved outcomes.

In both analyses, we find that teen childbearing plays only a small, if any, causal role in children?s performance on standardized tests, reported use of marijuana, or fighting. Pre-birth characteristics of teen mothers, birth order, and family size are more important factors in determining this set of outcomes. For other outcomes, namely grade repetition, early sexual initiation, and truancy, the fixed effects and miscarriage analyses produce differing results. Teen childbearing has no sizeable or statistically significant results for any of our outcomes in the miscarriage analysis. However, the fixed effects results suggest teen childbearing is associated with grade retention in school, school truancy, and possibly with early initiation of sexual activity. We interpret these differing results to suggest that teen mothers share more in common with other young women who conceive, but due to miscarriage, do not carry their pregnancies to term than they do with their own siblings who delay childbearing. It is these commonalities that appear to drive the zero-order association between early fertility and several negative behavioral consequences for off-spring. In the paper, we discuss the implications of these findings and possible social policy responses to adolescent parenthood.