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Author: Borker, Susan

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1.	Borker, Susan Loughlin, Julia
1.	Earnings, Health and Marital Status Change: A Longitudinal Study of a Cohort of Mature Women Presented: New York, NY, Eastern Sociological Society Meeting, 1979 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Eastern Sociological Society Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Income; Marital Status; Wages; Welfare; Widows; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper compares three groups of married women, the control group whose marriages remained intact for at least 10 years, a group whose marriages ended in separation or divorce, and a group who were widowed at a particular point in that time period. The women whose marriages would end in divorce or separation were more likely to be in the labor force, had relatively higher income, more predictable wages, and had contributed a proportionately larger share of the total household income while married.
	Bibliography Citation Borker, Susan and Julia Loughlin. "Earnings, Health and Marital Status Change: A Longitudinal Study of a Cohort of Mature Women." Presented: New York, NY, Eastern Sociological Society Meeting, 1979.

2.	Borker, Susan Loughlin, Julia Rudolph, Claire
2.	Long-Term Effects of Adolescent Childrearing: A Retrospective Analysis Journal of Social Service Research 2 (Summer 1979): 341-55 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Childbearing; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Teenagers This study explores the effect of adolescent childrearing on the hourly wages of women in the labor force. Women who were adolescent mothers earn less than other married or previously married women due to an inability to achieve comparable educational levels. Adolescent mothers from more favorable socioeconomic backgrounds fare better than other adolescent mothers in terms of education and income; however, their losses are substantial compared to women from the same background who postponed childrearing. Finally, adolescent mothers are more likely to be or to have been heads of households, with the economic disadvantages of that status.
	Bibliography Citation Borker, Susan, Julia Loughlin and Claire Rudolph. "Long-Term Effects of Adolescent Childrearing: A Retrospective Analysis." Journal of Social Service Research 2 (Summer 1979): 341-55.

3.	Borker, Susan Makarushka, Julia Loughlin
3.	Marital Status, Early Childbearing and Income Achievement of Mature Women Mimeo, Syracuse University, 1977 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Behavior; Childbearing; Discrimination, Sex; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Marriage; Occupational Status; Teenagers; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This analysis resulted in three major findings. First, the characteristics of the women in the labor force are changing. Mature women employed in 1972 have more education and higher occupational status than those employed in 1967. Women are investing in educational programs and career development at a much later age than is "normal." Second, among women there are differences in the extent to which they are obtaining incomes commensurate with their educations and occupations. While factors such as discrimination affect all women, we find it most difficult to predict the incomes of one group, married white women. This suggests that their own behavior is effective. Third, women who become mothers before their eighteenth birthday earn less than other women in their middle years. This is primarily because of the effect of adolescent child-bearing on high school completion. For these women, the economic effects of the timing of childbirth are negative and persistent.
	Bibliography Citation Borker, Susan and Julia Loughlin Makarushka. "Marital Status, Early Childbearing and Income Achievement of Mature Women." Mimeo, Syracuse University, 1977.

4.	Borker, Susan Makarushka, Julia Loughlin Mudrick, Nancy R.
4.	Socioeconomic Changes Associated with Social Role Displacements in the Middle Years Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1978 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Divorce; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Transfers, Public; Welfare; Widows; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research concerned the determination of income choices by women who have experienced a role displacement. Our findings corroborate other work which indicates that the divorced and separated generally receive more income from wages, and that widows use public transfer income when their children are young, but return to work as their children get older. We also found that health is a factor in choice of work or public transfer dependency. In addition to the limits that health places on the ability to work, mature women with equally poor health but unequal labor force histories and educations may utilize the limits imposed by health differently as they choose between public transfers and employment as sources of income.
	Bibliography Citation Borker, Susan, Julia Loughlin Makarushka and Nancy R. Mudrick. "Socioeconomic Changes Associated with Social Role Displacements in the Middle Years." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1978.

5.	Borker, Susan Makarushka, Julia Loughlin Mudrick, Nancy R. Rudolph, Claire
5.	Earnings Patterns and Marital Disruption: The Experience of Mature Women Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1978 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Behavioral Differences; Earnings; Household Demand; Household Income; Marital Disruption; Remarriage; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The variables which predict the hourly wages of employed women are explored in order to illuminate the relationship between women's marital status and their incomes. We emphasize two findings: first, the predictability of income per hour is greater for formerly married women than currently married women. Second, remarried women behave differently than first married women. Further, these differences in behavior, i.e., maximization of earnings, appear characteristic of first married women who will later be divorced or separated. Differences in income are related to women's job choices, choices in which the need or desire for income is balanced by the convenience, appropriateness or interest of available jobs. Three factors are explored which may affect these choices for women who are or have been married: first, the amount of other household income; second, the other demands on the woman's time, energy and status behavior; third, the experience (including the anticipation of the experience) of being formerly married.
	Bibliography Citation Borker, Susan, Julia Loughlin Makarushka, Nancy R. Mudrick and Claire Rudolph. "Earnings Patterns and Marital Disruption: The Experience of Mature Women." Presented: San Francisco, CA, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, 1978.

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