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Author: Chirikos, Thomas N.

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1.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
1.	Economic Aspects of Self-Reported Work Disability Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, January 1983 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Disability; Disabled Workers; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Wages This paper examines the determinants of self-reported work disability in samples of older men and women stratified by race. Strong support is found for the hypothesis that economic factors as well as poor health influence the probability individuals report health limits in the amount or kind of work they do. In particular, lower expected wage rates significantly raise the probability of reporting work disablement, controlling for health status and health-related job requirements. The implications of these findings on estimating health and wage effects in labor supply studies are examined. Policy implications are also discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Economic Aspects of Self-Reported Work Disability." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, January 1983.

2.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
2.	Economic Consequences of Poor Health in Mature Women In: Unplanned Careers: The Working Lives of Middle-Aged Women. L.B. Shaw, ed. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Jossey-Bass Keyword(s): Behavior; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The economic effects of variations in women's health are analyzed from two related perspectives: first, the impact of poor health on labor supply and wage rates is examined and earnings losses calculated; and second, the analysis is extended to the family unit to study whether the wife's health status influences the work behavior of her spouse. The health measure used is the impairment index of functional limitations calculated for all women in 1977. Wage and hour equations are estimated by multivariate procedures (OLS and TOBIT). Issues of sample selectivity bias are addressed. The findings show that women with health problems suffer consequences that compound their already disadvantaged position in the labor market. Black men were also found to increase their work activity in response to the poor health of their wives; there is no evidence of a similar compensatory effect among white women.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Economic Consequences of Poor Health in Mature Women" In: Unplanned Careers: The Working Lives of Middle-Aged Women. L.B. Shaw, ed. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983

3.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
3.	Economic Consequences of Poor Health, by Race and Sex Proceedings, Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1982): 473-477 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Behavior; Earnings; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; Selectivity Bias/Selection Bias; Wages; Work Hours/Schedule This paper draws on data collected in the NLS of Older Men and Mature Women to evaluate the relationship between health status and labor market outcomes. The authors recognize that the same health problem can have different economic consequences for different subgroups of individuals. The principal objective of this study is to quantify these intergroup differences by computing earnings losses stemming from the impact of poor health on hours worked and wage rates of white and black men and women. A unique feature of this analysis is the use of a health measure that is not behavioral and is constructed from responses to questions about functional limitations (e.g., walking and lifting) and signs and symptoms of illness (e.g., aches and nervousness). Maximum likelihood techniques and OLS are used to estimate the equations and attention is also given to possible selectivity bias in wage equations.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Economic Consequences of Poor Health, by Race and Sex." Proceedings, Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association (1982): 473-477.

4.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
4.	Economic Determinants and Consequences of Self-Reported Work Disability Journal of Health Economics 3,2 (August 1984): 117-136. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016762968490002X Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Self-Reporting; Wages This paper examines the determinants of self-reported work disability in samples of older men and women stratified by race. Strong support is found for the hypothesis that economic factors as well as poor health influence the probability individuals report health limits in the amount or kind of work they do. In particular, lower expected wage rates significantly raise the probability of reporting work disablement, controlling for health status and health-related job requirements. The implications of these findings on estimating health and wage effects in labor supply studies are examined. Policy implications are also discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Economic Determinants and Consequences of Self-Reported Work Disability." Journal of Health Economics 3,2 (August 1984): 117-136.

5.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
5.	Functional Capacities of Older Men for Extended Work Lives Special Report, Social Security Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1988. Social Security Bulletin 52,8 (August 1989): 14-16 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Social Security Administration Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Job Requirements; Markov chain / Markov model; Mortality; Occupations; Retirement/Retirement Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The extent to which health conditions or physical job requirements affect the functional capacity of older men to remain at work is an important consideration in judging policies designed to advance the age of retirement. A continuous-time Markov model of retirement, disability and death is developed in this report to test hypotheses about the influence of impaired health and non-sedentary work on the ability of men in their seventh decade to delay retirement. The model is estimated with panel data covering a seventeen-year period for a nationally representative sample of older American men. Poor health is found to affect significantly the likelihood of retiring in a disabled state. Since the impairment status of the elderly may deteriorate over time as mortality rates improve, retirement policy must be braced for the very real possibility that the fraction of older workers who will have difficulty in delaying retirement because of their health problems will increase in the future. However, physical job requirements are found to play a slightly more ambiguous role in the ability of men to delay retirement. Workers in non-sedentary jobs are indeed more likely to retire disabled. But cohort projections of the fractions of men in various non-sedentary and sedentary job categories capable of extending their work lives are quite similar, even when differences in background characteristics of these men is taken into account. Thus, even though some workers will be adversely affected by advancing the age of retirement, this hardship is unlikely to fall disproportionately on only some small number of workers or those at work in specific types of jobs.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Functional Capacities of Older Men for Extended Work Lives." Special Report, Social Security Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1988. Social Security Bulletin 52,8 (August 1989): 14-16.

6.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
6.	Further Evidence on the Economic Effects of Poor Health Review of Economics and Statistics 67,1 (February 1985): 61-69. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1928435 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Earnings; Gender Differences; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines variations in current economic welfare attributable to different profiles or histories of health status over the preceding ten year period. A two-equation model, estimated with National Longitudinal Survey data for four sex-race groups, provides convincing evidence that health problems incurred in the past adversely affect current earnings. This legacy is difficult to overcome: it remains even for individuals in improving health willing to devote relatively greater effort to market work. A history of poor health is also shown to exact substantially different economic tolls from men and women as well as from whites and blacks.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Further Evidence on the Economic Effects of Poor Health." Review of Economics and Statistics 67,1 (February 1985): 61-69.

7.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
7.	Health History and Current Market Earnings: Further Evidence on the Economic Effects of Poor Health Presented: Dallas, TX, Association for the Social Sciences in Health, American Public Health Association, 1983 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; Socioeconomic Status (SES) Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Empirical research by economists and sociologists on the interrelationship between health and socioeconomic status has frequently been limited by the absence of suitable longitudinal measures of the crucial variables. This paper draws on a unique data set, the NLS of Older Men and Mature Women, to construct longitudinal measures of health history and to analyze the relationship between these histories and measures of current economic status. The NLS has followed nationally representative samples of 5000 white and black men, then 45-59 years of age, and an equal number of white and black women, then 30-44 years old, since the mid-sixties. A variety of health measures as well as detailed economic data are available for various years over the period the panels have been followed. Responses to health-related questions over the decade 1966-1976 are used to profile the health histories of each panel member. The effects of these histories on such current labor market outcomes as wages and annual hours worked are then estimated using multivariate statistical techniques. The analysis shows that a history of health problems definitely creates a legacy of adverse economic consequences. It also shows that this legacy differs substantially among sex and race groups. Substantive and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Health History and Current Market Earnings: Further Evidence on the Economic Effects of Poor Health." Presented: Dallas, TX, Association for the Social Sciences in Health, American Public Health Association, 1983.

8.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
8.	Health Status and Work Activity of Older Men: Event-History Analyses of Selected Social Policy Issues Working Paper Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Mortality; Retirement/Retirement Planning The interrelationship between health status and work activity is analyzed in order to cast further light on three controversies: (1) whether the average health levels of older men have deteriorated, improved or remained roughly constant over the past 25 years, and the extent to which below-average health leads to involuntary labor force withdrawals; (2) whether the health of older men who retire deteriorates as a result of retirement; (3) whether recent improvements in mortality have selectively favored individuals at higher risk of disablement, and thus contributed to pre- and post-retirement health trends. The results suggest that health levels of older men have deteriorated over the past two decades, partly as a consequence of improvements in life expectancy. These health trends have contributed to the observed decline in labor force participation of this population subgroup. Little evidence is found, however, for the claim that retirement harms health status.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Health Status and Work Activity of Older Men: Event-History Analyses of Selected Social Policy Issues." Working Paper Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1985.

9.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
9.	Health-Pension Interaction in the Analysis of Early Retirement Trends Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1984 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Early Retirement; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mortality; Pensions; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Social Security; Transfers, Financial; Transfers, Public This study tests whether there is an underlying interaction between policy inducements and health-related retirement behavior. Inclusion of mortality in the model ensures that selectivity biases are minimized and permits direct testing of several key inferences made in previous studies. Findings are: (1) Work-limiting health conditions are neither permanent nor influenced exclusively by impaired physical or psychological functioning so studies using these measures as proxies for the capacity to engage in market work are likely to overstate involuntary withdrawals from the labor force. (2) Evidence of interaction effects between policy-related and health-related outcomes provides fundamental support for the hypothesis that inducements arising from social insurance and income transfer programs influence labor market behavior. (3) This analysis provides weak evidence that life expectancy biases the results of early retirement studies that use mortality and health proxy and pension wealth as indication of policy inducements.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Health-Pension Interaction in the Analysis of Early Retirement Trends." Working Paper, Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1984.

10.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
10.	Impact of Poor Health on the Work Status of Women Presented: Morgantown, WV, West Virginia University, Conference on Women and Health, 1982 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men Publisher: International Council For Small Business (ICSB) Keyword(s): Benefits, Disability; Earnings; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Vocational Rehabilitation; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper documents the effect of declining health on the labor market earnings of women. The magnitude of this effect is then compared to a similar estimate for men. The NLS of Older Men reinterviewed in 1976 (ages 55-69) and Mature Women reinterviewed in 1977 (ages 40-54) provide the data base for these analyses. The findings provide convincing evidence that poor health exacts a heavy toll from the economic status of women by reducing the likelihood they will work at all, by reducing the number of hours if they continue to work, and by reducing their wages. These reductions are generally larger for women than men.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Impact of Poor Health on the Work Status of Women." Presented: Morgantown, WV, West Virginia University, Conference on Women and Health, 1982.

11.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
11.	Impairment and Labor Market Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis In: Work and Retirement: A Longitudinal Study of Men. H.S. Parnes, ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Market Outcomes; Mobility; Work Hours/Schedule The effect of health on selected labor market outcomes of middle- aged and older men provides the central theme for this paper. Particular emphasis is directed at the effect of health on hours of work and wages using cross sectional and longitudinal data. An index of impairment level (functional limitation) is developed to measure health status. The statistical implications of this measure rather than the more conventional work-limiting response is also explored. Both the 1971 and 1976 survey of Older Men are used in the analysis. The various relationships are estimated by multivariate techniques (OLS). As expected, poor health reduces participation and the extent of work activity and thereby earnings. There is also considerable evidence that the impairment levels are unstable, suggesting improvement in health as well as the incidence of additional problems with increasing age. There is limited evidence that occupational mobility is used as a mechanism for adjusting to changes in impairment status.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Impairment and Labor Market Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis" In: Work and Retirement: A Longitudinal Study of Men. H.S. Parnes, ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981

12.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
12.	Incidence and Chronicity of Functional Impairments in Older Men Presented: Dallas, TX, 111th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, November 13-17, 1983 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: American Public Health Association Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mortality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study measures changes over a five year period in functional impairments in a representative sample of American men between 60-74 years of age and analyzes the impact of these changes on self- appraised health status, normal role function, mobility and self-sufficiency in personal care. The relationship between impairment status and survivorship is also investigated. The analysis shows that the functional capacity of older men is reduced as they age and that these diminutions increase the likelihood of reporting poor health, limitations in work activity, travel restrictions and assistance in activities of daily living. However, considerable evidence is also found that functional capacities are restored, with concomitant improvements in health and disability status. The chronicity or duration of functional impairments is called into question by this evidence. Finally, impairment status is found to be a strong predictor of mortality, suggesting that increasing life expectancy may substantially increase the number of disabled elderly needing medical and social service support.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Incidence and Chronicity of Functional Impairments in Older Men." Presented: Dallas, TX, 111th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, November 13-17, 1983.

13.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
13.	Job Characteristics and Health Status Effects on Retirement Behavior Workign Paper, Department of Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1986 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Author Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Markov chain / Markov model; Occupations; Retirement/Retirement Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report investigates whether job characteristics are significant determinants of the labor force attachment of older workers and whether these characteristics have an even more pronounced effect on work activity when they interact with poor health. A continuous time-Markov model of interrelated work and functional status profiles is used as the general framework for the research. The model includes several different measures of job characteristics, an intertemporal index of physical and mental capacities, and control variables characterizing the financial incentives and sociodemographic status of these workers. The parameters of the model are estimated with panel data covering the 17-year period (1966-1983) of the Older Men's cohort. The statistical findings present a mixed picture of the importance of occupational factors on labor market attachment. Some effects of occupation or occupation-related factors such as job conditions, on the functional histories of older men are detected. These effects, in turn, generally translate into the reduced likelihood of continuing attachments to market work; consequently, they are of some interest to policy-makers dealing with the rapid historical decline in the labor force participation rates of men over 45 years of age. On the other hand, the net influence of job factors is generally very small relative to other determinants of retirement, and their measured effects are not always consistent. Thus, they do not appear to offer policy-makers much leverage in dealing with declining trends in male participation rates.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Job Characteristics and Health Status Effects on Retirement Behavior." Workign Paper, Department of Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1986.

14.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
14.	Longitudinal Analysis of Functional Disabilities in Older Men Journal of Gerontology 40,4 (July 1985): 426-433. Also: http://geronj.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/4/426.abstract Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Gerontological Society of America Keyword(s): Attrition; Disability; Disabled Workers; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Mortality; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Transfers, Skill The study examines longitudinal changes in various functional disabilities and the effects of such changes on self-reported health, role function, mobility, and self-sufficiency. Using data from the NLS of Older Men, the analysis revealed that: (1) sizeable percentages of men report motor-sensory dysfunctions with black men experiencing higher rates of dysfunction than whites; and (2) that functional disabilities are strong predictors of mortality.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Longitudinal Analysis of Functional Disabilities in Older Men." Journal of Gerontology 40,4 (July 1985): 426-433.

15.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
15.	Occupation, Impaired Health, and the Functional Capacity of Men to Continue Working Research on Aging 11,2 (June 1989): 174-205. Also: http://roa.sagepub.com/content/11/2/174.abstract Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Disability; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Markov chain / Markov model; Mortality; Retirement/Retirement Planning Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. An "Erratum" appears in Research on Aging 11,4 (December 1989): 517. See, http://roa.sagepub.com/content/11/4/517.full.pdf+html This paper tested hypotheses about the influence of physically demanding work and impaired health of older men on the ability to delay retirement. A continuous-time Markov model of retirement, disability, and death was used; the parameters were estimated with panel data covering a period of 17 years from the National Longitudinal Survey (H. Parnes, 1975) of Labor Market Experience of Older Men. Findings show that health-related physical conditions play an important role in determining the ability of male workers to delay retirement and in increasing the potential for some unintended toll in advancing the age of retirement. A second major conclusion is that whatever the toll exacted by policies designed to advance the age of retirement, it is unlikely to fall disproportionately on only some occupational groups. An "Erratum" appears in a subsequent issue which reports an error in the original article. On pages 182 and 203 (of the original article), several equations have been corrected. [APA]
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Occupation, Impaired Health, and the Functional Capacity of Men to Continue Working." Research on Aging 11,2 (June 1989): 174-205.

16.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
16.	Occupational Differences in the Ability of Men to Delay Retirement Journal of Human Resources 26,1 (Winter 1991): 1-26. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145714 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Health Factors; Industrial Sector; Job Hazards; Job Requirements; Mortality; Occupations; Retirement/Retirement Planning The functional capacity of older men to remain at work in different occupational settings is an important consideration in judging recent legislation to extend the age of retirement. This paper utilizes a competing- risk model of retirement, disability and death to test hypotheses about the influence of physically strenuous work on the ability to delay retirement. Time-dependent hazard rate functions are estimated with panel data from the NLS of Older Men. Physical job requirements and health conditions are found to influence the likelihood of retiring in a disabled state. However, projections of the fractions of workers in physically strenuous and sedentary job categories that are likely to encounter difficulty in staying in the labor force do not differ greatly. The authors conclude that special policies aimed directly at workers in nonsedentary occupations may not be warranted.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Occupational Differences in the Ability of Men to Delay Retirement." Journal of Human Resources 26,1 (Winter 1991): 1-26.

17.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
17.	Sex and Race Differentials in the Economic Consequences of Poor Health Research Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Older Men Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Earnings; Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Work History The effect of poor health on earnings is explored with data collected from reinterviews of Older Men and Mature Women in 1976 and 1977. Additional controls for race were introduced to allow for white and black men and women comparisons. Two health indicators were calculated: an impairment index of functional limitations and a health history measure that summarized the respondent's health in the prior ten-year period. Wage and hours equations were estimated by multivariate techniques (OLS and TOBIT) with the wage equations containing an additional term to correct for sample selectivity bias. The findings show that poor health affects men and women of each race differently. Blacks were generally less likely than whites to sustain labor market activity and earnings when faced with a health problem. Unhealthy whites, however, also incurred substantial earnings losses. Differences in responses were also found between men and women of each race.
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Sex and Race Differentials in the Economic Consequences of Poor Health." Research Report, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1982.

18.	Chirikos, Thomas N. Nestel, Gilbert
18.	Work Capacity of Older Men and Age-Eligibility for Medicare Benefits Medical Care 26,9 (September 1988): 867-881 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Racial Differences; Social Security; Work Attachment Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper analyzes the durations of work capability of men using data from the NLS of Older Men on approximately 3,500 white and 1,400 black men who were age 45 to 59 in 1966. An event-history framework technique was used to estimate a six-state health-event model. Projections of adjusted prevalence rates indicate that 40 percent of the total cohort of white men at age 60 can expect to be capable of work at age 67, and about 54 percent of those who survive until age 67 will be capable of work. Similar simulations for black men reveal that of those who survive until age 67, 41 percent will be functionally capable at that age. In recent years, successive cohorts have experienced lower average impairment levels. Economic welfare, which will probably improve over time, should increase the capacity of men to remain working in their sixties. These results suggest that serious consideration could be given to advancing the age of eligibility for Medicare benefits. An appendix contains detailed equations and statistical data. [AgeLine]
	Bibliography Citation Chirikos, Thomas N. and Gilbert Nestel. "Work Capacity of Older Men and Age-Eligibility for Medicare Benefits." Medical Care 26,9 (September 1988): 867-881.

19.	Nestel, Gilbert Chirikos, Thomas N.
19.	Job Characteristics and Health Status Effects on Retirement Behavior Proceedings, Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, (1987): 169-174 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Duncan Index; Event History; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Industrial Sector; Job Characteristics; Job Requirements; Labor Supply; Markov chain / Markov model; Pensions; Retirement/Retirement Planning This paper takes a look at whether job characteristics are significant determinants of labor force attachment for older workers and whether these characteristics have a greater effect on work activity when they interact with poor health. Using a continuous-time Markov model of interrelated work and functional status profiles and data from the NLS of Older Men, the study found limited support for the hypothesis that job type or job condition, net of other factors, affects the retirement decision or functional capability of the older worker. From a policy perspective, the authors conclude that it is more important to understand how traditional determinants such as health and pension income will influence the future labor supply of older persons than how job factors contribute to these trends.
	Bibliography Citation Nestel, Gilbert and Thomas N. Chirikos. "Job Characteristics and Health Status Effects on Retirement Behavior." Proceedings, Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, (1987): 169-174.

20.	Parnes, Herbert S. Chirikos, Thomas N. Menaghan, Elizabeth G. Mott, Frank L.
20.	The NLS Older Male Sample Revisited: A Unique Data Base for Gerontological Research. A Description of the Data Base and Illustrative Tables Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1992 Cohort(s): NLS General, Older Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Labor Force Participation; Longitudinal Data Sets; Longitudinal Surveys; Mortality; NLS Description; Support Networks; Well-Being; Widows This volume, consisting of 56 tables and descriptive text, introduces the reader to the 1990 re-survey of the NLS Older Men's Cohort, in which interviews were obtained with 2,092 members of the original sample and with 2,206 widows or other next-of-kin of decedents. It is designed to: (1) describe and illustrate the categories of data that were collected; (2) record the sizes of various subsets of the sample (e.g., the number of men who were employed in the year preceding the survey); (3) present some simple relationships that invite more sophisticated analysis; and (4) provide some evidence on the reliability and validity of several of the psychological scales used in the survey. Although the tabulations presented within this volume are based on preliminary data, researchers should find the results useful in deciding whether the data base will meet their needs and, if so, in developing research plans before obtaining the data files. Included is an introduction, which describes the purpose and content of the 1990 survey, and seven additional sections dealing with "Mortality", "Physical Well-Being", "Emotional Well-Being", "Family and Friendship Support Systems", "Economic Well-Being", "Current and Prospective Labor Market Activity", and "Status of the Widows."
	Bibliography Citation Parnes, Herbert S., Thomas N. Chirikos, Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Frank L. Mott. "The NLS Older Male Sample Revisited: A Unique Data Base for Gerontological Research. A Description of the Data Base and Illustrative Tables." Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1992.

21.	Parnes, Herbert S. Nestel, Gilbert Chirikos, Thomas N. Daymont, Thomas N. Mott, Frank L. Parsons, Donald O.
21.	From the Middle to the Later Years: Longitudinal Studies of the Preretirement and Postretirement Experiences of Men Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979 Cohort(s): Older Men Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Employment; Family Background and Culture; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Household Income; Mortality; Retirement/Retirement Planning The pre-retirement labor market behavior and the post-retirement experience of men between ages 45 and 69 are examined. This analysis shows the extension of the surveys beyond the originally planned five years. Both labor market behaviors and post-retirement experience are based on longitudinal data collected by periodic personal interviews with the same sample of men between l966 and l976. This is volume 5 in a series. This volume was also published by MIT Press as Work and Retirement.
	Bibliography Citation Parnes, Herbert S., Gilbert Nestel, Thomas N. Chirikos, Thomas N. Daymont, Frank L. Mott and Donald O. Parsons. From the Middle to the Later Years: Longitudinal Studies of the Preretirement and Postretirement Experiences of Men. Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1979.

22.	Shaw, Lois B. Chirikos, Thomas N. Daymont, Thomas N. Mercier, Jacqueline
22.	Dual Careers, Volume 5: A Decade of Changes in the Lives of Mature Women Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research Keyword(s): Attitudes; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Labor Force Participation; Marital Status; Occupations, Non-Traditional; Women; Work Reentry This report presents an overview of the many changes (economic, social, employment, and family-related) affecting the lives of the Mature Women's cohort (1967-77). Discussed are the problems of labor market reentry, causes of irregular employment patterns, the persistence of occupational segregation, the economic consequences of poor health and marital disruption on the lives of these middle-aged women.
	Bibliography Citation Shaw, Lois B., Thomas N. Chirikos, Thomas N. Daymont and Jacqueline Mercier. Dual Careers, Volume 5: A Decade of Changes in the Lives of Mature Women. Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1981.

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