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Author: Clarkberg, Marin
Resulting in 3 citations.
1. Clarkberg, Marin
Birth Spacing and Maternal Involvement in the US: Employment, Breastfeeding and the Timing of Second Births
Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 25-27, 1999
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Births, Repeat / Spacing; Breastfeeding; Employment; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Women's employment and fertility behaviors have important links, and it is clear the women's employment delays the onset of fertility and reduces total fertility. This study examines the association between women's employment and another aspect of fertility behaviors: birth spacing. Additionally, I consider the potential effects of breastfeeding and the relationship it may have with employment in influencing birth spacing. I use data from 4,402 first time mothers in the NLS-Y in proportional hazards event history models, with employment after the first birth measured as a time-varying variable. The results indicate that once controls are entered into the model, employment slows the timing of second births among bottle-feeding mothers only. Further, breastfeeding is significantly associated with closer birth spacing. This positive effect of breastfeeding on the hazard of second birth is strong among mothers who breastfeed. These results suggest that breastfeeding mothers may be a select group. For example, they may be highly "baby oriented." Yet, controls for ideal family size and sex role ideology do not attenuate breastfeeding's effect on birth spacing. Alternatively, it may be that women who find themselves able to breastfeed and return to work post-partum may have more resources--at home, at work and/or within themselves--which enable them to proceed to a subsequent pregnancy more swiftly.
Bibliography Citation
Clarkberg, Marin. "Birth Spacing and Maternal Involvement in the US: Employment, Breastfeeding and the Timing of Second Births." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Meetings, March 25-27, 1999.
2. Clarkberg, Marin
Hynes, Kathryn
Childbearing and Women's Employment: Parity Differences in Job Exits
Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Exits; Fertility; First Birth; Maternal Employment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Childbearing reduces female labor force participation, but most mothers will both return to work and bear another child. Yet, little is known about how higher parity births affect maternal employment. We consider two explanations for the negative impact of childbearing on female employment. First, families compare the gains to female employment to the costs of "outside" child care. Second, some women have an underlying preference to stay home look at the onset of childbearing as an opportunity to exit the work force. These processes work together to contribute to job exits around a first birth, but the balance of these forces may change as parity increases, as many mothers have left the work force already. To examine these processes, we estimate continuous time event historical models of job exits surrounding first versus higher parity births using data on women from the 1979 through 1998 waves of the NLSY.
Bibliography Citation
Clarkberg, Marin and Kathryn Hynes. "Childbearing and Women's Employment: Parity Differences in Job Exits." Presented: Atlanta, GA, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, May 2002.
3. Hynes, Kathryn
Clarkberg, Marin
Women's Employment Patterns During Early Parenthood: A Group-Based Trajectory Analysis
Journal of Marriage and Family 67,1 (February 2005): 222-240.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600148
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Educational Attainment; Employment, History; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Parenthood

Research on women's employment and parenthood frequently focuses on the correlates and consequences of decisions at a particular time, such as a birth. This article applies a group-based trajectory method to examine women's employment trajectories across the period of early parenthood using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N= 2,093). We find that throughout early parenthood, women exhibit significant movement into and out of the labor force. Factors that typically predict women's employment status, such as age at first birth and education, are also good predictors of women's employment patterns. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research, particularly on the use of a static measure of women's or couples' employment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Hynes, Kathryn and Marin Clarkberg. "Women's Employment Patterns During Early Parenthood: A Group-Based Trajectory Analysis." Journal of Marriage and Family 67,1 (February 2005): 222-240.