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Author: Grogger, Jeffrey

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1.	Bastian, Jacob Bian, Luorao Grogger, Jeffrey
1.	How Did Safety-Net Reform Affect Early Adulthood among Adolescents from Low-Income Families? National Tax Journal published online (September 2021): DOI: 10.1086/716189. Also: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716189 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: National Tax Association Keyword(s): Childbearing; Family Income; Geocoded Data; Labor Supply; Marriage; State-Level Data/Policy Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In the 1990s, the US safety net was substantially reformed. We ask how those reforms collectively affected early-career outcomes among youths who were teens when the reforms took effect. We consider employment, safety-net participation, marriage, and childbearing between the ages of 18 and 32. We take a difference-in-difference approach, tracking adolescents from two generations roughly 20 years apart. In each generation, we compare two groups, one of which was more likely to have been affected by safety-net reform than the other. We find evidence that safety-net reform increased women’s labor supply and decreased marriage.
	Bibliography Citation Bastian, Jacob, Luorao Bian and Jeffrey Grogger. "How Did Safety-Net Reform Affect Early Adulthood among Adolescents from Low-Income Families?" National Tax Journal published online (September 2021): DOI: 10.1086/716189.

2.	Bastian, Jacob Bian, Luorao Grogger, Jeffrey
2.	How Did Safety-Net Reform Affect the Education of Adolescents from Low-Income Families? Labour Economics published online (13 July 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102031. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092753712100066X Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Geocoded Data; Socioeconomic Background; State-Level Data/Policy Roughly 25 years ago, the US safety net was substantially reformed. Here we ask how those reforms affected the educational attainment of youths who were teens at the time those reforms took place. We take a difference-in-difference approach, following adolescents from two generations roughly 20 years apart. In each generation, we compare two groups, one which was more likely to have been affected by safety-net reform, and one which was less likely to have been affected. Under some assumptions, our approach identifies the joint, or bundled, effects of the constituent policy changes that make up safety-net reform. We find evidence that safety-net reform may have reduced educational attainment for women, and had small positive effects on education for men. We offer suggestions as to why our findings differ from those of previous studies of the components of safety net reform.
	Bibliography Citation Bastian, Jacob, Luorao Bian and Jeffrey Grogger. "How Did Safety-Net Reform Affect the Education of Adolescents from Low-Income Families?" Labour Economics published online (13 July 2021): DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102031.

3.	Duncan, Brian Grogger, Jeffrey Leon, Ana Sofia Trejo, Stephen J.
3.	New Evidence of Generational Progress for Mexican Americans Labour Economics 62 (January 2020): 101771. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537119301071 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Earnings; Educational Attainment; Grandparents; Hispanics; Immigrants; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Test Scores/Test theory/IRT U.S.-born Mexican Americans suffer a large schooling deficit relative to other Americans, and standard data sources suggest that this deficit does not shrink between the 2nd and later generations. Standard data sources lack information on grandparents' countries of birth, however, which creates potentially serious issues for tracking the progress of later-generation Mexican Americans. Exploiting unique NLSY97 data that address these measurement issues, we find substantial educational progress between the 2nd and 3rd generations for a recent cohort of Mexican Americans. Such progress is obscured when we instead mimic the limitations inherent in standard data sources. Similar patterns emerge for cognitive test scores and for annual earnings.
	Bibliography Citation Duncan, Brian, Jeffrey Grogger, Ana Sofia Leon and Stephen J. Trejo. "New Evidence of Generational Progress for Mexican Americans." Labour Economics 62 (January 2020): 101771.

4.	Grogger, Jeffrey
4.	Arrests, Persistent Youth Joblessness, and Black/White Employment Differentials Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 100-106. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109547 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Employment, Youth; Heterogeneity; Illegal Activities; Racial Differences; Unemployment, Youth Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Economists have long been concerned with the labor market problems of young men. Recently, research has indicated that one-fourth to one-half of all men are active in crime at some point during their youth. Furthermore, joblessness and criminal activity vary similarly by age and race. I analyze two data sets containing arrest and employment information to assess whether criminal activities may underlie persistent joblessness and black/white employment differentials among young men. Two different approaches are taken to control for individual heterogeneity. Arrests generate some persistence in non-employment. Moreover, arrests account for nearly two-thirds of the black/white employment differential in a sample of arrestees, and nearly one-third of the difference in a more general sample.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Arrests, Persistent Youth Joblessness, and Black/White Employment Differentials." Review of Economics and Statistics 74,1 (February 1992): 100-106.

5.	Grogger, Jeffrey
5.	Immigration and Crime Among Young Black Men: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth In: Help or Hindrance?: The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans. D. S. Hamermesh and F. D. Bean eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998: pp. 322-342 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Black Studies; Black Youth; Crime; Employment; Immigrants See also, Help or Hindrance? : the Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans / Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean, eds., in this on-line bibliography.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Immigration and Crime Among Young Black Men: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth" In: Help or Hindrance?: The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans. D. S. Hamermesh and F. D. Bean eds. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998: pp. 322-342

6.	Grogger, Jeffrey
6.	Incarceration-Related Costs of Early Childbearing In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 95-143 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Vanderbilt University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Deviance; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Illegal Activities; Incarceration/Jail; Maternal Employment; Parents, Single This chapter begins by presenting descriptive statistics showing that the children of young teen mothers are almost three times as likely to be behind bars at some point in their adolescence or early 20s as are the children of mothers who delayed childbearing. When the analysis controls for a number of important background factors the link between young teen childbearing and incarceration remains, although the extent of the difference is greatly reduced. In a further effort to tease out the effect of teen childbearing per se, the author takes a novel approach to controlling for unobservable characteristics of the mother that may be correlated with her early age at first birth. He uses a comparison group consisting of the subsequent children of mothers who first gave birth as a young teen. The mothers are the same. They are simply older. The link between young teen childbearing and higher incarceration rates among the offspring remains, although its magnitude is further reduced.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Incarceration-Related Costs of Early Childbearing" In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 95-143

7.	Grogger, Jeffrey
7.	Market Wages and Youth Crime NBER Working Paper No. 5983, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1997. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Illegal Activities; Time Use; Wage Models; Wage Rates Youth crime is widespread. To study the effect of market wages on youth crime, I analyze a time-allocation model in which consumers face parametric wages and diminishing marginal returns to crime. Under these assumptions, an individual who works will commit crime if the returns to the first hour of crime exceed his market wage. This decision rule imposes considerable structure on the econometric model, which I estimate using data from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort. The empirical model provides estimates of the determinants of criminal returns and of the wage responsiveness of criminal participation. Young men's behavior appears to be very responsive to price incentives. My estimates suggest that falling real wages may have been an important determinant of rising youth crime over the past two decades. Moreover, wages explain an important component of the racial differential in criminal participation, and they largely explain the age distribution of crime. Full-text available on-line: Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5983
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Market Wages and Youth Crime." NBER Working Paper No. 5983, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1997.

8.	Grogger, Jeffrey
8.	Market Wages and Youth Crime Journal of Labor Economics 16,4 (October 1998): 756-791. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5983 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling; Wage Differentials; Wages; Youth Problems To investigate the problem of widespread youth crime, a time allocation model in which consumers face parametric wages and diminishing marginal returns to crime is analyzed. The theory motivates an econometric model that is estimated using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Estimates suggest that youth behavior is responsive to price incentives and that falling real wages may have been an important determinant of rising youth crime during the 1970s and 1980s. Moreover, wage differentials explain a substantial component of both the racial differential in criminal participation and the age distribution of crime.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Market Wages and Youth Crime." Journal of Labor Economics 16,4 (October 1998): 756-791.

9.	Grogger, Jeffrey
9.	Speech and Wages Presented: Montreal, Society of Labor Economists World Meeting, June 2015. Also: http://www.sole-jole.org/15431.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) Keyword(s): Behavior; Paradata; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Speech is fundamentally human behavior and a topic that has been widely studied. I ask two questions here that have nevertheless received little research attention. The first is whether a worker's speech, in his native language, is related to his wages. The second is whether speech is responsive to economic incentives. To do this I collected audio data, which I transformed and merged to respondents from the NLSY97. The results show that there is a wage premium for mainstream speech that is not explained by education, test scores, family background, or a set of other worker characteristics. The premium is large for workers with more than a high school education and small to non-existent among workers with less schooling. The results suggest that in areas where the mainstream speech premium is higher, at least some speakers are more likely to acquire mainstream speech patterns as children.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Speech and Wages." Presented: Montreal, Society of Labor Economists World Meeting, June 2015.

10.	Grogger, Jeffrey
10.	Speech and Wages Journal of Human Resources 54,4 (Fall 2019): 926-952. Also: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/54/4/926.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Keyword(s): Behavior; Paradata; Racial Differences; Wages Although language has been widely studied, relatively little is known about how a worker's speech, in his/her native tongue, is related to wages, or what explains the observed relationship. To address these questions, I analyzed audio data from respondents to the NLSY97. Wages are strongly associated with speech patterns among both African Americans and Southern whites. For Southern whites, this is largely explained by residential location. For blacks, it is explained by sorting: workers with mainstream speech sort toward occupations that involve intensive interpersonal interactions and earn a sizeable wage premium there.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Speech and Wages." Journal of Human Resources 54,4 (Fall 2019): 926-952.

11.	Grogger, Jeffrey
11.	Speech Patterns and Racial Wage Differences Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Wage Gap Black-white wage gap is persistent. Are there persistent differences between blacks and whites that could help explain that gap?
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "Speech Patterns and Racial Wage Differences." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.

12.	Grogger, Jeffrey
12.	The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 1 (February 1995): 51-71. Also: http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/110/1/51.abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: MIT Press Keyword(s): Arrests; Crime; Incarceration/Jail Many young men commit crime, and many are arrested. I estimate the effect of arrests on the employment and earnings of arrestees, using a large longitudinal data set constructed by merging police records with UI earnings data. I find that the effects of arrests are moderate in magnitude and rather short-lived.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey. "The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men." Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 1 (February 1995): 51-71.

13.	Grogger, Jeffrey Ronan, Nick
13.	Intergenerational Effects of Fatherlessness on Educational Attainment and Entry-level Wages NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-30, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995. Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl950080.htm Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Fathers, Absence; Heterogeneity; Human Capital; Parents, Single; Siblings Final Report to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1, 1995. The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of fatherlessness on the children's educational attainment and entry-level wages. We consider an important methodological issue not addressed by previous researchers: unobserved heterogeneity across families. One can imagine that families vary greatly in a number of ways that are unobservable to the analyst. Moreover, many of these unobservable family characteristics are likely to be correlated both with the probability of divorce and with the well-being of the children. Thus a cross-sectional regression of children's educational attainment on a measure of their childhood family structure fails to identify the effects of living in a fatherless family, because the effects of fatherlessness are confounded with the effects of the family-specific unobservables. We would generally expect such unobserved heterogeneity to lead to exaggerated estimates of the true effects of fatherlessness. We adjust for family-specific unobservables by making within-family comparisons. Drawing on previous research, we specify a child's human capital to depend on the number of years she spends in a single-parent family. Because children enter and leave the family at different times, the duration of a spell of fatherlessness generally will vary among siblings. To eliminate the effects of family-specific unobservables, we difference the data within families, relating differences in human capital to differences in the duration of the fatherless spell. The approach we adopt instead is method-of-moments estimation. We implement this approach by using sibling comparisons to estimate the extent of the measurement error in our retrospective data. The data are taken from the NLSY.
	Bibliography Citation Grogger, Jeffrey and Nick Ronan. "Intergenerational Effects of Fatherlessness on Educational Attainment and Entry-level Wages." NLS Discussion Paper No. 96-30, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995.

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