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Author: Harford, Thomas C.

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1.	Aitken, Sherrie S. Desantis, James Harford, Thomas C. Caces, M. Fe
1.	Marijuana Use among Adults: A Longitudinal Study of Current and Former Users Journal of Substance Abuse 12,3 (Autumn 2000): 213-226. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328900000511 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Age and Ageing; Drug Use; Self-Reporting This study examines the pattern of marijuana use among respondents who have passed the age of risk of onset, as well as some of the correlates related to the initiation and current use of marijuana. The data for this study included 8885 respondents drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth (NLSY). Based on cross-tabulations of lifetime marijuana use in 1984 and 1994, the following outcomes were examined: incidence of lifetime marijuana use, inconsistent reports of lifetime marijuana use, and current compared with former use. Controlling for the effects of all variables studied, significant and independent effects were noted for sociodemographic factors, former patterns of use, and the use of other substances. Copyright: 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
	Bibliography Citation Aitken, Sherrie S., James Desantis, Thomas C. Harford and M. Fe Caces. "Marijuana Use among Adults: A Longitudinal Study of Current and Former Users." Journal of Substance Abuse 12,3 (Autumn 2000): 213-226.

2.	Caces, M. Fe Harford, Thomas C. Aitken, Sherrie S.
2.	Prescription and Non-Prescription Drug Use: A Longitudinal Study Journal of Substance Abuse 10,2 (1998):115-126. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089932899980128X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Drug Use; Gender Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines changes in the lifetime prevalence of prescription and non-prescription drug use in a national longitudinal sample of young adults. Cohort data used in this study are from the National Longitudinal Survey, Youth Cohort (NLSY) who responded to questions on use of prescription drugs for the years 1984 and 1992 (N = 8,771). Results reveal increases in the lifetime prevalence of prescription use of sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Prescription use was higher among women while non-prescription use was higher among men. Non-prescription drug use in 1984 was significantly related to prescription use in 1992.
	Bibliography Citation Caces, M. Fe, Thomas C. Harford and Sherrie S. Aitken. "Prescription and Non-Prescription Drug Use: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Substance Abuse 10,2 (1998):115-126.

3.	Curran, Patrick J. Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O.
3.	The Relation Between Heavy Alcohol Use and Bar Patronage: A Latent Growth Model Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57,4 (July 1996): 410-418. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_Relation_between_Heavy_Alcohol_Use_and_Bar_Patronage_A_Latent_Growth_M/339.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Gender Differences; Hispanics; Marital Status; Modeling; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on 3,071 Ss age 21+ (38% female, 18% black, 13% Hispanic, ∧ 69% Caucasian) were used to estimate models for heavy alcohol use and bar patronage, 1982-1984. Random effects latent growth models indicate that both heavy alcohol use and bar patronage had downward growth trajectories over time, with males reporting higher levels of both at initial interview and smaller decreases over time. Bar patronage tended to encourage heavy alcohol use, particularly among singles & males. Compared to Caucasians, Hispanics reported lower levels of bar patronage & blacks reported lower levels of both heavy alcohol use & bar patronage. 2 Tables, 4 Figures, 34 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
	Bibliography Citation Curran, Patrick J., Thomas C. Harford and Bengt O. Muthen. "The Relation Between Heavy Alcohol Use and Bar Patronage: A Latent Growth Model ." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57,4 (July 1996): 410-418.

4.	Curran, Patrick J. Muthen, Bengt O. Harford, Thomas C.
4.	The Influence of Changes in Marital Status on Developmental Trajectories of Alcohol Use In Young Adults Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59,6 (November 1998): 647-658. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_Influence_of_Changes_in_Marital_Status_on_Developmental_Trajectories_of/561.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Education; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Marital Disruption; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Racial Differences; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: Multiple group latent curve analysis was used to assess the impact of changes in marital status on alcohol use trajectories in young adults and to test if these effects varied across ethnicity and gender. METHOD: Four years of data were obtained from a sample of young adults (N = 4,052; 54% male) drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Alcohol use and marital status were assessed once per year and covariates included age, gender, education and ethnicity. RESULTS: Latent curve models indicated that there was an overall nonlinear negative alcohol use trajectory across the four time points and that becoming married was reliably associated with an added down-turn to this trajectory. Multiple group models indicated that there was an interaction between ethnicity and marital status in the prediction of alcohol growth trajectories, but there was no interaction with gender. CONCLUSIONS: Becoming married for the first time exerted a unique effect on the overall developmental trajectory of alcohol use over time. This effect held for both ethnic groups but was reliably stronger for white compared to black respondents. This interaction may be attributable to lower levels of alcohol use reported by black respondents, or may be related to individual differences in reactivity to social influences by blacks relative to whites.
	Bibliography Citation Curran, Patrick J., Bengt O. Muthen and Thomas C. Harford. "The Influence of Changes in Marital Status on Developmental Trajectories of Alcohol Use In Young Adults." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59,6 (November 1998): 647-658.

5.	Grant, Bridget F. Harford, Thomas C. Grigson, M. Beth
5.	Stability of Alcohol Consumption Among Youth--A National Longitudinal Study Journal of Studies on Alcohol 49,3 (1988): 253-260. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Stability_of_Alcohol_Consumption_among_Youth_A_National_Longitudinal_Surve/3800.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The present study draws upon the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience in Youth (ages 17-24) to describe alcohol use patterns over a 2year period during the transition years between adolescence and young adulthood. Specifically, turnover in current and heavier drinking levels among panel members was examined by charting incidence, remission, chronicity, and abstinence between 1982 and 1983. The prevalence of each consumption level increased between the ages of 17 and 22 but declined thereafter for each sex until the age of 24. Changes in prevalence from 1982 to 1983 were shown to be a function of changes in drinking level status. The analysis of turnover in current and heavier drinking levels indicated that there was continuity in drinking behavior over time. Sex differences were examined and their implications to internal and external age- and sex- appropriate constraints and paradigmatic development were explicated.
	Bibliography Citation Grant, Bridget F., Thomas C. Harford and M. Beth Grigson. "Stability of Alcohol Consumption Among Youth--A National Longitudinal Study." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 49,3 (1988): 253-260.

6.	Grant, Bridget F. Stinson, Frederick S. Harford, Thomas C.
6.	Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 12-Year Follow-Up Journal of Substance Abuse 13,4 (2001): 493-504. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328901000967 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Drug Use; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Substance Use Data are from the NLSY79. Examined the relationship between age at drinking onset and the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. 5,792 individuals (aged 17-24 yrs) reported the age of drinking onset and were assessed for the relationship between age at drinking onset and the development of alcohol abuse and dependence at 7- and 12-yr follow-ups. Results show that the likelihood of alcohol dependence decreased by 5% at 7-yr follow-up and 9% at 12-yr follow-up for each year drinking onset was delayed, even when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and problem indicators. At 12-yr follow-up, the likelihood of alcohol abuse increased by 7% with each decreasing year of age at drinking onset, while age at drinking onset was not related to alcohol abuse at 7-yr follow-up. Several other risk factors were strong and consistent predictors of abuse and dependence at both follow-ups, including being male, divorced, separated or never married, younger, and having an early history of antisocial behaviors and marijuana use. It is concluded that early onset drinking is a strong predictor of alcohol use disorders, particularly dependence disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record Copyright.)
	Bibliography Citation Grant, Bridget F., Frederick S. Stinson and Thomas C. Harford. "Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A 12-Year Follow-Up." Journal of Substance Abuse 13,4 (2001): 493-504.

7.	Hanna, Eleanor Z. Faden, Vivian B. Harford, Thomas C.
7.	Marriage: Does It Protect Young Women from Alcoholism? Journal of Substance Abuse 5,1 (1993): 1-14. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/089932899390119V Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Marital Status; Marriage; Wives Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The literature is replete with conflicting articles about the relationship of marital status and drinking in women. This study is an analysis of the drinking practices of women, 24 through 32 years old, who were respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Variations in drinking patterns for the years 1982 through 1988 as a function of changes in marital status are detailed. Findings indicated that women who married or remarried decreased drinking, whereas those who became separated or divorced increased drinking. In the present study, women with alcoholic spouses exhibited similar changes in drinking as did other young women. Our conclusion was that the instability created by a change in social position, namely marital status, led to changes in drinking patterns during the study interval in the direction of those associated with the new social position.
	Bibliography Citation Hanna, Eleanor Z., Vivian B. Faden and Thomas C. Harford. "Marriage: Does It Protect Young Women from Alcoholism?" Journal of Substance Abuse 5,1 (1993): 1-14.

8.	Harford, Thomas C.
8.	Stability and Prevalence of Drinking Among Young Adults Addiction 88,2 (February 1993): 273-277. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00811.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Gender Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This data note draws upon the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience in Youth beginning at ages 17-24 to describe the stability and prevalence of alcohol use over a 6-year up to ages 23-30. Approximately 70% of men and 58% of women maintained their drinking status throughout the study. The onset of current and heavier drinking decreased with increasing age while the offset of current and heavier drinking increased with increasing age. The absence of current drinking was unrelated to age for both men and women as was the presence of heavier drinking among men.
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C. "Stability and Prevalence of Drinking Among Young Adults." Addiction 88,2 (February 1993): 273-277.

9.	Harford, Thomas C.
9.	The Effects of Order of Questions on Reported Alcohol Consumption Addiction 89,4 (April 1994): 421-424. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00916.x/abstract Cohort(s): Young Men Publisher: Carfax Publishing Company ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Data Quality/Consistency; Epidemiology; Research Methodology; Tests and Testing Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This research note draws upon the US National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience among youths aged 17-24 to report the effects of variation in the ordering of alcohol questions upon the prevalence of heavier drinking. A secondary analysis of the NLS indicated a substantial decrease in the prevalence of heavier drinking between 1984 and 1985 which is attributed to the order of presentation of two differently styled questions regarding heavier drinking. (PMID, Pub Med., all rights reserved) Conducted a secondary analysis of data obtained from 12,686 14-21 yr olds in the US National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience to report the effects of variation in the ordering of alcohol questions on the prevalence of heavier drinking. Analysis indicated a substantial decrease in the prevalence of heavier drinking between 1984 and 1985, attributed to the order of presentation of 2 differently styled questions regarding heavier drinking. ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved)
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C. "The Effects of Order of Questions on Reported Alcohol Consumption ." Addiction 89,4 (April 1994): 421-424.

10.	Harford, Thomas C. Grant, Bridget F.
10.	Prevalence and Population Validity of DSM-III-R Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: The 1989 National Longitudinal Survey on Youth Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 37-44. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328994900655 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Epidemiology; Ethnic Differences; Gender Differences; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Hispanics; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This report presents national estimates of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R) alcohol abuse and dependence among 24- to 31-year-olds using the 1989 National Longitudinal Survey on Youth (NLSY). Population estimates derived from the 1989 NLSY are also compared with corresponding estimates from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The 1-year prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence was 13.95% in the 1989 NLSY. In general, rates of abuse and dependence were greater for men than for women and slightly declined with age. Although the prevalence of abuse was much greater among whites compared to blacks or Hispanics, the rates for dependence among Hispanics and whites exceeded those for their black counterparts. The rates of abuse and dependence were strikingly similar between the 1989 NLSY and 1988 NHIS, providing evidence for the population validity or generalizability of the diagnostic measures.
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C. and Bridget F. Grant. "Prevalence and Population Validity of DSM-III-R Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: The 1989 National Longitudinal Survey on Youth." Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 37-44.

11.	Harford, Thomas C. Hanna, Eleanor Z. Faden, Vivian B.
11.	The Long- and Short-Term Effects of Marriage on Drinking Journal of Substance Abuse 6,2 (1994): 209-217. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328994902291 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Divorce; Epidemiology; Family History; Gender Differences; Marital Status; Marriage; Minority Groups; Rehabilitation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data from the 11-year National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth are used to examine both short- and long-term effects of marital status on alcohol consumption and to assess the relationship between gender and heavy drinking patterns on the marital-alcohol consumption relationship. Race, gender, history of heavy drinking, and alcoholic relatives were additional key variables utilized in the analysis. Multiple regression analysis indicates that long-term marriage was associated with decreased drinking, except among women with a history of heavy drinking. Separation and divorce were not associated with long-term effects on current drinking, but divorce was associated with decreased drinking, at least in the short term, for men and women with a family history of alcoholism.
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C., Eleanor Z. Hanna and Vivian B. Faden. "The Long- and Short-Term Effects of Marriage on Drinking." Journal of Substance Abuse 6,2 (1994): 209-217.

12.	Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O.
12.	Adolescent and Young Adult Antisocial Behavior and Adult Alcohol Use Disorders: A Fourteen-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61,4 (July 2000): 524-528. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Adolescent_and_Young_Adult_Antisocial_Behavior_and_Adult_Alcohol_Use_Disord/783.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Modeling; Teenagers; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Author: Objective: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are used to examine the association between antisocial behaviors (ASB) reported in youth (15-22 years old) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) 14 years later in a large (N = 7,326) representative national sample. Method: Structural equation modeling generalized to dichotomous outcomes was used to assess the associations between latent variables of ASB with latent variables of AUD and background variables. Results: Exploratory factor analysis of 17 ASB items yielded three factors having clear interpretations with the literature-property offenses, person offenses and illicit substance involvement. When examined in the context of the multivariate structural equation model, several independent associations between ASB and AUD symptoms and covariates were found. Although there were significant and independent effects for each ASB factor on each of the alcohol use disorder factors, the strength of the association was strongest for the effects of early illicit substance involvement on alcohol abuse and dependence. Conclusions: Both illicit substance involvement and delinquency other than illicit substance involvement reported in 1980 were associated with alcohol use disorders 14 years later. (J. Stud. Alcohol 61: 524-528, 2000)
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C. and Bengt O. Muthen. "Adolescent and Young Adult Antisocial Behavior and Adult Alcohol Use Disorders: A Fourteen-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61,4 (July 2000): 524-528.

13.	Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O.
13.	Alcohol Use Among College Students: The Effects of Prior Problem Behaviors and Change of Residence Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,3 (May 2001): 306-312. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Alcohol_Use_among_College_Students_The_Effects_of_Prior_Problem_Behaviors_/1387.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavioral Problems; Educational Status; High School; Residence; Substance Use; Variables, Independent - Covariate; Youth Problems Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This article examines the relationship between prior problem behaviors and change in residence on alcohol use patterns among college students. Method: Measures of alcohol consumption (e.g., drinking frequency, average consumption and frequency of heavy episodic drinking) were related to residence patterns and prior problem behaviors (e.g., conduct problems, illicit substance involvement and early age at onset of alcohol consumption). Subjects (N = 2,465; 51% women) were a subsample drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience in Youth. The analysis was conducted using a linear growth model for continuous outcomes with time-invariant and time-varying covariates for each of the drinking measures. Results: The results of the structural equation analysis yielded significant and direct effects related to residence patterns and prior problem behaviors. Problem behaviors were related to drinking measures; however, there was no evidence for a mediational hypothesis. Neither was there systematic evidence that the relationship between prior problem behavior and alcohol use was mediated by residence patterns. The analysis of change in residence was related to both time-specific and longer-term influences on alcohol use. Conclusions: The presence of direct and independent effects for both dispositional and high-risk environmental factors in collegiate drinking practices support targeted and diverse strategies for prevention activities. [Copyright © 2004 Thomson ISI]
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C. and Bengt O. Muthen. "Alcohol Use Among College Students: The Effects of Prior Problem Behaviors and Change of Residence." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,3 (May 2001): 306-312.

14.	Harford, Thomas C. Muthen, Bengt O.
14.	The Dimensionality of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A Multivariate Analysis of DSM-IV Symptom Items in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,2 (March 2001): 150-157. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_Dimensionality_of_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Dependence_A_Multivariate_Analysis/1403.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Educational Status; Family History; Health, Mental/Psychological; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Multilevel; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. OBJECTIVE: This article examines the factor structure of 22 symptom items used to configure the criteria of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) alcohol abuse and dependence and relates the factor structure to background characteristics. METHOD: Data for this study were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Labor Market Experience in Youth (NLSY). The symptom items were related to the covariates using the statistical technique of structural equation modeling generalized to dichotomous outcomes. The present model is a special case of structural equation modeling, a multiple causes and multiple indicators (MIMIC) model, in which one or more latent variables (i.e., alcohol abuse and dependence) intervene between a set of observed background variables predicting a set of observed response variables (i.e., DSM-IV symptom items). RESULTS: The results of the structural equation analysis provide further support for two dimensions underlying the DSM-IV symptom items. Although the two-factor dimension bore a strong resemblance to the DSM-IV conceptions of abuse and dependence, there were notable differences in the item content of the symptom items for each dimension. The dependence dimension drew upon items related to the abuse criteria for continued drinking despite social problems and recurrent drinking resulting in failure to fulfill role obligations. The abuse dimension drew upon items related to the abuse criterion for hazardous drinking and the dependence criterion for larger amounts over time. The two factors were shown to have different relationships to the background variables. Alcohol dependence was related to family history of alcoholism and educational status. Age was not related to dependence and inversely related to alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study replicate the two-dimensional model for DSM-IV criteria found in other studies and provide further support for the validity of alcohol dependence i n general population samples. A major implication of the factor structure in the present study relates to the different classification of cases that would otherwise be obtained with DSM-IV criteria. These departures were shown to affect abuse, which retained only 40% of DSM-IV diagnoses, more strongly than dependence, which retained 91% of DSM-IV diagnoses.
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C. and Bengt O. Muthen. "The Dimensionality of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A Multivariate Analysis of DSM-IV Symptom Items in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62,2 (March 2001): 150-157.

15.	Harford, Thomas C. Parker, Douglas A.
15.	Antisocial Behavior, Family History, and Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18,2 (April 1994): 265-268. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00012.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Addiction; Alcohol Use; Behavior; Family History; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of young adults, this study examines the effects of antisocial behavior on alcohol dependence among young men and women in the United States. An analysis of the data from the study indicates that there are effects of antisocial behavior and that these effects cannot be attributed to a lower social class family of origin or to a positive family history of alcoholism. The analysis also indicates that the strongest effects are found among young adults with both antisocial behavior and a positive family history.
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C. and Douglas A. Parker. "Antisocial Behavior, Family History, and Alcohol Dependence Symptoms." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18,2 (April 1994): 265-268.

16.	Harford, Thomas C. Parker, Douglas A. Grant, Bridget F.
16.	Family History, Alcohol Use and Dependence Symptoms Among Young Adults in the United States Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16,6 (December 1992): 1042-1046. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00696.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Family Background and Culture Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing upon data from the National Longitudinal Survey of young adults, this paper examines the effects of family history of alcoholism and current alcohol use by the young adults. A multivariate analysis of the data from the study indicates that there are both main and interaction effects of family history and current alcohol use on dependence symptoms among the young adults.
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C., Douglas A. Parker and Bridget F. Grant. "Family History, Alcohol Use and Dependence Symptoms Among Young Adults in the United States." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16,6 (December 1992): 1042-1046.

17.	Harford, Thomas C. Yi, Hsiao-Ye Grant, Bridget F.
17.	Five-year Diagnostic Utility of "Diagnostic Orphans" for Alcohol Use Disorders in a National Sample of Young Adults Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71,3 (May 2010); 410-417. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/The_FiveYear_Diagnostic_Utility_of_Diagnostic_Orphans_for_Alcohol_Use_Di/4455.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Diagnostic Orphans; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the association of "diagnostic orphans" at baseline and subsequent development of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) alcohol use disorders (AUDs) 5 years later. Method: A sample of 8,534 respondents was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1989 and 1994. Diagnostic orphans were defined as respondents who met one or two alcohol dependence symptom criteria but did not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, 1994 assessments of DSM-IV AUD were regressed on 1989 baseline assessments of diagnostic orphan status and DSM-IV AUD. In addition to demographic characteristics, other background variables included heavy episodic drinking at baseline and early problem behaviors (antisocial behaviors, illicit substance use, and age at onset of alcohol use). Results: Findings from this 5-year prospective study indicate that diagnostic orphan status at baseline was predictive of DSM-IV AUD at follow-up. These associations remained significant when other early behavioral problems were included in the models. Conclusions: The present findings have important diagnostic implications for the proposed DSM-V, particularly for a dimensional diagnosis incorporating less severe forms of alcohol dependence. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 71, 410-417, 2010).
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C., Hsiao-Ye Yi and Bridget F. Grant. "Five-year Diagnostic Utility of "Diagnostic Orphans" for Alcohol Use Disorders in a National Sample of Young Adults." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 71,3 (May 2010); 410-417.

18.	Harford, Thomas C. Yi, Hsiao-Ye Hilton, Michael E.
18.	Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in College and Noncollege Samples: A Ten-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67,6 (November 2006): 803-808. Also: http://www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Alcohol_Abuse_and_Dependence_in_College_and_Noncollege_Samples_A_TenYear_/1529.html Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Behavior, Antisocial; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Demography; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Health, Mental/Psychological; High School Dropouts; Substance Use Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Objective: This prospective study examines the association of educational status in 1984 and the risk for past-year Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) in 1994, 10 years later. Method: A sample of 8,661 respondents was drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience in Youth. Measures included baseline heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-dependence symptoms, early problem behaviors (antisocial behaviors, illicit substance use, family history of alcoholism, and age at onset of alcohol use), demographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, age, marital status), and 1994 assessment for past-year DSM-IV AUDs. Results: Findings from this 10-year prospective study indicate that education beyond high school had a protective effect for alcohol dependence, and dropping Out of high school resulted in an elevated long-term risk for alcohol dependence. These associations remained significant when other early behavioral problems were included in the models. Conclusions: The risk of alcohol dependence and, consequently, the need for appropriately tailored prevention efforts is greater among high school dropouts and college nonattenders than among college students, although much of the current literature has focused on the latter.
	Bibliography Citation Harford, Thomas C., Hsiao-Ye Yi and Michael E. Hilton. "Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in College and Noncollege Samples: A Ten-Year Prospective Follow-Up in a National Survey." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67,6 (November 2006): 803-808.

19.	Parker, Douglas A. Harford, Thomas C. Rosenstock, Irwin M.
19.	Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Sexual Risk-Taking Among Young Adults Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 87-93. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899328994901171 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Economics Department, Moore School of Business, University of Soutn Carolina Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Education; Family Income; Sexual Activity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article examines the relationship between alcohol, other drugs, and sexual risk-taking among 12,069 younger adults. It uses 1979-1984 data from a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth conducted by the Department of Labor. In 1979, respondents were aged 14-21 years. Analysis showed that the use of alcohol and other drugs was related to sexual risk-taking among both men and women after controlling for age, education, family income, and other variables.
	Bibliography Citation Parker, Douglas A., Thomas C. Harford and Irwin M. Rosenstock. "Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Sexual Risk-Taking Among Young Adults." Journal of Substance Abuse 6,1 (1994): 87-93.

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