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Author: Hoffman, Saul D.
Resulting in 8 citations.
1. Hoffman, Saul D.
By the Numbers: The Public Costs of Teen Childbearing
Report, Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, October 2006
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Birth Outcomes; Birth Rate; Child Development; Child Health; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Health Care; Crime; Demography; Deviance; Disadvantaged, Economically; Domestic Violence; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Structure; Fathers and Children; Financial Assistance; Food Stamps (see Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program); Foster Care; Health Care; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Dropouts; Incarceration/Jail; Income; Marital Status; Medicaid/Medicare; Mothers and Daughters; Mothers, Adolescent; Mothers, Education; Mothers, Health; Mothers, Income; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parents, Single; Poverty; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy, Adolescent; School Completion; School Dropouts; Sexual Activity; State Welfare; State-Level Data/Policy; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly Food Stamps); Taxes; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Transfers, Public; Unemployment Compensation; Wages, Young Women; Welfare; Youth Services

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Incarceration. Estimates are taken from Scher and Hoffman (forthcoming), which updates Grogger's analysis of incarceration in Kids Having Kids. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY) -Young Males sample, which includes a nationally representative sample of males who were between ages 14 and 21 in 1979. Gross impact estimates are based on a comparison of mean incarceration rates by age of mother at first birth. Net impact estimates are based on a model that controls separately for mother's age at first birth and mother's age at the birth of the respondent child. In this specification, the impact of a teen birth on the probability that a son will be incarcerated is estimated conservatively from the difference in siblings' probabilities of incarceration. The less conservative estimates of net impacts are based on a model that relates the probability of son's incarceration to mother's age at first birth, rather than mother's age at the birth of the particular child. Impact estimates of the probability of ever being incarcerated are derived from logit models.

Educational Attainment and Lost Tax Revenue. Estimates are taken from Hoffman and Scher (forthcoming), which updates the analysis by Haveman,Wolfe, and Peterson in Kids Having Kids. Data come from the NLSY79-Young Adult sample, which includes children of the original NLSY79 sample of young women, ages 14-21 in 1979. Gross impact estimates are based on a comparison of mean high school graduation rates by age of mother at first birth. Net impact estimates are based on a model that controls for a large set of individual and family characteristics. High school graduation models are estimated by logit, years of education by tobit.

Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. "By the Numbers: The Public Costs of Teen Childbearing." Report, Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, October 2006.
2. Hoffman, Saul D.
Socio-Economic Effects of Teen Childbearing Re-Considered: A Re-Analysis of the Teen Miscarriage Experiment
Working Paper No. 2003-08, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, September 2003.
Also: http://www.lerner.udel.edu/sites/default/files/imce/economics/WorkingPapers/2003/UDWP2003-08.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Delaware
Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Pregnancy, Adolescent

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In an important contribution to the literature on the socio-economic impacts of teen childbearing, Hotz, McElroy, and Sanders used a natural experiment based on the random occurrence of miscarriages. They concluded that the negative impacts of teen childbearing had been substantially exaggerated. In a replication of their work, I identify a number of important errors that undermine their results. Correction and re-estimation with their data show substantially smaller impacts on income variables. Re-estimation with a new data set yields impacts that are smaller yet. The re-estimation generally does not alter the sign of the estimated effects, but does lead to a much more modest conclusion.
Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. "Socio-Economic Effects of Teen Childbearing Re-Considered: A Re-Analysis of the Teen Miscarriage Experiment." Working Paper No. 2003-08, Department of Economics, University of Delaware, September 2003.
3. Hoffman, Saul D.
Foster, E. Michael
AFDC Benefits and Nonmarital Births to Young Women
JCPR Working Paper 3, Joint Center for Poverty Research, June 1997.
Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wop/jopovw/3.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Behavior; Childbearing, Adolescent; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Building on recent work by Rosenzweig (1999), this paper re-examines the effect of AFDC benefits on early nonmarital childbearing. Unlike most previous work in this area, Rosenzweig finds a statistically significant and quantitatively large positive effect of AFDC benefits. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we replicate Rosenzweig's analysis and explore the reasons his findings differ from earlier research findings. We are able to reproduce his main finding that AFDC generosity influences non-marital childbearing when state and cohort fixed-effects are included. However, we find that model specification matters a great deal. An alternative specification of state fixed-effects yields no evidence of an AFDC effect, and when we focus on fertility only through age 19 (as in prior work), we also find no AFDC effect. This latter finding implies that the behavior of women in their early 20s may be far more sensitive to welfare generosity than is that of teenagers.
Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. and E. Michael Foster. "AFDC Benefits and Nonmarital Births to Young Women." JCPR Working Paper 3, Joint Center for Poverty Research, June 1997.
4. Hoffman, Saul D.
Foster, E. Michael
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr.
Re-evaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing
Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Family Size; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings; Well-Being

Teenage childbearing in the U.S. has long been regarded as an important social problem with substantial costs to mothers and their children. Recently, however, several researchers have argued that these apparent negative effect primarily reflect unmeasured family background rather than the true causal effect of a teen birth. To unravel the effect of teen motherhood from that of family background, we, following the methodology proposed by Geronimus and Korenman, compare teen mothers with their sisters, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find that taking full account of family background reduces, but does not eliminate, the estimated consequences of early childbearing. Statistically significant and quantitatively important effects of teen parenthood remain for high school graduation, family size, and a set of measures of economic well-being.
Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D., E. Michael Foster and Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg. "Re-evaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing." Presented: Bethesda, MA, NICHD Conference, "Outcomes of Early Childbearing: An Appraisal of Recent Evidence", May 1992.
5. Hoffman, Saul D.
Foster, E. Michael
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr.
Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing
Demography 30,1 (February 1993): 1-13.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2061859
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Background and Culture; Family Size; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Teenage childbearing in the United States has long been regarded as an important social problem with substantial costs to teen mothers and their children. Recently, however, several researchers have argued that the apparent negative effects of teenage childbearing primarily reflect unmeasured family background rather than the true consequences of a teen birth. To distinguish the effect of teen childbearing from that of family background, we use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and compare teen mothers with their sisters. We find that accounting for unobserved family background reduces, but does not eliminate, the estimated consequences of early childbearing. Statistically significant and quantitatively important effects of teen parenthood remain for high school graduation, family size, and economic well-being.
Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D., E. Michael Foster and Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg. "Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing." Demography 30,1 (February 1993): 1-13.
6. Hoffman, Saul D.
Foster, E. Michael
Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr.
Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Response to Geronimus and Korenman
Demography 30,2 (May 1993): 291-296.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/e17684r567083k0w/
Cohort(s): NLS General, NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Data Analysis; Educational Attainment; Family Background and Culture; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Siblings

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Evidence suggests that early childbearing, although not as disastrous an event as portrayed in early studies, still often causes harm to already disadvantaged women. In particular, the evidence to date suggests that educational attainment and economic well-being are reduced by a teen birth, even after controlling for the effects of family background. Although the differences between the conventional estimates and fixed-effect estimates are not always statistically significant, sister comparisons suggest that the effects of teen childbearing have been overstated somewhat in the past. None of the replications, however, provide any evidence that the remaining effects of teen childbearing are negligible, as originally suggested. In constrast to other research that uses various technical variations of sampling and data analysis, analysts argue that it is premature to conclude that the true effects of teenage childbearing are quite small.
Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D., E. Michael Foster and Frank F. Jr. Furstenberg. "Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Response to Geronimus and Korenman." Demography 30,2 (May 1993): 291-296.
7. Hoffman, Saul D.
Maynard, Rebecca A.
Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, 2nd Edition
Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult, NLSY97
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Birth Rate; Childbearing, Adolescent; Methods/Methodology

Teen childbearing in the United States has been declining since 1991, yet we consistently have the highest teen birth rates in the industrialized world. In 1997, Kids Having Kids was the first comprehensive effort to identify the consequences of teen childbearing for the mothers, the fathers, the children, and our society. Rather than simply comparing teen mothers with their childless counterparts, the assembled researchers achieved a new methodological sophistication, seeking to isolate the birth itself from the mother's circumstances and thus discover its true costs. This updated second edition features a new chapter evaluating teen pregnancy interventions, along with revised and updated versions of most first edition chapters.
Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. and Rebecca A. Maynard. Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2008.
8. Hoffman, Saul D.
Scher, Lauren S.
Consequences of Teen Childbearing for the Life Chances of Children, 1979–2002
In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, Second Edition. S. D. Hoffman, and R. A. Maynard eds. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent

"In part 2, Saul Hoffman and Lauren Sue Scher use data from the NLSY79 Young Adult Sample through 2002. These young adults were born between 1970 and 1981, 8 to 13 years later than those in the original analysis, and the outcomes, measured as of 2002, are substantially more recent. As such, the revised analysis provides far more timely information. The updated analysis shows that the daughters of young teen mothers are far more likely to become teen mothers themselves than if their mothers had delayed childbearing. After accounting for other risk factors such as family background and academic ability, it is estimated that a daughter's risk of having a birth would fall by almost 60 percent, from 33 to just 14 percent, if a would-be teen mother delayed childbearing until her early 20s. This translates into the potential to decrease the number of teen births by more than 27,000 a year. If these young teen mothers delayed their first births until age 20 or 21, it is estimated that their children's high school graduation rate would rise to 73 percent, an increase of 10 percent. Further, after adjusting for other risk factors, the children of young teen mothers complete an average of about a quarter-year less education, which means preventing teen births would result in an estimated 35,000 adolescents a year completing one more year of schooling than they otherwise would have. Most of the observed difference in high school graduation rates for children of older teen mothers compared with other children is attributable to factors other than teen motherhood. The estimates in this chapter suggest that high school graduation rates for the children of older teen mothers would increase by 1 percentage point if their mothers delayed their first births to at least age 20, and the graduation rates of younger teen mothers would remain about the same. Being the daughter of an older teen mother has a strong net effect, even after accounting for other risk factors such as family background and academic ability. If a young woman's mother delayed her own first birth to age 20-21, her daughter's risk of having a teen birth would fall by one-third, from 17 percent to 11 percent." (p.17)
Bibliography Citation
Hoffman, Saul D. and Lauren S. Scher. "Consequences of Teen Childbearing for the Life Chances of Children, 1979–2002" In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, Second Edition. S. D. Hoffman, and R. A. Maynard eds. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 2008