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Author: Kennan, John

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1.	Kennan, John
1.	Spatial Variation in Higher Education Financing and the Supply of College Graduates NBER Working Paper No. 21065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21065.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Census of Population; College Education; College Enrollment; Financial Assistance; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Migration; State-Level Data/Policy In the U.S. there are large differences across States in the extent to which college education is subsidized, and there are also large differences across States in the proportion of college graduates in the labor force. State subsidies are apparently motivated in part by the perceived benefits of having a more educated workforce. The paper extends the migration model of Kennan and Walker (2011) to analyze how geographical variation in college education subsidies affects the migration decisions of college graduates. The model is estimated using NLSY data, and used to quantify the sensitivity of migration and college enrollment decisions to differences in expected net lifetime income, focusing on how cross-State differences in public college financing affect the educational composition of the labor force. The main finding is that these differences have substantial effects on college enrollment, with no evidence that these effects are dissipated through migration. [Also presented at Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019]
	Bibliography Citation Kennan, John. "Spatial Variation in Higher Education Financing and the Supply of College Graduates." NBER Working Paper No. 21065, National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015.

2.	Kennan, John Walker, James R.
2.	The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions Working Paper 2003-07, Social Systems Research Institute, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jkennan/research/jkjwPaper_March03.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Male Sample; Migration; Wage Differentials Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The paper develops a tractable econometric model of optimal migration, focusing on expected income as the main economic influence on migration. The model improves on previous work in two respects: it covers optimal sequences of location decisions (rather than a single once-for-all choice), and it allows for many alternative location choices. The model is estimated using panel data from the NLSY on white males with a high school education. Our main conclusion is that interstate migration decisions are influenced to a substantial extent by income prospects. On the other hand we find no evidence of a response to geographic differences in wage distributions. Instead, the results suggest that the link between income and migration decisions is driven by a tendency to move in search of a better locational match when the income realization in the current location is unfavorable...We analyze the migration decisions of men aged 20-35, using the non-military subsample of the NLSY79, observed over the period 1979-1992. In order to obtain a relatively homogeneous sample, we consider only white high-school graduates with no college education, using only the years after schooling is completed.
	Bibliography Citation Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions." Working Paper 2003-07, Social Systems Research Institute, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003.

3.	Kennan, John Walker, James R.
3.	The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions NBER Working Paper No. 9585, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9585 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): High School Completion/Graduates; Male Sample; Migration; Wage Differentials The paper develops a tractable econometric model of optimal migration, focusing on expected income as the main economic influence on migration. The model improves on previous work in two respects: it covers optimal sequences of location decisions (rather than a single once-for-all choice), and it allows for many alternative location choices. The model is estimated using panel data from the NLSY on white males with a high school education. Our main conclusion is that interstate migration decisions are influenced to a substantial extent by income prospects. On the other hand we find no evidence of a response to geographic differences in wage distributions. Instead, the results suggest that the link between income and migration decisions is driven by a tendency to move in search of a better locational match when the income realization in the current location is unfavorable.
	Bibliography Citation Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions." NBER Working Paper No. 9585, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003.

4.	Kennan, John Walker, James R.
4.	The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions Econometrica 79,1 (January 2011): 211-251. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/ECTA4657/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Economics, Demographic; High School Completion/Graduates; Income; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Income Level; Migration This paper develops a tractable econometric model of optimal migration, focusing on expected income as the main economic influence on migration. The model improves on previous work in two respects: it covers optimal sequences of location decisions (rather than a single once-for-all choice) and it allows for many alternative location choices. The model is estimated using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on white males with a high-school education. Our main conclusion is that interstate migration decisions are influenced to a substantial extent by income prospects. The results suggest that the link between income and migration decisions is driven both by geographic differences in mean wages and by a tendency to move in search of a better locational match when the income realization in the current location is unfavorable.
	Bibliography Citation Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "The Effect of Expected Income on Individual Migration Decisions." Econometrica 79,1 (January 2011): 211-251.

5.	Kennan, John Walker, James R.
5.	Wages, Welfare Benefits and Migration Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 229-238. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407609002188 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Benefits; Economics, Regional; Job Search; Life Cycle Research; Migration; Welfare Differences in economic opportunities give rise to strong migration incentives, across regions within countries, and across countries. In this paper we focus on responses to differences in welfare benefits across States within the United States. We apply the model developed in Kennan and Walker (2008), which emphasizes that migration decisions are often reversed, and that many alternative locations must be considered. We model individual decisions to migrate as a job search problem. A worker starts the life-cycle in some home location and must determine the optimal sequence of moves before settling down. The model is sparsely parameterized.We estimate the model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Our main finding is that income differences do help explain the migration decisions of young welfare-eligible women, but large differences in benefit levels provide surprisingly weak migration incentives. [Copyright c. Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Econometrics is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
	Bibliography Citation Kennan, John and James R. Walker. "Wages, Welfare Benefits and Migration." Journal of Econometrics 156,1 (May 2010): 229-238.

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