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Author: Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E.

Resulting in 6 citations.

1.	Higgins, George E. Bush, Michael D. Marcum, Catherine D. Ricketts, Melissa L. Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E.
1.	Ensnared into Crime: A Preliminary Test of Moffitt's Snares Hypothesis in a National Sample of African Americans Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 8,3 (July-September 2010): 181-200. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15377938.2010.502827 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Black Studies; Black Youth; Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between alcohol use and individual differences in the desistance process from criminal behavior during young adulthood. This study used Moffitt's (1993) ï¿½snaresï¿½ hypothesis to posit that alcohol use would slow the desistance process of criminal behavior among African Americans. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth 1997, we conducted dual semiparametric group-based trajectory analysis of criminal behavior and alcohol use among African Americans from ages 16 through 22 (N = 283) using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Youth 1997. Results indicate that 3 trajectory groups provided the best representation for the patterns of crime over this period of life. In addition, 4 trajectory groups provided the best representation for the patterns of alcohol use. From our dual-trajectory analysis, we found that African Americans that were desisting slower from crime were using alcohol more often, thus supporting Moffitt's snares hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
	Bibliography Citation Higgins, George E., Michael D. Bush, Catherine D. Marcum, Melissa L. Ricketts and EmmaLeigh E. Kirchner. "Ensnared into Crime: A Preliminary Test of Moffitt's Snares Hypothesis in a National Sample of African Americans." Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 8,3 (July-September 2010): 181-200.

2.	Higgins, George E. Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. Ricketts, Melissa L. Marcum, Catherine D.
2.	Developing Self‐control: The Role of Parental Stress Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society Volume 24,2 (2011): 183-198. Also: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1478601X.2011.561647 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group Keyword(s): Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article presents a test of the key propositions from self‐control theory. We explore the mediating role of parenting practices (i.e., use of discipline and display of approval) for the link between parental stress via interparental conflict on self‐control development. The results of the study, which are based on self‐reports from a national probability sample of 1148 mothers and children, show partial support for this mediating view. The results are qualified by methodological and analytical limits. Despite the limits, the study represents an addition to the growing body of literature on self‐control theory.
	Bibliography Citation Higgins, George E., EmmaLeigh E. Kirchner, Melissa L. Ricketts and Catherine D. Marcum. "Developing Self‐control: The Role of Parental Stress." Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society Volume 24,2 (2011): 183-198.

3.	Higgins, George E. Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. Ricketts, Melissa L. Marcum, Catherine D.
3.	Impulsivity and Offending from Childhood to Young Adulthood in the United States: A Developmental Trajectory Analysis International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences 8,2 (July-December 2013): 182-197. Also: http://www.ijcjs.com/pdfs/higginsetalijcjs2013vol8issue2.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV) Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Personality/Big Five Factor Model or Traits; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of the present study was to provide an examination of the development of impulsivity through childhood and its link to offending in adolescence and young adulthood in the United States. Moffitt’s (1993, 2003) dual taxonomy provides a framework for understanding this connection. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979), Child and Young Adult surveys (n=413), we show that three trajectory groups of impulsivity and offending best represent these data. The groups indicate relative stability in impulsivity in childhood and offending in adolescence and young adulthood. Further we show that high levels of impulsivity are connected with high and stable levels of offending.
	Bibliography Citation Higgins, George E., EmmaLeigh E. Kirchner, Melissa L. Ricketts and Catherine D. Marcum. "Impulsivity and Offending from Childhood to Young Adulthood in the United States: A Developmental Trajectory Analysis." International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences 8,2 (July-December 2013): 182-197.

4.	Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E.
4.	Do Gender Stereotypes Keep Girls away from Crime? A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Power-Control Theory Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2016 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Keyword(s): Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Modeling, Structural Equation; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Risk-Taking Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study utilizes multiple waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) to examine Hagan's original Power-Control Theory (1985) employing structural equation modeling. The research sought to examine gender differences in offending, as well as other concepts contained within Power-Control Theory, such as parenting. Results of the study showed mixed support for the theory. Power-Control Theory does produce convincing evidence of the importance of maternal control, particularly for daughters. Key findings also included gender differences in patriarchal attitudes as well as risk preferences. These findings suggest the role of females in changing, although it may not be becoming similar to the role of males. Policy implications include the importance of parenting programs to decrease delinquency and later criminal activity. More programs such incorporate gender differences in the impact of parenting, particularly by mothers. The study concludes with further discussion of the implications of this research and the policy implications.
	Bibliography Citation Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. Do Gender Stereotypes Keep Girls away from Crime? A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Power-Control Theory. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2016.

5.	Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. Higgins, George E.
5.	Self-Control and Racial Disparities in Delinquency: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach American Journal of Criminal Justice 39,3 (September 2014): 436-449. Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-013-9205-7 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Crime; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Discipline; Expectations/Intentions; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Structural Equation; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Punishment, Corporal; Racial Differences; Self-Control/Self-Regulation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of the present study is to examine the racial disparities of offending within the context of self-control theory. The study utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), to examine this effect. All concepts within self-control theory are examined: parental management, low self-control, and delinquency. Results from the study show partial support for Gottfredson and Hirschiï¿½s (1990) self-control theory. The structure of the theory remained stable when controlling for both race, as well as peer pressure. Both theoretical and policy implications are given.
	Bibliography Citation Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. and George E. Higgins. "Self-Control and Racial Disparities in Delinquency: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." American Journal of Criminal Justice 39,3 (September 2014): 436-449.

6.	Smith, Anthony Kirchner, EmmaLeigh E. Higgins, George E. Khey, Dave
6.	Trajectories of Parenting Styles and Delinquency: An Examination Using a Sample of African-Americans Open Family Studies Journal 4,S1-M5 (2011): 46-53 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Bentham Open Keyword(s): Black Studies; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parental Influences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The development of parenting style typologies has led to a number of studies that have linked them to delinquency. Although a number of studies have shown that parenting style typologies have a link with delinquency, studies have not shown whether there were distinct trajectories of parenting styles and delinquency. These studies have not considered this in a sample of only African-Americans. Using data from the NLSY97 that only contains 725 African- Americans, our results show that three distinct trajectory groups of parenting styles are present for residential mothers and for residential fathers. In addition, we show that three distinct trajectory groups of delinquency are present. Our results show that a joint analysis of the intersection of these trajectories does not clarify the links between parenting styles and delinquency over time. Implications and directions for future research are highlighted.
	Bibliography Citation Smith, Anthony, EmmaLeigh E. Kirchner, George E. Higgins and Dave Khey. "Trajectories of Parenting Styles and Delinquency: An Examination Using a Sample of African-Americans." Open Family Studies Journal 4,S1-M5 (2011): 46-53.

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